Paper IV

Indian Writing in English (ENGBA 604) Unit : III

Chapter 1

A.K. Ramanujan : A River

About Author

A. K. Ramanujan

Attipate Krishnaswami Ramanujan (16 March 1929 – 13 July 1993) popularly known as A. K. Ramanujan was an Indian poet and scholar of Indian literature who wrote in both English and Kannada. Ramanujan was a poet, scholar, professor, a philologist, folklorist, translator, and playwright. His academic research ranged across five languages: English,

Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, and Sanskrit. He published works on both classical and modern variants of this literature and argued strongly for giving local, non-standard dialects their

due. Though he wrote widely and in a number of genres, Ramanujan's poems are remembered as enigmatic works of startling originality, sophistication and moving artistry. He was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Awardposthumously in 1999 for his

collection of poems, The Collected Poems.

A. K. Ramanujan

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Born 16 March 1929

Mysore, Princely State of Mysore, India

Died

13 July 1993 (aged 64) Chicago, Illinois, United States

Language

En g l i s h , K a n n a d a , T a m i l

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Nationality

Indian

Education

Doctorate in English Literature

Alma mater

University of Mysore, Deccan College, Indiana University

The Striders; Second Sight

Notable works

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Childhood Ramanujan[5] was born

in Mysore City on 16 March 1929. His father, Attipat Asuri

Krishnaswami, an astronomer and

professor of mathematics

at Mysore University, was known for his interest in English, Kannada and Sanskrit languages. His mother was a homemaker. Ramanujan also had a brother, A.K. Srinivasan who was a writer

and a mathematician. Education Ramanujan was educated at Marimallappa's High School, Mysore, and at the Maharaja College of Mysore. In college, Ramanujan majored in science in his freshman year, but his father, who thought him 'not mathematically minded', persuaded him to change his major from science to English. Later, Ramanujan became a Fellow of Deccan College, Pune in 1958–59 and a Fulbright Scholar at Indiana University in 1959–62. He was educated in English at the University of Mysore and received his PhD in Linguisticsfrom Indiana University.

English

• The Interior Landscape: Love Poems from a Classical Tamil Anthology, 1967 • Speaking of Siva, Penguin. 1973. ISBN 9780140442700. • The Literatures of India. Edited with Edwin Gerow. Chicago: University of ChicagoPress, 1974 • Hymns for the Drowning, 1981 • Poems of Love and War. New York: Columbia University Press, 1985 • Folktales from India, Oral Tales from Twenty Indian Languages, 1991 • Is There an Indian Way of Thinking? in India Through Hindu Categories, edited by McKim Marriott, 1990 • When God Is a Customer: Telugu Courtesan Songs by Ksetrayya and Others (with Velcheru Narayana Rao

and David Shulman), 1994 • A Flowering Tree and Other Oral Tales from India, 1997

Poetry in English

• The Striders. London: Oxford University Press, 1966 • Relations. London, New York: Oxford University Press, 1971 • Selected Poems. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1976 • Second Sight. New York: Oxford University Press, • The Collected Poems. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1997

Kannada

• Samskara. (translation of U R Ananthamurthy's Kannada novel) Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1976

Notable awards

MacArthur Fellowship, Sahitya Akademi Award and Padma Shree

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• Hokkulalli Huvilla (translated to English - "No Flower in the Navel"). Dharwad, 1969 • Mattu Itara Padyagalu (translated to English - "And Other Poems"). Dharwad, 1977 • Kuntobille

(translated to English - "Hopscotch") • Mattobbana Atma Charitre (translated to English - "Yet Another Man's Autobiography") • Haladi Meenu (Kannada Translation of Shouri's English Novel)

• A. K. Ramanujan Samagra (Complete Works of A. K. Ramanujan in Kannada)

• A. K. Ramanujan Avara Aayda Kavitegalu

• A. K. Ramanujan Avara Aayda Barahagalu

A river In Madurai, city of temples and poets,

who sang of cities and temples, every

summer

a river dries to a trickle in the sand, baring the

sand ribs, straw and women's hair clogging

the watergates at the rusty bars under the

bridges with patches of repair all over them

the wet stones glistening like sleepy

crocodiles, the dry ones shaven

waterbuffaloes lounging in the sun The poets

only sang of the floods.

He was there for a day when they had the

floods. People everywhere talked of the inches

rising, of the precise number of cobbled steps

run over by the water, rising on the bathing

places, and the way it carried off three village

houses, one pregnant woman and a couple

of cows named Gopi and Brinda as usual.

The new poets still quoted the old

poets, but no one spoke in verse of the

pregnant woman drowned, with

perhaps twins in her, kicking at blank

walls even before birth.

He said: the river has water

enough to be poetic about only

once a year and then it carries

away in the first halfhour three

village houses, a couple of

cows named Gopi and Brinda

and one pregnant woman

expecting identical twins with no

moles on their bodies, with

different coloured diapers to tell

them apart.

‘A River’ by A.K. Ramanujan is a four stanza poem that is separated into uneven sets of

lines. The first stanza contains sixteen lines, the second: eleven, the third: seven, and the fourth: fifteen. They do not follow a specific rhyme scheme, but there are moments of repetition which help create rhythm.

Most clearly, there is a refrain that is used in the second stanza and the fourth, and is only

slightly changed. The speaker describes what happened during this particular flood, and

then restates the same thing. This works in two ways, first to emphasize the loss. But, at

the same time, it also desensitizing the reader. One comes to expect tragedy, as those who reside in the city do, and see it as another aspect of the flood/drought.

Poetic Techniques in A River Ramanujan also uses a variety of poetic techniques, such as alliteration, assonance, consonance, and enjambment to unify the text. Alliteration occurs when words are used in succession, or at least appear close together, and begin with the same letter. Assonance and

consonance are other forms of repetition in which a vowel or consonant sound is used

multiple times, in words which close in proximity. A few of these are noted with the body of the text.

Enjambment is another important technique. This occurs when a line is cut off before its natural stopping point. It forces a reader down to the next line, and the next, quickly. One

is forced to move forward in order to comfortably resolve a phrase or sentence. A great

example is between lines four and five in which a reader has to move down a line to find out what summer brings.

All of these techniques contribute to the speaker’s tone. It fluctuates back and forth between disappointed, analytical and even lighthearted at times. You can read the

full poem

Summary of A River ‘A River’ by A.K. Ramanujan describes how poets of the past and present have romanticized a river in Madurai.

The poem begins with the speaker stating that every year, every poet sings the same songs about the sometimes flooding, and sometimes empty riverbed. When it is empty, all its hidden items are exposed. The poets have always sung about this period, and the other in

which the flood happens. But, they don’t get into the details of who is impacted. In the next stanzas the speaker relays the words of the citizens of this area as they describe what happened this year. Houses were washed away, as were two cows and a woman who

thought she was pregnant with twins. The speaker derides the old and new poets for not caring enough to look deeper into their environments.

Analysis of A River Stanza one

In the first stanza of this piece the speaker begins by setting the scene. He is going to be describing how the city of “Madurai” is described by poets. It is a place that is made up of “temples and poets” and these poets have always sung of the same things. Every summer in the city the river basin is emptied. The river “dries to a trickle” and the sand is bared. The

shapes and objects that are revealed are dark and somewhat ominous. The are “sand ribs” and “straw and women’s hair”. These things clog up the “watergates,” made of rusty bars.

Ramanujan makes use of consonance in these lines with the repetition of the “g” sound.

Rhythm is also created through the use of reuse of the word “sand” in lines six and seven.

Then, in general, the repetition of words beginning of “s,” or words that carry the “s” sound.

This is especially true for the first half of the stanza.

Everything about the drainage system is old and in need of repair. The bridge is in patches, a fact that is revealed when the waters recede. In the last lines of this stanza Ramanujan

uses two metaphors to compare the stones to animals. The wet ones appear like crocodiles

sleeping and the dry as lounging water-buffaloes.Despite all of this, the poets “only sang of

the floods.” There is so much more to the city that the poets are ignoring.

Stanza Two The second stanza of ‘A River’ is only eleven lines. The “He” in the first line is a reference to a poet, perhaps the speaker himself. He states that he was only in the city for “a day”. It is in this stanza that a number of the more complicated and personal details are revealed. The details were not hidden, they were easily learned by the poet featured in this stanza.

Everywhere the people spoke about the flood and the terrible things which resulted. It is

not just a simple natural occurrence. It “carried off three village houses” as well as a

pregnant woman and “a couple of cows”. The cows have names, making these lines lighter in tone than some of the others. The list-like way in which this section of the poem is conveyed makes it clear that these are not uncommon occurrences. The people are used to

them.

Stanza Three The problem that the speaker has with poets is made clearer in the third stanza of ‘A River’ as he speaks of the similarities between “old poets” and “new poets”. Both spoke about the

floods, yet ignored the tragedies which resulted. In fact, to make it worse, the new poets copied what the old ones did. There was no evolution in style or subject. In the fifth and sixth lines of this section the speaker states that it is possible that the woman who died

was going to give birth to twins, increasing the life lost.This is a very interesting contrast to

the flooding of the river in the first place. The waters are meant to fertilize the land, and make it possible for the next crop to grow. Life is destroyed as it is being created.

Stanza Four In the final stanza the speaker relays the words of the poet again. He said that the poet complained of how “the river has water enough / to be poetic / about only once a year”. It is

only once a year that the poets pay attention to it, and even then they don’t want to speak about the loss of property or life.

The speaker repeats a section of the second stanza again, restating what was lost. There are

additional details added. Now, he says that the woman believed she was “expecting identical twins”. They were going to be perfectly the same, with no way to tell them apart except through dressing them in “coloured diapers”. This is another humorous line, but it

has a darker undertone. It speaks to the lack of care with which the poets approached the

land and people. There is no desire to know who these people are or quest to adequately depict their suffering.

CRITICAL APPRECIATION OF RAMANUJAN'S POEM "A RIVER"

OR WHAT LIGHT DOES A RIVER THROW ON THE POETICAL

CHARACTERISTICS OF RAMANUJAN? OR COMMENT ON

RAMANUJAN'S USE OF IRONY IN THE POEM "A RIVER"

A.K. Ramanujan’s ‘A River’ is of his finest poem taken from his magnum opus, The Striders (1965). Here the poet has compared and contrasted the attitudes of the old poets and those of the new poets to human suffering. He has come to the conclusion that both the groups of the poets are indifferent to human sorrow and suffering. Their poetry does not reflect the miseries of the human beings. He has proved this point in the present poem.

The poem is all about a river, Vaigaiwhich flows through the heart of Madurai city, the centre of Tamil culture. The word Madurai means a“sweet city”. It is a Tamil word. As a matter of fact, this city is the seat of Tamil culture and learning. It is also a holy city full of temples including the famous Meenakshi Temple. The poets have written many poems on the temples and the river. In the poem A River the poet presents two strikingly contrasting pictures of the river: a vivid picture of the river in the summer season and the river in its full flow when the floods arrive with devastating fury.

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In the summer, the river is almost empty. Only a very thin stream of water flows. So the sand ribs on the bed of the river are visible. The stones that lie on the bed of the river also exposed to view. On the Sandy bed could be seen he hair and stow dogging the Watergates. The iron bars under the bridge are in need of repair. The wet stones are all like the sleeping crocodiles. The dry stones look like the shaven buffaloes. It is a wonder for the poet because not too often such scenes are described by the poets. All those symbolize the utter wretchedness and degeneration of human condition in Hindu culture

During the rainy season when the floods hit, the poets of past and present observe it very anxiously. They remember the rising of the river inch by inch from time to time. They remember how the stone steps of the bathing place are submerged one by one. Three village houses were swept away. The news came of a pregnant lady and a couple of cows being washed away. Even the new poets do not bother to write about all these things. They look at it still in the old way as seen by the old poets. In the past, the poets were the appreciators of the cities, temples, rivers, streams and are indifferent to the miseries of human beings and animals. The river dries to a trickle in every summer the“poets sang only of the floods.”Flood is the symbol of destruction to person and

property. The poets of today still quoted the old poets sans the relevancy of life:

“The new poets still quoted

the old poets, but no one spoke

in verse of the pregnant woman – drowned, with

perhaps twins in her, kicking at the blank walls even before birth.”

The above lines satirize and debunk the traditional romantic view of the river Vaigai in Madurai, by the ancient poets. Theimage of “pregnant woman”implies a fine example of two generations, the present and the future. This is a poignant imagery full of pathos. R. Parthasarathy verily remarks “The relative attitudes of the old and new Tamil poets, both of whom are exposed for their callousness to suffering, when it is so obvious as a result of the flood.”The coloured diapers of the twins symbolize the black people and the white people. The use of wit, irony and humour, and

dramatic imagery is distinctive of his style. Also we may label “A River” as a tragic-comic poem.

Question1 in, city of temples and poets, who sang of cities and temples, every summer a river dries to a

trickle in the

sand,baring the sand

ribs, straw and

women’s hair clogging

the watergates at the

rusty bars under the

bridges with patches

of repair all over them

1. Which river is mentioned in the extract? What is Madurai reputed for? What was the

subject of the poets of Madurai?

The river Vaikai which flows

through the ancient city of Madurai

in Tamil Nadu is mentioned in the

extract. Madurai is famous for its

spiritual, literary and cultural

heritage; its magnificent city with its

numerous impressive temples built

by the kings that ruled Madurai in

the past.

The

poets of

Madurai,

its

minstrels,

wrote and

sang

eulogies of

its

marvellou

s temples

and its

magnifice

nt cites. In

a way,

these

eulogies

can be

deemed as

eulogies of

the kings

who built

these

temples

and cities

and

patronized

the literati.

2. What do the images of the river drying to a trickle and the sand ribs suggest?

The river drying to a

trickle conveys the

scorching heat of summer that

dries up everything and makes

life unbearably miserable with

the accompanying famine

and starvation. The dried river

exposes the sand dunes at the

bottom of the river and they

bring to our mind the

skeletal rib cages of a

starved human being.

Both the images bring out the ugly aspect of

the dried up river that brings drought, which in

turn causes gruesome misery and starvation. The

human suffering caused by the drought is

suggested by the river drying to a trickle exposing

the bone-dry expanse of the sand dunes.

3. What do the straw and women’s hair do? What do they signify?

The straw and women’s hair choke or

block the watergates under the bridges which

have patches of repair all over them. The three

images -of the straw and women’s hair and the

bridges in disrepair -together create a scenario

of filth and wretchedness which the flowing

river has masked. However, the dry river bares

and exposes the ugliness that lies underneath.

The poet may

be suggesting the

attempt of the poets to

hide or callously

ignore the

stark and harsh social

reality by

writing poems of

cities and temples.

Question 2 the wet

stones glistening

like sleepy

crocodiles, the dry ones

shaven water-buffaloes lounging in the sun The

poets only sang of the floods.

1. How does the poet describe the stones or boulders at the bottom of the river? To what

does he compare them? Why?

He was there for a day when they had the

floods.

Using the figure of speech simile, the the poet compares the wet stones to sleepy crocodiles

and the dry boulders to shaved buffalos. The sleepy voracious crocodiles hint at the impending

disaster because of the unhygienic and polluted environment. Probably, the disaster has already

occurred because the poet evokes the image of shaven buffalos. In all probability, the buffalos

have lost all their hair because of some fatal disease caused by the contaminated water and the

environment.

2. Bring out the irony in the last line of the extract: The poets only sang of the floods.

Th

e

po

et paints

a

picture of

disaster

and ruin

by

presentin

g the

dri

ed river

in

summer

and the

like

ly

con

sequen ce

of the

unhealthy

environm

e nt on

man and

beast.

However,

both the

old

an

d the

ne

w poets

are

apathetic

to

the

bleak and

harsh

rea

lity

aro

und

the

m.

Iro

nically

these

poets

tot

ally

ignore the

misery

around

them and

wri

te about

the

romance

of the river in

flood. Question 3

named Gopi and Brinda as

usual.1. Who is referred to as

‘He’ here? Where is he now”

Why?He is a visitor to the city

of Madurai who has gone there

to see the river Vaikai in flood.

He can be a modern poet,

probably the poet Ramanujan

himself. Poets have

romanticized the beauty of the

river Vaikai in flood and he had

gone there to observe the

beauty of the flooded river.

2. What were the destructions caused by the river? What was the reaction of the people towards

this tragic occurrence?

Th

e poet

says that

the

monstro

us flood

had

car

ried away

three

vill

age

houses,

a

pre

gnan

t

woman

and a

pair of

cows.

These

images

signify the

ter

rible

los

s of

property

(three

village

ho

uses],

enormo

us

loss of

hu

man life

(a

pregnan

t

w

oman) as

well as

the loss

of

vil

lagers’

livelihoo

d (a pair

of cows).

The people were apathetic toward the tragic

destruction caused by the flood; they talked about

superfluous matters like the exact number of cobbled

steps run over by the flood or about the gradual rising

of water in the river. The use of the phrase ‘as usual’

suggests the familiarity of the villagers with the havoc

caused by the flood. The flood has become a usual

annual event and the villagers have become immune

to its destructive fury.

3. Comment on the lines: a couple of cows/ named Gopi and Brinda as usual

The poet had nowhere mentioned the name of any human individual but he gives the cows

names of divine figures. This is to convey the importance of the cows to the villagers; the cows are

sacred to the villagers and also their main source of livelihood.

Question 4

Read the following extract and answer the questions that follow:

to be poetic

about only once a year

Bot

h the old

and the

new

poets

thought

that the

river can

be the

subject of

poetry

only

People everywhere talked of the inches rising, of the precise number of cobbled steps

run over by the water, rising

on the bathing places,

and the way it carried off three village

houses,

one pregnant woman

and a couple of cows

when it is

in flood.

the enough

2. How do you react to the poet’s description of the unborn twins kicking at blank walls of the

womb?

The poet here depicts a harrowing picture of human struggle and its futility. The twins

are frantically kicking at the wall of the womb of the pregnant women to escape from their

awful condition. However, the struggle is futile. They also drown along with their

mother. The scene is too deep for tears.

apart.

In a way, the the poet implies that for the common man the struggle starts even before his birth

and there is no escape from the bleak and dreary life he has to face in the world.

He said: the river has water enough to be poetic

about only once a year

and then

it carries away

in the first half-hour

three village houses,

a couple of cows

named Gopi and Brinda

and one pregnant woman

expecting identical twins

with no moles on their bodies,

with different coloured diapers to tell them apart.

1. Explain:

river has

water

expecting

identical twins

with no moles on their bodies,

with to tell them different coloured diapers

3. What do you infer from the following lines:

The

pregnant

woman might

have dreamt

about the

unborn

children and

might have had

great hopes

and aspiration

of them. The

drowning of the

pregnant

women

signifies the

drowning of the

hopes and

aspiration

about the

ordinary people

which are

shattered by

the tragic flood.

4.

Comment on the theme of the poem.

Th

e theme

of the

poem is

the

insensitiv

e

atti

tude and

the

co

mplete

unconcer

n of the

city poets,

both the

old and

the new,

towards

the tragic

situation

of human

suffering

and

fatality.

We

are

distraugh

t that

they ‘sang

onl

y of

the

floods’

wh

en

the

y should

have

rather

tried to

alleviate

the

people

of

the

ir

miserable

state. The

poem

also raises

the

question

of

the

commitm

ent of a

poet or

arti

st

to

wards

society.

A. K. RamanujanPoetic Techniques in A RiverSummary of A RiverAnalysis of A RiverStanza oneStanza TwoStanza ThreeStanza Four