indigenous australians at war - ictbin: online · pdf file · 2014-08-17an...
TRANSCRIPT
Indigenous Australians at Warfrom the Boer War to the Present
Web Pilot Edition - October 2011
The
info
rmat
ion
cont
aine
d in
this
Res
ourc
e ha
s be
en d
evel
oped
by
the
Shrin
e of
Rem
embr
ance
, Bird
woo
d Av
enue
, Mel
bour
ne. T
he re
sour
ce h
as b
een
deve
lope
d fo
r tea
cher
s as
par
t of t
he S
hrin
e of
Rem
embr
ance
Te
mpo
rary
Exh
ibiti
on In
dige
nous
Aus
tralia
ns a
t War
from
the
Boer
War
to th
e Pr
esen
t. Th
is R
esou
rce
is th
e
“We
b P
ilot
Ed
itio
n –
Oct
ob
er
20
11”
and
will
be
expa
nded
and
dev
elop
ed fu
rther
for a
full
laun
ch d
urin
g 20
12.
All i
mag
es c
onta
ined
in th
is re
sour
ce w
ith th
e pr
efix
AWM
, are
cop
yrig
hted
to th
e Au
stra
lian
War
Mem
oria
l.
Fron
t cov
er im
age:
AW
M H
OBJ
2629
Insi
de b
anne
r im
ages
:
1.
Ra
ym
on
d C
ob
ba
n
c 19
51,
ph
oto
gra
ph
er, P
hill
ip O
live
r H
ob
son
. La
nce
Co
rpo
ral
Ra
ym
on
d C
ob
ba
n,
fro
m R
ed
fern
, N
ew
So
uth
Wa
les
serv
ed
wit
h t
he
3rd
Ba
tta
lion
, T
he
Ro
ya
l A
ust
ralia
n R
eg
ime
nt
du
rin
g t
he
Ko
rea
n W
ar
(19
50
-53
). C
ob
ba
n h
ad
pre
vio
usl
y
en
liste
d,
ag
e 1
7, in
th
e S
eco
nd
Wo
rld
Wa
r (1
93
9-4
5). R
ep
rod
uce
d c
ou
rte
sy o
f th
e A
ust
ralia
n W
ar
Me
mo
ria
l. A
WM
HO
BJ26
29
2.
Alf
red
Lo
vett
, w
ife
Sa
rah
an
d h
is t
wo
so
ns,
19
18,
ph
oto
gra
ph
er
un
kn
ow
n,
Re
pro
du
ced
co
urt
esy
of
the
Au
stra
lian
Wa
r
Me
mo
ria
l. A
WM
P01
651.0
01
3.
Sa
pp
er
L. L
op
ata
pla
yin
g t
he
pia
no
acc
ord
ion
an
d a
n A
bo
rig
ina
l w
ork
er
pla
yin
g m
ou
th o
rga
n f
or
an
imp
rom
ptu
sin
g-a
lon
g.
Re
pro
du
ced
co
urt
esy
of
the
Sta
te L
ibra
ry o
f V
icto
ria
.
4.
Isa
be
l B
lair
c
194
3,
ph
oto
gra
ph
er
un
kn
ow
n.
On
e o
f th
e fi
rst
Ab
ori
gin
al
ob
serv
ers
to
be
com
e a
n e
nro
lle
d m
em
be
r o
f th
e
Co
rps,
is s
ho
wn
wit
h b
ino
cula
rs.
Re
pro
du
ced
co
urt
esy
of
the
Pic
ture
s C
oll
ect
ion
, S
tate
Lib
rary
of
Vic
tori
a H
99
.20
1/3
010
5.
Fre
de
rick
Be
ale
c 1
94
5,
Na
oe
tsu
pri
son
er
of
wa
r ca
mp
, Ja
pa
n.
ph
oto
gra
ph
er
un
kn
ow
n.
Re
pro
du
ced
co
urt
esy
of
the
Au
stra
lian
Wa
r M
em
ori
al.
AW
M P
0164
9.00
5
6.
Oo
dg
ero
o N
oo
nu
cca
l c
19
42
, B
risb
an
e,
Qu
ee
nsl
an
d,
ph
oto
gra
ph
er
un
kn
ow
n.
Lan
ce C
orp
ora
l K
ath
lee
n W
alk
er
an
d h
er
sib
ling
s g
rew
up
on
Str
ad
bro
ke
Isla
nd
, Q
ue
en
sla
nd
. R
ep
rod
uce
d c
ou
rte
sy o
f th
e S
tate
Lib
rary
of
Vic
tori
a. A
WM
P01
688.
001
7.
We
dd
ing
po
rtra
it o
f S
ign
alm
an
Cla
ud
e M
cDo
na
ld a
nd
Air
cra
ft W
om
an
Alic
e L
ove
tt 1
94
4,
ph
oto
gra
ph
er
Un
kn
ow
n,
Re
pro
du
ced
cou
rte
sy o
f th
e A
ust
ralia
n W
ar
Me
mo
ria
l. A
WM
P05
049.
004
8.
Th
om
as
Gre
en
c
194
2-4
5,
Ge
rma
ny
, p
ho
tog
rap
he
r u
nkn
ow
n.
Pri
vate
Th
om
as
Gre
en
, 2
/1st
Ba
tta
lion
, p
ictu
red
he
re w
hile
he
wa
s a
pri
son
er
of
wa
r a
t S
tala
g X
IIIc
at
Ha
mm
elb
urg
, G
erm
an
y.
Pri
vate
Gre
en
wa
s fr
om
Co
lla
ren
eb
ri,
Ne
w S
ou
th W
ale
s.
Re
pro
du
ced
co
urt
esy
of
the
Au
stra
lian
Wa
r M
em
ori
al.
AW
M P
0437
9.00
3
Copy
right
– S
hrin
e of
Rem
embr
ance
201
1
This
wor
k is
Cop
yrig
ht. P
erm
issi
on is
giv
en b
y th
e Sh
rine
of R
emem
bran
ce fo
r thi
s re
sour
ce to
be
copi
ed w
ithou
t pa
ymen
t, by
edu
catio
nal i
nstit
utio
ns w
ithin
Aus
tralia
sol
ely
for e
duca
tiona
l pur
pose
s. R
eque
sts
and
enqu
iries
co
ncer
ning
repr
oduc
tion
shou
ld b
e ad
dres
sed
to th
e Sh
rine
of R
emem
bran
ce, M
elbo
urne
.
For m
ore
info
rmat
ion
or q
uerie
s ab
out t
his
publ
icat
ion
plea
se c
onta
ct th
e M
anag
er E
duca
tion
& Co
mm
unity
Pr
ogra
ms
at th
e Sh
rine
of R
emem
bran
ce –
see
ww
w.s
hrin
e.or
g.au
for c
onta
ct d
etai
ls.
1
PRO
TEC
TIN
G C
OU
NTR
Y
23
45
67
81
2
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt3
An
Unm
ista
keab
le F
igur
eD
OU
GLA
S G
RA
NT
Dou
glas
Gra
nt w
as a
dopt
ed b
y a
Scot
tish
fam
ily a
t the
age
of t
wo
in
1881
. He
enlis
ted
in 19
16 to
ser
ve in
the
Firs
t Wor
ld W
ar (1
914-
18) b
ut
was
dis
char
ged
befo
re h
is u
nit w
as a
bout
to le
ave
for o
vers
eas
serv
ice
as A
ustra
lian
Gov
ernm
ent r
egul
atio
ns p
reve
nted
Abo
rigin
al p
eopl
e
leav
ing
the
coun
try w
ithou
t Gov
ernm
ent a
ppro
val.
Show
ing
grea
t ten
acity
, Gra
nt e
nlis
ted
agai
n an
d in
Aug
ust 1
916
trave
lled
to F
ranc
e w
ith th
e 13
th B
atta
lion.
Dur
ing
the
first
bat
tle o
f
Bulle
cour
t he
was
wou
nded
and
cap
ture
d an
d he
ld p
rison
er o
f war
at a
cam
p at
Witt
enbu
rg a
nd la
ter a
t Wun
sdor
f, Zo
ssen
nea
r Ber
lin.
He
enjo
yed
unus
ual f
reed
om in
the
cam
ps a
s G
erm
an a
nthr
opol
ogis
ts
wer
e m
ore
inte
rest
ed in
stu
dyin
g hi
m th
an in
impr
ison
ing
him
. He
was
a ta
lent
ed a
rtist
, hav
ing
wor
ked
for t
en y
ears
as
a dr
afts
man
bef
ore
the
war
, and
with
impr
essi
ve k
now
ledg
e of
Sha
kesp
eare
and
poe
try.
He
had
exce
llent
com
mun
icat
ion
skill
s an
d a
Scot
tish
acce
nt a
nd
impr
esse
d hi
s ca
ptor
s w
ith h
is in
telle
ct. A
Ger
man
sci
entis
t des
crib
ed
Gra
nt a
s “a
n un
mis
taka
ble
figur
e”, r
ecal
ling
how
pris
oner
s ap
poin
ted
him
to ta
ke c
harg
e of
relie
f par
cels
bec
ause
of “
his
hone
sty,
his
qui
ck
min
d, a
nd b
ecau
se h
e w
as s
o ag
gres
sive
ly A
ustra
lian”
.
Sadl
y th
ough
, lik
e m
any
Indi
geno
us s
oldi
ers,
on
retu
rnin
g to
Aus
tralia
,
Dou
glas
Gra
nt c
ould
not
find
wor
k to
mat
ch h
is s
kills
. He
was
act
ive
in
retu
rned
ser
vice
men
’s a
ffairs
in th
is p
erio
d an
d co
nduc
ted
a ‘D
igge
rs
sess
ion’
on
the
loca
l rad
io s
tatio
n an
d w
orke
d in
a m
enta
l hea
lth
faci
lity.
He
died
in 19
51, d
epre
ssed
and
frus
trate
d, u
nabl
e to
fit e
asily
into
eith
er w
hite
or b
lack
soc
iety
.
Dou
glas
Gra
nt c
191
6-17
, Pho
togr
aphe
r unk
now
n, P
riva
te D
ougl
as
Gra
nt, 1
3th
Bat
talio
n, fa
r lef
t, a
nd p
riva
te H
arry
Ave
ry, 4
5th
Bat
talio
n w
ith u
nide
ntifi
ed B
ritis
h so
ldie
r. AW
M P
0169
2.00
1
SER
VIC
EIn
dige
nous
ser
vice
men
and
ser
vice
wom
en e
nlis
ted
to s
erve
Aust
ralia
as
not o
nly
a du
ty to
ser
ve b
ut a
lso
as p
art o
f the
cul
tura
l
resp
onsi
bilit
y of
pro
tect
ing
coun
try. T
hey
enlis
ted
for t
he s
ame
reas
ons
as th
eir n
on-In
dige
nous
fello
w s
ervi
cem
en a
nd s
ervi
cew
omen
,
but f
or m
any
men
, it w
as a
nd c
ontin
ues
to b
e an
hon
oura
ble
way
to re
-ena
ct tr
aditi
onal
role
s of
lead
ersh
ip, p
rote
ctio
n an
d se
rvic
e to
com
mun
ity.
Indi
geno
us s
ervi
cem
en a
nd s
ervi
cew
omen
wer
e an
d co
ntin
ue to
be
invo
lved
in a
lmos
t eve
ry w
ar a
nd p
eace
keep
ing
effo
rt of
Aus
tralia
.
At th
e tim
e of
the
Firs
t Wor
ld W
ar, f
ew A
borig
inal
peo
ple
coul
d vo
te,
wer
e no
t cou
nted
in th
e Fe
dera
l cen
sus
and
mos
t liv
ed in
pov
erty
.
War
time
serv
ice
in th
e ar
med
forc
es p
rovi
ded
man
y In
dige
nous
PRO
TEC
TIN
G C
OU
NTR
Y Info
rmal
gro
up p
ortr
ait o
f mem
bers
of t
he
2/18
th A
ustr
alia
n Fi
eld
Wor
ksho
p. Id
entifi
ed,
left
to ri
ght,
bac
k ro
w: D
X96
2 Pr
ivat
e (P
te) A
lick
Jam
es M
cDon
ald,
of A
rltu
nga,
NT,
who
enl
iste
d on
15
June
194
3 in
Kat
heri
ne, N
T an
d w
as
disc
harg
ed o
n 18
Sep
tem
ber 1
944;
Bob
Coo
k (n
on-in
dige
nous
); S7
7421
Pte
Mic
hael
(Mic
k)
Laug
hton
, of A
rltu
nga,
NT,
who
enl
iste
d on
26
June
194
2 in
Alic
e Sp
ring
s, a
nd w
as d
isch
arge
d on
27
Nov
embe
r 194
5; D
X96
0 Pt
e H
arry
Bra
y,
of A
lice
Spri
ngs,
who
enl
iste
d on
25
June
194
3,
in A
lice
Spri
ngs,
and
was
dis
char
ged
on 1
8 Se
ptem
ber 1
944;
DX
997
Pte
Ale
c Tu
rner
, of A
lice
Spri
ngs,
NT,
who
enl
iste
d on
26
May
194
4 in
D
arw
in, N
T, a
nd w
as d
isch
arge
d on
8 F
ebru
ary
1946
. Fro
nt ro
w: D
634
Priv
ate
(Pte
) Ale
c K
ruge
r, of
Kat
heri
ne, N
T, w
ho e
nlis
ted
on 3
Jun
e 19
43
in A
lice
Spri
ngs
and
was
dis
char
ged
on 1
8 Se
ptem
ber 1
944;
VX
7191
7 Pt
e A
lick
Jack
omos
, of
Car
lton
, Vic
, who
enl
iste
d on
13
Janu
ary
1942
in
Cau
lfiel
d, V
ic, a
nd w
as d
isch
arge
d on
22
July
19
46 (N
on-In
dige
nous
Gre
ek A
ustr
alia
n); J
ames
Sm
ith (u
nabl
e to
furt
her i
dent
ify).
AW
M P
0089
8.00
1
Aust
ralia
ns w
ith a
leve
l of r
acia
l equ
ality
they
had
not
pre
viou
sly
know
n.
Whi
lst m
any
foun
d eq
ualit
y in
ser
vice
, onc
e ba
ck h
ome,
they
expe
rienc
ed ra
cism
and
ineq
ualit
y by
not
rece
ivin
g th
e sa
me
entit
lem
ents
as
othe
r dig
gers
.
Des
pite
this
, man
y be
cam
e ou
tsta
ndin
g le
ader
s lik
e Re
g Sa
unde
rs.
Som
e w
ere
valu
ed fo
r the
ir ex
cept
iona
l ski
lls, s
uch
as D
ougl
as G
rant
.
Len
Wat
ers
was
to b
ecom
e Au
stra
lia’s
firs
t and
onl
y Ab
orig
inal
figh
ter
pilo
t in
the
Seco
nd W
orld
War
(193
9-45
) and
oth
ers
wen
t on
to b
ecom
e
insp
iratio
nal l
eade
rs in
art
and
educ
atio
n lik
e O
odge
roo
Noo
nucc
al,
(Kat
h W
alke
r) an
d G
raha
m A
tkin
son.
The
lega
cy o
f the
Lov
ett F
amily
is re
now
ned
thro
ugho
ut th
e Br
itish
Com
mon
wea
lth, w
ith 2
1 ser
ving
fam
ily m
embe
rs.
ANZA
C
Dig
ger
Citi
zen
and
Citi
zens
hip
Serv
ice
Equa
lity
Firs
t Wor
ld W
ar
Col
our B
ar
Regu
latio
ns
Dig
ger
Indi
geno
us A
ustr
alia
ns a
t War
from
the
Boe
r War
to th
e Pr
esen
t
Be
twe
en
50
0 t
o 6
00
In
dig
en
ou
s A
ust
rali
an
s a
re k
no
wn
to
ha
ve e
nli
ste
d in
th
e F
irst
Wo
rld
Wa
r (1
914
-18
) fr
om
a
po
pu
lati
on
of
aro
un
d 8
0,0
00
. T
his
is d
esp
ite
ba
rrie
rs t
o t
he
se
rvic
e o
f m
an
y in
dig
en
ou
s p
eo
ple
in t
he
mil
ita
ry
forc
es.
Acc
ura
te n
um
be
rs a
re d
iffi
cult
to
est
ab
lish
as
the
Arm
y d
id n
ot
reco
rd t
he
eth
nic
ori
gin
s o
f e
nli
ste
es.
In a
ny
ca
se s
om
e A
bo
rig
ina
l p
eo
ple
cla
ime
d t
o b
e P
aci
fic
Isla
nd
er,
In
dia
n o
r M
ao
ri w
he
n t
he
y e
nli
ste
d,
to
en
sure
th
eir
ea
rnin
gs
we
re n
ot
con
tro
lle
d o
r re
du
ced
by
th
e S
tate
Pro
tect
ors
of
Ab
ori
gin
es.
4
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
5A
CTI
VIT
IES:
Prim
ary
Read
alo
ud th
e te
xt A
n U
nm
ista
ka
ble
Fig
ure
to s
tude
nts.
Stud
ents
ans
wer
.
In w
hich
war
did
Dou
glas
Gra
nt s
erve
?
Whe
re d
id D
ougl
as tr
avel
to a
nd w
hich
cou
ntry
was
he
wou
nded
in?
Why
do
you
thin
k D
ougl
as G
rant
wan
ted
to s
erve
Aus
tral
ia?
Dou
glas
Gra
nt w
as w
ound
ed a
nd c
aptu
red
and
was
mad
e a
Pris
oner
of W
ar. W
hat c
lues
in “
an U
nmis
taka
ble
Figu
re”
desc
ribe
Dou
glas
’ life
as
a Pr
ison
er o
f War
– d
id h
e w
ork,
wha
t wer
e hi
s sk
ills
and
wha
t was
his
role
?
Dou
glas
Gra
nts’
mai
n jo
b as
a P
riso
ner o
f War
was
bei
ng in
cha
rge
of d
istr
ibut
ing
relie
f par
cels
. The
Red
Cro
ss w
as a
n or
gani
satio
n th
at s
ent r
elie
f par
cels
to p
riso
ners
of w
ar a
nd c
onta
ined
suc
h ite
ms
as s
ocks
and
tinn
ed m
eat.
W
hat o
ther
item
s do
you
thin
k a
Pris
oner
of W
ar w
ould
nee
d or
wan
t? In
gro
ups
disc
uss,
mak
e lis
ts a
nd s
hare
.
Res
earc
h A
ctiv
ity
Dis
cove
r mor
e ab
out t
he R
ed C
ross
pro
vidi
ng c
are
to P
rison
ers
of W
ar.
http
://w
ww
.aw
m.g
ov.a
u/bl
og/2
009/
03/16
/red-
cros
s-re
cord
s-fro
m-th
e-fir
st-w
orld
-war
/
AC
TIV
ITIE
S: S
econ
dary
Stud
ents
to re
ad A
n U
nm
ista
ka
ble
Fig
ure
in g
roup
s, d
iscu
ss a
nd a
nsw
er th
e fo
llow
ing
ques
tions
.
Dur
ing
the
Firs
t Wor
ld W
ar m
any
Abo
rigi
nal p
eopl
e w
ere
unab
le to
enl
ist d
ue to
gov
ernm
ent r
egul
atio
ns. H
ow m
any
times
di
d D
ougl
as G
rant
att
empt
to e
nlis
t?
Dou
glas
Gra
nt w
as d
isch
arge
d be
caus
e of
his
Abo
rigi
nalit
y. W
hy d
o yo
u th
ink
the
Gov
ernm
ent w
ould
requ
ire
Abo
rigi
nal
peop
le to
gai
n ap
prov
al to
trav
el o
vers
eas?
Did
you
kno
w th
at in
the
Firs
t Wor
ld W
ar A
borig
inal
peo
ple
wer
e no
t con
side
red
Aust
ralia
n ci
tizen
s, a
nd d
id n
ot h
ave
full
citiz
ensh
ip ri
ghts
?
Dou
glas
Gra
nt e
nlis
ted,
was
wou
nded
and
cap
ture
d se
rvin
g Au
stra
lia. I
n gr
oups
dis
cuss
and
list
pos
sibl
e re
ason
s w
hy D
ougl
as G
rant
enl
iste
d
and
foug
ht fo
r a c
ount
ry th
at d
id n
ot c
onsi
der h
im a
citi
zen.
Furt
her R
esea
rch
Lear
n m
ore
abou
t gov
ernm
ent r
egul
atio
ns re
gard
ing
Abor
igin
al p
eopl
e an
d se
rvic
e in
the
Firs
t Wor
ld W
ar.
http
://w
ww
.aw
m.g
ov.a
u
http
://w
ww
.aia
tsis
.gov
.au/
corp
orat
e/ S
earc
h fo
r Aus
tralia
n G
over
nmen
t leg
isla
tion
on A
borig
inal
righ
ts fr
om 19
16 o
nwar
ds:
http
://w
ww
.hre
oc.g
ov.a
u/so
cial
_jus
tice/
info
_she
et.h
tml
Act
ivit
y
Imag
ine
you
live
durin
g th
e Fi
rst W
orld
War
- in
Aus
tralia
writ
ing
a ‘le
tter t
o th
e ed
itor’
abou
t Abo
rigin
al p
eopl
e en
listin
g in
the
arm
ed fo
rces
.
Wha
t are
you
r mai
n ar
gum
ents
for p
erm
ittin
g or
not
per
mitt
ing
indi
geno
us p
eopl
e to
enl
ist?
6
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
7
Bla
ck M
agic
Fig
hter
Pilo
tLe
onar
d W
ater
s (1
924-
93)
Flig
ht S
erge
ant L
eona
rd (L
en) W
ater
s w
as a
dis
tingu
ishe
d Au
stra
lian
Abor
igin
al fi
ghte
r pilo
t in
the
Seco
nd W
orld
War
(193
9-45
). Bo
rn in
1924
at E
urab
a M
issi
on, N
ew S
outh
Wal
es, L
en s
pent
mos
t of h
is
child
hood
at N
indi
gully
in Q
ueen
slan
d. T
ales
of t
he fi
ctio
nal h
ero
‘Big
gles
’ and
fam
ous
avia
tors
suc
h as
Cha
rles
King
sfor
d-Sm
ith, A
my
John
son
and
Bert
Hin
kler
fost
ered
his
boy
hood
love
of a
viat
ion.
Len
left
scho
ol a
t thi
rteen
and
wor
ked
as a
man
ual l
abor
er a
nd
shea
rer.
Abor
igin
al p
eopl
e w
ere
offic
ially
bar
red
from
mili
tary
serv
ice
so h
is h
opes
of b
ecom
ing
a pi
lot w
ere
slim
. In
1942
, how
ever
,
rest
rictio
ns o
n no
n-Eu
rope
an e
nlis
tmen
t in
the
mili
tary
wer
e re
laxe
d
and
at e
ight
een
year
s of
age
Len
join
ed th
e Ro
yal A
ustra
lian
Air F
orce
(RAA
F). L
en in
itial
ly tr
aine
d as
an
airc
raft
mec
hani
c be
fore
app
lyin
g
for p
ilot t
rain
ing
in 19
43. H
is d
eter
min
atio
n an
d st
udy
effo
rts a
t nig
ht
scho
ol a
nd in
the
tech
nica
l col
lege
libr
ary
wer
e re
war
ded
by h
im
bein
g on
e of
the
few
app
lican
ts c
hose
n.
Len
train
ed a
t No.
1 Ele
men
tary
Fly
ing
Trai
ning
Sch
ool i
n
Nar
rand
era,
whe
re h
e gr
adua
ted
as a
Ser
gean
t Pilo
t fro
m N
o.5
Serv
ice
Flyi
ng T
rain
ing
Scho
ol, o
ne o
f the
top
five
in h
is c
lass
.
In N
ovem
ber 1
944,
Len
was
pos
ted
to N
o.78
Squ
adro
n an
d,
coin
cide
ntal
ly, a
lloca
ted
a P-
40 K
ittyh
awk
fight
er b
ombe
r nam
ed
‘Bla
ck M
agic
’. Th
is a
ircra
ft ha
d be
en n
amed
by
a pr
evio
us p
ilot
and
was
not
a re
fere
nce
to h
is A
borig
inal
ity.
Len
Wat
ers
flew
mor
e th
an 9
5 op
erat
iona
l sor
ties
from
Noe
mfo
or (W
est I
rian,
Indo
nesi
a), M
orot
ai (I
ndon
esia
) and
Tara
kan
(Bor
neo,
Indo
nesi
a). P
rom
oted
to F
light
Ser
gean
t
in J
anua
ry 19
45, L
en c
omm
ande
d m
any
mis
sion
s w
ith
com
mis
sion
ed o
ffice
rs w
ho w
ere
tech
nica
lly h
is s
uper
ior.
Des
pite
exp
erie
ncin
g eq
ualit
y in
the
arm
ed s
ervi
ces,
civ
ilian
life
for L
en h
ad c
hang
ed li
ttle
from
the
ineq
ualit
y he
had
left
befo
re h
is s
ervi
ce. I
n on
e in
cide
nt, w
hile
on
leav
e, L
en w
as
arre
sted
and
jaile
d fo
r not
car
ryin
g hi
s Ab
orig
inal
‘ide
ntity
card
’. Af
ter t
he w
ar L
en re
turn
ed to
Aus
tralia
, and
wro
te in
his
diar
y th
at h
e ha
s no
w ‘r
etur
ned
to b
eing
a b
lack
fello
w’.
Des
pite
his
app
licat
ion
to e
stab
lish
a re
gion
al a
irlin
e
in S
outh
Wes
t Que
ensl
and,
he
rece
ived
no
repl
y fro
m
the
gove
rnm
ent a
nd re
turn
ed to
she
arin
g sh
eep.
He
spen
t a lo
t of t
ime
volu
ntee
ring,
incl
udin
g w
orki
ng w
ith
unem
ploy
ed y
oung
Abo
rigin
al p
eopl
e an
d di
ed in
an
acci
dent
on
25 A
ugus
t, 19
93. H
is fa
mily
gen
erou
sly
dona
ted
seve
ral a
rtifa
cts
of L
eona
rd’s
to th
e Au
stra
lian
War
Mem
oria
l inc
ludi
ng h
is fl
ying
hel
met
, sev
eral
phot
ogra
phs
and
his
flyin
g lo
g.
AC
TIV
ITIE
S: P
rimar
yRe
ad a
loud
to s
tude
nts
the
text
Bla
ck M
ag
ic F
igh
ter
Pilo
t.
Stud
ents
to w
ork
in g
roup
s to
dis
cuss
and
ans
wer
the
follo
win
g qu
estio
ns.
Whe
re d
id L
en W
ater
s se
rve
and
in w
hich
war
?
Wha
t peo
ple
and
stor
ies
insp
ired
Len
Wat
ers
to b
ecom
e a
fight
er p
ilot?
Wha
t did
Len
Wat
ers
do to
mak
e su
re h
e ga
ined
ent
ry in
to th
e Pi
lot t
rain
ing
prog
ram
in 1
943?
Wha
t did
Len
Wat
ers
do a
s a
civi
lian
befo
re a
nd a
fter
the
war
?
Seco
nd W
orld
War
Serv
ice
Exce
llenc
e
Dis
crim
inat
ion
for p
ilot t
rain
i
scho
ol a
nd in
bein
g on
e of
Len
train
ed
Nar
rand
era
Serv
ice
Fly
In N
ovem
b
coin
cide
nt
‘Bla
ck M
a
and
was
Len
Wat
e
Noe
mfo
Tara
kan
in J
anu
com
mis
Des
pit
life
fo
befo
r
arre
s
card
his
d
Des in S
the
sp un a d W
Flig
ht S
earg
ent L
eona
rd W
ater
s, N
o. 7
8 Sq
uadr
on, R
oyal
Aus
tral
ian
Air
forc
e, s
its in
the
cock
pit o
f his
P-4
0N K
ittyh
awk,
nam
ed ‘B
lack
Mag
ic”
by th
e pr
evio
us p
ilot.
Dat
e 19
44-4
5,
phot
ogra
pher
unk
now
n. A
WM
P01
659.
001
8
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
9A
CTI
VIT
IES:
Sec
onda
rySt
uden
ts re
ad th
e te
xt B
lack
Ma
gic
Fig
hte
r P
ilot.
Stud
ents
to c
onsi
der t
he fo
llow
ing
the
ques
tions
.
Wha
t wor
k di
d Le
n W
ater
s do
as
a ci
vilia
n be
fore
and
aft
er th
e W
ar?
Wha
t did
Len
Wat
ers
do d
urin
g th
e W
ar?
“Re
turn
ed
to
be
ing
a b
lack
fell
ow
”
Wha
t do
you
thin
k Le
n m
eans
whe
n he
say
s th
is?
Wha
t exa
mpl
es o
f equ
ality
or i
nequ
ality
with
non
-indi
geno
us A
ustr
alia
ns c
an y
ou id
entif
y w
ithin
Len
Wat
er’s
sto
ry?
Furt
her R
esea
rch
Act
ivit
y
In g
roup
s, d
iscu
ss a
nd li
st th
e po
ssib
le re
ason
s w
hy th
e G
over
nmen
t did
not
resp
ond
to L
en W
ater
’s a
pplic
atio
n to
est
ablis
h a
regi
onal
airl
ine
in
Sout
h W
est Q
ueen
slan
d.
10
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
11
The
Firs
t Arm
y O
ffic
er
Reg
Sau
nder
s
“At t
he o
utbr
eak
of th
e Se
cond
Wor
ld W
ar, R
eg S
aund
ers
join
ed th
e
arm
y. T
his
was
par
t of h
is w
arrio
r her
itage
as
a G
undi
tjmar
a m
an,
his
peop
le h
ad fo
ught
man
y ba
ttles
with
whi
te s
ettle
rs to
reta
in th
eir
land
, his
fath
er h
ad fo
ught
in F
ranc
e in
the
Firs
t Wor
ld W
ar, a
nd h
is
Unc
le R
eg R
awlin
gs M
M, a
fter w
hom
he
was
nam
ed, w
as k
illed
in
Flan
ders
.”
Gle
nda
Hum
es, S
aund
ers’
dau
ghte
r fro
m ‘F
orgo
tten
Her
oes
Abo
rigi
nes
at W
ar, f
rom
the
Som
me
to V
ietn
am’ 1
993
Reg
Saun
ders
was
the
first
Abo
rigin
al A
ustra
lian
to b
e co
mm
issi
oned
as a
n of
ficer
in th
e Au
stra
lian
arm
y. T
he s
on o
f a F
irst W
orld
War
vete
ran,
Sau
nder
s w
as b
orn
in w
este
rn V
icto
ria o
n 7
Augu
st 19
20
and
brou
ght u
p by
his
gra
ndm
othe
r. H
avin
g at
tend
ed s
choo
l onl
y
spor
adic
ally
, he
foun
d w
ork
as a
saw
mill
er b
ut im
agin
ed h
imse
lf
goin
g to
figh
t in
Sout
h Am
eric
a fo
r the
poo
r and
opp
ress
ed, w
ith w
hom
he fe
lt a
kins
hip.
Very
con
scio
us o
f the
ser
vice
of A
borig
inal
men
dur
ing
the
Firs
t Wor
ld
War
, Sau
nder
s en
liste
d on
24
April
1940
and
, afte
r his
initi
al tr
aini
ng,
was
sen
t to
the
Mid
dle
East
as
a re
info
rcem
ent f
or th
e 2/
7th
batta
lion.
Hav
ing
surv
ived
sev
eral
enc
ount
ers
with
Ger
man
airc
raft
in N
orth
Afric
a, S
aund
ers
emba
rked
on
the
ill-fa
ted
Gre
ek c
ampa
ign
whi
ch h
e,
alon
g w
ith m
any
othe
rs, c
onsi
dere
d a
mis
take
. Afte
r Gre
ece
his
unit
foug
ht o
n Cr
ete
whe
re S
aund
ers
expe
rienc
ed h
is fi
rst c
lose
com
bat
and
was
forc
ed to
rem
ain
hidd
en b
y lo
cals
on
the
isla
nd fo
r tw
elve
mon
ths
durin
g th
e G
erm
an o
ccup
atio
n.
Afte
r esc
apin
g Cr
ete
in M
ay 19
42, S
aund
ers
retu
rned
to A
ustra
lia
befo
re re
join
ing
his
batta
lion
in N
ew G
uine
a - n
ow a
s a
serg
eant
.
He
foug
ht th
roug
h th
e Sa
lam
aua
cam
paig
n, re
mai
ning
in a
ctio
n w
ith
the
2/7t
h un
til m
id-1
944
whe
n hi
s co
mm
andi
ng o
ffice
r nom
inat
ed
him
for o
ffice
r tra
inin
g. A
fter a
16 w
eek
cour
se, S
aund
ers
was
com
mis
sion
ed in
Nov
embe
r 194
4 an
d re
turn
ed to
New
Gui
nea.
For t
he re
mai
ning
mon
ths
of th
e w
ar, S
aund
ers
foug
ht a
s a
plat
oon
com
man
der i
n N
ew G
uine
a. H
e w
as in
the
Wew
ak a
rea
whe
n th
e w
ar
ende
d an
d w
as re
patri
ated
to A
ustra
lia to
a w
elco
me
tinge
d w
ith
sadn
ess
for h
is y
oung
er b
roth
er, H
arry
, who
had
bee
n ki
lled
in a
ctio
n.
Afte
r dem
obili
satio
n, h
is re
turn
to c
ivili
an li
fe w
as n
ot e
asy.
Accu
stom
ed to
bei
ng a
n ad
mire
d an
d re
spec
ted
offic
er, o
nce
out
of u
nifo
rm h
e fa
ced
the
sam
e di
scrim
inat
ion
expe
rienc
ed b
y ot
her
Indi
geno
us A
ustra
lians
. He
re-e
nlis
ted
at th
e ou
tbre
ak o
f the
Kor
ean
War
(195
0-53
), se
rvin
g as
com
pany
com
man
der i
n th
e 3r
d Ba
ttalio
n,
Reg
Saun
ders
“I
rem
em
be
r fr
om
wh
en
I w
as
a k
id,
Da
d u
se
d t
o t
ak
e m
e t
o D
aw
n S
erv
ice
. E
ve
ry y
ea
r I’
d
se
e h
im c
ry.
I u
se
d t
o t
hin
k a
t o
ne
tim
e t
ha
t h
e w
as
ju
st
cry
ing
fo
r U
nc
le H
arr
y b
ec
au
se
he
ha
d a
lo
t o
f re
gre
ts t
ha
t h
is b
roth
er
die
d.
Th
ey
we
re c
los
e a
s k
ids
, th
ey
gre
w u
p t
og
eth
er,
the
y w
ork
ed
to
ge
the
r b
ut
the
y d
idn
’t g
et
to s
pe
nd
th
eir
liv
es
to
ge
the
r. B
ut
I re
ali
se
d l
ate
r h
e
wa
s a
lso
cry
ing
fo
r a
ll t
he
ma
tes
he
ha
d l
os
t.”
“T
he
re w
ere
a l
ot
of
co
mp
lain
ts a
fte
r th
ey
ca
me
ba
ck
fro
m t
he
wa
r, e
xp
ec
iall
y i
n t
he
We
ste
rn D
istr
icts
. T
he
So
ldie
r S
ett
lem
en
t S
ch
em
e,
for
ins
tan
ce
, w
as
n’t
av
ail
ab
le t
o t
he
m.
Da
d n
ev
er
go
t s
old
iers
’ la
nd
. H
e w
as
a t
ram
co
nd
uc
tor,
he
sw
ep
t ra
ilw
ay
sta
tio
ns
, h
e
wo
rke
d i
n i
ron
fo
un
dri
es
, ti
mb
er
mil
ls.
Th
en
he
go
t a
jo
b w
ith
Ab
ori
gin
al
Aff
air
s.
He
wa
s o
ne
of
the
firs
t K
oo
rie
s t
o b
e e
mp
loy
ed
th
ere
.”
Saun
ders
’s s
on C
hris
, fro
m ‘F
orgo
tten
Her
oes
Abo
rigi
nes
at W
ar, f
rom
the
Som
me
to V
ietn
am’ 1
993
The
Roya
l Aus
tralia
n Re
gim
ent,
leav
ing
his
wife
and
thre
e da
ught
ers
behi
nd.
He
was
pro
mot
ed to
Cap
tain
and
took
par
t in
the
Battl
e of
Kap
yong
–
one
of A
ustra
lia’s
mos
t mem
orab
le a
ctio
ns o
f the
war
.
On
retu
rnin
g fro
m K
orea
, he
was
pos
ted
to N
atio
nal S
ervi
ce T
rain
ing
but,
diss
atis
fied
with
the
train
ing
regi
men
, he
left
the
arm
y in
1954
and
foun
d w
ork
as a
logg
ing
cont
ract
or in
Gip
psla
nd. H
e th
en m
oved
to S
ydne
y an
d, fo
r the
nex
t 11 y
ears
, wor
ked
with
the
Aust
ral B
ronz
e
Com
pany
. In
1969
Reg
Sau
nder
s be
cam
e on
e of
the
first
Abo
rigin
al
Liai
son
Offi
cers
with
the
Offi
ce o
f Abo
rigin
al A
ffairs
and
in 19
71 h
e w
as
appo
inte
d M
embe
r of t
he O
rder
of t
he B
ritis
h Em
pire
. Reg
had
ten
child
ren,
was
a h
ighl
y re
spec
ted
sold
ier a
nd le
ader
, and
die
d on
2nd
Mar
ch 19
90.
Seco
nd W
orld
War
Dis
tinct
ion
Resp
ect
Bril
lianc
e
Troo
ps o
f the
2/7
th In
fant
ry B
atal
lion
on le
ave
from
New
Gui
nea
wai
ting
for t
he s
outh
-bou
nd tr
ain
to s
tart
. Re
g Sa
unde
rs is
sta
ndin
g 4t
h fr
om le
ft. 1
2 O
ctob
er, 1
943,
pho
togr
aphe
r Jam
es T
ait,
AW
M 0
5789
4
12
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
13A
CTI
VIT
IES:
Prim
ary
Read
alo
ud to
stu
dent
s T
he
Fir
st A
rmy
Offi
cer.
Stud
ents
to w
ork
in g
roup
s an
d an
swer
the
follo
win
g qu
estio
ns.
Reg
Saun
ders
was
the
first
Abo
rigi
nal c
omm
issi
oned
Offi
cer.
In w
hich
war
s di
d he
ser
ve?
Reg
Saun
ders
’ fam
ily h
ad a
pro
ud tr
aditi
on o
f ser
ving
Aus
tral
ia. W
hich
of h
is fa
mily
mem
bers
ser
ved
and
in w
hich
war
s?
Reg’
s so
n, C
hris
, rem
embe
rs R
eg a
tten
ding
daw
n se
rvic
es. W
hy d
oes
it ap
pear
Reg
cri
ed a
t the
se s
ervi
ces?
Why
do
you
thin
k Re
g re
turn
ed to
ser
ve a
sec
ond
time?
AC
TIV
ITIE
S: S
econ
dary
Read
and
refle
ct o
n T
he
Fir
st A
rmy
Offi
cer.
Reg
Saun
ders
was
the
first
Abo
rigi
nal C
omm
issi
oned
Offi
cer.
In w
hich
war
did
he
first
ser
ve?
Aft
er s
ervi
ng in
the
Seco
nd W
orld
War
, Reg
retu
rned
to s
erve
in w
hich
war
?
Whi
ch b
attl
e w
as c
onsi
dere
d th
e m
ost m
emor
able
act
ion
of th
is la
tter
war
?
Reg
was
a C
omm
issi
oned
Offi
cer a
nd w
as g
reat
ly re
spec
ted
duri
ng h
is s
ervi
ce. H
ow w
as h
e re
spec
ted
thro
ugh
his
serv
ice
– di
d th
is d
iffer
in c
ivili
an li
fe?
If so
, how
did
this
diff
er?
“Aft
er d
emob
ilisa
tion,
his
retu
rn to
civ
ilian
life
was
not
eas
y. A
ccus
tom
ed to
bei
ng a
n ad
mir
ed a
nd re
spec
ted
offic
er, o
nce
out
of u
nifo
rm h
e fa
ced
the
sam
e di
scri
min
atio
n ex
peri
ence
d by
oth
er In
dige
nous
Aus
tral
ians
.”
Wha
t eff
ect d
o yo
u th
ink
this
wou
ld h
ave
had
on R
eg S
aund
ers?
14
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
15W
AR
RIO
R H
ERIT
AG
ERe
flect
on
Gle
nda’
s de
scrip
tion
of h
er fa
ther
Reg
.
How
do
you
thin
k Re
g’s
“war
rior
her
itage
as
a G
undi
tjmar
a m
an”
infl
uenc
ed h
is s
ervi
ce?
Furt
her R
esea
rch
Act
ivit
y (t
each
ers)
:
The
shor
t film
‘Har
ry’s
War
’ was
pro
duce
d by
Joh
n Fo
ss a
nd R
icha
rd J
Fra
nkla
nd a
nd d
irect
ed b
y Fr
ankl
and.
The
film
tells
the
stor
y of
Ric
hard
’s
Unc
le, H
arry
Sau
nder
s (R
eg S
aund
ers’
bro
ther
) who
foug
ht fo
r Aus
tralia
in th
e So
uth
Paci
fic c
ampa
ign
durin
g th
e Se
cond
Wor
ld W
ar
‘Ha
rry
’s W
ar’
http
://w
ww
.gol
dens
eaho
rse.
com
.au/
harr
ys-w
ar
Rich
ard
J Fr
ankl
and
as h
is n
ephe
w.
A C
hanc
e to
Lea
rnO
odge
roo
Noo
nucc
al (K
ath
Wal
ker)
“S
o o
ne
of
the
re
as
on
s I
jo
ine
d t
he
arm
y w
as
it
wa
s t
he
on
ly w
ay
I c
ou
ld l
ea
rn …
I w
ou
ld b
e a
llo
we
d t
o l
ea
rn
an
d I
th
ou
gh
t a
fte
r th
e w
ar
if I
am
sti
ll a
liv
e I
’ll
be
ab
le
to t
ak
e e
xtr
a s
tud
ies
wit
h t
he
‘d
imw
its’
co
urs
e a
nd
it w
as
th
e o
nly
wa
y t
ha
t th
e A
bo
rig
ina
ls c
ou
ld l
ea
rn
ex
tra
ed
uc
ati
on
at
tha
t ti
me
.”
Ood
gero
o N
oonu
ccal
Ood
gero
o N
oonu
ccal
was
bor
n Ka
thle
en J
ean
Mar
y Ru
ska,
(192
0-93
)
on M
inje
rrib
ah (t
he S
tradb
roke
Isla
nds)
. Ood
gero
o N
oonu
ccal
mea
ns
“Ood
gero
o of
the
tribe
”. Sh
e gr
ew u
p on
Stra
dbro
ke Is
land
,
Que
ensl
and.
As
a th
irtee
n ye
ar o
ld, w
ith li
mite
d ed
ucat
ion,
Wal
ker o
btai
ned
wor
k on
the
mai
nlan
d as
a d
omes
tic
serv
ant f
or m
inim
al p
ay. W
alke
r’s tw
o br
othe
rs jo
ined
the
arm
y ju
st in
tim
e to
be
sent
to S
inga
pore
whe
re th
ey w
ere
impr
ison
ed. A
lthou
gh th
ey s
urvi
ved
the
war
in c
aptiv
ity,
thei
r tim
e as
pris
oner
s-of
-war
had
a p
rofo
und
effe
ct o
n
thei
r liv
es.
“It
wa
sn
’t a
n e
as
y p
eri
od
of
tim
e,
an
d t
he
y
die
d s
till
fig
hti
ng
th
e w
ar.
Th
ey
ne
ve
r e
ve
r
left
or
go
t a
wa
y f
rom
th
at
wa
r.”
Ood
gero
o N
oonu
ccal
In 19
42, W
alke
r joi
ned
the
Aust
ralia
n W
omen
’s
Arm
y Se
rvic
e (A
WAS
) and
was
trai
ned
as a
wire
less
oper
ator
. Bas
ed in
Bris
bane
, Lan
ce C
orpo
ral K
athl
een
Wal
ker e
xper
ienc
ed fi
rst-h
and
the
tens
ion
betw
een
indi
geno
us a
nd n
on-in
dige
nous
Aus
tralia
ns. W
ithin
the
Aust
ralia
n ar
my
the
colo
ur-b
ar h
ad la
rgel
y
disa
ppea
red
but w
ithin
Am
eric
an ra
nks
segr
egat
ion
was
stil
l pra
ctic
ed; b
lack
ser
vice
per
sonn
el w
ere
confi
ned
to s
outh
of t
he B
risba
ne R
iver
and
only
allo
wed
to fr
eque
nt ‘b
lack
’ clu
bs. T
hese
expe
rienc
es im
pact
ed g
reat
ly o
n Ka
thle
en W
alke
r.
Seco
nd W
orld
War
Dis
crim
inat
ion
Educ
atio
n
Opp
ortu
nity
e Is
land
,
ucat
ion,
tic
ed th
e
y w
ere
vity
,
t on
he
y
ve
r
ucca
l
en
n
Afte
r the
war
she
trai
ned
in s
ecre
taria
l wor
k an
d w
ent o
n to
bec
ome
one
of A
ustra
lia’s
mos
t wel
l kno
wn
poet
s, a
n ar
tist a
nd a
cam
paig
ner
for A
borig
inal
righ
ts. W
alke
r lat
er re
sum
ed h
er tr
aditi
onal
nam
e,
Ood
gero
o N
oonu
ccal
.
In 19
70, O
odge
roo
Noo
nucc
al (u
nder
the
nam
e Ka
thle
en W
alke
r)
was
app
oint
ed a
Mem
ber o
f the
Ord
er o
f the
Brit
ish
Empi
re (C
ivil)
for
serv
ices
to th
e co
mm
unity
. She
retu
rned
it in
1987
in p
rote
st a
gain
st
the
forth
com
ing
Aust
ralia
n Bi
cent
enar
y ce
lebr
atio
ns (1
988)
and
the
ineq
ualit
y he
r peo
ple
endu
red.
Ood
gero
o N
oonu
ccal
(Kat
h W
alke
r) c
194
2,
Bri
sban
e Q
ueen
slan
d, P
hoto
grap
her U
nkno
wn.
AW
M P
0168
8.00
1
16
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
17A
CTI
VIT
IES:
Prim
ary
Read
alo
ud to
stu
dent
s A
Ch
an
ce t
o L
ea
rn a
nd a
nsw
er th
e fo
llow
ing
ques
tions
.
Wha
t was
Ood
gero
o’s
job
in th
e ar
my?
Giv
e tw
o re
ason
s w
hy O
odge
roo
join
ed th
e ar
my?
Why
do
you
thin
k O
odge
roo
thou
ght e
duca
tion
was
so
impo
rtan
t?
Wha
t ten
sion
s an
d ex
peri
ence
s in
arm
y lif
e af
fect
ed O
odge
roo?
Furt
her A
ctiv
ity
Read
alo
ud th
is s
tate
men
t. St
uden
ts a
re th
en to
dis
cuss
and
refle
ct o
n th
e im
porta
nce
of n
ames
and
bel
ongi
ng.
“My
nam
e is
Ood
gero
o fr
om th
e tr
ibe
of th
e N
oonu
ccal
, cus
todi
an o
f the
land
that
the
whi
te m
an c
alls
Str
adbr
oke
Isla
nd a
nd th
at th
e A
bori
gina
l peo
ple
call
Min
jerr
iba.
”
Why
do
you
thin
k O
odge
roo
‘res
umed
’ her
trad
ition
al A
bori
gina
l nam
e?
AC
TIV
ITIE
S: S
econ
dary
From
see
king
an
educ
atio
n th
roug
h an
opp
ortu
nity
in th
e ar
my,
Ood
gero
o w
ent o
n to
cre
ate
a le
gacy
in h
er a
ctiv
ism
and
po
etry
. Her
poe
m ‘S
on o
f Min
e’ is
an
ode
to h
er s
on, D
enis
Wal
ker,
him
self
an
activ
ist.
Rea
d al
oud
and
anal
yse.
Iden
tify
links
w
ithin
the
poem
to O
odge
roo’
s ex
peri
ence
s w
ith w
ar a
nd w
ith A
bori
gina
l str
uggl
es fo
r lan
d an
d eq
ualit
y.
Expl
ain
in y
our o
wn
wor
ds th
e m
eani
ng o
f the
sec
ond
vers
e. Son
Of M
ine
I cou
ld te
ll yo
u of
hea
rtbre
ak, h
atre
d bl
ind,
I c
ould
tell
you
of c
rimes
that
sham
e m
anki
nd,
Of b
ruta
l wro
ng a
nd d
eeds
mal
ign,
O
f rap
e an
d m
urde
r, so
n of
min
e;
���������������� ������� �� ������
Whe
n liv
es o
f bla
ck a
nd w
hite
ent
wine
An
d m
en in
bro
ther
hood
com
bine
-- Th
is I w
ould
tell
you,
son
of m
ine.
So
n of
Min
e, 19
60
18
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
19
A S
ense
of D
igni
tyG
raha
m A
tkin
son
“It
wa
s V
ietn
am
wh
ich
fo
rce
d m
e t
o b
ec
om
e m
ore
aw
are
of
the
so
cia
l a
nd
po
liti
ca
l is
su
es
fa
cin
g
Ab
ori
gin
al
pe
op
le.”
Gra
ham
Atk
inso
n ‘F
orgo
tten
Her
oes,
Abo
rigi
nes
at W
ar fr
om th
e So
mm
e To
Vie
tnam
’ 199
3
“I
wa
s c
all
ed
up
at
on
ly 2
0.
A y
ou
ng
Ab
ori
gin
al
ma
n p
lon
ke
d i
nto
an
ali
en
wo
rld
. T
his
wa
s 1
96
8,
on
e
ye
ar
aft
er
the
his
tori
ca
l re
fere
nd
um
gra
nti
ng
In
dig
en
ou
s p
eo
ple
fu
ll A
us
tra
lia
n c
itiz
en
sh
ip.
Th
is d
ec
isio
n
wo
uld
ga
lva
niz
e m
y t
hin
kin
g a
rou
nd
bla
ck
an
d w
hit
e,
Ind
ige
no
us
an
d n
on
In
dig
en
ou
s r
ela
tio
ns
.”
Indi
geno
us V
eter
ans
ACM
I DV
D G
raha
m A
tkin
son
inte
rvie
w, 2
010
Refe
rend
um
Indi
geno
us is
sues
&
polit
ics
Con
scrip
tion
Nat
iona
l Prid
e
Viet
nam
War
Ja
il t
ime
an
d fi
ne
s w
ere
giv
en
to
dra
ft r
es
iste
rs,
co
ns
cie
nti
ou
s o
bje
cto
rs (
tho
se
wh
o o
bje
cte
d t
o w
ar
on
mo
ral
gro
un
ds
) a
nd
pe
op
le p
rote
sti
ng
ag
ain
st
the
wa
r,
an
d o
n r
etu
rnin
g h
om
e,
so
ldie
rs w
ere
re
ce
ive
d w
ith
ho
sti
lity
. h
ttp
://w
ww
.aw
m.g
ov
.au
/atw
ar/
vie
tna
m.a
sp
“W
he
n I
go
t b
ac
k I
fo
un
d t
ha
t n
o o
ne
wa
nte
d t
o t
alk
ab
ou
t V
ietn
am
. If
yo
u w
en
t in
to t
he
pu
b p
eo
ple
wo
uld
sa
y “
oh
, y
ou
’re
ba
ck
,” a
nd
th
at’
d b
e i
t. N
o o
ne
wa
nte
d
to k
no
w a
bo
ut
it.
In t
he
Wo
rld
Wa
r II
pe
op
le p
att
ed
th
e
retu
rne
d s
erv
ice
me
n o
n t
he
ba
ck
an
d t
oo
k t
he
m i
nto
the
ir h
om
es
.”
Gra
ham
Atk
inso
n ‘F
orgo
tten
Her
oes,
Abo
rigi
nes
at W
ar F
rom
the
Som
me
to V
ietn
am’ 1
993
Craf
tsm
an G
raha
m A
tkin
son,
of t
he Y
orta
Yor
ta a
nd D
ja D
ja W
urru
ng
peop
le, w
as c
alle
d up
for N
atio
nal S
ervi
ce (t
he D
raft)
in 19
68 to
serv
e in
the
Viet
nam
War
(196
2–19
75).
He
serv
ed a
s a
gun
fitte
r,
mai
ntai
ning
the
cann
ons
on ta
nks,
in th
e Li
ght A
id D
etac
hmen
t,
Roya
l Aus
tralia
n El
ectri
cal a
nd M
echa
nica
l Eng
inee
rs, a
nd T
he R
oyal
Aust
ralia
n Re
gim
ent.
Gra
ham
foun
d Vi
etna
m a
tran
sfor
mat
ive
expe
rienc
e. W
itnes
sing
raci
sm a
nd m
istre
atm
ent o
f the
Vie
tnam
ese
peop
le d
urin
g th
e
war
by
the
Aust
ralia
n an
d Am
eric
an s
oldi
ers,
he
saw
cor
rela
tions
betw
een
this
and
the
treat
men
t of h
is p
eopl
e in
Aus
tralia
. His
expe
rienc
es “
polit
iciz
ed”
his
iden
tity;
“Vi
etna
m h
ad ta
ught
me
stre
ngth
, res
pect
and
a s
ense
of d
igni
ty fo
r all.
”
Gra
ham
em
erge
d fro
m th
e tra
uma
of th
e Vi
etna
m W
ar w
ith a
rene
wed
soc
ial j
ustic
e pa
ssio
n an
d be
cam
e on
e th
e fir
st A
borig
inal
pers
ons
in V
icto
ria a
nd p
erha
ps A
ustra
lia to
com
plet
e an
MBA
(Mas
ters
of B
usin
ess
Adm
inis
tratio
n) a
nd b
ecam
e ac
tive
as a
n
Indi
geno
us c
onsu
ltant
and
cul
tura
l adv
ocat
e.
“W
ar
is s
urr
ea
l a
nd
co
min
g t
o t
erm
s w
ith
it
is c
ha
lle
ng
ing
. It
ta
ug
ht
me
to
ch
all
en
ge
all
fo
rms
of
vio
len
ce
, p
art
icu
larl
y i
n m
y o
wn
In
dig
en
ou
s c
om
mu
nit
y.”
Indi
geno
us V
eter
ans
ACM
I DV
D G
raha
m A
tkin
son
inte
rvie
w, 2
010
“Tha
t’s th
e ol
d C
entu
rion
, a B
ritis
h ta
nk. I
t wen
t ove
r an
anti-
tank
min
e w
hich
put
a b
ig b
uckl
e in
the
arm
our p
latin
g un
dern
eath
, jus
t as
thou
gh it
wer
e m
ade
of p
last
icin
e. W
e tr
avel
led
up in
to th
e co
mba
t are
as in
the
tank
s. T
hat’s
me
with
the
mou
stac
he.”
‘For
gott
en H
eroe
s, A
bori
gine
s at
War
Fro
m th
e So
mm
e to
Vie
tnam
’ 199
3
The
Vie
tnam
War
cau
sed
grea
t soc
ial a
nd p
oliti
cal u
nres
t in
Aus
tral
ia, t
he m
ost s
ince
the
cons
crip
tion
refe
rend
a of
the
Firs
t Wor
ld W
ar (1
914-
18).
20
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
21A
CTI
VIT
IES:
Prim
ary
Read
alo
ud to
stu
dent
s th
e st
ory
A Se
nse
of D
igni
ty.
In w
hat w
ar d
id G
raha
m A
tkin
son
serv
e A
ustr
alia
?
Wha
t was
his
job
in th
at w
ar?
Wha
t is
the
nam
e of
Gra
ham
Atk
inso
n’s
peop
le?
Can
you
find
thes
e pe
ople
s on
the
Abo
rigi
nal L
angu
age
map
and
find
two
othe
r abo
rigi
nal l
angu
age
grou
ps in
the
sam
e ar
ea.
Stud
y th
e ph
otog
raph
of G
raha
m A
tkin
son
in th
e ta
nk.
Wha
t clu
es in
the
phot
ogra
ph te
ll us
abo
ut V
ietn
am a
nd th
e na
ture
of w
ar in
whi
ch G
raha
m fo
ught
?
22
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
23
The
Figh
ting
Gun
ditj
mar
aTh
e Lo
vett
Fam
ily
The
Love
tts s
ervi
ce e
xten
ded
from
the
Firs
t Wor
ld W
ar (1
914-
18) t
o th
e
confl
ict i
n Af
ghan
ista
n fro
m 2
002
to th
e pr
esen
t.
Priv
ate
Leon
ard
Love
tt an
d hi
s br
othe
r Priv
ate
Alfre
d Lo
vett
wer
e tw
o
of fi
ve L
ovet
t bro
ther
s fro
m th
e G
undi
tjmar
a pe
ople
s of
Ham
ilton
,
wes
tern
Vic
toria
who
ser
ved
in th
e Fi
rst W
orld
War
. Bro
ther
s Ed
war
d,
Fred
rick
and
Her
bert
wou
ld s
erve
in b
oth
the
Firs
t and
Sec
ond
Wor
ld
War
s. A
noth
er g
rand
son,
Mur
ray
Love
tt, w
as a
mem
ber o
f the
Brit
ish
Com
mon
wea
lth O
ccup
atio
n Fo
rce
whi
ch o
ccup
ied
Japa
n (19
46-5
2),
and
thre
e m
ore
gran
dson
s se
rved
in th
e Ko
rean
War
(195
0-53
), an
d
all r
etur
ned
hom
e al
ive.
In to
tal,
twen
ty L
ovet
t fam
ily m
embe
rs o
ver
thre
e ge
nera
tions
hav
e se
rved
Aus
tralia
.
The
fam
ily m
atria
rch
Gra
nny
Han
nah
Love
tt (18
55-1
946)
and
her
husb
and
Jam
es, “
rais
ed a
fam
ily o
f figh
ters
.” D
urin
g th
e Se
cond
Wor
ld
War
, the
Def
ence
Dep
artm
ent g
ave
star
s (th
e fe
mal
e re
lativ
e ba
dge)
to s
elec
ted
wom
en in
reco
gniti
on o
f the
sac
rifice
s m
ade
by w
omen
in w
artim
e. O
ne s
tar w
as is
sued
for e
ach
mal
e re
lativ
e in
the
arm
ed
forc
es. G
rann
y H
anna
h Lo
vett
wor
e he
r sta
r with
prid
e, a
nd w
ith h
er
sacr
ifice
“co
uld
have
wor
n a
crow
n of
sta
rs.”
Forg
otte
n H
eroe
s, A
bori
gine
s at
War
Fro
m th
e So
mm
e to
Vie
tnam
“The
Lov
ett f
amily
com
e fr
om th
e Fi
ghtin
g G
undi
tjam
arra
peo
ple
of th
e so
uth-
wes
t of V
icto
ria, s
o ca
lled
beca
use
of th
eir s
pirit
ed d
efen
ce o
f the
ir la
nds
agai
nst e
arly
whi
te s
ettle
rs.”
a
Fam
ily S
ervi
ce
Figh
ting
Trad
ition
s
Sold
ier S
ettle
men
t
WW
I, W
WII,
Kor
ea,
Viet
nam
, Eas
t Tim
or,
Afgh
anis
tan
Dea
r Sir
‘Dea
r Sir
I am
wri
ting
to y
ou to
see
if yo
u co
uld
give
m
e an
y in
form
atio
n re
gard
ing
the
cutti
ng u
p of
Lak
e C
onda
h M
issi
on S
tatio
n in
to b
lock
s fo
r Abo
rigi
nal s
ervi
cem
en o
f thi
s war
.
If sa
me
was
bei
ng d
one
I wou
ld li
ke to
mak
e ap
plic
atio
n fo
r a b
lock
.
Awai
ting
your
ear
ly re
ply
I rem
ain
your
s tru
ly
Y 51
80 P
te H
S Lo
vett
2nd
Sub
Dep
t 1s
t B &
D. T
ocum
wal
. N
.S.W
.’
On
25th
Sep
tem
ber 1
945
Her
bert
Sta
ley
Love
tt, a
vet
eran
of
the
Firs
t and
Sec
ond
Wor
ld W
ars
wri
tes
to th
e Se
cret
ary
of th
e A
bori
gine
s Pr
otec
tion
Boa
rd a
nd p
lead
s hi
s ca
se fo
r a S
oldi
er
Sett
lem
ent (
an in
itiat
ive
whi
ch s
et a
side
land
for v
eter
ans
to fa
rm) o
n hi
s tr
ibe’
s G
undi
tjmar
a C
ount
ry, a
t Lak
e C
onda
h M
issi
on. I
n an
insu
lt to
the
Love
tts’
ow
ners
hip
of th
is la
nd
and
thei
r ser
vice
to A
ustr
alia
, his
cas
e w
as d
enie
d; in
stea
d ot
her s
oldi
ers
rece
ived
land
thro
ugh
the
Sold
ier S
ettl
emen
t C
omm
issi
on fo
r Sec
ond
Wor
ld W
ar s
oldi
ers.
Alf
red
Love
tt, w
ife S
arah
and
his
two
sons
, 191
8,
phot
ogra
pher
unk
now
n, R
epro
duce
d co
urte
sy o
f the
A
ustr
alia
n W
ar M
emor
ial.
AWM
P01
651.0
01
Leon
ard
Love
tt, 2
6th
Bat
talio
n, c
191
4-19
18,
phot
ogra
pher
unk
now
n.
AWM
DA1
3883
Wed
ding
por
trai
t of S
igna
lman
Cla
ude
McD
onal
d an
d A
ircr
aftw
oman
Alic
e Lo
vett
194
4, p
hoto
grap
her U
nkno
wn.
AW
M P
0504
9.00
4
Priv
ate
Sam
uel L
ovet
t, 2
/5th
Aus
tral
ian
Infa
ntry
Bat
talio
n,
is p
ictu
red
with
nie
ce, A
ircr
aftw
oman
Alic
e Lo
vett
, W
omen
’s A
uxili
ary
Aus
tral
ian
Air
For
ce (W
AA
AF)
194
2,
phot
ogra
pher
unk
now
n. A
WM
P01
651.0
03
24
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
25
“As
the
soun
d of
a d
idge
ridoo
ech
oed
thro
ugh
the
halls
of M
elbo
urne
’s
Shrin
e of
Rem
embr
ance
yes
terd
ay, R
icky
Mor
ris h
onou
red
twen
ty o
f
his
fam
ily m
embe
rs w
ho h
ave
serv
ed A
ustra
lia in
war
.
Mr M
orris
, who
join
ed p
eace
keep
ing
troop
s in
Eas
t Tim
or, i
s th
e
gran
dson
of F
rede
rick
Love
tt, w
ho s
erve
d in
bot
h w
orld
war
s.
The
21st
mem
ber o
f the
Lov
ett f
amily
to s
ee a
ctiv
e se
rvic
e,
Mr M
orris
was
at t
he S
hrin
e ye
ster
day
for a
cer
emon
y to
reco
gnis
e
the
cont
ribut
ion
of V
icto
rian
indi
geno
us s
ervi
cem
en a
nd w
omen
.
It is
bel
ieve
d th
at u
p to
500
Abo
rigin
es fo
ught
in W
orld
War
I an
d
betw
een
3000
and
400
0 se
rved
in W
orld
War
II. A
noth
er 3
000
serv
ed
in s
uppo
rt ro
les
for t
he w
ar e
ffort.
Mr M
orris
’ gra
ndfa
ther
, Fre
deric
k, s
erve
d in
Wor
ld W
ar I
with
his
four
brot
hers
, Alfr
ed, L
eona
rd, E
dwar
d, a
nd H
erbe
rt. In
Wor
ld W
ar II
, he
wou
ld a
gain
join
his
bro
ther
s in
bat
tle.
“Whe
n I j
oine
d th
e ar
my,
I kn
ew th
e Lo
vett
stor
y, b
ut I
didn
’t kn
ow h
ow
uniq
ue it
was
,” M
r Mor
ris s
aid.
Her
bert’
s so
n Jo
hn L
ovet
t agr
eed.
He
said
his
fath
er a
nd h
is u
ncle
s
alw
ays
stuc
k to
geth
er. “
My
fath
er a
nd h
is b
roth
ers
have
a re
cord
that
is u
nequ
alle
d in
the
Briti
sh e
mpi
re,”
Mr L
ovet
t sai
d. “
That
’s ju
st u
nrea
l.”
AC
TIV
ITIE
S: P
rimar
yH
ow m
any
Love
tt fa
mily
mem
bers
hav
e se
rved
Aus
tral
ia?
Why
do
you
thin
k Lo
vett
Fam
ily m
embe
rs w
ould
hav
e w
ante
d to
ser
ve A
ustr
alia
?
Whe
re d
id th
e te
rm ‘F
ight
ing
Gun
ditjm
ara’
com
e fr
om?
Cho
ose
wor
ds to
des
crib
e ho
w G
rann
y H
anna
h Lo
vett
mig
ht h
ave
felt
wea
ring
her
sta
r bad
ge.
Fam
ily S
ervi
ceSt
udy
the
phot
ogra
ph. C
an y
ou s
ee th
e ch
ildre
n Al
f and
Leo
? Th
ey g
rew
up
and
enlis
ted
in th
e Se
cond
Wor
ld W
ar.
Why
do
you
thin
k A
lf a
nd L
eo e
nlis
ted?
Abor
igin
al e
lder
Aun
ty D
ot P
eter
s, o
f Hea
lesv
ille,
pro
pose
d la
st y
ear
that
a s
peci
al s
ervi
ce b
e he
ld to
reco
gnis
e in
dige
nous
ser
vice
men
.
Her
fath
er, P
rivat
e Vi
ncen
t Pet
ers,
die
d as
a p
rison
er o
f war
on
the
Thai
-Bur
ma
railw
ay in
Wor
ld W
ar II
.
At y
este
rday
’s c
erem
ony,
doz
ens
of p
eopl
e ga
ther
ed to
lay
wre
aths
and
hono
ur th
e ve
tera
ns. S
imila
r cer
emon
ies
wer
e he
ld a
roun
d th
e
coun
try to
coi
ncid
e w
ith R
econ
cilia
tion
Wee
k.
Vict
oria
n Ab
orig
inal
Affa
irs M
inis
ter G
avin
Jen
ning
s sa
id th
e se
rvic
e
wou
ld b
ecom
e an
ann
ual e
vent
. He
said
the
40th
ann
iver
sary
of t
he
1967
refe
rend
um o
n in
dige
nous
Aus
tralia
ns h
ighl
ight
ed th
e fa
ct th
at
deca
des
earli
er m
any
Abor
igin
es fo
ught
for a
nat
ion
that
did
not
reco
gnis
e th
em.
“It i
s ex
traor
dina
ry to
thin
k th
at in
dige
nous
men
and
wom
en w
ent t
o
war
for a
cou
ntry
that
at t
he ti
me
did
not a
ccor
d th
em th
e rig
hts
and
oppo
rtuni
ties
that
com
e w
ith c
itize
nshi
p,”
he s
aid.
”
Dan
iella
Mile
tic
June
1, 2
007
LOV
ETT
FAM
ILY
WA
R E
FFO
RT
CO
MES
OF
AG
E
htt
p:/
/ww
w.t
he
ag
e.c
om
.au
/ne
ws/
na
tio
na
l/lo
vett
-fa
mil
y-w
ar-
eff
ort
-co
me
s-o
f-a
ge
/20
07/
05
/31/
118
02
05
42
7810
.htm
l
26
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
Ind
ige
no
us
Au
stra
lian
s a
t W
ar
fro
m t
he
Bo
er
Wa
r to
th
e P
rese
nt
27A
CTI
VIT
IES:
Sec
onda
ryRe
ad th
e F
igh
tin
g G
un
dit
jma
ra a
nd d
iscu
ss a
nd a
nsw
er th
e fo
llow
ing
ques
tions
.
In w
hich
war
s di
d th
e Lo
vett
fam
ily s
erve
Aus
tral
ia?
Vis
it w
ww
.naa
.gov
.au,
look
up
the
serv
ice
reco
rds
of a
Lov
ett f
amily
mem
ber f
rom
the
Firs
t Wor
ld W
ar. W
hat a
re th
e si
gnifi
cant
thin
gs th
at h
appe
ned
to th
at fa
mily
mem
ber?
“The
Lov
ett f
amily
com
e fro
m th
e Fi
ghtin
g G
undi
tjmar
a pe
ople
of t
he s
outh
-wes
t of V
icto
ria, s
o ca
lled
beca
use
of th
eir s
pirit
ed d
efen
ce o
f
thei
r lan
ds a
gain
st e
arly
whi
te s
ettle
rs.”
How
do
you
thin
k th
e Fi
ghtin
g G
undi
tjmar
a sp
irit
infl
uenc
ed th
e Lo
vett
fam
ily?
How
do
you
thin
k th
ey d
emon
stra
ted
this
sp
irit?
Why
do
you
thin
k th
is is
impo
rtan
t to
Gun
ditjm
ara
peop
le?
Iden
tify
any
sim
ilari
ties
betw
een
the
AN
ZAC
spi
rit a
nd th
e Fi
ghtin
g G
undi
tjmar
a sp
irit.
Furt
her R
esea
rch
Act
ivit
y: ‘B
ack
to B
eing
Bla
ck’
Go
to ‘B
ack
to B
eing
Bla
ck’ a
dig
ital s
tory
by
John
Lov
ett a
bout
his
fath
er H
erbe
rt St
anle
y Lo
vett
who
ser
ved
in T
he F
irst W
orld
War
in th
e 15
th
Mac
hine
Gun
Bat
talio
n in
1917
and
his
bitt
er e
xper
ienc
e of
not
bei
ng h
onou
red
upon
his
retu
rn to
Aus
tralia
.
http
://ge
nera
tor.a
cmi.n
et.a
u/ed
ucat
ion-
them
es/s
naps
hots
-aus
tralia
n-hi
stor
y/se
greg
atio
n
Scre
en th
e fil
m fo
r stu
dent
s an
d di
scus
s th
e id
eas
of h
onou
r, se
rvic
e an
d se
greg
atio
n.
Exte
nsio
n A
ctiv
itie
s: P
rim
ary
and
Seco
ndar
y
Furt
her R
esea
rch:
Sear
ch fo
r Ind
igen
ous
serv
icem
en a
nd w
omen
at:
http
://w
ww
.aw
m.g
ov.a
u/se
arch
/?q=
indi
geno
us#9
09
Sear
ch fo
r Aus
tralia
n G
over
nmen
t leg
isla
tion
on A
borig
inal
righ
ts fr
om 19
16 o
nwar
ds:
http
://w
ww
.hre
oc.g
ov.a
u/so
cial
_jus
tice/
info
_she
et.h
tml
http
://w
ww
.aia
tsis
.gov
.au/
corp
orat
e/
Hav
e st
uden
ts s
elec
t a s
ervi
cem
an o
r ser
vice
wom
en a
nd s
elec
t and
dis
cuss
thei
r sig
nific
ant m
omen
ts w
hile
out
side
and
insi
de A
ustra
lia
whi
le o
n ac
tive
serv
ice.