india- geography olarge subcontinent olarge peninsula osurrounded by water-arabian sea, indian...

India- GeographyIndia- Geography

oLarge Subcontinent

oLarge Peninsula

oSurrounded by Water-Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal

oLarge Subcontinent

oLarge Peninsula

oSurrounded by Water-Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal

India GeographyIndia Geography

Himalaya and Hindu Kush Mountains to the north create natural barrier to the rest of Asia.

Many of the earth’s largest mountains are in these ranges. 50 of them are over 5 miles high

Mountain passes are the only through this barrier…Khyber Pass

Indian subcontinent includes India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives.

Himalaya and Hindu Kush Mountains to the north create natural barrier to the rest of Asia.

Many of the earth’s largest mountains are in these ranges. 50 of them are over 5 miles high

Mountain passes are the only through this barrier…Khyber Pass

Indian subcontinent includes India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives.

Indian GeographyIndian Geography

The mountains also serve as the head waters for many of the great rivers that are on the subcontinent.

Northern Plains (Indo-Gangetic) are just south of mountains.

Great farmland from silt deposits from the 3 major rivers…Indus, Ganges, and Brahmputra.

Densely populated. 1.186 billion total

The mountains also serve as the head waters for many of the great rivers that are on the subcontinent.

Northern Plains (Indo-Gangetic) are just south of mountains.

Great farmland from silt deposits from the 3 major rivers…Indus, Ganges, and Brahmputra.

Densely populated. 1.186 billion total


Indus river is the primary river of Pakistan Most of Pakistan’s population live in the

Indus basin. Most of Indian early civilization developed

along this river Ganges flows eastward across India and

joins Brahmaputra which then flow into Bay of Bengal in Bangaladesh

Indus river is the primary river of Pakistan Most of Pakistan’s population live in the

Indus basin. Most of Indian early civilization developed

along this river Ganges flows eastward across India and

joins Brahmaputra which then flow into Bay of Bengal in Bangaladesh


The huge delta from these two rivers has some of the most fertile land in the world but…this region suffers terrible floods.

Rivers are sacred to the people Thar Desert-western end of northern plain.

100,000 sq.mi. Deccan Plain- just south of Northern Plain.

The huge delta from these two rivers has some of the most fertile land in the world but…this region suffers terrible floods.

Rivers are sacred to the people Thar Desert-western end of northern plain.

100,000 sq.mi. Deccan Plain- just south of Northern Plain.


High flat plain with some hilly regions and many small rivers. 50% of Southern Asia

Vindhya Mts. Separate Deccan Plain from Northern Plain.

Millions of small farms occupy this plain. The Ghats- 2 other small mountain ranges on the

east and west coasts

High flat plain with some hilly regions and many small rivers. 50% of Southern Asia

Vindhya Mts. Separate Deccan Plain from Northern Plain.

Millions of small farms occupy this plain. The Ghats- 2 other small mountain ranges on the

east and west coasts


Climate-– The Monsoons- seasonal wind that dominates

the climate of south asia. Two monsoons define the climate of South Asia. The wet monsoon of summer and the dry monsoon of winter.

– Farmers depend on both the dry and wet monsoons.

– Too much or too little rain will cause famine.

Climate-– The Monsoons- seasonal wind that dominates

the climate of south asia. Two monsoons define the climate of South Asia. The wet monsoon of summer and the dry monsoon of winter.

– Farmers depend on both the dry and wet monsoons.

– Too much or too little rain will cause famine.


Cyclones frequently strike the Ganges / Brahmaputra delta often killing thousands

Rainfall varies greatly with the coastal plains getting large amounts while the plains get less due to mountain shadowing.

Temperatures range from very cold in the mountains to tropical on the Deccan Plain.

Cyclones frequently strike the Ganges / Brahmaputra delta often killing thousands

Rainfall varies greatly with the coastal plains getting large amounts while the plains get less due to mountain shadowing.

Temperatures range from very cold in the mountains to tropical on the Deccan Plain.


Natural Resources in include water for farming from the monsoons

Iron Ore = steel Manganese Bauxite Copper Mica

Natural Resources in include water for farming from the monsoons

Iron Ore = steel Manganese Bauxite Copper Mica


Natural Resources con’t-Limestone-Gypsum-Nuclear Power

Cultural Diversity- Europe, Middle East, Asia Religions include Hindu, Islam, Christianity, Sikhs,

and Buddhists Language includes more than 700 languages and

dialects Most widely spoken in Hindi…about 30% speak it

Natural Resources con’t-Limestone-Gypsum-Nuclear Power

Cultural Diversity- Europe, Middle East, Asia Religions include Hindu, Islam, Christianity, Sikhs,

and Buddhists Language includes more than 700 languages and

dialects Most widely spoken in Hindi…about 30% speak it


English is used by many. India has 15 official languages

Many items such as money have 15 different languages on them

English is used by many. India has 15 official languages

Many items such as money have 15 different languages on them

Indian HistoryIndian History

Indus Valley Civilization– The largest ancient civilization- 2500-1500 BC– Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro anchored the

civilization– Trade and farming were the source of wealth– Climate became too dry for farming and the

civilization declined

Indus Valley Civilization– The largest ancient civilization- 2500-1500 BC– Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro anchored the

civilization– Trade and farming were the source of wealth– Climate became too dry for farming and the

civilization declined


Arrival of the Aryans– Invade form Caucasus Mts.– Have iron weapons– Easily conquer Indus River people– Were culturally absorbed and brought and

developed religion and language- Sanskrit– Developed villages and became farmers and

herders

Arrival of the Aryans– Invade form Caucasus Mts.– Have iron weapons– Easily conquer Indus River people– Were culturally absorbed and brought and

developed religion and language- Sanskrit– Developed villages and became farmers and

herders


Rajahs ruled these villages– Developed 4 social classes called Varna– Brahmans or priests at top– Kshatriyas or warriors next– Vaisyas or merchants– Sudras or peasants at the bottom

Rajahs ruled these villages– Developed 4 social classes called Varna– Brahmans or priests at top– Kshatriyas or warriors next– Vaisyas or merchants– Sudras or peasants at the bottom


The Maurya (321-250 BC) and Gupta Empires (320 BC- 535 AD) helped to spread and solidify both Buddhism and Hinduism in India

Islam came around 1200 AD. Spread under the direction of the Mughal Empire

The Maurya (321-250 BC) and Gupta Empires (320 BC- 535 AD) helped to spread and solidify both Buddhism and Hinduism in India

Islam came around 1200 AD. Spread under the direction of the Mughal Empire


Portuguese and DaGama were thr first Europeans to reach India…British, French and Dutch soon followed.

British eventually squeeze out others based on their trading skill and organization

British East India Company…The foremost trading company of its day.

Forged monopoly deals with Mughal Empire to control trade all over India from Calcutta to Bombay ( Mumbai)

Portuguese and DaGama were thr first Europeans to reach India…British, French and Dutch soon followed.

British eventually squeeze out others based on their trading skill and organization

British East India Company…The foremost trading company of its day.

Forged monopoly deals with Mughal Empire to control trade all over India from Calcutta to Bombay ( Mumbai)


BEI traded gold and silver for cotton, silk and tea. Textiles were by far the most important.

As Mughals decline British and French fight over many small kingdoms and territories formed after the empire dies.

Under Robert Clive BEI grew enormously wealthy.

BEI traded gold and silver for cotton, silk and tea. Textiles were by far the most important.

As Mughals decline British and French fight over many small kingdoms and territories formed after the empire dies.

Under Robert Clive BEI grew enormously wealthy.


Clive and BEI first kicked out the French with an armed force

Clive appoints rulers that are only favorable to BEI interests

BEI also gained the right to collect taxes, set up law codes, and establish a court system

By 1850, the British were in conflict with Hindus and Muslims.

Clive and BEI first kicked out the French with an armed force

Clive appoints rulers that are only favorable to BEI interests

BEI also gained the right to collect taxes, set up law codes, and establish a court system

By 1850, the British were in conflict with Hindus and Muslims.


Sepoy Rebellion- Indian soldiers who served in the British Army.

Rebellion starts over British use of pork and beef fat to grease cartridges. Both are sacred to Hindus

New British law requiring Sepoys to fight oversees for the British…Many were afraid they would lose their castes

Sepoy Rebellion- Indian soldiers who served in the British Army.

Rebellion starts over British use of pork and beef fat to grease cartridges. Both are sacred to Hindus

New British law requiring Sepoys to fight oversees for the British…Many were afraid they would lose their castes


After Sepoy, Britian made India an official colony and used their own people in the army and the government

Left a lasting distrust of British by the Indians

British bought infrastructure which made the colony easier to control

Trade limited farming caused famines

After Sepoy, Britian made India an official colony and used their own people in the army and the government

Left a lasting distrust of British by the Indians

British bought infrastructure which made the colony easier to control

Trade limited farming caused famines


British brought schools and colleges Created middle class Nationalism begins with formation of Indian

National Congress ( INC ) Open Rebellion begins after WW1 At

Amritsar, after British open fire on 10,000 demonstrators, organized resistance begins

British brought schools and colleges Created middle class Nationalism begins with formation of Indian

National Congress ( INC ) Open Rebellion begins after WW1 At

Amritsar, after British open fire on 10,000 demonstrators, organized resistance begins


Mohandas Gandhi emerges as independence leader

Uses non-violent resistance (satyagraha) Civil disobedience The Salt March- 1930 protest tax on salt Gandhi arrested with 50,000 followers British respond to non-violence with violence

Mohandas Gandhi emerges as independence leader

Uses non-violent resistance (satyagraha) Civil disobedience The Salt March- 1930 protest tax on salt Gandhi arrested with 50,000 followers British respond to non-violence with violence


After WW 2 Britain realizes that holding onto India as a colony was impossible

At the same time Muslims began to fear an independent Hindu India might step on their rights and beliefs as Muslims

1947 British pass Indian Independence Act which called for the partition of India into separate Hindu and Muslim nations.

After WW 2 Britain realizes that holding onto India as a colony was impossible

At the same time Muslims began to fear an independent Hindu India might step on their rights and beliefs as Muslims

1947 British pass Indian Independence Act which called for the partition of India into separate Hindu and Muslim nations.

Indian History/GovernmentIndian History/Government

15 Million fled to either side of the border depending on religion-Hindus to India and Muslims to Pakistan

1949- India writes its constitution. Central government has most of the power. 25 states and 7 territories have less power. Parliamentary Democracy

Parliament has two houses.

15 Million fled to either side of the border depending on religion-Hindus to India and Muslims to Pakistan

1949- India writes its constitution. Central government has most of the power. 25 states and 7 territories have less power. Parliamentary Democracy

Parliament has two houses.

Indian GovernemntIndian Governemnt

Indian Political Parties-12 The Caste System Sikh Separatism Hindu-Muslim Clashes Indian Leaders

– Jawharlal Nehru– Indira Gandhi– Rajiv Gandhi

Indian Political Parties-12 The Caste System Sikh Separatism Hindu-Muslim Clashes Indian Leaders

– Jawharlal Nehru– Indira Gandhi– Rajiv Gandhi

Indian EconomyIndian Economy

Nehru adapted many socialist principles to carefully control the economy but still a mixed economy

India convinced the population to invest in the economy to build industrial infrastructure

Initial success was impressive but by the 90’s things cooled off.

In the 90’s India moves toward privatization

Nehru adapted many socialist principles to carefully control the economy but still a mixed economy

India convinced the population to invest in the economy to build industrial infrastructure

Initial success was impressive but by the 90’s things cooled off.

In the 90’s India moves toward privatization


Indian farming was mostly subsistence Irrigation improvements have helped Land Reform Green Revolution…Miracle Crops Village Life- Cottage Industries Improved health /Infant mortality rate Improving Education

Indian farming was mostly subsistence Irrigation improvements have helped Land Reform Green Revolution…Miracle Crops Village Life- Cottage Industries Improved health /Infant mortality rate Improving Education


Indian family life Marriage Women’s Rights

Indian family life Marriage Women’s Rights

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