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INDIRECT TRADE IN STEEL March 2015

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Indirect Trade in Steel, March 2015 Page | 2

Table of contents

Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 4

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 5 1.1. Background ......................................................................................................................... 5 1.2. Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 6

1.2.1. Concept ........................................................................................................................................ 6 1.2.2. Methods of calculation, used classifications ................................................................................ 7 1.2.3. Steel coefficients .......................................................................................................................... 7 1.2.4. Reliability of data .......................................................................................................................... 8

1.3. Coverage ............................................................................................................................ 8

2. Indirect trade analysis .............................................................................................. 9 2.1. Overview ............................................................................................................................. 9 2.2. Indirect trade by countries ................................................................................................. 11 2.3. Indirect exports by sectors ................................................................................................ 14

Appendices to indirect trade in steel ........................................................................ 15 Summary Tables and Graphs .................................................................................................. 15

Direct exports of steel ........................................................................................................................... 16 Direct imports of steel ........................................................................................................................... 17 Direct net exports of steel ..................................................................................................................... 18 Indirect exports of steel ........................................................................................................................ 19 Indirect imports of steel ........................................................................................................................ 20 Indirect net exports of steel .................................................................................................................. 21 Share of indirect net exports of steel in apparent steel use ................................................................. 22 Indirect exports of steel (by commodity groups) .................................................................................. 23 Indirect imports of steel (by commodity groups) .................................................................................. 24 Indirect net exports of steel (by commodity groups) ............................................................................ 25 Apparent steel use ............................................................................................................................... 26 Apparent steel use per capita .............................................................................................................. 27 True steel use ....................................................................................................................................... 28 True steel use per capita ...................................................................................................................... 29 Apparent steel use and true steel use per capita ................................................................................. 30

Country Profiles ....................................................................................................................... 31 Brazil ..................................................................................................................................................... 32 Germany ............................................................................................................................................... 33 France .................................................................................................................................................. 34 Japan .................................................................................................................................................... 35 Italy ....................................................................................................................................................... 36 South Korea ......................................................................................................................................... 37 United Kingdom .................................................................................................................................... 38 United States ........................................................................................................................................ 39


Executive Summary

Indirect trade in steel takes place through exports and imports of steel containing goods.

Globalisation and the specialisation of manufacturing has had a significant impact on indirect trade in steel, which grew by more than 80% worldwide in the period 2000-2013, while direct trade increased by 30%. The volume of indirect trade in steel was equivalent in size to 21% of apparent steel use, and equivalent in size to 77% of direct exports in 2013.

During the period 2000-2013, indirect exports of steel for the 74 countries analysed increased by 84% from 171 million tonnes (Mt) in 2000 to 315 Mt in 2013. Countries of the European Union had a share of 38% of the total indirect exports in 2013, those of Asia and Oceania totalled 43% and those of NAFTA, 12%. In 2013, the European Union countries were the biggest indirect importers with a share of 37%, followed by NAFTA, 22%, and Asia and Oceania, 20%.

The top five exporters (China, Germany, Japan, South Korea and the USA) accounted for 53% of indirect steel exports in 2013. The top five importers (the USA, Germany, Canada, China and France) accounted for 35% of indirect imports in 2013.

In 2013, the main indirect net exporters were China (55 Mt), Japan (17 Mt), South Korea (16 Mt) and Germany (10 Mt).

The largest share of indirect exports of steel was held by the automotive sector (34% in 2013). Metal products accounted for 27%, mechanical machinery 22% and other transport made up12% of total indirect exports. The share of two other sectors, electrical equipment was 3%, and domestic appliances was 2%.


1. Introduction

This report aims to explain methods for calculating indirect trade in steel and to analyse the results. Indirect trade in steel – exports and imports of steel in the form of steel containing manufactured goods – is a crucial issue in steel demand estimations. Incorporating indirect trade in steel allows a more realistic picture of steel use across countries and in time.

1.1. Background

Between 1974 and 1996, worldsteel (known then as the International Iron and Steel Institute – IISI) carried out a few studies on indirect trade in steel, which were updated every 3-4 years. The last study was published in 1996. In 2011, the concept of re-launching the Indirect Trade in Steel project was presented to the worldsteel Economics Committee.

Globalisation and the specialisation of manufacturing has had a significant impact on indirect steel trade, which grew by more than 80% worldwide in the period 2000-2013, while direct trade increased by 30%. The volume of indirect trade in steel was equivalent in size to 21% of apparent steel use, and equivalent in size to 77% of direct exports in 2013 (Figure 1).

Figure 1: World direct and indirect exports of steel1, million tonnes (Mt), 2000, 2005 and 2013 Source: worldsteel

The main goal for the development of the study was restoring and maintaining the indirect trade database for a better understanding of steel use. Demand for steel is defined as the quantity of steel products (e.g. reinforcing bars, hot and cold rolled coils, wire rod, seamless tubes) that users will buy at a given price over a given period in a certain country/region. Steel purchases contribute to demand irrespective of whether the purchase is for stockholding or manufacturing.

worldsteel has developed several methods of measuring steel demand. The one most often used is apparent steel use (ASU), which is expressed in volume terms as deliveries minus net exports of steel industry goods. As a unit of measurement, worldsteel uses the metric tonne.

The ASU method takes into account trade of steel products (bars, sections, coils, tubes, etc.) in estimating steel demand; it does not consider the trade in steel embedded in cars, ships, machines, white goods and

1 Direct exports of steel (semi-finished and finished steel products), indirect exports of steel (finished steel equivalent).

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so on, namely, indirect trade in steel. The concept of indirect trade is important because it allows to measure the ‘true’ steel demand of a country: the amount of steel required to meet the country’s needs.

To address this, worldsteel has developed a concept called true steel use (TSU). TSU is obtained by deducting net indirect exports of steel from ASU. This allows a better understanding of the factors affecting a country’s steel demand. It also has important implications for steel recycling and future scrap generation.

For example, if country A manufactures a car using one tonne of steel and exports it to country B, it will increase country A’s ASU by one tonne, but it will not increase the TSU of country A. Instead, it will increase TSU of country B.

Other motivations for the Indirect Trade in Steel study were an analysis of the strategic factors affecting direct and indirect steel trade and the possibilities for improving short-, medium- and long-term forecasting. From a raw materials point of view, consideration of indirect trade in steel is necessary to estimate future scrap availability of a country more accurately.

1.2. Methodology

1.2.1. Concept

The level of domestic steel demand is most easily defined by production, exports and imports of steel products: ASU. The focus is usually on direct determinants, which are generally well documented and relatively easy to obtain.

In many countries, however, ASU includes a substantial portion of steel which is incorporated by domestic manufactures into goods for export, and which thus leaves the country in the form of fabricated goods. In most countries steel also arrives to the market in processed form.

By solving the issue of limited statistical documentation of indirect trade, it is possible to improve demand calculations.

Indirect trade in steel takes place through exports and imports of goods which contain steel. For example, there are many different steel products in an average car or ship. In the TSU calculation, if a car is exported the domestic demand should be diminished by the amount of steel that went into producing the car. In the case of imports, the amount of steel that went into making the car would increase the domestic demand (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Indirect trade in steel concept Source: worldsteel

deliveries/ production

apparent steel use

true steel use

direct imports

direct exports

indirect imports

indirect exports


1.2.2. Methods of calculation, used classifications

worldsteel uses a methodology based on finished steel products calculations. These calculations are made possible by the fact that the United Nations reports the trade data of fabricated goods (trade of steel containing goods) both in value and in volume terms in the Comtrade database (see below).

To process the indirect trade in steel calculations, it is necessary to count how much steel went into producing each manufactured product, namely the steel coefficients of each product, expressed in terms of the weight of the product.

For product classification, worldsteel’s indirect trade study has adopted the Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (HS) of the United Nations. HS codes of up to six-digits are used to define traded goods in a detailed way, which involved using more than 900 codes in the study. Trade data and results of computations have been further synthesised in this study and presented for six commodity groups: metal products, mechanical machinery, electrical equipment, domestic appliances, automotive and other transport. These match conventional steel-using sector groupings used by worldsteel in the analysis of steel-weighted industrial production (SWIP).

The HS was applied for data from 1997 onwards. For data prior to 1997 Standard International Trade Classification (SITC), rev. 1 was employed. It is necessary to use the two classifications because data collected according to the HS are available only from the mid-90s. On the other hand, the older historical data in the Comtrade database are provided only according to SITC rev. 1.

The change of classifications caused data discrepancy due to two factors. First, a 1:1 relation between SITC rev. 1 and HS does not exist. So, although both classifications cover all products, they adopt different approaches to the list of products defined as steel containing goods. Secondly, because of the different classification it was necessary to employ two sets of steel coefficients.

worldsteel evaluated the impact of the change of classifications and steel weights on the quality of long historical data series. Despite a step in the data of approximately 10-20%, trends of the two series are comparable.

1.2.3. Steel coefficients

Steel coefficients could be defined as:

- The steel content of a product expressed as percentage of its weight, and;

- the amount of steel (finished steel products or crude steel equivalent) needed to produce one tonne of a product.

Commodity groups of steel containing goods (HS) Steel coefficients range (HS)

Metal products: boilers and boilerhouse plant, structural steelwork, metal furniture, cans, metal boxes and closures, vats, tanks and drums, other metal goods 0.80÷1.10

Mechanical machinery: machine tools, mechanical handling equipment, construction and mining machinery, office machinery, machinery and equipment, pumps and machine components, heating and ventilating equipment, agricultural machinery and tractors

0.10÷1.65

Electrical Equipment 0.35÷0.60

Domestic appliances 0.40÷0.60

Automotive: cars and commercial vehicles, parts 0.20÷1.00

Other transport: pedal and motor cycles, railway rolling stock, ships and marine engineering, aircraft 0.15÷1.20

Figure 3: List of commodity groups of steel containing goods and steel coefficients ranges for Harmonised Commodity Description and Coding System (HS) Source: worldsteel


According to the worldsteel methodology, the steel coefficient is the amount of finished steel products (in tonnes) needed to produce one tonne of a manufactured product. This way, the coefficient can be greater than one. For example, to produce one tonne of boilers 1.1 tonne of finished steel products must be used. Steel coefficients assigned to commodities groups are presented in Figure 3.

1.2.4. Reliability of data

The source of trade data used in the current indirect trade study is the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (UN Comtrade). It contains detailed imports and exports statistics reported by the statistics authorities of UN countries/regions, updated every year.

The main advantage of UN Comtrade is that it provides sets of data standardised by the UN Statistics Division expressed in volume (kg).

However, the limitations of the database are:

- countries do not necessarily report their trade statistics for each and every year;

- estimations of missing data are not provided;

- sometimes countries report value but not volume;

- discrepancies appear sometimes between value and volume reported;

- HS codes do not exclude second-hand goods.

If series long enough to base estimations on are not available, mirror (i.e. trading partners') statistics can be used.

The method of calculation developed by worldsteel is not the only one used in the steel industry. Other methods can be based on different data sources (mainly domestic customs data) and/or a different approach to steel coefficients which might be calculated for different products and/or applied not to tonnages of steel-containing goods but their value.

worldsteel believes that the main advantage of the method it has adopted is transparency and easy access to comparable data. The main challenge, however, is the quality of data expressed in tonnages, which are aggregated in different ways across countries.

With such methodological limitations, worldsteel believes that the indirect steel trade statistics presented in the study can be considered indicative as to the magnitude and trends and contribute to a deeper understanding of how countries use steel.

1.3. Coverage

The countries analysed in the study are a selection of the most significant users of steel products worldwide. Apparent steel use of the 74 countries included in the analysis represented more than 97% of world demand in 2013. The following countries and regions were selected for the study:

- European Union (28): Austria, Belgium-Luxembourg, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom;

- Other Europe: Norway, Serbia and Montenegro, Switzerland, Turkey;

- CIS: Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine;

- NAFTA: Canada, Mexico, USA;

- South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela;


- Africa: Algeria, Angola, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania;

- Middle East: Iran, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates;

- Asia and Oceania: Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, China, Thailand, Vietnam.

Data prepared for this report cover a 14-year period from 2000 to 2013, and for several countries (Brazil, Germany, France, Japan, Italy, South Korea, United Kingdom and United States) a longer-term overview is available.

Totals comprise listed countries only. Trade data totals include intra-regional exports and imports.

2. Indirect trade analysis

2.1. Overview

During the period 2000-2013, indirect exports of steel for the 74 countries analysed increased by 84% from 171 Mt in 2000 to 315 Mt in 2013 (Figure 4).

Indirect exports decreased by 2% in 2013, compared to the 2012 level. Indirect imports increased by 2% in the same period.

Figure 4: Indirect exports, imports and net exports of steel, thousand tonnes (kt), finished steel equivalent, 2000-2013 Source: worldsteel

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Exports. The European Union’s (countries) share in total indirect exports of steel was 45% in 2003, but decreased to 38% in 2013 (Figure 5). At the same time, countries of Asia and Oceania increased their share by 13 percentage points, to 43% in 2013. A decrease of two percentage points was noted by NAFTA countries in the share of indirect exports. The share for those three regions totalled 93% in 2013.

Figure 5: Regional share of indirect exports of steel, percentage, 2000 and 2013 Source: worldsteel

Imports. In 2000, the European Union (non consolidated) was the biggest indirect importer of steel, with a share of 45% (Figure 6). Despite its share decreasing by ten percentage points, the region remained the leading indirect importer in 2013. During the same period, NAFTA’s share shrank by four percentage points to 22%.

NAFTA and the EU (28), together, covered 75% of the total in 2000 and 59% in 2013.

Figure 6: Regional share of indirect imports of steel, percentage, 2000 and 2013 Source: worldsteel

EU (28) 45%

Other Europe

3% CIS 2% NAFTA

18%

South America

1%

Africa 1%

Middle East 0%

Asia and Oceania

30%

2000

EU (28) 38%

Other Europe

3%

CIS 2% NAFTA

12%

South America

1%

Africa 1%

Middle East 0%

Asia and Oceania

43%

2013

EU (28) 45%

Other Europe

4% CIS 2%

NAFTA 30%

South America

2%

Africa 2%

Middle East 2%

Asia and Oceania

13%

2000

EU (28) 37%

Other Europe

3% CIS 6%

NAFTA 22%

South America

5%

Africa 4%

Middle East 3%

Asia and Oceania

20%

2013


2.2. Indirect trade by countries

The top five exporters covered 44% of indirect exports of steel in 2000 and by 2013 had reached 53% (Figure 7). These countries include China, which increased its share by fourteen percentage points, and became the leading exporter with a share of 21% in 2013; Germany (10% in 2000 and 2013); Japan (8% in 2013, down from 11% in 2000); South Korea (7%, one percentage point more than in 2000) and the USA (7% in 2013, down from 10% in 2000).

Figure 8 presents the evolution of indirect exports of steel over the period 2000-2013.

Figure 7: Indirect exports of steel, share of top five exporters in world total, percentage, 2000 and 2013 Source: worldsteel

Figure 8: Indirect exports of steel, top 5 exporters, thousand tonnes (kt), finished steel equivalent, 2000-2013 Source: worldsteel

Japan 11%

Germany 10%

USA 10%

China 7%

South Korea

6%

RoW 56%

2000

China 21%

Germany 10%

Japan 8%

South Korea

7% USA 7%

RoW 47%

2013

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The top five importers covered 45% of indirect imports of steel in 2000 and 35% in 2013 (Figure 9). These countries are the USA (15% in 2013, a decrease from 19% in 2000); Germany (9% in 2000, 7% in 2013); Canada (6% in 2000, 5% in 2013); France (6% in 2000, 4% in 2013) and China (4% in 2013) replacing the UK among the top five importers.

Figure 10 presents the evolution of indirect imports over the period 2000-2013.

Figure 9: Indirect imports of steel, share of top five importers in world total, percentage, 2000 and 2013 Source: worldsteel

Figure 10: Indirect imports of steel, top five importers, thousand tonnes, finished steel equivalent, 2000-2013 Source: worldsteel

USA 19%

Germany 9%

France 6%

Canada 6%

United Kingdom

5%

RoW 55%

2000 USA 15%

Germany 7%

Canada 5%

China 4%

France 4%

RoW 65%

2013

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In 2013, the main indirect net exporters of steel were China (55 Mt), Japan (17 Mt), South Korea (16 Mt) and Germany (10 Mt). Evolution of indirect net exports for those countries is presented in Figure 11.

In 2013, the main indirect net importers of steel were the USA (20 Mt), Russia (9 Mt) and Canada (8 Mt). The evolution of indirect net exports for the selected countries is presented in Figure 12.

Figure 11: Indirect net exports of steel, selected net exporters, thousand tonnes, finished steel equivalent, 2000-2013 Source: worldsteel

Figure 12: Indirect net exports of steel, selected net importers, thousand tonnes, finished steel equivalent, 2000-2013 Source: worldsteel

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2.3. Indirect exports by sectors

Sectoral structure of indirect exports of steel for the 74 countries analysed did not change significantly during the period 2000-2013 (Figure 13). Most of the indirect steel trade took place in the automotive sector (34% in 2013). Metal products totalled 27%, mechanical machinery 22% and other transport accounted for 12% of total indirect exports. The share of two other sectors was 3% for electrical equipment and 2% for domestic appliances.

Figure 13: Indirect exports of steel, by sectors, thousand tonnes, finished steel equivalent, 2003 and 2013 Source: worldsteel

Automotive industry led indirect exports of steel in the European Union (41% of total indirect export of the European Union) in 2013. It was followed by metal products (25%) and mechanical machinery (24%). The total share of the three other groups constituted 10%.

In Other Europe, share of metal products was 32%, automotive 31%, mechanical machinery 22%, other transport 6%, domestic appliances 6% and electrical equipment 3%.

CIS exported mainly products of other transport (32%). Metal products covered 25% of exports, mechanical machinery 19%, and automotive 18%. The total share of the two other groups was 6%.

The indirect exports of NAFTA was focused on automotive (52%), followed by mechanical machinery (22%) and metal goods (17%). The total share of the three other groups was 9%.

Also, for South America the largest indirect exports occurred through automotive goods (47%). Its share of mechanical machinery was 19% and metal goods 18%. The total share of the three other groups was 16%.

Asia and Oceania exported 31% of metal products, 24% of automotive, 21% of other transport, 19% of mechanical machinery, 2% of electrical equipment and 3% of domestic appliances.

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Appendices to indirect trade in steel

Summary Tables and Graphs


Direct exports of steelthousand tonnes, semi-finished and finished steel products

2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Austria 4 550 5 841 6 102 6 459 6 987 7 153 5 360 6 315 7 020 6 358 6 605Belgium-Luxembourg 21 857 23 534 21 597 24 561 26 647 25 915 15 354 18 212 19 875 17 326 16 606Bulgaria 1 332 1 774 1 615 1 854 1 850 1 323 957 908 1 205 983 946Croatia 60 40 50 50 37 119 82 85 109 34 121Cyprus 7 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1Czech Republic 4 003 4 448 4 700 5 171 5 513 5 185 3 877 4 651 4 855 4 642 4 751Denmark 1 101 1 026 863 963 1 080 1 097 680 857 976 798 797Estonia 19 99 224 289 273 295 120 204 274 194 107Finland 2 859 4 024 3 483 3 643 1 997 2 027 1 397 2 490 2 861 1 820 1 617France 17 442 18 672 17 551 18 795 18 211 17 125 11 999 14 141 14 224 14 579 14 164Germany 24 579 27 279 26 035 29 219 29 869 28 639 20 778 25 352 26 379 25 818 24 161Greece 475 895 858 973 1 096 1 302 1 035 1 170 1 742 1 215 973Hungary 1 001 830 1 251 1 203 1 142 1 403 1 090 1 316 1 470 1 698 1 766Ireland 319 64 49 58 58 47 34 37 44 50 47Italy 11 730 13 350 14 363 17 052 17 908 18 040 12 750 15 316 17 125 17 926 16 640Latvia 500 722 805 842 918 895 865 894 833 1 151 622Lithuania 77 103 126 145 189 213 178 205 253 284 258Malta 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0Netherlands 6 501 8 958 8 240 10 241 10 717 10 029 7 707 9 271 10 441 9 734 8 761Poland 3 940 4 915 4 045 4 179 4 988 5 560 4 188 4 240 4 907 5 392 4 895Portugal 843 1 242 1 364 1 574 1 796 1 573 1 442 1 314 1 639 1 728 2 044Romania 2 728 3 703 3 900 3 609 3 785 3 193 2 030 2 950 3 157 2 682 2 277Slovak Republic 3 118 3 815 3 927 4 527 4 600 4 277 3 548 4 590 4 372 4 760 4 786Slovenia 335 463 460 567 704 859 589 688 843 817 807Spain 6 195 6 415 6 661 6 821 7 970 9 456 8 176 9 815 9 888 9 416 9 134Sweden 3 968 4 635 4 206 4 005 4 031 4 037 2 449 3 643 5 048 4 034 3 308United Kingdom 7 810 7 789 8 713 8 507 9 453 8 933 6 304 6 044 6 027 6 410 8 374European Union (28) 127 349 144 638 141 191 155 310 161 819 158 693 112 990 134 708 145 565 139 850 134 571

Norway 827 1 124 1 255 910 873 685 591 507 547 664 567Serbia and Montenegro 192 632 1 050 1 434 1 589 1 556 1 051 1 319 1 171 517 632Switzerland 1 142 1 202 1 130 1 258 1 224 1 312 795 1 066 1 167 1 091 1 097Turkey 7 499 13 159 12 279 9 180 15 393 18 535 17 413 16 223 16 990 18 574 17 305Other Europe 9 660 16 117 15 714 12 781 19 080 22 088 19 850 19 114 19 875 20 846 19 601

Belarus 1 262 1 512 1 592 1 915 1 909 2 037 1 962 1 915 1 970 2 167 1 872Kazakhstan 3 564 4 177 3 538 3 417 3 977 3 585 3 408 2 860 2 491 1 693 1 132Russia 27 506 30 446 30 853 31 462 29 411 28 429 27 587 27 382 24 729 26 678 23 641Ukraine 22 283 28 228 27 348 30 600 30 308 28 648 23 970 25 201 25 955 24 142 24 720CIS 54 615 64 364 63 331 67 395 65 604 62 699 56 927 57 359 55 145 54 678 51 364

Canada 5 024 5 392 5 970 6 135 6 824 7 440 4 947 7 023 6 356 6 166 5 767Mexico 5 137 5 518 5 450 4 990 5 212 5 766 3 619 5 183 5 537 4 688 5 639USA 6 193 7 810 9 410 9 565 9 801 11 963 9 238 11 802 13 288 13 560 12 508NAFTA 16 354 18 721 20 829 20 689 21 837 25 169 17 805 24 008 25 182 24 414 23 914

Argentina 1 856 1 676 1 919 1 473 1 411 1 277 1 193 981 1 030 1 026 880Brazil 9 565 12 006 12 535 12 626 10 414 9 152 8 607 8 983 10 824 9 673 8 081Chile 113 98 86 105 142 77 104 116 115 80 51Colombia 105 135 172 165 245 273 196 205 189 179 120Ecuador 14 13 10 27 25 20 22Peru 93 98 117 125 107 113 114 133 109 107 140Venezuela 1 634 1 902 2 484 1 542 1 369 780 770 246 712 145 81South America 13 365 15 916 17 313 16 036 13 703 11 685 10 994 10 691 13 004 11 229 9 376

Algeria 406 100 100 100 124 84 10 3 11 23 15Angola 0 1 4 1 0 1 1 0Cameroon 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0Egypt 547 1 793 1 883 2 219 1 000 1 065 337 446 557 271 359Ethiopia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Ghana 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1Kenya 0 0 0 0 2 1 1 1 1 0 1Morocco 79 95 24 64 169 141 92Nigeria 0 0 0 0 5 2 1 1 5 5 0South Africa 4 133 4 453 4 594 3 483 3 219 2 188 2 844 3 018 2 567 2 216 1 888Tanzania 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0Africa 5 086 6 346 6 577 5 802 4 431 3 439 3 218 3 535 3 316 2 659 2 357

Iran 522 1 400 1 500 2 000 582 450 131 297 270 260 368Saudi Arabia 592 600 600 674 700 900 101 132 699 285 247United Arab Emirates 98 3 400 106 188 949 248 265Middle East 1 114 2 000 2 100 2 674 1 380 4 750 338 617 1 918 793 881

Australia 1 832 779 722 1 164 1 223 1 421 928 1 659 1 389 641 631China 11 159 20 074 27 414 51 706 66 357 56 304 23 969 41 646 47 899 54 793 61 543India 3 171 5 487 5 999 6 870 6 590 7 485 5 552 6 690 8 940 8 232 10 078Indonesia 1 179 1 196 1 166 1 709 1 532 1 516 1 104 1 236 1 249 901 660Japan 28 478 34 768 32 040 34 557 35 629 36 923 33 306 42 951 40 656 41 458 42 502Malaysia 1 769 3 837 2 970 3 726 3 861 2 754 2 920 2 294 2 746 2 319 1 618New Zealand 340 200 214 250 248 365 275 406 448 421 475Philippines 35 92 159 345 110 148 76 57 105 140 65Singapore 666 879 1 855 2 014 2 558 2 458 1 691 1 904 2 312 2 252 2 275South Korea 13 848 15 019 16 124 18 016 18 264 19 718 20 237 24 628 28 866 30 227 28 927Taiwan, China 8 322 9 419 9 239 10 606 11 102 10 038 9 953 10 001 10 545 10 539 11 559Thailand 1 979 2 186 2 153 2 252 2 802 2 478 1 587 1 776 1 599 1 569 1 504Vietnam 12 55 151 188 181 396 151 695 1 137 1 280 1 383Asia and Oceania 72 791 93 991 100 206 133 402 150 457 142 004 101 749 135 943 147 891 154 772 163 219

World 300 334 362 093 367 260 414 090 438 311 430 527 323 871 385 974 411 894 409 241 405 283


Direct imports of steelthousand tonnes, semi-finished and finished steel products

2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Austria 2 512 3 248 3 067 3 869 4 210 4 140 2 969 3 253 3 830 3 670 3 320Belgium-Luxembourg 13 543 14 949 13 845 16 994 19 209 17 349 10 778 12 920 14 567 11 597 11 302Bulgaria 483 1 111 1 339 1 732 2 133 1 951 1 029 1 012 1 503 1 353 1 513Croatia 531 800 800 789 999 1 150 822 731 678 657 632Cyprus 226 374 355 386 496 491 305 341 231 162 131Czech Republic 2 757 3 524 4 241 4 997 5 740 5 983 4 161 5 482 5 828 5 921 5 791Denmark 2 124 2 933 2 622 3 051 3 166 2 927 1 624 1 944 2 442 2 250 2 249Estonia 303 592 559 860 771 694 295 495 624 511 433Finland 1 471 1 447 1 151 1 328 1 516 1 442 972 1 408 1 406 1 055 1 017France 17 241 16 504 14 946 16 941 18 071 16 955 11 439 14 178 14 715 13 163 13 154Germany 20 206 19 936 20 391 24 361 27 425 27 488 17 656 22 733 24 854 22 729 21 881Greece 2 755 1 990 2 173 2 810 2 875 2 601 1 708 1 383 1 372 1 072 1 162Hungary 1 102 1 462 1 504 1 857 2 124 2 117 1 272 1 540 1 860 2 126 2 899Ireland 829 931 855 1 099 1 185 940 390 459 440 457 451Italy 16 900 19 237 18 254 23 908 24 582 22 333 12 550 16 307 17 478 13 899 15 626Latvia 288 568 542 684 804 728 500 660 908 591 650Lithuania 360 670 680 790 919 762 440 560 693 744 780Malta 55 57 58 63 69 53 45 56 34 33 31Netherlands 5 923 6 529 6 600 8 268 8 802 8 105 6 309 6 853 8 293 7 557 6 144Poland 1 987 4 166 4 943 6 447 8 039 8 041 5 359 6 386 7 551 7 845 7 993Portugal 2 883 3 328 2 755 3 367 3 460 2 966 2 226 2 351 2 026 1 900 2 472Romania 712 1 519 1 645 2 436 3 550 3 685 2 095 2 770 3 374 2 930 2 784Slovak Republic 740 1 295 1 423 1 818 2 289 2 336 1 578 2 127 2 343 2 127 2 446Slovenia 837 1 096 973 1 194 1 514 1 518 1 070 1 124 1 275 1 136 1 125Spain 9 390 11 761 11 302 14 214 15 020 11 444 7 040 8 630 8 449 7 329 7 401Sweden 3 271 3 578 3 606 3 743 4 186 4 017 2 788 3 843 4 578 3 727 3 154United Kingdom 7 728 8 705 7 750 8 862 9 350 8 049 4 374 6 297 7 462 7 140 6 349European Union (28) 117 160 132 309 128 377 156 868 172 503 160 265 101 795 125 845 138 813 123 683 122 891

Norway 1 264 1 563 2 031 1 554 1 421 1 357 960 853 1 031 1 004 954Serbia and Montenegro 307 274 584 705 1 158 974 795 579 488 637 647Switzerland 2 457 2 256 2 178 2 460 2 576 2 523 1 856 2 280 2 485 2 426 2 438Turkey 7 273 8 166 9 860 12 290 13 529 13 271 10 236 10 746 10 304 11 499 14 462Other Europe 11 300 12 259 14 653 17 009 18 684 18 125 13 847 14 458 14 309 15 565 18 502

Belarus 997 1 495 1 404 1 761 1 918 2 045 1 482 2 079 1 972 2 210 2 342Kazakhstan 575 1 420 1 981 2 134 2 814 2 320 2 295 1 134 469 989 1 008Russia 2 910 4 125 4 562 5 824 7 293 5 725 3 586 5 229 7 199 6 897 6 571Ukraine 450 829 1 039 1 512 2 169 2 399 1 008 1 793 1 981 1 876 1 767CIS 4 932 7 869 8 985 11 232 14 193 12 490 8 371 10 235 11 622 11 972 11 688


Argentina 725 741 815 898 1 057 1 253 671 1 261 1 272 1 315 1 152Brazil 943 559 780 1 912 1 636 2 561 2 357 5 904 3 783 3 777 3 683Chile 647 791 833 1 040 1 026 1 588 678 1 790 1 377 1 822 1 696Colombia 1 106 1 221 1 325 1 668 1 996 2 006 1 606 1 987 2 439 2 687 2 628Ecuador 450 458 753 1 125 1 125 1 044 793 927 1 195 1 095 1 236Peru 370 395 548 928 1 049 1 366 996 1 779 1 862 1 936 1 862Venezuela 647 123 436 530 668 596 417 471 644 1 158 976South America 4 888 4 288 5 490 8 101 8 556 10 415 7 518 14 119 12 572 13 790 13 233

Algeria 1 505 2 443 2 411 3 018 3 018 4 653 5 510 3 654 3 947 4 723 5 126Angola 477 25 989 945 632 787 1 039 1 018Cameroon 110 100 120 149 149 154 170 159 158 234 233Egypt 2 444 1 622 3 410 2 905 2 249 3 066 5 625 3 324 2 574 3 654 4 237Ethiopia 208 410 294 508 310 458 696 806Ghana 114 189 325 241 241 451 414 479 779 716 699Kenya 303 491 429 568 568 600 821 797 1 207 949 1 308Morocco 922 1 438 1 624 1 513 1 513 1 981 1 954 1 411 1 421 1 294 1 641Nigeria 908 1 251 1 627 1 180 1 180 1 641 1 783 1 341 1 762 1 753 2 193South Africa 343 432 476 848 757 760 635 843 1 259 1 108 1 759Tanzania 69 169 202 209 209 253 321 332 443 411 726Africa 6 717 8 135 10 624 11 317 10 320 14 842 18 686 13 282 14 795 16 578 19 746

Iran 3 940 7 913 8 431 7 566 12 246 7 914 9 139 9 613 8 556 5 604 3 111Saudi Arabia 1 669 2 817 3 313 4 402 4 927 6 290 3 419 5 179 6 210 8 092 6 664United Arab Emirates 1 736 4 581 5 422 6 745 6 745 13 628 6 030 6 818 6 115 6 242 5 590Middle East 7 345 15 311 17 166 18 713 23 917 27 832 18 588 21 610 20 881 19 939 15 364

Australia 1 216 2 177 2 435 2 230 2 304 2 960 2 113 2 597 2 346 2 884 2 208China 20 905 33 221 27 312 19 105 17 185 15 622 22 350 17 181 16 349 14 154 14 774India 1 941 2 759 5 296 5 660 7 700 6 973 8 288 9 744 9 213 9 341 7 392Indonesia 3 601 4 502 5 421 4 698 5 712 8 070 5 712 7 614 8 595 12 032 12 297Japan 5 089 4 204 5 195 4 447 4 751 4 477 3 037 5 275 5 563 5 733 5 413Malaysia 4 181 7 527 4 416 4 613 5 301 5 123 3 908 5 189 5 067 5 942 6 722New Zealand 293 437 421 425 425 429 264 314 310 329 362Philippines 2 759 2 864 3 042 3 066 3 559 3 003 3 211 4 050 3 927 1 625 1 880Singapore 3 035 3 363 3 843 4 113 4 969 5 604 3 860 4 236 5 438 5 399 6 167South Korea 11 449 17 720 18 842 22 421 26 180 28 560 20 340 24 779 22 828 20 402 19 033Taiwan, China 13 008 13 745 11 078 10 608 9 246 9 250 6 535 8 499 7 552 7 521 7 764Thailand 6 475 11 138 12 537 10 763 9 803 11 835 9 027 12 281 12 498 15 183 15 866Vietnam 2 516 4 950 4 647 4 232 8 483 7 600 9 433 9 211 7 869 7 779 9 951Asia and Oceania 76 470 108 606 104 484 96 381 105 619 109 507 98 078 110 968 107 557 108 324 109 830

World 278 484 336 633 336 052 380 564 396 309 392 669 293 299 349 089 364 886 359 620 358 078


Direct net exports of steelthousand tonnes, semi-finished and finished steel products

2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Austria 2 038 2 593 3 035 2 590 2 777 3 013 2 391 3 062 3 190 2 688 3 285Belgium-Luxembourg 8 314 8 585 7 753 7 566 7 438 8 566 4 575 5 293 5 308 5 729 5 305Bulgaria 849 663 276 123 -283 -627 -71 -104 -299 -370 -566Croatia -471 -760 -750 -739 -962 -1 031 -740 -646 -568 -623 -511Cyprus -219 -373 -353 -386 -496 -491 -305 -341 -231 -161 -130Czech Republic 1 246 924 459 175 -227 -799 -284 -831 -973 -1 279 -1 040Denmark -1 023 -1 908 -1 759 -2 088 -2 086 -1 830 -944 -1 087 -1 466 -1 452 -1 452Estonia -284 -493 -335 -571 -498 -399 -174 -292 -350 -317 -326Finland 1 388 2 577 2 332 2 314 481 585 424 1 082 1 455 765 600France 201 2 168 2 605 1 855 140 169 560 -37 -491 1 416 1 010Germany 4 373 7 342 5 645 4 858 2 444 1 151 3 122 2 619 1 525 3 088 2 280Greece -2 280 -1 095 -1 315 -1 836 -1 779 -1 299 -672 -213 370 144 -188Hungary -101 -632 -253 -654 -982 -714 -182 -224 -390 -428 -1 133Ireland -511 -867 -806 -1 041 -1 127 -893 -356 -422 -396 -407 -404Italy -5 170 -5 888 -3 891 -6 856 -6 674 -4 293 200 -991 -354 4 027 1 014Latvia 212 154 263 158 115 166 364 234 -75 560 -28Lithuania -283 -567 -554 -644 -730 -549 -263 -355 -440 -460 -522Malta -55 -57 -58 -63 -69 -53 -45 -56 -34 -33 -31Netherlands 578 2 428 1 640 1 973 1 915 1 924 1 398 2 417 2 148 2 176 2 617Poland 1 953 750 -898 -2 268 -3 052 -2 481 -1 171 -2 146 -2 644 -2 453 -3 098Portugal -2 039 -2 086 -1 392 -1 793 -1 664 -1 393 -784 -1 037 -387 -172 -428Romania 2 016 2 185 2 256 1 173 235 -492 -65 180 -217 -248 -507Slovak Republic 2 378 2 520 2 504 2 709 2 311 1 941 1 969 2 463 2 029 2 633 2 340Slovenia -502 -632 -513 -627 -810 -659 -481 -436 -432 -319 -318Spain -3 195 -5 346 -4 641 -7 393 -7 050 -1 987 1 136 1 186 1 439 2 087 1 733Sweden 697 1 057 600 262 -155 19 -339 -201 469 307 154United Kingdom 81 -916 963 -355 103 883 1 930 -253 -1 435 -731 2 025European Union (28) 10 188 12 330 12 814 -1 557 -10 685 -1 572 11 196 8 863 6 752 16 167 11 680

Norway -437 -439 -776 -644 -548 -673 -369 -347 -485 -340 -388Serbia and Montenegro -114 358 465 729 432 582 255 740 683 -120 -16Switzerland -1 314 -1 055 -1 048 -1 202 -1 352 -1 211 -1 061 -1 214 -1 319 -1 334 -1 341Turkey 226 4 993 2 419 -3 110 1 864 5 265 7 177 5 477 6 686 7 075 2 843Other Europe -1 640 3 858 1 061 -4 228 395 3 963 6 002 4 656 5 565 5 281 1 098

Belarus 265 17 188 154 -9 -8 480 -164 -2 -44 -470Kazakhstan 2 989 2 757 1 557 1 283 1 163 1 265 1 113 1 725 2 022 704 124Russia 24 597 26 321 26 291 25 638 22 118 22 703 24 002 22 154 17 530 19 781 17 070Ukraine 21 833 27 399 26 309 29 088 28 139 26 249 22 962 23 409 23 974 22 266 22 953CIS 49 684 56 494 54 346 56 163 51 411 50 209 48 556 47 124 43 523 42 707 39 676

Canada -3 876 -3 885 -3 943 -4 893 -1 183 -76 -1 270 -2 308 -4 546 -3 452 -3 128Mexico -412 -309 -723 -2 735 -1 615 -1 274 -1 238 -1 549 -1 309 -4 579 -2 478USA -29 031 -24 942 -20 778 -32 627 -17 882 -12 674 -6 104 -10 709 -13 301 -17 326 -17 304NAFTA -33 319 -29 136 -25 444 -40 255 -20 680 -14 024 -8 612 -14 566 -19 156 -25 356 -22 910

Argentina 1 131 936 1 103 575 354 24 523 -280 -241 -290 -273Brazil 8 621 11 447 11 755 10 714 8 778 6 591 6 251 3 079 7 041 5 896 4 398Chile -534 -693 -747 -935 -884 -1 511 -574 -1 674 -1 262 -1 742 -1 645Colombia -1 001 -1 086 -1 153 -1 503 -1 750 -1 733 -1 410 -1 782 -2 250 -2 508 -2 508Ecuador -1 110 -1 031 -783 -900 -1 171 -1 074 -1 213Peru -277 -297 -431 -803 -942 -1 253 -882 -1 646 -1 753 -1 829 -1 722Venezuela 986 1 779 2 048 1 012 702 184 353 -225 68 -1 014 -895South America 8 927 12 086 12 575 9 060 5 147 1 270 3 476 -3 428 432 -2 561 -3 857

Algeria -1 098 -2 343 -2 311 -2 918 -2 894 -4 570 -5 500 -3 651 -3 936 -4 701 -5 112Angola -477 -24 -984 -944 -632 -786 -1 038 -1 018Cameroon -110 -100 -120 -149 -149 -153 -169 -159 -155 -234 -233Egypt -1 897 172 -1 527 -686 -1 248 -2 001 -5 288 -2 878 -2 017 -3 383 -3 878Ethiopia -208 -410 -294 -508 -310 -458 -696 -806Ghana -114 -189 -325 -241 -241 -451 -414 -479 -778 -715 -698Kenya -303 -491 -429 -568 -565 -599 -820 -796 -1 206 -949 -1 307Morocco -1 434 -1 886 -1 930 -1 347 -1 253 -1 153 -1 549Nigeria -908 -1 251 -1 627 -1 180 -1 175 -1 640 -1 782 -1 341 -1 757 -1 749 -2 193South Africa 3 790 4 021 4 118 2 635 2 461 1 428 2 209 2 176 1 309 1 108 129Tanzania -69 -169 -202 -209 -209 -253 -321 -331 -442 -410 -725Africa -709 -350 -2 423 -4 001 -5 889 -11 403 -15 468 -9 747 -11 479 -13 919 -17 389

Iran -3 418 -6 513 -6 931 -5 566 -11 664 -7 464 -9 008 -9 316 -8 285 -5 344 -2 743Saudi Arabia -1 077 -2 217 -2 713 -3 728 -4 227 -5 390 -3 318 -5 047 -5 512 -7 807 -6 416United Arab Emirates -6 647 -10 228 -5 924 -6 631 -5 166 -5 995 -5 324Middle East -4 495 -8 730 -9 644 -9 293 -22 537 -23 082 -18 250 -20 993 -18 963 -19 146 -14 483

Australia 616 -1 397 -1 713 -1 066 -1 081 -1 539 -1 185 -937 -957 -2 243 -1 577China -9 746 -13 147 102 32 601 49 171 40 682 1 619 24 466 31 550 40 639 46 769India 1 230 2 728 703 1 210 -1 110 512 -2 736 -3 054 -273 -1 109 2 685Indonesia -2 422 -3 306 -4 255 -2 989 -4 179 -6 555 -4 608 -6 378 -7 347 -11 131 -11 637Japan 23 389 30 564 26 845 30 110 30 878 32 446 30 268 37 676 35 092 35 725 37 089Malaysia -2 412 -3 690 -1 446 -887 -1 441 -2 368 -988 -2 895 -2 321 -3 623 -5 104New Zealand 47 -237 -207 -175 -177 -63 11 92 137 92 114Philippines -2 724 -2 772 -2 883 -2 722 -3 449 -2 855 -3 135 -3 992 -3 823 -1 486 -1 815Singapore -2 370 -2 483 -1 987 -2 099 -2 411 -3 146 -2 169 -2 332 -3 125 -3 147 -3 893South Korea 2 399 -2 700 -2 719 -4 406 -7 915 -8 842 -102 -150 6 038 9 825 9 893Taiwan, China -4 686 -4 325 -1 840 -2 1 856 788 3 418 1 502 2 993 3 018 3 795Thailand -4 496 -8 952 -10 384 -8 511 -7 001 -9 357 -7 440 -10 505 -10 900 -13 614 -14 362Vietnam -2 504 -4 896 -4 495 -4 043 -8 302 -7 204 -9 282 -8 516 -6 732 -6 499 -8 568Asia and Oceania -3 679 -14 614 -4 278 37 022 44 839 32 497 3 671 24 975 40 334 46 448 53 389

World 24 957 31 937 39 007 42 909 42 002 37 858 30 572 36 884 47 008 49 621 47 204


Indirect exports of steelthousand tonnes, finished steel equivalent

2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Austria 2 215 3 081 3 075 3 509 3 840 3 834 2 706 3 189 3 574 3 588 3 606Belgium-Luxembourg 5 484 6 492 6 651 7 165 6 753 6 916 5 466 5 471 6 436 7 272 7 936Bulgaria 188 274 374 422 434 402 278 358 488 483 477Croatia 339 682 782 674 647 711 380 430 438 420 337Cyprus 19 18 22 21 18 17 23 15 13 15 14Czech Republic 3 031 3 980 4 327 4 959 5 644 5 812 4 425 5 067 6 077 6 149 6 288Denmark 1 152 1 621 1 747 1 739 1 750 1 977 1 412 1 482 1 852 1 684 1 667Estonia 154 249 299 300 335 356 295 334 345 379 386Finland 930 1 058 1 112 1 384 1 397 1 415 1 006 1 000 955 1 004 1 139France 9 611 10 066 10 204 11 584 12 035 11 322 7 367 8 609 9 444 8 579 7 941Germany 17 555 22 459 24 727 27 797 30 095 30 249 22 106 26 839 30 405 30 110 30 650Greece 137 188 291 260 284 288 233 244 295 303 179Hungary 1 083 1 329 1 486 1 818 2 117 2 249 1 613 1 890 2 169 2 201 2 484Ireland 272 296 277 289 337 331 251 270 359 348 344Italy 10 721 12 290 12 341 13 755 13 568 15 292 10 284 12 047 13 086 12 801 12 819Latvia 46 105 131 134 177 209 158 189 240 230 222Lithuania 230 629 869 866 853 688 477 582 718 724 750Malta 1 15 33 11 13 10 8 7 7 10 9Netherlands 3 428 4 570 4 790 5 179 6 304 6 175 3 946 5 137 6 913 6 882 7 410Poland 2 573 5 822 5 531 6 290 7 051 7 373 6 145 6 799 7 842 8 210 8 641Portugal 880 1 189 1 193 1 378 1 493 1 522 1 202 1 316 1 461 1 717 1 720Romania 710 887 1 006 1 235 1 403 1 529 1 438 1 613 1 852 1 846 2 034Slovak Republic 933 1 431 1 421 1 901 2 661 2 815 1 912 2 263 2 607 2 931 3 205Slovenia 598 809 876 1 024 1 195 1 151 880 951 996 955 953Spain 6 408 7 248 7 700 7 056 7 368 9 662 7 706 8 068 9 091 8 612 8 696Sweden 2 096 2 607 2 777 2 994 3 272 3 157 2 064 2 575 2 970 2 746 2 666United Kingdom 5 782 6 790 6 794 6 459 7 089 6 833 4 684 5 647 6 207 5 997 5 998European Union (28) 76 576 96 185 100 835 110 203 118 134 122 295 88 465 102 393 116 839 116 196 118 570

Norway 1 932 1 424 1 456 1 010 1 222 1 575 1 164 1 117 1 143 671 650Serbia and Montenegro 68 183 144 220 305 346 259 261 284 314 477Switzerland 1 355 1 137 1 143 1 260 1 411 1 355 1 037 1 162 1 235 1 178 1 183Turkey 1 075 2 989 3 601 4 536 5 226 5 787 4 359 4 729 5 181 5 471 5 831Other Europe 4 431 5 733 6 344 7 025 8 164 9 064 6 819 7 268 7 843 7 633 8 142

Belarus 615 831 826 945 1 057 1 068 710 923 1 142 1 267 1 145Kazakhstan 134 498 460 355 274 297 139 89 211 187 182Russia 2 146 2 363 2 446 2 651 2 548 2 246 1 582 1 302 1 167 2 038 2 056Ukraine 777 1 867 1 834 1 819 2 249 2 036 1 310 1 945 2 152 2 433 1 731CIS 3 671 5 560 5 566 5 770 6 129 5 647 3 740 4 259 4 672 5 926 5 114


Argentina 376 490 603 708 817 924 672 895 1 014 882 890Brazil 1 670 3 298 3 456 3 357 3 449 3 432 2 069 2 648 2 868 2 812 2 987Chile 111 168 215 230 213 254 175 260 337 287 328Colombia 113 171 188 207 263 212 154 148 151 171 188Ecuador 21 32 47 82 74 84 72 72 65 91 61Peru 31 34 57 49 48 58 57 80 76 106 101Venezuela 159 275 281 181 94 239 47 20 68 10 9South America 2 482 4 469 4 847 4 815 4 958 5 202 3 248 4 122 4 578 4 358 4 564

Algeria 4 8 4 12 3 5 4 2 3 15 2Angola 0 2 15 1 2 3 10 18 9 6 3Cameroon 3 5 3 2 27 15 9 13 20 12 1Egypt 27 264 133 175 180 233 324 320 214 135 219Ethiopia 0 2 0 0 3 3 4 7 3 1 0Ghana 4 0 0 7 8 6 16 17 56 73 43Kenya 5 6 7 8 7 16 15 12 17 19 11Morocco 34 42 31 47 58 50 56 76 85 136 146Nigeria 9 3 5 8 6 3 10 7 7 5 3South Africa 720 1 010 1 029 1 233 1 339 1 475 1 038 1 237 1 426 1 436 1 771Tanzania 1 10 9 14 22 20 20 22 29 32 22Africa 807 1 350 1 237 1 507 1 656 1 830 1 507 1 733 1 869 1 870 2 221

Iran 30 43 84 56 113 119 47 40 38 51 43Saudi Arabia 37 31 132 38 133 160 55 276 102 56 59United Arab Emirates 205 456 572 509 440 460 418 1 426 1 243 401 786Middle East 273 530 788 603 686 739 520 1 742 1 384 508 887

Australia 508 603 957 679 683 697 549 667 753 835 866China 11 694 25 123 32 030 42 231 50 428 56 068 44 710 62 010 71 460 69 431 67 238India 1 062 1 760 2 248 2 672 2 647 3 720 3 314 2 539 4 518 4 692 4 857Indonesia 583 814 1 050 1 231 1 455 1 693 1 274 1 467 1 554 1 629 1 565Japan 19 012 26 038 27 029 27 372 29 129 29 204 20 858 26 532 26 875 26 972 24 194Malaysia 774 1 371 1 351 1 545 1 526 1 764 1 657 2 008 1 788 1 809 1 252New Zealand 141 220 214 198 190 189 165 131 177 182 173Philippines 191 352 348 330 375 376 492 605 686 900 780Singapore 1 170 1 971 2 514 2 223 2 013 2 263 1 891 2 268 2 725 2 390 2 598South Korea 11 279 13 809 15 009 16 298 17 927 19 825 21 958 24 599 26 893 25 355 22 674Taiwan, China 4 036 4 336 4 501 4 578 4 165 3 754 3 195 4 085 4 378 4 177 4 325Thailand 1 310 1 966 2 744 2 751 3 134 3 427 2 652 3 687 4 235 4 751 4 906Vietnam 32 102 145 218 295 423 307 468 665 833 994Asia and Oceania 51 791 78 465 90 140 102 327 113 968 123 403 103 022 131 066 146 707 143 957 136 421

World 171 190 223 508 248 779 269 143 291 503 302 417 230 819 284 626 323 128 319 790 314 622


Indirect imports of steelthousand tonnes, finished steel equivalent

2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Austria 2 600 3 219 3 196 3 470 3 829 3 812 2 901 3 269 3 730 3 687 3 696Belgium-Luxembourg 5 362 6 902 7 274 7 458 7 425 7 212 5 872 5 760 7 513 7 496 8 325Bulgaria 267 553 724 816 962 870 458 452 519 570 606Croatia 447 822 798 921 940 976 558 487 499 463 436Cyprus 108 129 150 133 162 193 187 185 158 104 75Czech Republic 1 328 2 452 2 485 2 697 3 203 3 393 2 496 2 876 3 605 3 466 3 451Denmark 1 681 1 887 2 065 2 461 2 528 2 567 1 630 1 776 1 978 1 876 2 217Estonia 193 408 330 387 398 342 223 237 335 420 443Finland 800 1 004 1 130 1 296 1 431 1 534 864 1 012 1 200 1 217 1 057France 9 068 10 645 10 988 13 362 14 442 14 358 10 605 11 513 13 329 11 779 11 376Germany 13 342 14 752 16 705 20 493 19 597 20 868 16 143 20 477 22 453 21 231 20 923Greece 1 108 1 197 1 088 1 208 1 511 1 335 1 015 766 571 480 391Hungary 1 124 1 521 1 498 1 599 1 860 1 889 1 241 1 486 1 695 1 594 1 828Ireland 1 019 1 010 1 150 1 265 1 432 1 244 682 800 747 716 758Italy 6 212 7 510 7 274 8 351 9 259 10 526 7 665 9 003 8 879 6 676 6 325Latvia 145 289 292 391 468 327 158 193 298 342 286Lithuania 400 944 1 112 1 177 1 170 922 412 535 748 700 745Malta 6 74 62 71 60 64 55 51 56 46 46Netherlands 4 079 4 354 4 733 5 854 6 777 6 842 4 259 5 655 6 772 6 263 6 985Poland 2 192 4 951 4 246 5 576 5 609 6 189 4 759 5 332 6 031 5 804 6 231Portugal 1 449 1 305 1 271 1 286 1 423 1 391 1 230 1 428 1 202 1 106 1 157Romania 374 1 036 1 315 1 777 2 314 2 279 1 374 1 579 1 785 1 793 1 810Slovak Republic 686 1 242 1 171 1 683 2 520 2 627 2 125 2 347 2 489 2 771 3 369Slovenia 453 590 628 719 862 862 597 635 661 614 629Spain 5 730 7 336 8 515 7 985 7 489 8 541 5 509 6 929 6 311 5 562 6 774Sweden 2 031 2 457 2 961 3 308 3 588 3 487 2 173 2 869 3 392 3 113 3 113United Kingdom 8 210 10 366 11 345 11 511 12 287 10 878 7 553 9 453 9 955 9 687 10 484European Union (28) 70 414 88 954 94 508 107 253 113 546 115 529 82 742 97 104 106 911 99 574 103 537

Norway 3 234 1 484 1 888 2 213 2 259 3 722 2 087 2 792 2 342 2 346 2 612Serbia and Montenegro 147 442 324 531 709 754 484 445 596 635 774Switzerland 1 787 1 663 1 728 1 874 2 022 2 056 1 763 2 009 2 203 2 141 2 141Turkey 1 420 2 154 2 636 2 588 2 981 3 045 2 515 3 483 4 158 4 132 4 310Other Europe 6 589 5 742 6 577 7 206 7 972 9 578 6 849 8 728 9 299 9 254 9 837

Belarus 245 420 401 508 624 796 585 629 732 969 995Kazakhstan 437 1 237 1 421 1 868 2 157 1 761 1 459 1 130 1 555 2 032 1 966Russia 1 603 4 352 5 369 7 011 9 771 11 212 4 864 7 334 10 216 11 627 11 000Ukraine 337 1 034 1 362 1 814 2 327 2 974 900 1 406 1 948 2 236 1 875CIS 2 622 7 044 8 552 11 201 14 879 16 742 7 808 10 499 14 451 16 863 15 836


Argentina 887 929 1 152 1 276 1 598 1 808 1 142 1 727 2 159 1 784 1 913Brazil 1 082 1 193 1 415 1 703 2 261 3 151 2 606 4 055 4 902 4 752 5 347Chile 494 628 885 899 1 046 1 229 880 1 630 1 967 1 927 1 989Colombia 253 447 574 719 952 999 779 1 026 1 442 1 469 1 294Ecuador 99 244 299 336 350 476 392 509 561 563 592Peru 285 250 323 412 545 800 652 898 1 026 1 205 1 181Venezuela 597 1 060 1 254 1 194 1 324 1 149 702 553 583 1 224 752South America 3 696 4 751 5 902 6 538 8 076 9 613 7 153 10 398 12 641 12 923 13 069

Algeria 317 734 766 874 1 145 1 446 1 595 1 591 1 489 1 771 1 923Angola 88 401 398 564 619 1 048 788 515 467 643 607Cameroon 71 105 98 82 146 211 154 190 245 206 178Egypt 394 391 434 454 539 1 136 1 010 1 927 1 183 966 1 053Ethiopia 112 110 185 254 280 291 351 412 339 302 263Ghana 166 211 274 382 438 495 445 475 726 880 624Kenya 70 116 205 194 272 284 256 294 383 381 415Morocco 287 462 517 576 712 888 875 782 798 886 783Nigeria 539 595 682 834 1 024 1 414 1 135 1 156 1 507 1 405 1 582South Africa 719 1 039 1 380 1 645 1 946 1 793 1 161 1 542 2 041 2 059 2 169Tanzania 111 167 234 256 284 421 397 427 480 483 463Africa 2 875 4 331 5 175 6 115 7 405 9 428 8 166 9 309 9 657 9 982 10 061

Iran 816 1 394 1 712 1 200 1 697 2 165 1 303 1 793 1 874 1 238 917Saudi Arabia 964 1 193 1 935 2 235 2 673 2 901 2 138 2 501 3 307 3 440 3 750United Arab Emirates 964 1 812 2 651 3 210 3 727 4 546 2 678 3 113 3 590 3 183 3 476Middle East 2 744 4 399 6 297 6 645 8 096 9 612 6 119 7 406 8 772 7 860 8 143

Australia 1 988 2 865 4 396 3 790 4 095 4 584 3 320 4 223 5 203 6 223 6 057China 4 719 7 405 6 216 7 211 7 545 8 923 9 013 11 874 13 635 12 797 12 555India 725 998 1 721 3 265 2 830 3 948 3 497 3 471 3 423 4 606 5 899Indonesia 1 476 1 821 2 247 2 407 2 208 3 898 3 317 4 102 4 855 5 367 4 744Japan 3 257 4 674 5 401 5 984 6 620 6 469 4 796 5 932 6 541 7 054 7 067Malaysia 1 040 1 522 1 715 2 210 2 096 1 936 2 236 2 924 2 203 2 437 2 283New Zealand 480 807 828 720 783 763 489 519 634 714 817Philippines 721 774 741 839 1 202 1 198 1 164 1 340 1 306 1 504 1 666Singapore 1 668 2 609 3 000 2 744 2 964 3 557 2 321 2 579 3 371 3 800 3 099South Korea 1 417 3 097 3 043 3 672 4 822 5 460 5 632 5 977 6 057 6 419 6 499Taiwan, China 1 500 2 191 1 712 1 793 1 510 1 538 1 491 2 129 1 867 1 346 1 435Thailand 1 008 1 574 2 226 1 747 1 909 2 392 1 972 2 486 3 024 3 826 3 721Vietnam 332 541 557 655 927 1 157 1 001 1 141 1 357 1 690 1 984Asia and Oceania 20 331 30 878 33 802 37 039 39 510 45 822 40 247 48 697 53 476 57 782 57 824

World 155 076 196 368 223 150 242 971 259 796 268 885 196 007 240 194 271 120 275 640 281 757


Indirect net exports of steelthousand tonnes, finished steel equivalent

2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Austria -385 -138 -122 39 12 22 -195 -80 -156 -99 -89Belgium-Luxembourg 121 -409 -623 -293 -672 -296 -406 -289 -1 077 -223 -390Bulgaria -79 -278 -350 -394 -528 -468 -180 -94 -31 -87 -130Croatia -107 -140 -16 -246 -293 -265 -178 -57 -61 -43 -99Cyprus -89 -112 -129 -112 -144 -175 -164 -170 -146 -89 -62Czech Republic 1 703 1 528 1 842 2 262 2 441 2 419 1 930 2 190 2 473 2 683 2 837Denmark -528 -265 -319 -722 -778 -590 -218 -294 -126 -192 -550Estonia -39 -159 -31 -87 -62 14 72 97 10 -40 -57Finland 130 54 -18 88 -34 -119 142 -12 -246 -212 81France 542 -579 -784 -1 778 -2 407 -3 036 -3 238 -2 905 -3 885 -3 200 -3 435Germany 4 213 7 707 8 023 7 304 10 498 9 382 5 963 6 362 7 952 8 879 9 727Greece -971 -1 010 -796 -948 -1 227 -1 048 -782 -521 -277 -177 -212Hungary -41 -192 -13 219 257 360 373 404 475 607 655Ireland -747 -714 -873 -976 -1 095 -912 -431 -530 -388 -369 -415Italy 4 509 4 781 5 067 5 404 4 308 4 765 2 619 3 044 4 207 6 125 6 495Latvia -99 -183 -162 -257 -292 -118 0 -3 -58 -112 -64Lithuania -170 -315 -242 -311 -317 -234 65 47 -30 24 5Malta -5 -60 -29 -60 -47 -54 -47 -44 -49 -36 -37Netherlands -651 216 57 -675 -473 -667 -313 -518 140 619 424Poland 381 871 1 285 714 1 442 1 185 1 386 1 468 1 811 2 406 2 411Portugal -569 -116 -78 92 70 130 -28 -111 258 612 563Romania 336 -150 -309 -541 -911 -750 64 33 67 53 224Slovak Republic 247 189 250 218 140 188 -213 -84 117 160 -164Slovenia 144 219 248 305 333 288 283 316 335 341 324Spain 678 -88 -814 -929 -121 1 122 2 197 1 139 2 780 3 050 1 922Sweden 65 150 -184 -314 -316 -330 -109 -294 -421 -367 -447United Kingdom -2 428 -3 576 -4 551 -5 052 -5 197 -4 045 -2 869 -3 806 -3 748 -3 690 -4 486European Union (28) 6 162 7 232 6 328 2 950 4 589 6 767 5 723 5 289 9 927 16 622 15 033

Norway -1 302 -59 -432 -1 203 -1 038 -2 147 -923 -1 675 -1 199 -1 675 -1 962Serbia and Montenegro -79 -259 -179 -312 -404 -408 -225 -184 -312 -321 -297Switzerland -432 -526 -585 -614 -611 -701 -726 -847 -969 -963 -957Turkey -345 835 964 1 948 2 245 2 742 1 844 1 247 1 023 1 339 1 521Other Europe -2 158 -10 -232 -181 192 -514 -30 -1 459 -1 457 -1 621 -1 695

Belarus 369 411 426 437 434 272 124 294 410 298 149Kazakhstan -304 -739 -961 -1 513 -1 883 -1 464 -1 320 -1 041 -1 344 -1 844 -1 784Russia 543 -1 989 -2 923 -4 360 -7 223 -8 966 -3 282 -6 032 -9 049 -9 588 -8 944Ukraine 440 832 472 5 -77 -937 409 539 205 197 -144CIS 1 049 -1 484 -2 986 -5 431 -8 750 -11 095 -4 068 -6 240 -9 779 -10 938 -10 722

Canada -905 -2 590 -3 357 -4 175 -4 704 -5 477 -4 438 -5 875 -6 572 -7 016 -7 689Mexico -182 954 414 540 992 49 708 1 187 2 300 1 826 2 613USA -13 559 -17 418 -20 373 -20 446 -18 793 -12 897 -9 692 -11 322 -12 404 -16 871 -19 672NAFTA -14 646 -19 053 -23 316 -24 081 -22 505 -18 325 -13 423 -16 011 -16 676 -22 061 -24 748

Argentina -511 -438 -549 -568 -781 -884 -470 -832 -1 146 -902 -1 023Brazil 588 2 105 2 041 1 655 1 188 280 -537 -1 407 -2 034 -1 940 -2 360Chile -383 -460 -669 -669 -833 -975 -705 -1 370 -1 630 -1 640 -1 661Colombia -140 -276 -386 -512 -689 -787 -625 -878 -1 291 -1 298 -1 106Ecuador -77 -211 -252 -253 -276 -392 -319 -437 -497 -472 -531Peru -254 -216 -266 -363 -497 -743 -595 -818 -950 -1 099 -1 080Venezuela -438 -785 -974 -1 013 -1 229 -911 -655 -534 -515 -1 215 -743South America -1 214 -282 -1 055 -1 723 -3 118 -4 411 -3 906 -6 276 -8 062 -8 564 -8 505

Algeria -313 -726 -763 -862 -1 142 -1 441 -1 591 -1 588 -1 486 -1 757 -1 921Angola -88 -399 -383 -563 -617 -1 045 -778 -497 -457 -637 -604Cameroon -67 -100 -95 -80 -118 -197 -145 -176 -225 -194 -177Egypt -367 -127 -302 -279 -359 -903 -686 -1 606 -969 -831 -834Ethiopia -112 -108 -184 -254 -277 -287 -346 -405 -336 -301 -263Ghana -162 -211 -273 -376 -430 -489 -430 -457 -671 -807 -581Kenya -66 -110 -198 -186 -266 -267 -241 -282 -366 -361 -404Morocco -254 -420 -486 -529 -654 -838 -819 -705 -713 -750 -636Nigeria -530 -592 -677 -826 -1 018 -1 411 -1 125 -1 149 -1 500 -1 400 -1 579South Africa 1 -29 -351 -412 -607 -318 -122 -304 -616 -623 -398Tanzania -110 -157 -225 -242 -262 -401 -376 -405 -452 -451 -441Africa -2 068 -2 981 -3 938 -4 608 -5 748 -7 598 -6 659 -7 576 -7 789 -8 112 -7 839

Iran -786 -1 351 -1 628 -1 144 -1 584 -2 047 -1 256 -1 753 -1 836 -1 186 -874Saudi Arabia -927 -1 162 -1 803 -2 197 -2 540 -2 741 -2 083 -2 224 -3 205 -3 384 -3 692United Arab Emirates -759 -1 356 -2 078 -2 701 -3 287 -4 086 -2 260 -1 687 -2 347 -2 782 -2 690Middle East -2 471 -3 869 -5 510 -6 042 -7 410 -8 873 -5 600 -5 664 -7 388 -7 352 -7 255

Australia -1 480 -2 262 -3 439 -3 112 -3 412 -3 887 -2 771 -3 556 -4 450 -5 389 -5 191China 6 976 17 717 25 814 35 020 42 883 47 145 35 697 50 136 57 825 56 634 54 682India 337 763 526 -593 -183 -228 -183 -931 1 094 87 -1 042Indonesia -892 -1 007 -1 197 -1 176 -753 -2 205 -2 043 -2 635 -3 301 -3 738 -3 179Japan 15 755 21 365 21 629 21 388 22 509 22 735 16 061 20 599 20 333 19 918 17 127Malaysia -266 -151 -364 -666 -570 -172 -579 -916 -415 -628 -1 031New Zealand -340 -587 -615 -522 -593 -574 -323 -388 -457 -532 -644Philippines -531 -422 -393 -510 -827 -822 -672 -734 -620 -604 -886Singapore -499 -638 -485 -521 -950 -1 294 -430 -311 -646 -1 410 -501South Korea 9 862 10 711 11 966 12 626 13 105 14 365 16 326 18 622 20 836 18 936 16 175Taiwan, China 2 536 2 145 2 789 2 785 2 655 2 216 1 704 1 956 2 512 2 831 2 890Thailand 303 392 519 1 004 1 225 1 036 680 1 200 1 211 924 1 185Vietnam -300 -439 -412 -437 -631 -734 -694 -673 -692 -857 -990Asia and Oceania 31 460 47 587 56 338 65 288 74 458 77 581 62 775 82 369 93 231 86 174 78 596

World 16 114 27 140 25 629 26 172 31 707 33 532 34 812 44 431 52 008 44 149 32 865


Share of indirect net exports of steel* in apparent steel use%

2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Austria 13 4 3 1 0 1 6 2 4 3 3Belgium-Luxembourg 2 9 14 5 12 5 10 6 21 5 9Bulgaria 9 25 26 23 26 25 24 12 3 9 13Croatia 20 17 2 30 28 24 23 8 9 7 15Cyprus 41 30 36 29 29 36 54 50 63 55 47Czech Republic 44 30 35 38 37 37 43 40 41 46 49Denmark 30 14 19 35 38 33 24 28 9 13 39Estonia 14 32 9 15 13 4 41 33 3 13 17Finland 6 2 1 4 1 5 9 1 22 11 5France 3 3 5 11 14 20 29 22 28 25 27Germany 11 21 23 19 25 22 21 18 20 24 26Greece 30 34 23 23 29 29 31 27 19 17 18Hungary 2 9 1 10 10 13 24 23 25 36 35Ireland 88 82 108 94 97 102 121 126 98 91 105Italy 15 14 16 15 12 14 13 12 16 28 30Latvia 39 40 43 53 55 28 0 1 10 56 30Lithuania 60 56 44 48 44 43 25 13 7 5 1Malta 9 105 50 94 69 101 105 79 144 108 118Netherlands 14 6 2 19 11 15 11 16 4 18 12Poland 5 10 15 7 12 10 17 15 16 23 23Portugal 19 3 3 3 2 4 1 4 12 30 24Romania 13 5 9 12 16 15 2 1 2 2 7Slovak Republic 20 12 17 11 6 9 15 5 6 9 8Slovenia 15 19 24 25 24 23 32 32 33 38 37Spain 4 0 4 4 0 6 18 9 21 29 18Sweden 2 4 4 7 7 8 4 8 11 10 12United Kingdom 18 27 42 39 40 34 41 43 41 43 53European Union (28) 4 4 4 2 2 4 5 4 6 12 11

Norway 118 5 30 93 86 180 99 198 113 167 204Serbia and Montenegro 10 35 24 33 37 36 26 33 45 56 63Switzerland 19 26 27 26 24 29 37 34 37 36 34Turkey 3 5 5 9 9 13 10 5 4 5 5Other Europe 13 0 1 1 1 2 0 5 5 5 5

Belarus 31 24 24 21 19 11 7 11 16 11 6Kazakhstan 34 41 42 63 63 61 50 49 58 59 47Russia 3 8 10 12 18 25 13 16 22 22 20Ukraine 9 14 8 0 1 14 11 10 3 3 3CIS 4 4 8 12 16 24 12 13 19 20 19

Canada 5 15 20 23 30 37 47 42 46 45 55Mexico 1 6 3 3 6 0 5 7 12 9 13USA 11 15 19 17 17 13 16 14 14 18 21NAFTA 10 13 17 16 16 14 16 14 14 17 19

Argentina 17 12 15 13 17 18 15 18 21 18 20Brazil 4 11 12 9 5 1 3 5 8 8 9Chile 26 22 32 29 36 38 41 58 64 53 61Colombia 8 13 16 18 25 31 28 31 40 37 32Ecuador 14 28 28 22 33 31 20 35 28 35 30Peru 31 23 25 26 32 35 38 34 39 41 39Venezuela 20 34 40 31 34 27 24 24 20 41 26South America 5 1 4 5 8 11 12 15 19 20 19

Algeria 17 27 27 28 39 39 37 52 39 38 34Angola 118 2 552 106 82 79 58 61 59Cameroon 62 100 79 54 79 129 86 111 145 83 76Egypt 9 3 6 6 7 12 6 17 12 9 9Ethiopia 122 68 98 69 131 73 43 33Ghana 119 99 79 142 163 103 98 91 84 109 81Kenya 21 22 44 32 46 43 29 35 30 38 31Morocco 28 32 32 35 46 45 47 43 37 49 37Nigeria 59 47 40 65 81 82 60 80 81 76 69South Africa 0 1 8 7 10 5 3 6 12 12 7Tanzania 160 94 112 116 125 159 118 123 102 110 61Africa 17 20 23 25 31 32 25 33 32 30 27

Iran 8 12 12 9 9 14 7 9 9 7 5Saudi Arabia 15 16 24 28 30 29 21 21 26 25 27United Arab Emirates 42 44 42 42 43 34 36 25 33 38 38Middle East 14 18 21 22 21 24 17 15 18 19 19

Australia 25 32 50 45 46 52 52 51 74 83 90China 6 6 7 9 10 11 6 9 9 9 7India 1 2 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 1Indonesia 18 18 17 19 10 25 28 29 30 30 25Japan 21 28 28 27 28 29 30 32 32 31 26Malaysia 4 2 5 10 7 2 9 11 5 7 10New Zealand 47 66 65 59 64 64 58 53 65 72 84Philippines 17 14 13 16 24 23 20 18 12 10 13Singapore 17 21 16 26 33 38 15 12 17 37 12South Korea 26 23 25 25 24 25 36 36 37 35 31Taiwan, China 12 10 14 14 15 13 15 11 14 16 16Thailand 5 3 4 8 10 8 6 9 8 6 7Vietnam 10 8 7 7 7 9 6 6 7 8 8Asia and Oceania 10 9 10 11 11 11 8 10 10 9 8

World 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 2*) absolute value of indirect net exports of steel


Indirect exports of steel (by commodity groups) year: 2013tonnes, finished steel equivalent

Metal products Mechanical

machinery Electrical Equipment Domestic

appliances Automotive Other transport

Austria 1 325 101 1 028 915 117 244 29 516 987 623 118 096Belgium-Luxembourg 1 869 396 1 872 673 74 320 65 865 4 007 683 45 756Bulgaria 144 308 154 035 17 597 29 155 86 019 45 565Croatia 127 058 84 779 32 805 1 899 36 269 54 634Cyprus 1 572 5 818 391 119 5 320 578Czech Republic 2 076 745 1 150 633 205 913 42 593 2 599 645 212 333Denmark 679 180 450 998 185 556 22 748 287 283 41 529Estonia 113 414 114 543 28 078 3 190 81 718 45 118Finland 318 426 504 906 111 613 3 683 181 326 18 637France 1 333 803 2 020 865 250 678 83 740 4 052 347 200 017Germany 6 113 596 7 255 130 836 470 399 977 14 314 081 1 730 320Greece 95 083 39 456 6 680 10 470 20 404 6 513Hungary 527 248 501 803 146 119 123 617 1 149 084 35 705Ireland 79 731 176 266 10 014 7 541 65 434 4 890Italy 3 660 420 4 684 906 447 380 320 828 3 296 360 409 505Latvia 110 202 35 941 3 918 3 148 57 069 11 351Lithuania 216 430 115 421 11 100 17 140 378 743 11 415Malta 1 603 2 667 570 69 3 353 659Netherlands 2 551 396 2 249 346 194 149 118 847 2 087 734 208 149Poland 2 305 427 1 181 847 137 172 450 529 2 441 250 2 125 209Portugal 740 051 282 456 59 401 16 837 609 904 11 643Romania 403 266 358 664 44 071 76 988 895 497 255 347Slovak Republic 754 689 594 088 80 468 60 090 1 655 802 59 567Slovenia 230 066 236 772 67 485 68 289 333 686 16 496Spain 2 227 992 1 322 594 267 207 94 453 4 460 538 323 300Sweden 544 226 746 007 73 285 71 579 1 182 890 47 991United Kingdom 964 108 1 865 132 150 840 43 094 2 872 090 102 940European Union (28) 29 514 538 29 036 661 3 560 523 2 166 007 48 149 152 6 143 266

Norway 181 524 171 284 8 469 4 547 93 471 191 086Serbia and Montenegro 153 017 54 784 19 115 27 512 184 144 38 360Switzerland 346 429 376 868 57 833 11 641 336 441 54 202Turkey 1 926 156 1 150 929 138 251 501 371 1 918 208 195 959Other Europe 2 607 126 1 753 864 223 668 545 071 2 532 264 479 606

Belarus 347 524 369 275 31 425 45 977 311 473 39 065Kazakhstan 48 477 60 304 4 670 227 24 679 43 807Russia 494 969 288 067 31 705 103 929 495 938 641 376Ukraine 381 948 278 084 45 984 16 662 74 869 933 075CIS 1 272 918 995 730 113 785 166 795 906 958 1 657 324

Canada 876 761 915 522 71 486 19 813 3 229 343 51 473Mexico 2 087 838 1 377 957 413 655 502 109 7 054 429 788 043USA 3 628 253 6 165 591 602 965 222 365 9 967 949 728 135NAFTA 6 592 852 8 459 070 1 088 106 744 286 20 251 720 1 567 651

Argentina 88 303 69 891 5 525 1 407 691 905 32 839Brazil 389 854 682 201 134 586 15 016 1 264 699 501 073Chile 163 922 45 654 2 642 6 590 94 800 14 461Colombia 68 389 24 064 8 238 9 443 73 049 4 344Ecuador 34 799 5 570 149 2 424 16 333 1 821Peru 56 664 16 220 2 152 102 9 020 16 910Venezuela 3 399 917 55 102 864 4 043South America 805 330 844 517 153 346 35 084 2 150 670 575 492

Algeria 473 543 87 1 424 0Angola 1 733 1 385 108 1 257 15Cameroon 405 235 13 18 24 4Egypt 174 111 10 647 1 013 5 048 27 756 56Ethiopia 37 71 15 3 11 6Ghana 26 560 13 771 646 142 1 963 403Kenya 4 060 1 807 248 27 4 648 30Morocco 10 462 7 659 1 346 90 126 066 563Nigeria 647 1 626 168 12 649 88South Africa 648 099 305 163 13 905 15 225 754 463 34 218Tanzania 5 967 8 098 701 119 3 172 4 085Africa 872 554 351 006 18 251 20 684 919 433 39 469

Iran 17 937 6 749 154 230 15 629 1 982Saudi Arabia 37 101 7 431 5 678 1 091 1 982 5 387United Arab Emirates 562 751 89 996 11 149 4 364 54 486 63 078Middle East 617 789 104 176 16 981 5 685 72 097 70 448

Australia 207 593 251 463 11 180 8 890 285 318 101 257China 29 820 612 13 082 706 1 960 224 2 614 885 9 171 413 10 587 870India 2 149 311 726 106 119 440 23 067 1 299 032 539 823Indonesia 427 902 382 523 42 885 65 541 489 878 156 468Japan 992 044 5 052 695 375 569 22 976 11 252 046 6 498 299Malaysia 623 113 357 616 39 992 59 976 119 738 51 765New Zealand 73 911 47 074 6 688 3 497 38 101 3 599Philippines 139 841 71 617 97 006 1 350 96 376 373 715Singapore 618 461 908 685 85 225 45 642 274 605 665 044South Korea 2 674 406 3 301 666 290 642 333 806 7 186 061 8 887 536Taiwan, China 2 571 347 874 823 150 665 12 137 419 785 296 445Thailand 1 153 389 762 169 95 009 318 874 2 406 448 170 013Vietnam 523 989 231 424 56 950 32 232 74 031 75 023Asia and Oceania 41 975 920 26 050 568 3 331 475 3 542 873 33 112 832 28 406 859

World 84 259 027 67 595 593 8 506 135 7 226 485 108 095 127 38 940 114


Indirect imports of steel (by commodity groups) year: 2013tonnes, finished steel equivalent




Austria 1 319 018 959 206 104 204 63 899 1 153 159 96 327Belgium-Luxembourg 2 028 669 1 668 736 97 412 157 956 4 228 759 143 845Bulgaria 171 439 174 013 11 868 20 436 191 264 37 459Croatia 207 695 91 962 9 324 14 160 87 412 25 650Cyprus 29 332 20 251 2 130 4 115 18 409 1 067Czech Republic 1 089 020 776 115 150 112 63 694 1 325 588 46 654Denmark 748 467 503 385 85 539 52 502 477 235 349 734Estonia 121 014 102 446 13 816 8 115 113 591 83 756Finland 323 556 274 869 50 678 35 765 306 722 65 687France 3 282 924 2 745 896 295 884 443 089 4 334 812 273 846Germany 5 620 629 4 821 728 683 977 518 654 7 699 899 1 577 748Greece 124 336 90 678 11 723 33 596 123 472 6 882Hungary 502 935 459 518 117 045 49 979 658 247 40 441Ireland 289 839 203 661 21 196 36 972 198 677 8 117Italy 1 450 402 1 686 448 255 831 236 614 2 492 828 202 632Latvia 108 155 60 937 4 425 7 962 80 130 24 084Lithuania 194 549 140 239 7 996 13 481 352 295 36 569Malta 15 669 9 001 2 579 2 646 11 508 4 109Netherlands 2 154 384 2 063 312 178 775 185 004 2 152 929 250 754Poland 1 370 570 977 101 131 599 132 287 1 548 061 2 071 070Portugal 327 847 234 257 41 996 38 270 500 426 14 677Romania 631 896 446 341 88 298 42 700 530 081 70 637Slovak Republic 862 326 588 796 90 790 26 576 1 753 029 47 239Slovenia 173 151 131 529 27 329 21 212 262 747 13 175Spain 1 440 517 947 062 174 280 181 424 3 955 997 74 600Sweden 863 773 792 325 77 041 120 775 1 201 295 57 949United Kingdom 2 668 436 2 196 856 288 970 476 026 4 719 554 134 425European Union (28) 28 120 548 23 166 670 3 024 817 2 987 907 40 478 127 5 759 132

Norway 740 797 432 806 31 161 44 751 438 264 924 207Serbia and Montenegro 188 758 122 861 19 732 14 107 398 423 29 751Switzerland 824 730 528 956 47 846 52 501 620 206 66 368Turkey 685 151 1 273 167 180 265 94 355 1 326 500 750 904Other Europe 2 439 435 2 357 790 279 005 205 713 2 783 392 1 771 230

Belarus 280 387 264 447 20 031 20 478 321 847 88 065Kazakhstan 540 589 497 705 36 833 44 454 516 381 329 843Russia 2 472 798 3 134 341 307 913 406 271 3 544 346 1 134 218Ukraine 404 864 496 895 46 020 117 732 685 392 123 686CIS 3 698 637 4 393 388 410 798 588 935 5 067 967 1 675 813

Canada 3 643 783 2 308 656 234 789 264 315 5 932 123 469 578Mexico 3 750 569 2 242 106 385 332 67 260 2 874 127 292 043USA 9 672 701 9 423 547 1 093 097 1 345 094 18 819 104 633 215NAFTA 17 067 053 13 974 309 1 713 218 1 676 669 27 625 354 1 394 836

Argentina 244 461 400 998 64 671 24 649 1 123 369 55 215Brazil 1 150 222 1 670 264 221 894 89 544 1 938 030 277 363Chile 470 272 492 042 60 220 53 014 879 444 34 424Colombia 235 335 328 983 37 068 42 229 497 920 152 149Ecuador 139 683 179 449 26 158 18 813 203 677 24 210Peru 320 201 322 767 33 998 34 594 417 181 52 229Venezuela 259 029 219 660 22 298 32 209 184 082 35 061South America 2 819 202 3 614 162 466 306 295 051 5 243 704 630 651

Algeria 477 480 503 812 58 129 63 598 808 920 10 762Angola 283 859 139 999 17 768 17 194 130 480 17 958Cameroon 68 167 46 768 2 712 2 158 54 308 3 403Egypt 330 551 232 264 33 430 37 538 400 051 19 278Ethiopia 104 121 79 855 13 913 3 905 60 787 854Ghana 182 295 186 686 15 422 10 840 212 314 16 595Kenya 185 502 79 834 10 682 5 942 126 046 6 990Morocco 238 067 218 683 23 410 27 602 252 304 22 435Nigeria 535 538 289 097 47 978 39 172 620 280 50 224South Africa 507 243 687 274 72 217 49 521 796 691 56 428Tanzania 147 045 76 404 9 244 9 174 199 711 21 604Africa 3 059 868 2 540 677 304 905 266 644 3 661 890 226 533

Iran 353 488 312 749 27 218 37 622 168 358 17 169Saudi Arabia 1 019 592 920 854 119 582 77 168 1 397 688 215 460United Arab Emirates 1 096 372 758 979 83 869 90 726 1 250 706 195 021Middle East 2 469 452 1 992 582 230 670 205 516 2 816 752 427 649

Australia 1 943 890 1 511 345 118 281 180 527 2 018 404 284 347China 1 143 823 3 783 819 585 567 61 752 4 967 899 2 012 411India 696 435 932 636 112 251 52 609 516 789 3 588 022Indonesia 1 241 284 1 924 056 190 083 70 017 700 703 617 822Japan 2 383 535 2 001 909 277 565 335 500 1 580 454 487 592Malaysia 572 378 639 500 97 903 47 079 569 126 356 975New Zealand 205 951 191 737 10 730 31 608 348 018 29 126Philippines 546 682 395 292 56 383 31 958 501 183 134 403Singapore 1 210 372 1 002 346 103 279 40 079 350 739 392 259South Korea 2 090 855 1 510 394 171 921 66 954 615 423 2 043 185Taiwan, China 379 205 503 580 57 877 33 635 368 206 92 403Thailand 1 036 918 1 093 711 152 172 43 959 1 035 385 358 416Vietnam 832 633 696 664 78 968 57 103 293 899 24 283Asia and Oceania 14 283 959 16 186 988 2 012 978 1 052 781 13 866 228 10 421 246

World 73 958 155 68 226 566 8 442 697 7 279 216 101 543 414 22 307 090


Indirect net exports of steel (by commodity groups) year: 2013tonnes, finished steel equivalent




Austria 6 083 69 709 13 039 -34 383 -165 535 21 768Belgium-Luxembourg -159 273 203 938 -23 092 -92 091 -221 076 -98 089Bulgaria -27 131 -19 977 5 729 8 719 -105 245 8 106Croatia -80 637 -7 183 23 482 -12 260 -51 143 28 984Cyprus -27 760 -14 434 -1 739 -3 996 -13 089 -489Czech Republic 987 725 374 518 55 801 -21 100 1 274 057 165 680Denmark -69 287 -52 388 100 016 -29 754 -189 951 -308 205Estonia -7 600 12 097 14 262 -4 924 -31 874 -38 638Finland -5 131 230 037 60 934 -32 082 -125 396 -47 051France -1 949 122 -725 032 -45 206 -359 349 -282 465 -73 829Germany 492 967 2 433 401 152 494 -118 677 6 614 182 152 572Greece -29 252 -51 222 -5 043 -23 127 -103 068 -369Hungary 24 313 42 284 29 074 73 638 490 837 -4 736Ireland -210 108 -27 395 -11 182 -29 432 -133 244 -3 226Italy 2 210 019 2 998 458 191 549 84 214 803 532 206 874Latvia 2 046 -24 996 -507 -4 814 -23 062 -12 732Lithuania 21 881 -24 818 3 104 3 659 26 448 -25 154Malta -14 066 -6 333 -2 010 -2 577 -8 155 -3 449Netherlands 397 011 186 034 15 375 -66 157 -65 195 -42 605Poland 934 857 204 746 5 572 318 242 893 189 54 139Portugal 412 204 48 199 17 406 -21 433 109 478 -3 033Romania -228 630 -87 677 -44 227 34 289 365 415 184 710Slovak Republic -107 637 5 292 -10 322 33 514 -97 227 12 329Slovenia 56 915 105 242 40 156 47 078 70 939 3 321Spain 787 475 375 531 92 927 -86 970 504 542 248 700Sweden -319 547 -46 318 -3 755 -49 196 -18 405 -9 958United Kingdom -1 704 328 -331 724 -138 130 -432 932 -1 847 464 -31 485European Union (28) 1 393 990 5 869 991 535 706 -821 900 7 671 025 384 135

Norway -559 272 -261 522 -22 691 -40 204 -344 793 -733 121Serbia and Montenegro -35 741 -68 077 -618 13 405 -214 279 8 608Switzerland -478 301 -152 088 9 987 -40 860 -283 765 -12 167Turkey 1 241 005 -122 239 -42 014 407 016 591 708 -554 945Other Europe 167 691 -603 926 -55 336 339 358 -251 128 -1 291 624

Belarus 67 138 104 828 11 394 25 499 -10 375 -49 000Kazakhstan -492 111 -437 400 -32 163 -44 227 -491 702 -286 036Russia -1 977 829 -2 846 274 -276 207 -302 341 -3 048 408 -492 842Ukraine -22 916 -218 812 -36 -101 070 -610 523 809 389CIS -2 425 719 -3 397 657 -297 013 -422 140 -4 161 008 -18 489

Canada -2 767 021 -1 393 134 -163 303 -244 502 -2 702 780 -418 104Mexico -1 662 731 -864 149 28 323 434 849 4 180 302 496 000USA -6 044 449 -3 257 955 -490 133 -1 122 730 -8 851 155 94 920NAFTA -10 474 201 -5 515 238 -625 112 -932 383 -7 373 633 172 815

Argentina -156 158 -331 107 -59 146 -23 242 -431 464 -22 376Brazil -760 367 -988 062 -87 308 -74 528 -673 332 223 710Chile -306 350 -446 388 -57 578 -46 424 -784 644 -19 964Colombia -166 946 -304 919 -28 830 -32 786 -424 871 -147 805Ecuador -104 884 -173 879 -26 009 -16 389 -187 344 -22 389Peru -263 537 -306 546 -31 846 -34 491 -408 160 -35 318Venezuela -255 630 -218 743 -22 243 -32 107 -183 219 -31 018South America -2 013 872 -2 769 645 -312 960 -259 968 -3 093 034 -55 160

Algeria -477 008 -503 269 -58 042 -63 597 -808 496 -10 762Angola -282 126 -138 614 -17 659 -17 193 -130 223 -17 943Cameroon -67 762 -46 533 -2 699 -2 140 -54 285 -3 399Egypt -156 440 -221 618 -32 418 -32 490 -372 295 -19 222Ethiopia -104 084 -79 784 -13 898 -3 902 -60 775 -848Ghana -155 735 -172 915 -14 776 -10 698 -210 351 -16 193Kenya -181 441 -78 028 -10 435 -5 915 -121 398 -6 961Morocco -227 606 -211 024 -22 064 -27 512 -126 238 -21 872Nigeria -534 891 -287 471 -47 809 -39 160 -619 631 -50 136South Africa 140 856 -382 110 -58 312 -34 297 -42 228 -22 210Tanzania -141 078 -68 306 -8 543 -9 055 -196 539 -17 519Africa -2 187 314 -2 189 671 -286 654 -245 959 -2 742 457 -187 064

Iran -335 551 -306 001 -27 064 -37 392 -152 729 -15 187Saudi Arabia -982 491 -913 423 -113 904 -76 077 -1 395 706 -210 073United Arab Emirates -533 621 -668 983 -72 720 -86 362 -1 196 220 -131 942Middle East -1 851 663 -1 888 406 -213 689 -199 831 -2 744 655 -357 202

Australia -1 736 297 -1 259 882 -107 101 -171 637 -1 733 086 -183 090China 28 676 789 9 298 887 1 374 656 2 553 133 4 203 515 8 575 458India 1 452 876 -206 530 7 189 -29 542 782 243 -3 048 198Indonesia -813 381 -1 541 532 -147 198 -4 476 -210 825 -461 354Japan -1 391 491 3 050 786 98 004 -312 524 9 671 592 6 010 707Malaysia 50 735 -281 884 -57 911 12 897 -449 388 -305 210New Zealand -132 039 -144 663 -4 041 -28 112 -309 917 -25 527Philippines -406 841 -323 675 40 624 -30 609 -404 807 239 311Singapore -591 911 -93 661 -18 054 5 563 -76 134 272 785South Korea 583 551 1 791 273 118 721 266 852 6 570 638 6 844 351Taiwan, China 2 192 142 371 243 92 789 -21 498 51 578 204 042Thailand 116 472 -331 542 -57 163 274 915 1 371 063 -188 403Vietnam -308 644 -465 241 -22 017 -24 871 -219 867 50 741Asia and Oceania 27 691 961 9 863 580 1 318 497 2 490 092 19 246 604 17 985 613

World 10 300 872 -630 974 63 438 -52 731 6 551 713 16 633 024


Apparent steel usethousand tonnes, finished steel products

2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Austria 2 913 3 297 3 479 4 105 4 143 3 998 3 230 3 641 3 960 3 755 3 521Belgium-Luxembourg 5 700 4 760 4 600 5 500 5 600 5 400 4 100 4 600 5 030 4 460 4 290Bulgaria 900 1 113 1 356 1 718 2 002 1 843 736 783 1 060 946 1 034Croatia 538 841 818 814 1 030 1 113 779 735 660 624 642Cyprus 219 373 353 386 496 491 305 341 231 161 130Czech Republic 3 910 5 178 5 235 5 970 6 568 6 536 4 506 5 520 6 063 5 850 5 790Denmark 1 785 1 864 1 720 2 045 2 031 1 784 923 1 052 1 426 1 425 1 420Estonia 285 494 335 571 498 399 175 292 350 317 326Finland 2 342 2 158 2 103 2 378 2 541 2 313 1 560 1 404 1 116 1 917 1 720France 18 091 16 621 14 842 16 160 16 619 15 328 10 998 13 065 14 013 12 608 12 568Germany 38 589 36 258 35 258 39 222 42 720 42 367 28 205 36 238 40 712 37 497 38 013Greece 3 260 2 934 3 440 4 101 4 172 3 627 2 549 1 932 1 452 1 031 1 156Hungary 1 791 2 122 2 023 2 241 2 649 2 730 1 533 1 777 1 888 1 706 1 863Ireland 849 867 806 1 040 1 126 893 356 422 396 407 394Italy 30 087 33 200 31 631 36 442 35 930 33 289 20 075 25 652 26 507 21 510 21 960Latvia 256 462 377 482 530 422 273 369 585 201 216Lithuania 283 567 554 644 729 548 263 355 440 460 521Malta 55 57 58 63 69 53 45 56 34 33 31Netherlands 4 702 3 523 3 624 3 522 4 124 4 306 2 900 3 160 3 634 3 400 3 450Poland 7 573 8 470 8 374 10 662 12 051 11 517 8 194 9 952 11 021 10 406 10 398Portugal 3 062 3 452 2 722 3 410 3 406 3 295 2 304 2 494 2 216 2 012 2 359Romania 2 550 3 299 3 491 4 561 5 571 5 168 2 645 3 286 3 764 3 321 3 297Slovak Republic 1 255 1 531 1 491 1 942 2 294 2 136 1 386 1 800 1 843 1 839 2 017Slovenia 978 1 158 1 047 1 203 1 396 1 248 875 991 1 025 899 886Spain 17 400 21 112 20 895 23 641 24 500 17 997 11 876 13 068 13 114 10 493 10 430Sweden 3 640 3 999 4 102 4 469 4 856 4 339 2 569 3 640 3 892 3 502 3 589United Kingdom 13 484 13 147 10 759 12 794 12 840 11 784 7 007 8 790 9 046 8 621 8 460European Union (28) 166 496 172 855 165 492 190 085 200 491 184 924 120 363 145 414 155 478 139 401 140 481

Norway 1 100 1 119 1 438 1 287 1 212 1 192 931 847 1 062 1 006 960Serbia and Montenegro 763 742 745 955 1 101 1 136 854 553 698 569 470Switzerland 2 250 1 996 2 140 2 382 2 544 2 447 1 941 2 458 2 636 2 699 2 781Turkey 13 070 15 221 18 440 21 222 23 770 21 453 18 026 23 567 26 931 28 454 31 301Other Europe 17 184 19 078 22 762 25 846 28 627 26 229 21 751 27 424 31 327 32 727 35 512

Belarus 1 186 1 691 1 741 2 064 2 304 2 475 1 824 2 578 2 494 2 612 2 598Kazakhstan 901 1 824 2 305 2 383 2 995 2 397 2 637 2 105 2 312 3 132 3 819Russia 20 440 26 286 29 330 34 918 40 379 35 467 24 828 36 745 41 490 42 793 43 770Ukraine 4 895 5 763 5 560 6 643 8 052 6 874 3 845 5 474 6 330 6 285 5 582CIS 27 422 35 564 38 937 46 007 53 729 47 213 33 135 46 902 52 626 54 822 55 769


Argentina 2 970 3 580 3 700 4 494 4 617 4 786 3 203 4 620 5 338 4 899 5 064Brazil 15 760 18 316 16 812 18 535 22 060 24 048 18 576 26 104 25 032 25 181 26 425Chile 1 465 2 080 2 076 2 302 2 310 2 568 1 705 2 382 2 541 3 099 2 729Colombia 1 695 2 140 2 381 2 823 2 760 2 558 2 233 2 799 3 218 3 506 3 488Ecuador 571 759 911 1 133 828 1 276 1 565 1 263 1 750 1 340 1 761Peru 825 937 1 085 1 387 1 543 2 149 1 585 2 421 2 422 2 676 2 766Venezuela 2 173 2 281 2 429 3 235 3 647 3 400 2 684 2 266 2 606 2 990 2 837South America 25 459 30 093 29 394 33 909 37 765 40 785 31 550 41 855 42 908 43 691 45 071

Algeria 1 879 2 709 2 823 3 103 2 909 3 697 4 277 3 063 3 787 4 644 5 616Angola 477 24 984 944 632 786 1 038 1 018Cameroon 108 100 120 149 149 153 169 159 155 233 232Egypt 3 928 3 844 4 971 4 663 5 465 7 460 11 054 9 332 7 780 9 468 9 207Ethiopia 208 409 293 506 310 457 695 803Ghana 137 212 347 264 264 474 436 501 801 738 721Kenya 319 507 446 585 583 617 832 808 1 218 960 1 316Morocco 894 1 329 1 519 1 499 1 420 1 876 1 727 1 633 1 934 1 531 1 740Nigeria 899 1 270 1 687 1 264 1 259 1 718 1 864 1 433 1 850 1 840 2 282South Africa 4 047 4 945 4 677 5 868 5 807 6 126 4 456 5 001 5 332 5 266 5 676Tanzania 69 168 201 209 209 252 320 331 441 410 725Africa 12 280 15 085 16 791 18 290 18 498 23 651 26 585 23 203 24 541 26 822 29 335


Australia 5 900 7 000 6 900 6 900 7 337 7 426 5 341 6 966 6 024 6 458 5 757China 124 278 275 819 347 472 377 664 418 426 446 861 551 443 587 570 641 200 660 060 740 860India 27 647 35 300 39 900 45 600 51 482 51 438 57 892 64 940 69 788 72 383 73 653Indonesia 4 858 5 718 7 235 6 245 7 245 8 823 7 420 8 950 10 952 12 500 12 692Japan 76 100 76 800 76 730 78 990 81 180 77 950 52 790 63 570 64 100 63 940 65 300Malaysia 6 213 7 138 6 826 6 779 7 694 8 491 6 645 8 314 8 238 8 922 10 049New Zealand 720 890 940 890 930 900 560 735 700 737 769Philippines 3 041 3 041 3 076 3 161 3 397 3 555 3 434 3 999 5 108 6 008 6 705Singapore 2 980 3 000 3 000 2 000 2 900 3 396 2 804 2 680 3 897 3 780 4 338South Korea 38 300 47 218 47 124 50 174 55 203 58 571 45 411 52 390 56 391 54 069 51 762Taiwan, China 21 080 22 052 19 910 19 820 18 080 16 910 11 280 17 790 18 096 17 777 18 492Thailand 6 595 12 661 13 876 12 590 12 718 13 466 10 750 14 085 14 554 16 380 17 604Vietnam 2 980 5 312 5 660 6 147 9 316 8 184 10 922 10 572 9 698 10 956 11 769Asia and Oceania 320 693 501 949 578 649 616 960 675 908 705 970 766 693 842 562 908 744 933 970 1 019 749

World 738 800 946 611 1 015 200 1 113 072 1 190 581 1 196 163 1 117 425 1 276 004 1 378 984 1 402 892 1 493 448


Apparent steel use per capitakilograms, finished steel products

2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013






Algeria 59 84 87 94 87 109 124 87 106 128 152Angola 31 2 59 55 36 43 55 52Cameroon 7 6 7 9 8 8 9 8 8 12 11Egypt 59 57 73 67 77 104 151 126 103 123 118Ethiopia 3 6 4 6 4 6 8 9Ghana 7 11 18 13 13 22 20 22 35 31 30Kenya 10 16 14 17 17 17 23 21 31 24 32Morocco 31 46 52 51 48 62 57 53 62 49 55Nigeria 7 10 13 10 9 12 13 10 12 12 14South Africa 90 109 101 125 122 127 91 101 106 103 110Tanzania 2 5 6 6 6 7 8 8 10 9 16Africa 26 31 34 36 36 45 49 42 43 46 49

Iran 145 175 195 186 267 212 242 272 288 247 225Saudi Arabia 307 344 342 346 353 389 394 414 463 496 503United Arab Emirates 599 978 1 549 1 928 2 108 2 914 1 280 1 143 1 036 945 838Middle East 197 241 277 286 358 369 330 356 380 359 340

Australia 306 359 350 346 363 362 256 328 278 293 257China 97 214 268 290 319 339 416 440 478 488 545India 27 33 37 42 46 46 51 56 59 61 61Indonesia 23 27 34 29 33 39 33 39 47 53 53Japan 605 610 608 624 640 614 415 500 503 502 513Malaysia 265 298 280 272 303 329 252 310 302 321 355New Zealand 187 228 237 221 228 218 134 174 164 170 176Philippines 39 38 38 38 40 41 39 45 57 65 72Singapore 761 746 725 470 663 755 608 566 804 761 854South Korea 833 1 022 1 016 1 077 1 180 1 245 960 1 101 1 178 1 123 1 068Taiwan, China 961 998 894 883 800 744 494 776 786 770 799Thailand 106 201 217 195 195 205 163 213 220 247 265Vietnam 37 65 69 74 111 96 127 122 111 124 132Asia and Oceania 107 166 189 199 216 224 240 262 279 284 308

World 145 184 195 211 223 222 205 232 248 250 263


True steel usethousand tonnes, finished steel equivalent

2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Austria 3 298 3 435 3 601 4 066 4 131 3 976 3 424 3 721 4 116 3 854 3 610Belgium-Luxembourg 5 579 5 169 5 223 5 793 6 272 5 696 4 506 4 889 6 107 4 683 4 680Bulgaria 979 1 391 1 706 2 111 2 530 2 311 916 877 1 091 1 033 1 164Croatia 645 981 835 1 061 1 322 1 379 956 792 721 667 741Cyprus 308 484 482 498 640 666 469 511 377 250 192Czech Republic 2 207 3 650 3 393 3 708 4 127 4 117 2 576 3 330 3 590 3 167 2 953Denmark 2 313 2 129 2 038 2 767 2 809 2 374 1 140 1 346 1 552 1 617 1 970Estonia 324 653 365 658 561 385 103 195 340 357 383Finland 2 212 2 104 2 121 2 290 2 575 2 432 1 418 1 416 1 362 2 129 1 639France 17 549 17 200 15 626 17 938 19 026 18 364 14 236 15 969 17 898 15 808 16 003Germany 34 376 28 551 27 235 31 918 32 221 32 985 22 242 29 876 32 760 28 618 28 286Greece 4 230 3 943 4 236 5 049 5 399 4 675 3 331 2 453 1 729 1 208 1 368Hungary 1 832 2 314 2 036 2 022 2 392 2 370 1 160 1 373 1 413 1 099 1 208Ireland 1 596 1 581 1 678 2 016 2 221 1 805 786 952 784 776 809Italy 25 578 28 419 26 564 31 038 31 621 28 523 17 456 22 608 22 300 15 386 15 466Latvia 355 646 539 739 822 541 272 372 643 313 280Lithuania 453 881 796 955 1 047 783 198 308 470 436 516Malta 61 116 87 123 116 107 92 100 83 69 68Netherlands 5 353 3 307 3 567 4 197 4 597 4 973 3 213 3 678 3 494 2 781 3 026Poland 7 192 7 599 7 089 9 948 10 609 10 332 6 808 8 484 9 210 8 000 7 987Portugal 3 631 3 569 2 800 3 318 3 337 3 164 2 331 2 605 1 958 1 400 1 796Romania 2 214 3 449 3 800 5 102 6 482 5 917 2 581 3 253 3 697 3 268 3 073Slovak Republic 1 008 1 342 1 241 1 724 2 154 1 948 1 599 1 884 1 726 1 679 2 181Slovenia 834 939 799 898 1 062 959 592 675 690 558 562Spain 16 722 21 200 21 709 24 570 24 621 16 875 9 679 11 929 10 334 7 443 8 508Sweden 3 575 3 849 4 286 4 783 5 172 4 669 2 678 3 935 4 314 3 869 4 036United Kingdom 15 912 16 723 15 310 17 846 18 037 15 829 9 876 12 595 12 794 12 311 12 946European Union (28) 160 334 165 623 159 164 187 136 195 902 178 157 114 640 140 125 145 551 122 779 125 448

Norway 2 402 1 179 1 870 2 491 2 250 3 339 1 854 2 522 2 261 2 681 2 921Serbia and Montenegro 842 1 001 924 1 266 1 506 1 545 1 079 737 1 010 891 766Switzerland 2 682 2 522 2 725 2 996 3 155 3 148 2 666 3 305 3 605 3 662 3 738Turkey 13 415 14 386 17 476 19 274 21 526 18 711 16 182 22 320 25 908 27 115 29 780Other Europe 19 342 19 088 22 995 26 027 28 436 26 742 21 782 28 884 32 784 34 348 37 206

Belarus 817 1 280 1 315 1 627 1 871 2 203 1 700 2 284 2 084 2 314 2 449Kazakhstan 1 205 2 562 3 266 3 896 4 878 3 861 3 957 3 146 3 656 4 976 5 603Russia 19 897 28 275 32 253 39 278 47 601 44 433 28 110 42 777 50 540 52 382 52 714Ukraine 4 455 4 931 5 088 6 638 8 129 7 811 3 436 4 935 6 125 6 088 5 725CIS 26 373 37 048 41 923 51 438 62 479 58 308 37 203 53 142 62 405 65 760 66 491


Argentina 3 481 4 018 4 249 5 062 5 398 5 670 3 673 5 452 6 484 5 801 6 087Brazil 15 172 16 211 14 771 16 880 20 872 23 768 19 113 27 511 27 066 27 121 28 785Chile 1 848 2 540 2 745 2 971 3 143 3 542 2 410 3 753 4 171 4 739 4 390Colombia 1 835 2 416 2 767 3 335 3 449 3 345 2 858 3 677 4 509 4 804 4 594Ecuador 648 970 1 163 1 386 1 104 1 668 1 884 1 700 2 247 1 812 2 292Peru 1 079 1 153 1 351 1 750 2 040 2 892 2 180 3 239 3 372 3 775 3 846Venezuela 2 611 3 066 3 403 4 248 4 876 4 311 3 339 2 800 3 121 4 204 3 580South America 26 674 30 375 30 449 35 632 40 883 45 196 35 456 48 131 50 970 52 255 53 575

Algeria 2 192 3 435 3 586 3 965 4 051 5 138 5 868 4 651 5 273 6 401 7 537Angola 1 040 641 2 030 1 722 1 129 1 243 1 675 1 621Cameroon 176 200 214 229 267 349 314 336 380 427 408Egypt 4 295 3 971 5 273 4 942 5 824 8 363 11 740 10 938 8 749 10 299 10 041Ethiopia 461 686 581 852 715 793 996 1 066Ghana 299 423 621 640 694 963 866 959 1 472 1 545 1 302Kenya 384 617 645 772 849 885 1 073 1 090 1 584 1 321 1 720Morocco 1 148 1 750 2 005 2 028 2 074 2 714 2 546 2 338 2 647 2 281 2 376Nigeria 1 429 1 862 2 364 2 090 2 277 3 130 2 989 2 582 3 349 3 240 3 861South Africa 4 046 4 974 5 028 6 280 6 414 6 444 4 578 5 305 5 948 5 889 6 074Tanzania 179 325 427 451 470 653 696 736 893 860 1 166Africa 14 347 18 066 20 729 22 898 24 247 31 248 33 244 30 779 32 330 34 934 37 174


Australia 7 380 9 262 10 339 10 012 10 749 11 313 8 112 10 523 10 474 11 846 10 948China 117 302 258 102 321 658 342 644 375 543 399 716 515 746 537 434 583 375 603 426 686 178India 27 310 34 537 39 374 46 193 51 665 51 666 58 075 65 871 68 693 72 296 74 695Indonesia 5 751 6 725 8 432 7 421 7 998 11 028 9 463 11 585 14 253 16 238 15 871Japan 60 345 55 435 55 101 57 602 58 671 55 215 36 729 42 971 43 767 44 022 48 173Malaysia 6 480 7 289 7 190 7 445 8 264 8 662 7 224 9 230 8 652 9 549 11 080New Zealand 1 060 1 477 1 555 1 412 1 523 1 474 883 1 123 1 157 1 269 1 413Philippines 3 572 3 463 3 469 3 671 4 224 4 377 4 105 4 733 5 728 6 612 7 591Singapore 3 479 3 638 3 485 2 521 3 850 4 690 3 234 2 991 4 543 5 190 4 839South Korea 28 438 36 507 35 158 37 548 42 098 44 206 29 085 33 768 35 555 35 133 35 587Taiwan, China 18 544 19 907 17 121 17 035 15 425 14 694 9 576 15 834 15 584 14 946 15 602Thailand 6 292 12 269 13 357 11 586 11 493 12 430 10 070 12 884 13 343 15 456 16 419Vietnam 3 280 5 751 6 072 6 584 9 948 8 918 11 616 11 245 10 389 11 813 12 759Asia and Oceania 289 233 454 363 522 311 551 672 601 450 628 389 703 918 760 193 815 514 847 795 941 153

World 722 686 919 471 989 571 1 086 899 1 158 874 1 162 631 1 082 613 1 231 572 1 326 976 1 358 743 1 460 582


True steel use per capitakilograms, finished steel equivalent

2000 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013






Algeria 69 107 110 120 121 151 170 133 148 176 203Angola 67 40 123 101 64 68 88 83Cameroon 11 12 13 13 15 19 17 18 19 21 20Egypt 65 59 77 71 82 117 161 147 116 134 129Ethiopia 6 9 8 11 9 10 12 12Ghana 16 22 31 32 33 45 39 43 64 65 54Kenya 12 19 20 23 24 25 29 29 41 33 42Morocco 40 60 68 69 69 90 84 76 86 73 75Nigeria 12 15 18 16 17 22 21 18 22 21 24South Africa 90 109 109 134 135 134 94 107 118 116 118Tanzania 5 9 12 12 12 17 17 18 21 20 26Africa 30 37 42 45 47 59 61 55 57 60 62

Iran 157 195 219 202 290 241 260 297 313 263 236Saudi Arabia 353 400 425 442 460 500 476 499 584 623 638United Arab Emirates 850 1 410 2 194 2 730 3 006 3 899 1 744 1 434 1 381 1 305 1 157Middle East 225 284 336 350 434 459 386 411 450 427 406

Australia 383 475 524 502 532 551 389 495 484 538 489China 92 200 248 263 287 303 389 403 434 447 505India 26 33 37 42 47 46 51 57 58 61 62Indonesia 28 32 39 34 36 49 42 50 61 68 66Japan 480 440 436 455 463 435 289 338 344 346 378Malaysia 277 305 295 299 326 335 274 344 317 344 392New Zealand 275 378 392 351 373 356 211 265 270 293 324Philippines 46 44 43 44 50 51 47 53 63 72 81Singapore 888 904 843 593 880 1 043 701 632 937 1 045 953South Korea 619 790 758 806 899 940 615 710 743 729 734Taiwan, China 845 901 769 759 683 647 419 690 677 648 674Thailand 101 195 209 180 177 190 153 195 202 233 247Vietnam 41 70 74 79 118 105 135 130 119 134 143Asia and Oceania 97 150 171 178 192 199 221 236 251 258 284

World 142 178 190 206 218 216 199 224 239 242 258


Apparent steel use and true steel use per capita kilograms, finished steel products

2000 2013

0 200 400 600 800 1 000 1 200

AustriaBelgium-Luxembourg

BulgariaCroatiaCyprus

Czech RepublicDenmark

EstoniaFinlandFrance

GermanyGreece

HungaryIreland

ItalyLatvia

LithuaniaMalta

NetherlandsPoland

PortugalRomania

Slovak RepublicSlovenia

SpainSweden

United KingdomEuropean Union (28)

NorwaySerbia and Montenegro

SwitzerlandTurkey

Other Europe

BelarusKazakhstan

RussiaUkraine

CIS

CanadaMexico

USANAFTA

ArgentinaBrazilChile

ColombiaEcuador

PeruVenezuela

South America

AlgeriaAngola

CameroonEgypt

EthiopiaGhanaKenya

MoroccoNigeria

South AfricaTanzania

Africa

IranSaudi Arabia

United Arab EmiratesMiddle East

AustraliaChinaIndia

IndonesiaJapan

MalaysiaNew Zealand

PhilippinesSingapore

South KoreaTaiwan, China

ThailandVietnam

Asia and Oceania

World

0 200 400 600 800 1 000 1 200

AustriaBelgium-Luxembourg

BulgariaCroatiaCyprus

Czech RepublicDenmark

EstoniaFinlandFrance

GermanyGreece

HungaryIreland

ItalyLatvia

LithuaniaMalta

NetherlandsPoland

PortugalRomania

Slovak RepublicSlovenia

SpainSweden

United KingdomEuropean Union (28)

NorwaySerbia and Montenegro

SwitzerlandTurkey

Other Europe

BelarusKazakhstan

RussiaUkraine

CIS

CanadaMexico

USANAFTA

ArgentinaBrazilChile

ColombiaEcuador

PeruVenezuela

South America

AlgeriaAngola

CameroonEgypt

EthiopiaGhanaKenya

MoroccoNigeria

South AfricaTanzania

Africa

IranSaudi Arabia

United Arab EmiratesMiddle East

AustraliaChinaIndia

IndonesiaJapan

MalaysiaNew Zealand

PhilippinesSingapore

South KoreaTaiwan, China

ThailandVietnam

Asia and Oceania

World

ASU

TSU

kg


Appendices to indirect trade in steel

Country Profiles


Brazil, indirect trade of steelthousand tonnes, finished steel equivalent [kt]

Indirect exports

Indirect imports

Indirect net exports

1970 30 267 -2361971 45 318 -2731972 83 390 -3071973 107 387 -2801974 180 561 -3811975 233 542 -3101976 221 428 -2081977 289 346 -571978 405 339 651979 484 323 1611980 666 276 3901981 755 299 4561982 538 188 3511983 494 171 3231984 785 205 5801985 826 212 6131986 788 324 4641987 955 181 7751988 1 158 98 1 0601989 1 270 167 1 1041990 1 012 183 8281991 1 005 230 7751992 1 315 284 1 0311993 1 814 461 1 3521994 1 733 718 1 0151995 1 644 1 554 901996 1 704 1 505 1991997 1 544 1 489 551998 1 684 1 407 2761999 1 398 1 041 3562000 1 670 1 082 5882001 1 601 1 167 4332002 1 765 1 004 7602003 2 288 962 1 3262004 3 298 1 193 2 1052005 3 456 1 415 2 0412006 3 357 1 703 1 6552007 3 449 2 261 1 1882008 3 432 3 151 2802009 2 069 2 606 -5372010 2 648 4 055 -1 4072011 2 868 4 902 -2 0342012 2 812 4 752 -1 9402013 2 987 5 347 -2 360

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 2011 2013

Indirect exportsMetal products 5 29 95 148 186 272 301 458 400 431 390Mechanical machinery 14 48 142 164 259 405 401 881 521 850 682Electrical equipment 1 4 9 12 14 14 60 131 127 138 135Domestic appliances 1 7 11 9 25 27 29 63 27 18 15Automotive 9 132 345 463 482 675 815 1 732 905 1 345 1 265Other transport 0 13 63 29 46 251 65 191 89 85 501

Indirect importsMetal products 80 131 53 17 27 158 178 260 484 936 1 150Mechanical machinery 121 298 129 51 85 354 330 499 850 1 594 1 670Electrical equipment 6 15 7 3 7 63 43 55 111 193 222Domestic appliances 0 1 3 0 2 25 10 17 50 81 90Automotive 44 55 45 42 59 876 498 531 1 030 1 937 1 938Other transport 15 44 39 99 3 77 22 53 81 162 277

Indirect net exportsMetal products -74 -101 42 131 159 114 122 198 -84 -505 -760Mechanical machinery -108 -250 14 114 174 51 71 382 -329 -744 -988Electrical equipment -5 -11 2 9 7 -49 17 76 16 -55 -87Domestic appliances 1 6 9 8 23 2 19 46 -23 -62 -75Automotive -35 77 300 421 422 -201 317 1 201 -125 -591 -673Other transport -15 -31 24 -70 43 174 42 138 8 -77 224

0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000

Metal products



Domestic appliances

Automotive

Other transport

Indirect trade in steel, 2013Indirect exports Indirect imports

-3 000

-2 000

-1 000

0

1 000

2 000

3 000

4 000

5 000

6 000

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012

Indirect trade in steel, 1970-2013

Exports Imports Net exports


Germany, indirect trade of steelthousand tonnes, finished steel equivalent [kt]

Indirect exports

Indirect imports


1970 6 431 2 525 3 9051971 6 816 2 939 3 8771972 7 162 3 085 4 0761973 8 174 3 093 5 0811974 8 594 2 688 5 9061975 8 476 3 040 5 4361976 9 465 3 618 5 8471977 9 730 3 939 5 7911978 9 456 4 195 5 2611979 9 637 4 595 5 0431980 9 686 4 669 5 0171981 10 207 4 406 5 8021982 10 495 4 479 6 0161983 10 339 5 150 5 1891984 11 318 5 436 5 8821985 11 394 5 642 5 7521986 11 083 5 843 5 2401987 11 177 6 167 5 0101988 12 340 6 449 5 8911989 13 453 7 100 6 3521990 13 480 8 841 4 6401991 13 728 11 485 2 2431992 13 779 11 561 2 2181993 11 633 9 208 2 4251994 12 814 10 194 2 6201995 13 397 10 693 2 7041996 14 549 11 417 3 1321997 14 447 10 829 3 6181998 16 075 12 164 3 9111999 16 331 12 906 3 4252000 17 555 13 342 4 2132001 19 641 14 233 5 4092002 21 071 13 842 7 2292003 20 630 14 437 6 1932004 22 459 14 752 7 7072005 24 727 16 705 8 0232006 27 797 20 493 7 3042007 30 095 19 597 10 4982008 30 249 20 868 9 3822009 22 106 16 143 5 9632010 26 839 20 477 6 3622011 30 405 22 453 7 9522012 30 110 21 231 8 8792013 30 650 20 923 9 727

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 2011 2013

Indirect exportsMetal products 1 120 1 550 1 846 2 015 2 544 2 633 3 581 5 469 5 161 6 314 6 114Mechanical machinery 1 806 2 300 2 423 2 678 3 226 3 708 4 475 6 213 5 568 7 670 7 255Electrical equipment 123 147 190 213 263 279 433 574 652 861 836Domestic appliances 105 156 202 233 286 283 342 466 400 443 400Automotive 2 951 3 320 4 338 4 785 6 287 6 007 8 248 11 451 9 576 14 343 14 314Other transport 326 1 003 687 1 471 873 486 476 555 749 774 1 730

Indirect importsMetal products 582 704 1 250 1 235 2 163 3 528 4 106 4 552 4 212 5 805 5 621Mechanical machinery 696 738 1 170 1 126 1 964 2 402 2 833 3 576 3 427 4 996 4 822Electrical equipment 41 70 128 129 323 342 441 609 590 760 684Domestic appliances 93 128 145 141 240 377 340 460 431 528 519Automotive 877 1 149 1 656 2 001 3 576 3 665 4 793 6 199 5 785 7 858 7 700Other transport 237 251 320 1 010 575 378 829 1 308 1 698 2 507 1 578

Indirect net exportsMetal products 538 846 596 779 382 -895 -525 917 949 509 493Mechanical machinery 1 110 1 562 1 253 1 552 1 262 1 306 1 643 2 636 2 142 2 674 2 433Electrical equipment 82 77 62 84 -60 -63 -8 -35 62 101 152Domestic appliances 12 28 57 92 46 -94 1 6 -31 -85 -119Automotive 2 073 2 171 2 682 2 785 2 711 2 342 3 455 5 251 3 790 6 485 6 614Other transport 90 752 366 460 299 108 -353 -753 -949 -1 733 153

0 3 000 6 000 9 000 12 000 15 000

Metal products



Domestic appliances

Automotive

Other transport


0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

25 000

30 000

35 000

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012




France, indirect trade of steelthousand tonnes, finished steel equivalent [kt]

Indirect exports

Indirect imports


1970 3 611 1 996 1 6151971 3 680 2 430 1 2501972 4 598 2 639 1 9581973 4 788 3 044 1 7441974 5 405 4 059 1 3461975 5 656 3 384 2 2721976 6 144 3 800 2 3441977 6 224 3 808 2 4161978 7 128 3 608 3 5201979 6 732 3 933 2 7991980 6 176 4 196 1 9811981 6 621 4 711 1 9101982 6 114 4 453 1 6611983 6 045 4 161 1 8841984 6 707 4 028 2 6791985 6 246 4 287 1 9591986 7 072 4 600 2 4721987 5 619 5 203 4161988 5 651 5 721 -701989 6 139 6 246 -1081990 6 413 6 415 -21991 6 754 6 179 5741992 6 819 6 340 4781993 6 619 5 501 1 1181994 6 988 6 101 8871995 7 861 6 892 9691996 7 862 7 227 6341997 7 583 6 285 1 2991998 8 557 7 256 1 3001999 8 800 8 153 6472000 9 611 9 068 5422001 9 698 9 310 3882002 9 615 9 188 4272003 9 795 9 616 1792004 10 066 10 645 -5792005 10 204 10 988 -7842006 11 584 13 362 -1 7782007 12 035 14 442 -2 4072008 11 322 14 358 -3 0362009 7 367 10 605 -3 2382010 8 609 11 513 -2 9052011 9 444 13 329 -3 8852012 8 579 11 779 -3 2002013 7 941 11 376 -3 435

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 2011 2013

Indirect exportsMetal products 600 956 1 219 1 045 1 190 1 487 1 950 1 764 1 264 1 417 1 334Mechanical machinery 716 1 137 1 246 1 072 1 386 1 741 1 881 2 228 1 829 2 434 2 021Electrical equipment 31 48 69 84 101 153 273 271 247 294 251Domestic appliances 40 63 95 83 120 168 143 112 99 98 84Automotive 1 354 1 973 2 515 2 359 3 133 3 392 4 931 5 525 3 718 5 040 4 052Other transport 870 1 480 1 033 1 602 483 920 431 304 210 161 200

Indirect importsMetal products 420 605 913 1 025 1 660 1 749 2 537 3 169 2 977 3 613 3 283Mechanical machinery 661 795 1 116 962 1 491 1 569 2 106 2 452 2 129 2 973 2 746Electrical equipment 26 51 93 90 163 197 245 284 232 308 296Domestic appliances 55 78 170 171 243 286 301 377 380 465 443Automotive 611 822 1 456 1 757 2 600 2 668 3 655 4 349 4 405 5 524 4 335Other transport 222 1 034 447 284 257 425 225 356 482 446 274

Indirect net exportsMetal products 180 351 305 21 -471 -262 -586 -1 405 -1 713 -2 196 -1 949Mechanical machinery 55 342 130 110 -105 172 -224 -224 -300 -539 -725Electrical equipment 4 -3 -24 -6 -62 -44 28 -14 15 -14 -45Domestic appliances -16 -15 -75 -87 -123 -118 -157 -265 -281 -367 -359Automotive 743 1 151 1 059 602 533 725 1 276 1 175 -688 -484 -282Other transport 648 446 586 1 319 226 496 206 -52 -271 -286 -74

0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000

Metal products



Domestic appliances

Automotive

Other transport


-6 000

-3 000

0

3 000

6 000

9 000

12 000

15 000

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012




Japan, indirect trade of steelthousand tonnes, finished steel equivalent [kt]

Indirect exports

Indirect imports


1970 7 870 359 7 5111971 10 072 475 9 5971972 11 155 431 10 7241973 12 043 525 11 5191974 15 232 835 14 3971975 14 983 538 14 4451976 16 530 1 017 15 5131977 17 003 556 16 4471978 16 330 2 187 14 1431979 13 649 1 141 12 5071980 15 892 1 490 14 4021981 18 476 1 421 17 0551982 17 245 816 16 4301983 16 509 821 15 6881984 18 870 1 347 17 5231985 19 248 1 257 17 9911986 18 963 1 167 17 7951987 18 939 1 026 17 9131988 20 176 1 277 18 8991989 20 046 1 476 18 5691990 20 859 1 788 19 0701991 21 607 1 881 19 7261992 21 747 1 819 19 9291993 22 415 1 888 20 5261994 22 987 2 378 20 6081995 22 603 3 293 19 3101996 22 570 3 626 18 9431997 18 846 2 965 15 8811998 17 947 2 514 15 4331999 18 333 2 671 15 6622000 19 012 3 257 15 7552001 18 774 3 603 15 1712002 21 338 3 764 17 5742003 22 838 4 050 18 7882004 26 038 4 674 21 3652005 27 029 5 401 21 6292006 27 372 5 984 21 3882007 29 129 6 620 22 5092008 29 204 6 469 22 7352009 20 858 4 796 16 0612010 26 532 5 932 20 5992011 26 875 6 541 20 3332012 26 972 7 054 19 9182013 24 194 7 067 17 127

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 2011 2013

Indirect exportsMetal products 1 206 1 621 2 341 1 896 1 266 1 175 727 1 049 821 959 992Mechanical machinery 618 1 133 2 037 2 508 4 139 4 188 3 451 5 333 3 942 5 980 5 053Electrical equipment 107 121 261 303 375 411 327 398 363 378 376Domestic appliances 21 34 105 181 91 82 37 23 19 23 23Automotive 388 1 353 4 175 6 302 9 027 9 732 8 476 12 199 7 335 11 389 11 252Other transport 5 529 10 722 6 973 8 057 5 960 7 016 5 995 8 027 8 379 8 146 6 498

Indirect importsMetal products 22 53 81 83 390 736 1 056 1 989 1 924 2 332 2 384Mechanical machinery 125 120 125 118 358 589 744 1 536 1 245 1 998 2 002Electrical equipment 5 5 15 14 66 180 186 245 216 292 278Domestic appliances 2 7 5 6 32 87 118 247 295 347 336Automotive 11 37 80 103 837 1 344 920 1 232 777 1 306 1 580Other transport 194 316 1 183 933 105 358 232 151 338 266 488

Indirect net exportsMetal products 1 184 1 568 2 260 1 813 876 439 -330 -941 -1 103 -1 372 -1 391Mechanical machinery 493 1 013 1 912 2 390 3 781 3 599 2 707 3 797 2 696 3 982 3 051Electrical equipment 102 116 246 289 309 230 141 153 147 85 98Domestic appliances 19 26 100 175 59 -5 -82 -224 -277 -325 -313Automotive 377 1 316 4 094 6 199 8 190 8 389 7 557 10 967 6 557 10 083 9 672Other transport 5 336 10 406 5 790 7 124 5 855 6 658 5 762 7 876 8 041 7 880 6 011

0 3 000 6 000 9 000 12 000

Metal products



Domestic appliances

Automotive

Other transport


0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

25 000

30 000

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012




Italy, indirect trade of steelthousand tonnes, finished steel equivalent [kt]

Indirect exports

Indirect imports


1970 2 557 1 117 1 4401971 2 632 1 193 1 4391972 3 151 1 434 1 7171973 3 129 1 628 1 5011974 3 330 1 582 1 7491975 3 459 1 662 1 7961976 3 970 1 678 2 2921977 4 700 1 613 3 0871978 4 696 1 730 2 9661979 5 009 1 854 3 1551980 5 121 2 463 2 6581981 5 046 2 291 2 7541982 4 755 2 087 2 6681983 5 190 1 775 3 4151984 4 999 2 017 2 9831985 5 314 2 329 2 9851986 5 101 2 503 2 5981987 5 330 2 914 2 4161988 5 717 2 981 2 7361989 6 478 3 521 2 9571990 6 403 3 789 2 6141991 7 015 3 951 3 0641992 6 853 4 055 2 7991993 7 829 2 908 4 9211994 8 507 3 189 5 3181995 9 771 3 866 5 9061996 10 231 4 048 6 1831997 9 378 4 175 5 2031998 9 777 4 621 5 1561999 9 744 5 366 4 3782000 10 721 6 212 4 5092001 11 264 6 335 4 9282002 11 040 6 450 4 5902003 11 206 7 148 4 0592004 12 290 7 510 4 7812005 12 341 7 274 5 0672006 13 755 8 351 5 4042007 13 568 9 259 4 3082008 15 292 10 526 4 7652009 10 284 7 665 2 6192010 12 047 9 003 3 0442011 13 086 8 879 4 2072012 12 801 6 676 6 1252013 12 819 6 325 6 495

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 2011 2013

Indirect exportsMetal products 593 879 1 509 1 451 1 727 2 430 2 986 3 402 2 981 3 555 3 660Mechanical machinery 643 871 1 285 1 498 1 946 3 149 3 560 4 252 3 666 4 571 4 685Electrical equipment 36 57 62 70 101 153 313 366 363 434 447Domestic appliances 256 317 242 363 468 826 665 660 418 346 321Automotive 846 1 140 1 295 1 304 1 861 2 582 2 774 3 164 2 258 3 346 3 296Other transport 182 195 728 628 299 630 422 495 598 834 410

Indirect importsMetal products 158 162 270 312 546 661 1 117 1 490 1 391 1 678 1 450Mechanical machinery 362 377 495 459 775 862 1 343 1 652 1 450 1 896 1 686Electrical equipment 22 31 69 67 120 115 161 214 274 340 256Domestic appliances 14 18 32 39 65 82 104 197 243 256 237Automotive 441 552 1 295 1 207 1 916 1 991 2 841 3 282 3 300 3 589 2 493Other transport 120 522 303 244 367 154 646 439 1 007 1 120 203

Indirect net exportsMetal products 435 718 1 240 1 139 1 180 1 769 1 869 1 912 1 589 1 878 2 210Mechanical machinery 282 494 791 1 039 1 171 2 287 2 217 2 601 2 216 2 675 2 998Electrical equipment 14 26 -8 3 -18 37 153 152 89 94 192Domestic appliances 242 298 210 324 403 745 561 463 175 90 84Automotive 405 588 0 96 -54 591 -67 -118 -1 042 -243 804Other transport 62 -328 425 384 -68 476 -224 56 -408 -286 207

0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000

Metal products



Domestic appliances

Automotive

Other transport


0

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

10 000

12 000

14 000

16 000

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012




South Korea, indirect trade of steelthousand tonnes, finished steel equivalent [kt]

Indirect exports

Indirect imports


1970 22 447 -4251971 32 548 -5161972 63 340 -2771973 157 369 -2121974 303 1 000 -6971975 324 1 110 -7861976 613 953 -3411977 1 182 1 226 -441978 1 591 3 019 -1 4281979 1 881 3 105 -1 2241980 2 078 2 845 -7661981 6 332 3 238 3 0931982 4 338 3 828 5111983 5 309 4 861 4491984 7 689 6 057 1 6321985 8 077 7 153 9241986 3 879 3 199 6801987 4 313 2 101 2 2121988 6 569 1 096 5 4731989 4 670 1 692 2 9781990 5 675 2 390 3 2841991 7 349 1 250 6 0981992 7 227 1 513 5 7141993 6 782 1 322 5 4611994 8 345 2 286 6 0591995 9 955 2 647 7 3081996 12 065 2 787 9 2791997 9 587 1 573 8 0141998 10 326 837 9 4881999 9 980 1 039 8 9402000 11 279 1 417 9 8622001 12 156 1 603 10 5532002 13 032 2 140 10 8922003 12 671 2 308 10 3642004 13 809 3 097 10 7112005 15 009 3 043 11 9662006 16 298 3 672 12 6262007 17 927 4 822 13 1052008 19 825 5 460 14 3652009 21 958 5 632 16 3262010 24 599 5 977 18 6222011 26 893 6 057 20 8362012 25 355 6 419 18 9362013 22 674 6 499 16 175

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 2011 2013

Indirect exportsMetal products 12 145 874 1 223 919 1 413 1 456 1 493 2 008 2 401 2 674Mechanical machinery 3 13 47 94 307 773 1 136 1 986 2 143 3 642 3 302Electrical equipment 1 13 66 93 265 254 168 208 224 318 291Domestic appliances 0 0 8 42 104 190 320 392 364 410 334Automotive 2 13 78 188 448 1 608 2 396 4 811 4 513 7 078 7 186Other transport 4 139 1 004 6 437 3 633 5 717 5 803 6 119 12 705 13 045 8 888

Indirect importsMetal products 103 41 93 91 194 315 324 819 1 723 2 151 2 091Mechanical machinery 98 128 155 184 500 639 508 915 1 252 1 543 1 510Electrical equipment 6 16 16 16 26 45 80 141 141 160 172Domestic appliances 1 0 3 4 8 17 20 41 43 52 67Automotive 111 43 58 63 111 171 145 259 357 595 615Other transport 128 882 2 521 6 796 1 552 1 460 340 868 2 116 1 556 2 043

Indirect net exportsMetal products -91 104 781 1 132 725 1 099 1 132 674 286 249 584Mechanical machinery -95 -115 -108 -90 -193 134 628 1 071 891 2 099 1 791Electrical equipment -5 -3 50 77 239 209 88 67 83 158 119Domestic appliances -1 0 6 39 96 172 300 350 321 358 267Automotive -108 -30 21 125 338 1 437 2 251 4 552 4 156 6 483 6 571Other transport -124 -743 -1 516 -359 2 080 4 257 5 463 5 251 10 589 11 489 6 844

0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000

Metal products



Domestic appliances

Automotive

Other transport


-5 000

0

5 000

10 000

15 000

20 000

25 000

30 000

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

2012




United Kingdom, indirect trade of steelthousand tonnes, finished steel equivalent [kt]

Indirect exports

Indirect imports


1970 2 133 621 1 5121971 2 349 659 1 6891972 2 188 904 1 2841973 2 545 1 118 1 4261974 4 594 2 065 2 5281975 4 660 1 948 2 7121976 4 750 2 329 2 4211977 5 623 2 532 3 0921978 4 713 3 397 1 3161979 4 555 3 877 6781980 4 180 3 113 1 0661981 3 661 3 107 5551982 3 464 3 542 -781983 2 955 4 111 -1 1561984 3 169 3 853 -6831985 3 143 4 060 -9171986 3 075 4 126 -1 0511987 3 175 4 434 -1 2581988 3 111 5 423 -2 3131989 3 526 5 839 -2 3131990 3 898 5 306 -1 4081991 3 969 4 431 -4621992 3 871 4 871 -1 0001993 4 036 5 107 -1 0711994 4 665 6 062 -1 3971995 5 261 6 558 -1 2971996 5 728 6 893 -1 1651997 5 645 6 541 -8961998 5 758 7 602 -1 8431999 5 685 8 482 -2 7962000 5 782 8 210 -2 4282001 5 580 8 963 -3 3832002 5 825 9 397 -3 5722003 6 094 9 892 -3 7982004 6 790 10 366 -3 5762005 6 794 11 345 -4 5512006 6 459 11 511 -5 0522007 7 089 12 287 -5 1972008 6 833 10 878 -4 0452009 4 684 7 553 -2 8692010 5 647 9 453 -3 8062011 6 207 9 955 -3 7482012 5 997 9 687 -3 6902013 5 998 10 484 -4 486

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 2011 2013

Indirect exportsMetal products 644 891 961 854 850 1 110 1 055 1 152 959 1 071 964Mechanical machinery 919 1 338 1 196 963 1 217 1 616 1 682 2 411 1 466 1 994 1 865Electrical equipment 8 66 69 65 133 178 183 214 146 189 151Domestic appliances 47 49 40 28 47 87 93 65 53 55 43Automotive 444 1 766 1 446 1 086 1 554 2 200 2 703 2 858 2 003 2 810 2 872Other transport 73 551 468 147 96 71 65 94 58 87 103

Indirect importsMetal products 96 311 516 652 997 1 162 1 771 2 765 1 930 2 489 2 668Mechanical machinery 370 576 702 910 1 130 1 356 1 615 2 933 1 652 2 300 2 197Electrical equipment 1 45 83 103 150 249 192 231 176 236 289Domestic appliances 28 75 104 175 159 224 320 446 406 435 476Automotive 118 759 1 423 2 060 2 726 3 387 4 061 4 792 3 249 4 341 4 720Other transport 7 181 286 160 143 179 252 178 140 155 134

Indirect net exportsMetal products 547 580 445 202 -147 -52 -715 -1 612 -971 -1 417 -1 704Mechanical machinery 548 761 495 53 87 259 67 -523 -185 -306 -332Electrical equipment 7 20 -14 -37 -17 -71 -9 -17 -30 -46 -138Domestic appliances 19 -26 -64 -148 -112 -138 -227 -381 -354 -380 -433Automotive 326 1 007 23 -974 -1 172 -1 188 -1 358 -1 934 -1 246 -1 531 -1 847Other transport 65 370 182 -13 -48 -107 -187 -84 -83 -68 -31

0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000

Metal products



Domestic appliances

Automotive

Other transport


-6 000

-4 000

-2 000

0

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

10 000

12 000

14 000

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

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United States, indirect trade of steelthousand tonnes, finished steel equivalent [kt]

Indirect exports

Indirect imports


1970 4 017 2 627 1 3891971 4 183 3 176 1 0071972 4 722 3 895 8271973 5 760 4 437 1 3241974 8 086 5 579 2 5071975 9 556 5 136 4 4211976 10 246 6 089 4 1561977 10 551 7 288 3 2631978 11 288 12 112 -8241979 7 098 9 412 -2 3141980 7 796 9 785 -1 9891981 8 007 10 197 -2 1901982 6 832 10 255 -3 4231983 6 016 12 047 -6 0311984 6 479 15 460 -8 9801985 5 693 16 805 -11 1121986 6 613 18 349 -11 7361987 6 486 17 578 -11 0921988 6 885 17 309 -10 4241989 7 796 17 120 -9 3231990 9 100 16 810 -7 7101991 10 316 16 001 -5 6851992 11 204 17 074 -5 8701993 12 062 19 121 -7 0591994 13 715 22 167 -8 4521995 14 834 23 902 -9 0681996 15 728 25 614 -9 8861997 16 181 24 715 -8 5341998 16 043 27 073 -11 0291999 15 446 31 984 -16 5392000 16 458 30 017 -13 5592001 16 071 31 128 -15 0572002 15 030 31 626 -16 5962003 14 402 31 090 -16 6872004 15 907 33 324 -17 4182005 23 744 44 117 -20 3732006 19 815 40 261 -20 4462007 20 863 39 656 -18 7932008 20 156 33 053 -12 8972009 13 792 23 485 -9 6922010 18 682 30 005 -11 3222011 22 937 35 341 -12 4042012 22 013 38 884 -16 8712013 21 315 40 987 -19 672

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 2011 2013

Indirect exportsMetal products 585 1 347 1 127 683 1 252 2 401 2 890 3 856 2 900 3 715 3 628Mechanical machinery 981 2 703 3 019 1 892 2 836 4 334 5 013 6 929 4 354 6 999 6 166Electrical equipment 344 1 032 243 198 193 332 446 597 427 579 603Domestic appliances 35 101 108 68 230 369 256 285 186 225 222Automotive 1 461 3 914 2 474 2 649 4 255 6 942 7 315 11 092 5 653 10 744 9 968Other transport 612 459 824 203 334 458 538 985 273 675 728

Indirect importsMetal products 792 1 323 2 112 3 433 3 177 4 382 7 605 11 259 7 160 9 387 9 673Mechanical machinery 417 970 1 347 2 416 2 504 4 150 5 282 9 135 4 295 7 045 9 424Electrical equipment 130 258 274 651 558 894 840 1 234 835 1 116 1 093Domestic appliances 22 35 97 245 309 477 596 1 118 959 1 273 1 345Automotive 1 132 2 181 5 461 9 614 9 704 13 108 14 764 20 495 9 835 15 967 18 819Other transport 135 368 493 447 559 892 930 876 401 552 633

Indirect net exportsMetal products -207 24 -985 -2 750 -1 925 -1 981 -4 715 -7 403 -4 260 -5 672 -6 044Mechanical machinery 564 1 733 1 672 -524 332 184 -269 -2 206 59 -46 -3 258Electrical equipment 214 774 -32 -453 -365 -562 -393 -637 -408 -537 -490Domestic appliances 13 66 11 -176 -79 -108 -340 -833 -773 -1 048 -1 123Automotive 329 1 733 -2 987 -6 965 -5 449 -6 166 -7 449 -9 403 -4 182 -5 223 -8 851Other transport 477 91 331 -244 -224 -435 -392 109 -128 123 95

0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000

Metal products



Domestic appliances

Automotive

Other transport


-30 000

-20 000

-10 000

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

1970

1972

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

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World Steel Association Rue Colonel Bourg 120 B-1140 Brussels Belgium T: +32 (0) 2 702 89 00 F: +32 (0) 2 702 88 99 E: [email protected] C413 Office Building Beijing Lufthansa Center 50 Liangmaqiao Road Chaoyang District Beijing 100125 China T : +86 10 6464 6733 F : +86 10 6464 6744 E : [email protected]

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indirect trade in steel - worldsteel.orgf9813c9b-d38e-4ea4-9368... · from 171 million tonnes (mt)...

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