Need for SafetyIndustries are increasing and brings industrial hazards viz. Mechanical, electrical, Vibration, Chemical (fire, explosion, gas, dust, fumes and poisoning) and many visible or invisible health hazards.

Direct and indirect costs of accidents are tremendously increasing and causing the great national loss.

Workers are our national wealth. We can't lose them.

Deaths and injuries extend suffering to the families and society and society also.

Legal, Humanitarian and economic reasons for accident prevention.

Social loss in the form of pain, loss of earning capacity, loss of life, ill effects to health, increase of handicapped persons, increase of court cases and emotional losses due to accidents should be reduced by safe conditions and safe practices.

Productivity is linked with safety.

Accident

An Accident is an unplanned event which has a probability of causing personal injury or property damage or both

IncidentAn incident is an undesired event that could result in loss / downgrade the efficiency of the business operations.

An accident is an unexpected, unplanned events in a sequence of events, that occurs through a combination of causes, it results in physical harm ( injury or disease) to an individual, damage to property, equipment, building etc. a near miss, loss to the company or any combination of these effects.

Types of Accidents.1. Injury and property damage

(Major)

2. Injury and not property damage (Major or minor)

3. Property damage and not injury (Major or minor)

4. No property damage and no injury (Near miss)

Based on causation, they are also of four types.

1) Psychological causes (USA) : Inexperience, no motivation, worry, emotion, wrong attitude etc.

2) Physiological causes (USA) : Age, sex, body build, hearing, vision, strength etc.

3) Physical causes (USC) : Heavy work load, long working hours, no rest, work at height, depth, confined space, falling load etc.

4) Mechanical and Chemical causes (USC) : Unguarded machinery, defective equipment, obstructed pathway, sharp edge, poison, gas, acid etc.

Unsafe Actions –Examples. Operating without authority, failure to secure warn.

Operating or working at unsafe speed. Making safety devices inoperative. Using unsafe equipment, hands instead of equipment, or equipment unsafely.

Working on moving or dangerous equipments.

Distracting, teasing, abusing, quarrelling etc.

Failure to use safety gadgets or PPEs.

Unsafe loading, placing, mixing etc.

Reasons for Unsafe Actions.

1. Improper Attitude

2. Lack of Knowledge or Skill

3. Physical Unstability

4. Improper Mechanical or Physical Environment.

Unsafe Conditions - Examples Inadequately guarded.

Unguarded

Defective tool condition(rough, sharp, slippery, decayed, corroded, frayed, cracked)

Unsafe methods, processes, planning etc.

Unsafe Design or Construction.

Hazardous arrangement, process etc. (filling, storage, aisle, space, exits, layout, overload, misalignment)

Inadequate Illumination or More Glare.

Inadequate ventilation, More noise etc.

Five E’s of Accident Prevention :

1. Engineering control : (to prevent unsafe conditions)

2. Education and Training : (to prevent unsafe acts)

3. Enforcement : (of safety rules)

4. Enthusiasm : (to maintain interest)

5. Example : (to lead for safety)

Accident PreventionAccident Prevention Requires five steps.

1. Organization

2. Fact finding

3. Analysis

4. Selection of remedy

5. Application of remedy.

Hazard Hazard means a Physical situation with a potential for human injury, damage to property or to the environment, some combination of these.

Danger Expresses degree of exposure to a hazard. By taking suitable precautions, the danger is reduced. Machine guarding or safety device reduces the danger.

Hazardous Process / OperationsWhich causes material impairment to the health of the persons engaged in or connected therewith, or result in the pollution of the general public. Sec 2(cb)

Dangerous Process / Operations

Which causes serious risk of bodily injury, poisoning or disease. Sec 87.

Dangerous OccurrenceWhich causes any bodily injury or disability or not and shall be reported, causes more serious injury to a person or property or both. Sec 88 A.

As per Tamil Nadu Factories Rules 1950,a) Bursting of a plant used for containing or

supplying steam under pressure greater than atmospheric pressure.

b) Collapses or failure of a crane, derrick, winch, hoist or other appliance used in raising or lowering persons or goods, or any part thereof, or the overturning of a crane.

c) Explosion or fire or bursting out, leakage or escape of any hot (molten) metal, liquid or gas causing damage to any person or any room or place in which persons are employed, or fire in rooms of cotton pressing factories when a cotton opener is in use.

d) Explosion of a receiver or container used for the storage at a pressure greater than atmospheric pressure of any gas or gases (including air) or any liquid or solid resulting from the compression of gas.

e) Collapse or subsidence of any floor, gallery, roof, bridge, tunnel, chimney, wall, building or any other structure.

f) Bursting of centrifugal machines.

Risk

Risk, uncertainty, probability and chance are words which frequently recur and most familiar to insurance people.Risk and uncertainty are ingredients of life and we are constantly having to take risks merely to stay alive.

Risk Assessment

It is the quantitative assessment of the likelihood of undesired events and their consequences being caused together and a value judgement concerning the significance of the results.

Risk Management

It may be defined as the minimization of the adverse effects of pure risks within a company, via the identification, evaluation and economic control of such risk.

Pure risk : Results in loss to Company.

Speculative risk : Result in either gain or loss.

Classification of Industrial Accidents.As per IS 3786 –1983.

Accident : An unintended occurrence arising out of and in the course of employment of a person resulting in injury.

Death : Fatality resulting from an accident.

Disabling Injury (Lost Time Injury) : An injury causing disablement extending beyond the day of shift on which the accident occurred.

Non disabling injury : An injury which requires medical treatment only, without causing any disablement whether of temporary or permanent nature.

Reportable Disabling Injury (Reportable lost time injury) : An injury causing death or disablement to an extend as prescribed by the statute.

Days of disablement :

Partial disablement :

Total disablement :

Classification of Accidents Agency : Engines, belts, presses, mills, saws, cranes etc.

Unsafe Mechanical or Physical condition :

Unsafe Act :

Unsafe Personal factor : Lack of knowledge or skill etc.

Type of Accidents : Fall of persons, objects, striking, caught in etc.

Nature of Injury : Fractures, Burns, Electrical, Poisoning etc.

Location of Injury : Head, eye, face, chest, leg, hand etc.

Frequency Rate : No. of reportable lost time injury X 1000 000 /

Total man hours worked.

Severity Rate :Man days lost due to reportable lost time injury X 1000 000 /

Total man hours worked.

Incidence Rate :

No. of reportable lost time injury X 1000 /

Ave. No. of persons employed.