Index

Names were often spelled in a variety of ways in the period covered by thisbook. I have listed persons under the spelling most commonly used; variationsappear in parentheses or are cross-referenced. Only older authors and titles ofanonymous works of the time are listed.

555

Abbot (archbishop of Canterbury), 457Aberdeen, 435Aboab, Jacob and Joseph, 193Aboab, Rabbi Immanuel, 178, 179n. 53,

184Aboab da Fonseca, Rabbi Isaac, 177,

182n. 67Abrabanel (Abarbanel; Abravanel),

Isaac, 67f., 158, 163, 167f., 199Abraham bar Selomoh, 163n. 13Abraham ben Eliezer Halevi, Rabbi,

164n. 14An Account of Spain (1700), 81n. 39,

101, 119n. 157, 122n. 171, 123n. 177,142n. 62, 289

Acosta, José de, S.J., 377n. 88, 447n. 8,487, 499n. 69

Addison, Launcelot, 239Adrianople, 166Aerschot, duke of, 147Africa, 104, 126, 513. See also North

AfricaAglionby, William, 86n. 58, 517Agrippa, Henricus Cornelius, 528f.Águila, Juan de, 421Agustín, Antonio (archbishop of Tar-

ragona), 65, 108Ahmad ibn Qasim al-Hajari, 210f.Alarcón, Pedro Antonio de, 123Alava, province of, 42n. 134

Alba, house of, 126Alba, third duke of (Fernando Alvarez

de Toledo), 18, 126, 300n. 18, 309,310–12, 314–16, 320, 323–25, 327, 329,332, 364, 391, 401, 467f., 522

Alberoni (cardinal), 542n. 61Albert (archduke of Austria), 116, 324,

429Albuquerque, dukes of, 77, 154Alcalá, Diego de, 131Alcalá de Henares, 39, 65, 106, 131, 140,

260, 262; and Irish College, 437; uni-versity of, 153, 181, 300n. 21, 531

Alcanterilla, 251Alcora, 270Alcudeña, 262Aleandro, Girolamo (papal nuncio), 299Alemán, Mateo, 214Alexander VI (pope), 236, 295n. 2, 296,

357, 373, 377n. 87Alexander the Great, 338, 357Alexandria, 166Al‹eri, Vittorio, 123n. 177, 526Alfonso I d’Este, 254Alfonso X of Castile, 538Algeciras, 270Algiers, 192n. 100, 194n. 107, 206n. 160Alhama, 75Alhambra, 52, 103, 110, 111, 249, 252Alicante, 39, 42, 45, 136, 197, 208, 535

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Allen, William (cardinal), 301, 367f.,384, 406, 426n. 118, 427n. 121, 428

Almazán, Nicolás, S.J., 418Almería, 103, 161Alpujarras, 81Alumbrados, 221n. 211, 342Alured, Thomas, 466n. 85Alva Ixtilxóchitl, Fernando de, 484Álvarez, Baltasar, 159n. 116Álvarez de Colmenares. See “Col-

menares, Juan Alvarez de”Amadís de Gaula (Gaule), 169, 448Ambassadors. See DiplomatsAmerica, 192n. 100Amsterdam, 5, 167, 171, 197, 285, 323,

381; Jewish community in, 174–94,198, 199, 213n. 183, 229n. 248

Andalusia (Andalusians), 46, 51, 67, 82,88, 100–103, 149, 199, 212n. 176, 251,253, 262, 269, 401, 411, 418, 424, 512,536n. 37, 540

Angelus, 142Angola, 59, 193n. 104Anna of Austria (queen of Philip II),

144n. 69An Answer to the untruthes published

and printed in Spaine (1589), 386Antequera, 75, 121Antiquities, 107–9Antonio, Nicolás, 125, 537Antwerp, 57, 65f., 116, 174, 175, 180,

186, 196, 241f., 251, 252, 316, 318, 323,355, 443, 450, 505n. 5, 528; Sack of,310f., 336, 398n. 7, 448

Apocalyptic mentality, 363, 384, 459Apparitions, 139f.Appellant party, 369n. 60, 392–94, 396,

399, 419Arabic, 98, 205, 210, 211; manuscripts

in, 67Arabists, 63, 211Arabs, 201Aragon, 31, 41, 66, 87, 88, 91f., 162n. 9,

205, 206, 212, 219, 220, 225f., 243, 262, 274, 300, 403f., 468, 518, 535,536n. 37; and revolt, 84, 86, 216, 387, 389, 422. See also Crown ofAragon

Aragonese, 82, 85, 336, 339, 511, 534n.26, 540

`Arama, Rabbi Isaac, 195Aranjuez, 47, 88, 95, 97f., 106, 534Araucana, 450Archers of the Royal Guard, 65f.Archidona, 251Architects, Italian, 16Architecture, Mudejar, 262Aretino, 236Arévalo, 521Argyle, Archibald Campbell, earl of, 39Ariosto, Ludovico, 237, 299Aristotle, 328Arles, 12Arlington, Lord, 274Armagh, archbishop of, 219Arnauld, Antoine, 237, 336Arnold, John (Carthusian), 422Arras. See Monks, Benedictine from

ArrasArt: Italian, in Spain, 254–56; Medieval,

109–11; Renaissance, 111, 253; Span-ish, diffusion of, 256–60

Arthur (king), 330Arthur, Patrick, 442n. 185Artisans. See England, artisans of; Flan-

ders, artisans ofArtois, 64, 104Arundel, Thomas Howard, earl of, 35,

258, 260, 281n. 28, 282n. 29Ashkenazi, 185Ashley, Robert, 388n. 124Assisi, 13Aston, Walter (Lord Aston of Forfar),

35, 39, 48n. 157, 82n. 44, 85, 119n.157, 120, 121n. 164, 133n. 28, 138n.45, 154n. 103, 258, 434f., 456, 463f.,508, 531

Asturias, 11, 44, 79, 278, 535Atahualpa (Inca), 486, 488Athias, Joseph, 184Atiya, Abraham, 194Augsburg, 243Augustine, St., 182, 191, 359Augustinians, 126, 153Aulnoy, Madame d’, 6n. 11, 43n. 139,

47n. 155, 60–62, 71, 76, 91n. 70, 95,

556 Index

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97n. 91, 100, 111, 122n. 171, 123,153n. 101, 154–56, 229, 233, 243, 289,349, 531, 536

Austria, 16Autos de fé, 135, 178n. 52, 195, 197f.,

216, 221f., 229, 230, 232, 233, 235Autos sacramentales, 136, 137, 139, 140,

141Averroes, 111Avicenna, 111Avity, Pierre d’, 75n. 15, 340, 347, 529,

533, 537n. 39Ayala (“knight of Biscay”), 493Aylmer, John (bishop of London), 361

Bacon, Francis, 118, 287, 309, 381n. 99,387, 444, 453, 458, 459, 476n. 122, 506,507n. 13

Badajoz, 179, 262Badesfort, James, 281Badoaro, Federico (Venetian ambas-

sador), 83n. 48Baglioni (Florentine), 464n. 81Baker, George, 449Baker, Sir Richard, 376n. 82Balaguer, 144Baldi, Pier Maria, 59, 260, 262, 268,

270Bale, John, 359, 377n. 87, 378, 379, 384Balearics, 103, 250Baltasar, Gracián, S.J., 5Bandits, 40, 46, 89Barberini, Francesco (cardinal-legate),

49, 112, 137Barcelona, 11, 38n. 114, 45–47, 50, 56,

66, 75, 79n. 35, 81, 85, 87, 88f., 91, 99,100, 109, 119n. 158, 119, 228n. 240,232, 243, 246, 250, 253, 260, 262, 269n.64, 277, 279, 287, 511, 512, 518, 535,541; British consuls at, 39; convent ofJunqueras in, 88; procession in, 146n.74; sardana at, 59

Barclay, Jean (John), 340f., 504, 532,534, 537, 542

Baretti, Joseph, 3, 56Bargrave, Robert, 42, 92, 93n. 81, 140,

145Barnes, John, 410

Barreiros, Gaspar, 77n. 24, 90n. 68, 91,92n. 80, 111

Barrios, Miguel de (Daniel Levi),188–91, 193, 199

Barvoet, Alexander, 117Basadonna, Pietro (Venetian ambas-

sador), 512Basle, 14, 249. See also Platter, ThomasBasques, 231n. 254, 243, 511; language

of, 81Bassompierre, François de (French

ambassador), 44n. 143, 113, 118n.155, 138, 142n. 60

Bathe, William, 451Bayle, Pierre, 4f., 157, 233, 537Baynham, Sir Edmond, 25Bayonne, 16, 181, 220, 277Beaulieu (English diplomat), 279, 281Bedford, Lord and Lady, 358Bedmar, Alonso de la Cueva, marqués

de (Spanish ambassador), 297n. 6, 524Beg, Uluch (Uruch), 67n. 209, 112Beira, 270Belgium, 126, 512; artisans of, 39. See

also FlandersBellarmine (cardinal), 282Bellièvre, Pomponne de, 336Belon de Mars, Pierre, 165Bembo, Bernardo (Venetian), 55Bembo, Giovanni (Venetian), 108Benavente, count of, 259, 531Benedictine Order, 413, 440; and English

émigrés, 64. See also Monks, Benedic-tine, from Arras

Bentivoglio, Guido (cardinal), 326Benvenisti, Abraham (Augustín

Enríquez), 167Benveniste, Rabbi Moses, 193Benzoni, Gerolamo, 7n. 12, 302f., 304,

333, 379n. 95, 470, 504Bermingham, Richard, O.P., 434Berners, Lord John Bourchier, 446Berry, Richard, 457Bertaut, François, 60, 71, 77n. 24, 93, 97,

98, 102, 110, 111, 123n. 174, 129n. 18,145n. 72, 152, 153, 228, 231, 232, 537

Bérulle, Pierre de, 50, 51n. 163Berwick, 422

index 557

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Besian, Arroy, S.J., 344Betanzos, Juan de, 488Béthoulat, André de (comte de La Vau-

goyon), 93n. 83, 152Biblical language, 13, 91, 136–38,

140–42, 153, 174, 183f., 186, 202, 285, 305, 315f., 344, 357, 361, 386, 388f., 406, 407, 449, 469n. 100,478

Bilbao, 83, 228, 440, 441; British consulsat, 39

Birch, Thomas, 286n. 37Biscay, 41, 45n. 147, 250; Bay of, 87; Bis-

cayans, 339, 442Blackfan, John, S.J., 407“Black Legend” of Spain, 233, 302,

309–27, 376f.Blaye, 11Bluet, Thomas, 393Boccaccio, 387Boccalini, Traiano, 301, 467, 469, 504,

511n. 36Bodenham, Roger, 371Bodin, Jean, 8, 127n. 9, 127, 165, 331–33,

504Bodkin, Augustine, 441f.Bohemian revolution of 1618, 459f. See

also Frederick and Elizabeth ofBohemia

Bohemians, 201Boileau-Despréaux, Nicolas, 538Bologna, 236, 254, 505Books, published in Spain, 125Books, trade in, 218, 221, 401; and

French booksellers, 227; and Protes-tant books, 218n. 199

Boorde, Andrew, 13, 41, 446n. 2Borghese, Camillo, 49, 91Borgia, Caesar, 329Borough, Stephen, 370Borrello, Camillo, 303, 304n. 35Borromeo (cardinal), 275Borrow, George, 49n. 161, 56Boscán Almogaver, Juan, 450Bosch, Jerónimo, 112, 259Bossuet, 5Botero, Giovanni, 212f., 298, 303f.,

307n. 47, 393, 504

Bothwell, Francis Hepburn Steward,earl of, 422n. 98, 430, 457n. 54

Bothwell, Lord (“bastard sonne”), 47Bradford, John, 360Bradforth (Bradford), John, 354–56,

357, 390n. 130Braga, 74Brantôme, Pierre de Bourdeilles,

seigneur de, 43, 54, 124, 141f., 144n.69, 220, 310f., 326, 328–32, 333, 335,345n. 78, 524, 527n. 33

Braun, Georg, 65, 251Brazil, 179f., 512. See also PernambucoBrenan, Gerald, 56Breval, J., 269f.Brigands, 83, 105. See also BanditsBright, Timothy, 362Brihuega, battle of, 517Bristol, 370; earl of (see Digby, Sir John)Brittany, 37, 408Bromley, Sir William, 98, 136, 139n. 46,

229, 541Bronseval, Claude de, 42n. 135, 87n. 59,

89n. 64, 91, 92n. 75, 143n. 65, 220

Browne, Sir Thomas, 133, 239Bruce, Robert, 422n. 99Brueghel, 258, 259; the Younger, 323n.

43Bruges, 65, 423Brunel, Antoine de, 15, 60, 71, 76, 77,

86n. 57, 87n. 59, 87, 97, 104n. 110,122, 130, 530, 534, 538; English trans-lation of, 54n. 174

Bruni, Leonardo, 295n. 2Bruno, Giordano, 307Brushforde, John, 410f.Brussels, 44, 188, 189, 190, 199, 280f.,

282, 324, 368, 428Buckingham, George Villiers, ‹rst duke

of, 35, 57, 79n. 33, 254n. 35, 259, 424,446, 453, 459f., 461–65, 466n. 85,473f., 475n. 121, 477, 478

Bull‹ghts, 55, 59, 119–22, 230, 279, 424,543

Burghley, Lord William Cecil, 36, 57,95, 96n. 88, 276, 311n. 11, 357, 358,363, 365f., 368, 371n. 65, 377n. 88,

558 Index

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380f., 383, 385, 386, 392, 407, 418, 424,443–45, 447, 449

Burgo, Guillelmus de, 426n. 117Burgos, 11, 13, 26, 55, 74, 88, 92, 121,

134n. 30, 144, 214, 250, 405, 532; arch-bishop of, 155n. 109, 531; cathedralat, 109, 110, 137n. 41; cruci‹x at,144n. 69, 145, 146

Burleigh, Lord. See Burghley, WilliamCecil

Burley, Richard, 38Burton, Nicolas, 361Butler, Richard, 37Byron, Lord George Gordon Noel, 123,

231

Cabala (1654), 477f.Cabeças, 251Cabots, 373n. 73Cádiz, 12, 16, 56, 58, 74, 101, 102, 107,

137, 142, 181, 196, 250, 253, 269, 330,383, 388, 420n. 91, 440f., 469, 519;English merchants in, 39; see of, 424

Caetani (cardinal-legate), 336Cairo, 192n. 10Caithness, bishop of, 353Calabria, 305Calais, 358Calatrava, Order of, 197, 198Calderón de la Barca, Pedro, 60, 532Calixtus III (pope), 296Calvin, 182, 228, 401, 458Calvinists, 221, 310f., 313, 325, 393, 449Cambiaso, Luca, 258Cambridge: Emmanuel College, 280;

Cambridge University, 450Camden, William, 362, 364, 376n. 82Camões, 191, 276Campanella, Tommaso, 298, 304–7, 325Campion, Edmund, 427, 448Canada, French missionaries to, 334n.

30Canaries, 36n. 97, 193n. 104, 372Canonisation, 133Cansino, Jacob, 198Canterbury, St. Thomas of, 13Capsali, Rabbi Elijah (Joseph), 164, 165,

172f.

Capuchins, 145; French, 148Cárdenas, Alonso de, 476Cardinal-legate. See Barberini,

FrancescoCardoso, Dr. Isaac (Fernando), 178, 184,

199Carel, Jacques (sieur de Sainte-Garde),

60, 117, 122n. 169, 142n. 57, 154n. 103Carleton, Captain George, 90n. 67,

100n. 100, 121n. 165, 149n. 86Carlo Emanuele I of Savoy, 302Carlos, Don. See Don CarlosCarmelites, 144, 326n. 55, 462; Dis-

calced, 50, 350Carranza, Bartolomé de (archbishop of

Toledo), 218, 221, 353n. 11Carrión, 146, 477Cartagena, 259, 330Cartography, 63Carvajal y Mendoza, Luisa de, 416,

457Carvalho, João, 223n. 216Casanova, 122Casaubon, Isaac, 452f.Cashel, archbishop of, 426Cashel, John (archbishop), 442Castelli, Giuseppe, 87n. 59, 117n. 152,

154n. 103Castellion, Sébastien, 165n. 19Castello, Fabricio, 95Castiglione, Baldassare, 297, 528Castile, 10, 41f., 45n. 147, 48, 79, 81,

82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 92–99, 143, 162n. 9,168n. 25, 170, 172–73, 184, 187, 204, 220, 237, 249, 250, 262, 274, 295n. 2,296, 344n. 76, 366n. 54, 468, 491, 494,505, 506, 508, 510, 512, 514, 517;admiral of, 42, 115, 531; Castilians,84, 85, 86; Cortes of, 82, 201, 213, 214, 437; Council of, 39, 202; lan-guage of, 4, 55, 62, 81, 166, 169–71,176, 182, 286, 297, 328, 339, 346–50,370, 374, 446–52, 465, 540, 541n. 58;Old, 82

Castro, Alfonso de, 360Castro, Scipio di, 297f.Castro del Rio, 262, 263Castro y Beldis, Guillen de, 347

index 559

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Catalonia, 10, 31, 43, 45f., 47n. 151, 81,87, 88–91, 140, 143, 205, 217, 219, 243,260, 300, 514, 515, 532, 533, 535, 536n.37, 539, 541; Catalan Corts, 85; Cata-lans, 82, 85, 237, 296, 339, 345, 518,540; ›ood in, 146n. 74; and opposi-tion to the Crown, 84; revolt of, 83,85, 86, 216, 307, 506, 510, 511f.

Catherine de Médici (queen of France),334f.

Catherine of Aragon (queen of HenryVIII), 17, 351, 446f.

Catherine of Braganza (queen ofCharles II), 152n. 96

Catholic League, in France, 7, 60, 237,334–39, 342, 401f., 418

Catholics. See England, Catholics in;Ireland; Poles; Scotland, Catholics in;Spanish Catholicism

Cavendish, Charles, 34n. 91Caverel, Philippe de, O.S.B., 42, 53n.

170, 64, 87n. 59, 88n. 61, 89n. 64, 90,91, 92, 100n. 101, 104f., 106, 107, 108,138, 142n. 60, 143n. 65, 530; as abbotof St. Vaast, 64

Cecil, John, 422f., 444n. 199Cecil, Robert. See Salisbury, Robert

CecilCecil, William. See Burghley, William

CecilCecil, William (Lord Roos). See Roos,

Lord William CecilCerdagne, 512Cervantes, 8, 15, 134, 210, 256, 347f.,

451. See also Don QuijoteChalloner, Sir Thomas (English ambas-

sador), 18, 35, 48, 130, 131Chamberlain, John, 282n. 29, 465f.Chapelain, Jean, 71Chapman, George, 389The Character of Spain (1660), 127,

534n. 28, 540, 542Charke, William, 364f.Charlemagne, 12, 59n. 188, 335, 344Charles, Prince. See Charles I of Eng-

landCharles I of England, 6n. 10, 34f., 41,

57, 72, 73n. 11, 79n. 33, 84, 96, 120,

132, 133, 146, 254n. 35, 257–60, 287,342, 363n. 45, 419, 434, 436, 446, 455,459, 461–65, 467n. 88, 469n. 99, 469n.100, 473–77, 504

Charles I of Spain. See Charles VCharles II of England, 35, 54, 75, 121,

272, 274, 276n. 18, 288, 289, 476Charles II of Spain, 50, 86, 116, 151,

191n. 94, 230, 513–17; second queenof, 142. See also Marie Louise

“Charles III” of Spain, 137, 517f.Charles IV of Spain, 161Charles V (Charles I of Spain; Holy

Roman Emperor), 5n. 8, 9n. 18, 12,17f., 45, 48, 53, 64, 79, 82f., 84, 85,103, 110, 115, 120, 164, 173, 183n. 70,205, 216, 219, 221, 224, 226, 236, 241,243, 254, 260, 295, 296, 299, 312, 313,314, 316, 317, 325–27, 329, 330, 331,342, 343, 351, 354, 363, 375, 380, 448,467, 483n. 9, 485, 514f., 528

Charles IX of France, 87n. 59, 363Charles of Guise, 337Charnock, Robert, 399n. 9Chartres, 337Chateaubriand, François René de, 349,

519n. 66, 543f.Chauveton, Urbain, 333Chavagnac, Gaspard de, 46n. 150, 345n.

77Chester, bishop of, 36Chetardye, Trotti de la, 71n. 4Chevreuse, duchesse de, 50, 51n. 163Chi›et, J. J., 344n. 76Chilton, Leonard, 371n. 63China, 234n. 268, 358, 372Christmas Eve, 153Churchill, John, 76n. 16Church music, 93Cid, 183n. 70, 189Cieza, Pedro de, 485–88, 489Cisneros, Diego de, 198f., 350n. 103Cisneros, Francisco Jiménez de (cardi-

nal), 160, 161Cistercians: of the Crown of Aragon,

143; French, 16, 41, 46, 48, 60n. 192,87, 91, 92, 143, 220; of Portugal, 143.See also Bronseval, Claude de

560 Index

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Cîteaux, abbot of, 143n. 66City of Majorca (Palma), cathedral at,

104Ciudad Real, 195Ciuti, Jacopo, 59n. 190Clairvaux, abbot of. See CisterciansClarendon, Lord. See Hyde, EdwardCleland, James, 72Clement VII (pope), 236, 241, 360Clement VIII (pope), 301, 421Clénard, Nicolas, 7n. 12, 12, 40n.125,

64, 504Clergy, 243f.Climent (bishop of Barcelona), 137Cloppenburch, Jan Everhardts, 319–24Clovis, 335, 344n. 76Cock, Henri, of Gorcum, 65f., 81, 88f.,

90, 91, 92n. 75, 99, 100n. 100, 106,108, 109n. 127, 111, 120, 144, 225

Coimbra, 74Coke, Roger, 148, 474n. 117Coke, Sir Edward, 460Colbert, Jean Baptiste, 101, 478, 535Colleton, John, 399n. 9Collioure, 46“Colmenares, Juan Alvarez de,” 43n.

139, 81n. 40, 155n. 109, 235n. 272,269, 536n. 34

Colmenares, Madre Luisa (Franciscannun), 146, 462, 477

Cologne, 13Columbus, 303, 333“Comedias.” See TheatreCommynes, Philip de, 343Compostela. See Santiago de Com-

postelaConchillos, Lope, 202Confalionieri, Giovanni Battista, 47Confraternities, 157Congregación Real de Esclavos de el

Dulce Nombre de María, 462Connaught, 438f.Conry, Florence (Flaithrí Ó Maol-

chonaire), O.M. (archbishop ofTuam), 435n. 161, 438f., 440

Constantine (Roman emperor), 361Constantinople, 72, 166, 167, 170, 171,

174, 192, 193, 194, 206, 209, 211, 470

Consuegra, fray Diego de, 151Consuls, British, 39Contarini, Gasparo, 83n. 48, 223Contarini, Simeone (Venetian ambas-

sador), 78Conti, Ascanio, 139n. 46, 155n. 107, 278Conversos, from Judaism, 67f., 78, 137,

161–63, 165, 167f., 169, 174, 175, 177,179, 184, 192f., 194–203, 207, 211, 213,214, 216, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224,225, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 235f., 237,300f., 304, 336, 401, 404, 539; bankers,196

Conway, Richard, 439, 440n. 174Copley, Antony, 393Córdoba, 43, 75, 102, 123n. 174, 150,

178, 189, 197, 231, 260, 330, 539, 541n.58; bull‹ght at, 59; and English arti-sans, 39; ‹gs from, 35; Mezquita, 77,110, 111, 277

Corfu, 192n. 100Cork, 435Corneille, 123, 347f., 349“Cornelio Mauricio,” 433Cornwall, 38, 383, 401Cornwallis, Sir Charles (English ambas-

sador), 23–26, 27 illus., 131, 132,134n. 32, 135n. 36, 204, 208f., 211,223n. 214, 226f., 415f., 431f., 433f.,453–56, 458n. 57

Cornwallis, Sir Thomas, 132n. 27, 396n. 2

Cornwallis, Sir William, 24Corpus Christi, feast of, 55, 140; proces-

sion on, 130, 135, 136, 153, 230, 489Correggio, 257Corro, Antonio del, 233n. 264, 313n. 17,

383, 449Corsairs, Moorish, 46Corsini, Marchese Filippo, 59Cortes, Castilian, 16, 82, 99, 149, 460; of

Monzón, 83Cortés, Fernando, 243, 372, 482, 484Cortés, Martín, 357, 370Cortizos, Manuel, 198Cosimo III (Grand Duke of Tuscany),

41, 47, 59, 91, 110, 115n. 146, 231, 260,536

index 561

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Coste, Pierre, 4n. 4Cotein, Juan, 222Cottington, Francis (‹rst baron; English

ambassador), 21, 25f., 28 illus., 29,33–35, 48n. 157, 48, 50, 51n. 163, 209,211n. 174, 258–60, 273, 277, 279, 281,282n. 29, 291, 416n. 73, 434, 455f.,475, 477

Cotton, Sir Robert, 366n. 54, 394, 460n.65

Coulanges, Madame de, 60Council of State, 126f., 223n. 214, 276,

401–3, 413n. 62, 415n. 72, 419, 423,426, 429f., 431, 432, 439, 455, 462,463n. 79

Council of Trent, 22n. 64, 216Counter-Reformation, 7f., 16, 325, 396,

437, 440Court, Benoît de, 534n. 25Court of Spain, 60, 111–16, 178, 272,

308, 534Covel, Dr. John, 133n. 29, 149n. 86Craftsmen, French, 47Cranmer, Thomas (archbishop of Can-

terbury), 360Crawford, David Lindsay, earl of, 422n.

98Crescenzi, Giovanni Battista (marqués

de La Torre), 256, 258Crespin, Jean, 232Creswell, Joseph, S.J., 24n. 72, 25, 158f.,

208, 369, 400–405, 408, 413–20, 430,433, 457

Crete, 164Croke, John, 384n. 115Cromwell, Oliver, 130, 183, 192, 193,

395n. 147, 444, 476, 478f.Cromwell, Thomas (earl of Essex), 13,

360Crown of Aragon, 82, 83, 84, 86, 172,

204, 208, 243, 250, 296, 332, 387, 517

Crusaders, 15f.Cuelbis (Culbis), Diego, 49, 129f., 143n.

63, 145n. 72, 147n. 78, 252Cuello, Antonio, 135n. 36Cuenca, 187, 215n. 190, 221n. 211, 268,

278

Custom-of‹cers (agents), 40, 87; atAragon, 45

Cuzco, 487, 489, 490

Da Costa, Uriel (Gabriel), 183, 184n. 72,185f.

Dacres, Francis, 411Dallington, Robert, 74, 75Dal Pozzo, Cassiano, 99n. 98, 112, 119,

121, 137, 139, 212, 231n. 253Dante, 299Dantiscus, Joannes, 53, 224, 226, 243Danzig. See Diplomats, DanzigDarbishire, Father (Carthusian), 280Darcy, Lord, 16Daroca, 144Daunce, Edward, 388Davenant, Charles, 307n. 47Davies, Sir John, 434n. 156Davies, William, 72n. 8Davila, Enrico Caterino, 339n. 56Davila, Fr. Thomas, O.S.A., 126Dee, John, 370, 372f.De Laet, Johann, 504f., 506Delgado, Isabel, 53Dellon, Charles, 233, 234Denmark, 72, 117, 373, 392; the Dutch,

24n. 71, 204, 209, 280, 380, 391, 394,453, 455, 456, 465, 467, 475, 480, 504,507, 508, 509, 512f., 514; pamphleteersin, 234, 384, 387; revolt in, 171, 364,366, 367, 376, 379, 398, 430, 433, 476,521, 522, 526; views of Spain in, 242n. 1

Derby, Ferdinando Stanley, earl of, 403

Descartes, 118De Thou, J. A., 234, 235, 237, 295, 313,

337, 343n. 72, 452, 504, 523, 524, 526Deventer, 367Devon, 352Dialogue d’entre le Maheustre et le

Manant, 338Dias, Mihael, 193Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 484Diedo, Gerolamo, 298n. 11Dietrichstein (imperial ambassador),

524

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Digby, Sir John (later ‹rst earl of Bris-tol; English ambassador), 21, 24, 25n.77, 26, 28f., 30 illus., 35, 44, 50, 51n.163, 57, 101n. 103, 222n. 212, 287n.42, 416, 417f., 455–58, 461, 462–64,477

Digby, Sir Kenelm, 57f., 117n. 152, 272,473, 474n. 112, 478n. 132

Digges, Leonard, 451Diplomats: Danish, 499; Danzig, 130;

English, 17–19, 21, 23, 29–36, 39, 44f.,94, 120, 135, 136, 143, 148, 149, 151,153, 198, 226n. 235, 226f., 279, 470f.,531, 543; French, 19f., 26, 42, 117,129, 131, 138, 151, 152, 154, 204n. 150,206n. 160, 221n. 211, 230, 521, 535,538f.; Genoese, 93, 533; Italian, 45;Japanese, 96n. 88, 101, 105n. 111, 139,144n. 70; Mantuan, 508; Moroccan,11, 46, 67, 94, 98, 106, 123n. 175, 148,228, 231, 272; papal nuncios, 22, 204,299f., 476; Persian, 112; Polish (seeDantiscus, Joannes); and theirreports, 17–38, 93; Spanish, 36, 260,373n. 74, 401, 404, 426n. 114, 426, 431,434, 455, 466n. 85, 505; Tuscan, 115,254f., 300, 464n. 81 (see alsoMonanni, Bernardo); Swedish, 475;Venetian, 9, 19–22, 37, 48n. 157, 78,83, 96, 98n. 96, 99n. 99, 105n. 111,109n. 128, 113, 122n. 169, 126n. 5,128f., 131, 143, 144n. 69, 153, 197n.119, 204n. 150, 206, 213, 217, 221n.211, 223, 224f., 236, 237, 255, 274n.14, 281, 299n. 16, 302, 379f., 382,506f., 508, 511f., 513, 516, 520–22,528–30, 533, 535, 536, 543. See alsoLucca, representatives of; Testi, Ful-vio; and individual diplomats

A Direction for a Travailer, 6, 74Discours de la contrariété, 341–44, 345Doerhanen, Henricus, 325n. 52“Doleman, R.,” 368f., 410Domingo de Santo Tomás, O.P., 483n.

9, 486Dominicans, 105, 150, 152, 224, 239,

305, 307, 360, 440, 478, 486, 491, 494.See also Navarrete, Domingo, O.P.

Donà, Leonardo (Venetian ambas-sador), 128, 224f., 297

Don Antonio (Portuguese pretender),373, 392

Don Carlos, 9, 130f., 313, 315, 326, 331,336, 444n. 199, 449n. 18, 520–27

Donne, John, 57Don Quijote, 61, 78, 276, 344, 347, 348,

467n. 88Doria, Paolo Mattia, 299n. 13Dorléans, Luis, 338Dort, Franciscus à, 95Douai, 64, 369, 398, 405, 408, 409, 451;

Scots College, 424Drake, Sir Francis, 9, 298n. 9, 364n. 50,

372, 374, 376, 379, 380n. 97, 381, 382,392, 405, 504

Dublin, 427; Trinity College, 437Dudley, Arthur, 38Dugdale, Richard, 235Dumas, Alexandre, 346Dunblane, bishop of, 422Duran, Rabbi Solomon ben Simon,

194n. 107Dutch Company of the East Indies, 193

East Indies, 179, 380, 512Ébrard, Jean (seigneur de Saint-Sulpice),

221n. 211Ecija, 75Eden, Richard, 43n. 138, 357f., 370, 377,

378, 425Edgeman, William, 135n. 35Edmonds (Edmondes), Sir Thomas

(ambassador), 7n. 12, 456Edward III of England, 352Edward VI of England, 357, 360, 418,

447Eisenmenger, Johann Andreas, 200Elder, John, 352f.Eleanor (queen-dowager of France), 312Eliot, John, 95, 96Elizabeth I of England, 7, 9, 18, 25, 38,

51, 57, 72, 130, 132, 158, 208, 280,311f., 342, 356, 357f., 360, 361–95,399n. 9, 399, 400, 401, 403, 406, 410,418, 419, 421, 429f., 437, 439, 443f.,446f., 449, 453, 460, 467

index 563

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Elizabeth of Valois (queen of Philip II),315, 329n. 9, 336f., 522, 523n. 14,523n. 16, 524f.

Ely, 368Embassies: chaplains of, 39, 451; Eng-

lish, 53n. 172, 87, 111, 123n. 177;French, 50, 93, 118; Persian, 67n. 209;and Protestant services in Madrid, 18,25, 26; Spanish, and Catholic servicesin London, 18; Turkish, 18n. 56. Seealso Diplomats

Emblesmes sur les actions, perfectionset moeurs du Segnor Espagnol, 340

Engineers, in Italian military, 16England, 4, 54, 71, 76, 86, 125, 176,

192f., 208, 223, 225, 249, 304, 314, 317,332, 342, 345, 446–79, 491n. 52, 518,520, 542; artisans of, 39; Catholics in,7, 16, 19, 36, 126f., 233, 290f., 342,344, 365, 368–70, 385, 386, 390, 391f.,403, 452, 456, 457, 475n. 83, 471–73,476–79; the English, 17–19, 63, 89,201, 204, 298, 480, 504, 505; exilesfrom, 38, 157–60, 201n. 138, 233, 277,280, 281, 364, 376n. 82, 391, 393f.,396–421, 448, 451, 454, 470, 472;Jesuits of, 158; king of, 12n. 28; mer-chants of, 23, 132, 226f.; pamphleteersof, 476f.; reports from, 93n. 84; resi-dents of, 38f.

Engle‹eld, Sir Francis, 38, 391n. 132,411, 412, 428

Enríquez Gómez, Antonio, 187f., 197n.118, 203, 218, 226

Ens, Gaspar, 75n. 15, 101n. 103Enzinas, Francisco de, 233n. 264Erasmus, 8, 13, 40, 160f., 173, 200n. 131,

236, 238, 299, 528; Erasmians, 8, 12,53, 224, 447, 486, 537

Ernest (archduke of Austria), 389Errol, Francis Hay, earl of, 422n. 98Escalante, Bernardino de, 372Escobar y Mendoza, Antonio de, S.J.,

60, 538Escorial, 17, 55n. 178, 67, 74, 75, 76, 88,

94, 95–97, 109, 112, 115, 117, 134, 154,190, 242n. 2, 255, 257, 262, 279, 345,409, 424, 428, 470, 472, 504, 540

Escudero, Lorenzo (Abraham Israel),188

Espina, Juan de, 258Essex, 358n. 27Essex, Robert Devereux, earl of, 394,

449Estalagem da Gaita, 264Estella, Diego de, O.M., 191“Ethiopian” (black) slave, 64n. 203Eusebius of Caesaria, 361“Eussem, Esteban,” 52n. 169Evelyn, John, 54, 58n. 187, 285n. 35Everaerts, Jean. See Second, JeanEvil eye, 58Evora, 64Exiles: Catholic, 38, 157f., 396–445; col-

leges founded by, 158, 366f., 369, 375,384, 405–15, 436f., 445; Jewish, of1492, 157f., 162–69; religious, 16. Seealso England, exiles from; Ireland,exiles from; Scotland, exiles from

Extremadura, 91, 197n. 118Eymerich, Nicolau, O.P., 217

Fairecloth, Alexander, 410Fairfax, Lord Thomas, 478Faith healers, 58The Famous Fight at Malago (1588),

387Fanshawe, Lady Ann (wife of Sir

Richard Fanshawe), 34, 43, 52, 54, 57,77, 97, 98, 101, 102, 124, 228f., 282f.,288–91, 531n. 12

Fanshawe, Sir Richard, 29, 31, 33 illus.,34, 39, 97, 102, 119n. 158, 150n. 89,273, 288f., 514, 515

Favyn, André, 234Feltham, Owen, 315n. 30, 327n. 58Felton, John, 446Fénelon, François de (archbishop of

Combray), 233n. 262, 350Fer, N. de, 76n. 19Ferdinand I (Holy Roman Emperor), 51Ferdinand I of Spain (Ferdinand the

Catholic), 5n. 8, 15f., 51, 59, 128, 190,204, 326, 329, 332, 467f., 481, 513; andIsabel, 103, 164f., 172, 178, 200, 223,252, 296, 482, 518

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Ferdinand VII of Spain, 519n. 66Feria, duchess of (née Jane Dormer),

411Fernández, Juan (el Labrador), 259f.Fernández de Enciso, Martín, 372Fernández de Oviedo, Gonzalo, 240,

357, 485Fernández de Villarreal, Manoel, 218Fernández Navarete (de Navarrete),

Pedro, 212, 276, 504Fernando I de’ Medici (Grand Duke of

Tuscany), 301Ferrar, Nicholas, 57Ferrara, 166, 167, 168, 169, 174, 184Ferrar family, 113n. 144Fez, 184, 206Fialetti, 281n. 28Ficino, Marsilio, 307Field, Eugene, 435Field, John, 371A Fig for the Spaniard (1591), 387Finisterre, 11Fitzgerald, Richard, 94n. 85, 129n. 14,

154n. 103, 275n. 16, 515n. 47Fitzherbert, Thomas, S.J., 201n. 138,

402, 410, 411, 428f.Fitzmaurice, James, 426Flagellants, 138, 243, 248, 270f.Flahry of Tuam. See Conry, FlorenceFlanders, 16, 34, 72, 73, 92, 99, 117, 123,

174, 177, 179, 180, 188, 225, 227, 300,305, 329, 330, 354, 363, 364n. 50, 369,372, 401, 403, 408, 409, 411, 417, 418,419, 423, 428, 432, 437, 438, 446, 491n.52, 509, 512; artisans of, 63; artists of,241f., 251; bookseller of, 94; engineerof, 63; the Flemish; 62, 100, 116, 117,230, 307, 336, 449, 507; humanists of,139; members of the royal householdin, 83; musicians of, 63; nobles of, 79,pilot of, 63, scholars of, 64; soldiersof, 88

Fletcher, Andrew (Alexander) ofSaltoun, 299n. 13, 327

Florence, 59, 73, 88, 194, 205n. 154,287f., 448n. 14

Flores, marqués de, 416f.Florida, 333

Foix, Louis de (“Foxius”), 523, 539n. 51

Fonseca, Cristóbal de, 451, 532Fontana, Bartolomeo, 11f.Fontanelli, Count Alfonso, 45n. 147Ford, Richard, 3, 56, 100Fornells, 104n. 110Forneron, Henri, 527n. 34Foster, Seth, 391n. 132Fourquevaux, François Beccarie de

Pavie, baron de (French ambassador),20n. 62, 107n. 117, 206n. 160

Foxe, John, 232, 353n. 11, 358–63, 371,378, 379, 384, 459, 479

Frampton, John, 371n. 65, 372France, 4, 46n. 150, 62, 64, 71, 72, 73,

74, 75, 79, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 92,97, 118, 125, 126, 133, 168, 176, 177,184, 187, 188, 199, 203, 204, 225, 249,283, 288, 295, 296, 297, 301, 304, 307,314, 317, 327, 328–50, 351, 358, 363f.,368, 373, 389, 392, 400, 401, 403, 405,446, 453, 465, 468, 479, 504, 506n. 11,508, 509, 511, 512, 513, 517–19, 542f.;compared to Spain, 80, 274, 286, 510,514f.; craftsmen of, 92; the French,50, 51n. 163, 81, 129, 201, 228, 237f.,279, 298, 378, 409, 480, 522, 528;southern, 138, 209, 211

Franchi, Fabio, 118n. 156Francis I of France, 205n. 154, 241,

354n. 16Francis II of France, 312, 364Franciscans, 25, 148, 150, 152, 323, 440,

484, 491, 493, 494, 499; English, 98,108n. 125, 146; German, 137n. 41,139n. 47; Irish, 435, 438. See alsoÁlvarez, Baltasar; “Colmenares, JuanAlvarez de”; Pineda, Juan de

Francis Xavier, St. 153François (duke of Anjou), 311, 323Frankfort, 323Frederick II (Elector Palatine), 9n. 18,

41f., 48, 226Frederick and Elizabeth of Bohemia,

363n. 45, 416, 460, 462, 507Fresneda, Bernardo de (bishop of

Cuenca), 237

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Friars, 56, 142, 270, 462; Carmelite, 148.See also Augustinians; Dominicans;Franciscans

Fribourg, 14Frobisher, Martin, 358Fromista, marqués de, 190n. 89Fuente del Maestre, 148n. 84Fuenterrabía, 243Fugger correspondence, 140, 221Furió y Ceriol, Fadrique, 201n. 137,

449n. 18

Gachard, L. P., 526f.Gage, George, 99n. 97Gage, Thomas, 445n. 202, 478f.Gaguin, Robert, 52n. 169, 80Galateo (Antonio de Ferrariis), 296n. 4,

297, 305Galen, 117Galicia, 11f., 14, 41, 44, 87, 107, 223n.

214, 237, 262, 278, 405, 536n. 37Galway, 441f.Garau, Francisco, 232n. 257García, Carlos, 341f., 346Garcilaso de la Vega, 450Garcilaso de la Vega (el Inca), 488–90,

491Gardiner, Sir William, 289, 510n. 32Garin, Juan, 90Garnet, Henry, S.J., 433, 455Gascoigne, George, 311n. 8Gascons, 533Al-Gassani. See Muhammad ibn `Abd

al-WahhaGattinara, Mercurino de, 128n. 13,

299Gautier, Théophile, 543Gazette, 229, 233Geddes, Michael, 212n. 176, 234, 238n.

283Gemelli-Careri, Giovanni Francesco,

101n. 104General Council of Constance, 363Generalife, 103, 252, 348Geneva, 303, 313Gennadij (archbishop of Novgorod),

481Genoa, 166, 168, 208, 285n. 35, 301, 409,

448n. 14, 467; doctor of, 89; theGenoese, 16, 48, 100, 196

Gentillet, Innocent, 334Gerbier, Sir Balthazar (Baltasar), 73n.

11, 505German Diet, 312, 314Germanías, 205Germans, 14, 50, 52, 90, 99, 117, 201,

226, 325, 330, 331, 335, 356, 528, 533;of‹cial, 53; pilgrims, 15; students, 72,147; travel accounts of, 41. See alsoCuelbis, Diego; Frederick II

Germany, 12, 13, 22, 48n. 157, 72, 73, 92,125, 223, 225, 246, 249, 285, 358, 395,418, 461, 469, 512, 513

Gerson, Rabbi Joseph ben Don Meir,195

Giambologna, 259Gibbes (Gibbs), James, 97, 117Gibbon, Christopher, 388Gibraltar, 42, 102, 253, 270, 517, 518Gilbert, Sir Humphrey (Humfrey),

373n. 73, 425Gill, Alexander, 238n. 283Giovio, Paolo, 313Giraf‹, Alessandro, 511Girona, 45, 76Giustiniani, Bernardo, 505“Glorious Revolution” of 1688, 307n.

47Gloucester, dean of, 18. See also Man,

Dr. JohnGodolphin, Sir William (English ambas-

sador), 31, 33, 39n. 115, 44n. 142, 94,136, 137n. 40, 148n. 83, 151n. 95,154n. 103, 229n. 246, 273–76, 291,298n. 10, 514

Góis (Goes), Damião de, 8, 12, 250Gomes Silveyra, Abraham, 200, 213n.

183Gómez de Toledo, Diego (Semuel Abo-

lafí), 196f.Gondomar, Diego Sarmiento de Acuña,

count of (Spanish ambassador), 29n.84, 52n. 169, 282, 418n. 84, 431, 432,452, 457f., 459n. 61, 460, 461n. 70,465f., 468f., 476n. 122, 477f., 506, 508

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Góngora y Argote, Luis de, 118n. 156,222, 276

González de Cellorigo, Martín, 202n.141

Goodricke, Sir Henry (English ambas-sador), 35, 275f.

Googe, Barnaby, 57Gordon, William, 435Gorges, Sir Ferdinand, 24n. 71Gornia, Dr. Giovanni Battista, 59Goths, 297, 335, 366n. 54, 388, 393, 529Gottfried, Johann Ludwig, 75n. 15Gourville, Jean Hérault de, 538n. 46Gracián, Baltasar, S.J., 5, 50, 51n. 163,

182, 231, 276, 350Gracián de Alderete, Diego, 53Gramont, Antoine Charles, Maréchal

de, 115, 228, 347, 349; son of, 97, 115,129, 228, 347

Granada, 11f., 26, 47f., 49n. 159, 52, 63,75, 81, 92, 99, 103, 110, 123n. 174, 160,164, 172, 197, 204, 205, 208, 210, 213,219, 223, 231, 237, 242, 243, 249, 250,251f., 262, 268, 270, 278, 287, 295n. 2,296n. 4, 339, 349, 468, 541n. 58; cathe-dral of, 111; Colegio de los NuevosCristianos, 208; fray Luis de, O.M.,104, 105, 128, 191, 450, 452, 491;Morisco revolt in, 206, 220f.; Provin-cial Council, 206; relics in, 147. Seealso Alhambra; Generalife;Sacromonte

Grand Tour, 543Granvelle, Antoine Perrenot (cardinal),

64, 299, 306, 309, 310, 312“Gravity,” 532–34, 536, 540Greek, 64f., 108n. 126, 117, 406, 407;

manuscripts in, 117Greene, Giles, 476Greene, Robert, 387Greville, Fulke, 449Grimeston, Edward, 23n. 66, 377n. 88,

522f., 534Grindal, Edmund (archbishop of Can-

terbury), 359Grotius, Hugo, 86, 238Guadalajara, 111Guadalquivir River, 55, 63, 101

Guadalupe monastery, 12f., 77n. 24, 91,144

Guadix, bishop of, 147Guaman Poma de Ayala, Phelipe, 489,

490–99Guatemala, 478Gudannes, Madame de, 61f., 86, 142n.

58, 151, 230n. 249Guernica, 441Guevara (cardinal archbishop), 201n.

138Guevara, Antonio de (bishop of Mon-

doñedo), 286, 446, 450Guez, Jean-Louis (seigneur de Balsac),

237f., 345, 537Guiana, 374–76Guicciardini, Francesco, 40, 48n. 157,

48, 59, 82, 88, 91, 123n. 175, 128, 219,236, 313, 504, 535

Guidebooks, 54, 74–76Guinea, 371Guipuzcoa, 84, 243Guise, cardinal de, 106Gulf of Lyons, 45Gunpowder Plot, 25, 362, 433, 455, 470Guyon, Madame, 350Guzman, Luis de, 278Guzmán de Alfarache, 43, 452, 467n. 88Gypsies, 213

Habsburgs, Austrian, 31, 67, 190, 461,513

Hacket, Thomas, 425Hadoque, Ricardo, 427n. 121Hadrian VI (pope), 236Hagthorpe, John, 469, 470Hakluyt, Richard, 358, 370f., 373–79,

383f., 447, 449, 479Hakluyt, Richard (lawyer), 371Ha-Kohen, Joseph, 168f., 172Hales, John, 362Halkett, Lady Anne, 289Hall, Joseph (later bishop), 73n. 10Hall, Richard, 376n. 82Hamburg, 52, 95, 179, 184, 192n. 100,

197, 368Hamilton, Lord Claude (Lord Paisley),

422n. 98

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Hannibal, 108Hanse towns, 392f.Happel, Everhard, Graf, 130n. 20, 130Hardales, 251Hardington, Mr., 34Haro, Luis de, 516Harrach (count; Austrian ambassador),

119n. 158Harrington, James, 193Harrison, Sir John, 288Hastings, Sir Francis, 390Hawkins, John, 364, 371, 376, 378,

394Hawks, Henry, 371, 378Hebrew, 166, 168, 169f., 171, 176, 182n.

67, 184, 406, 407Hebrides, 423Hebron, 175Heidelberg, 233, 313Heighinton, Robert, 368n. 58Heldt (Hagelsheimer), Sigmund, 246,

249Heliche, marqués de, 255n. 36Hennin, Georges de, 507Henrietta Maria (queen of England),

342, 475, 476Henry (duke of Guise), 334, 336Henry (Prince of Wales), 72, 131, 132,

134, 257, 280, 416, 431, 454, 455, 456n.50, 459, 460

Henry II of England, 421Henry II of France, 328, 332, 363Henry II of Spain, 315Henry III of France, 20, 311, 328, 334,

336, 337, 340, 520Henry IV of England, 363Henry IV of France (of Navarre), 208,

237, 301, 328, 340–43, 349, 369, 383,403, 467

Henry V of England, 363Henry VII of England, 296n. 4, 373n. 73Henry VIII of England, 17, 22, 219, 342,

351, 357, 360, 363, 373n. 73, 402Herbert, George, 47Heretics, 128, 142; Dutch, 64; German,

12, 222Hermits, 90Herod, 522

Herrera, Antonio de, 300n. 18, 484f.,542n. 59

Heylyn, Peter, 234, 235, 529, 534n. 28,536

Heywood, Thomas, 41, 278, 469n. 99Hidalguía, 184, 214, 420, 442, 531, 534f.Hieronymites. See EscorialHispania Illlustrata or the Maxims of

the Spanish Court, 542Hispaniola, 303Hispanus, 390Hobbes, 118Hoefnagel, Joris (Georg), 251–53, 254,

262, 269Hogenberg, Franz, 251Holanda, Francisco de, 242f.Holinshed, Raphael, 362, 376n. 82Holland, 37, 63, 65, 72, 77, 130, 203,

211, 223, 283, 285, 345, 511Holles, John (‹rst earl of Clare), 73,Holles, John (second earl of Clare),

238n. 283Holten, Arnold von, 108, 130n. 21The Holy Bull and Crusado of Rome

(1588), 381n. 103Holy Week, 138f., 155, 246Honour code, 299, 531f.Hooker, Richard, 238Hopton, Sir Arthur (English ambas-

sador), 31, 32 illus., 33–35, 82n. 44,84, 85, 146n. 76, 198n. 125, 227n. 235,258, 259, 260n. 50, 435n. 161, 503, 505,508n. 18, 509, 510, 531n. 13

Host, the, 138, 142, 144, 150n. 89, 153,154, 155, 156, 226

Houblon, J. A., 58, 229n. 247Howard, Henry (earl of Northampton),

449Howard, Thomas, 416Howard of Ef‹ngham, Lord Charles

(later earl of Nottingham), 23, 274n.12, 381n. 99

Howell, James, 3, 38n. 114, 43n. 138,46n. 149, 57, 71n. 5, 78n. 25, 80f., 89,90, 91n. 69, 96, 99, 100, 107, 115n.146, 124n. 178, 143n. 64, 229n. 245,232, 282–87, 284 illus., 289, 291, 451,466, 474, 510, 511, 530f., 533n. 23, 535

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Huelva, 212n. 177Hugo, Victor, 229, 346Huguenots, 206, 233, 342. See also

Protestants, FrenchHumanists, Italian, 17, 160. See also

Marineo Sículo, Lucio; Martired’Anghiera, Pietro; Schott, André,S.J.; Vasaeus, Joannes

Hungary, 72, 285Hunting, 94, 112n. 143Huntley, George Gordon, earl of (later

marquess), 422, 423n. 105Hyde, Edward (later Lord Clarendon),

31, 44n. 143, 58n. 185, 71, 116n. 147,272f., 512n. 37, 542n. 59

Ibn Verga, Solomon, 163, 169, 178Idana, Abraham (Gaspar Mendes del

Arroyo), 179Idiáquez y Olazabal, Juan de, 20, 369,

404Idleness, 76f., 534–36, 538n. 46, 540, 541,

542n. 61Ignatius of Loyola, St., 133, 153Illescas, 166Immaculate Conception, 142Imperiale, Giovanni Vincenzo, 89n. 64Incas, 304, 483, 486–88, 490, 493f., 496Indians, 243, 302f., 304, 317f., 323, 328,

333f., 339, 343, 453n. 32, 469, 482f.,493–500, 504

Infantado, dukes of, 9, 464Inns, 40–44, 356, 412; kept by Flemings,

55Inquisition: Jewish, 185f.; Portuguese, 8,

233; Spanish, 6, 8, 9, 18f., 20, 24f.,36n. 97, 36, 37, 47, 67, 72, 73, 74n. 11,79, 90, 118, 129, 140, 146f., 150n. 89,159, 161, 165f., 171, 173f., 176, 177,178f., 181, 182, 185, 187f., 190, 192f.,195f., 197, 198f., 200–203, 207, 209,215–40, 270f., 287, 300, 310, 312, 313,314–16, 318, 324–26, 327, 331, 338,342, 359, 363, 371, 372n. 69, 375, 381n.103, 383, 404, 411, 412n. 56, 416n. 73,441, 443, 452, 458, 470, 472, 480f., 485,522, 524–27, 541, 543; Venetian, 167

Ireland (the Irish), 8n. 14, 16, 37, 117,

193, 209, 279, 380, 403, 408, 409, 423,424–42, 456, 514, 534, 541; exilesfrom, 157–59, 421, 424–42

Irun, 51Isaba, M. de, 201Isabel, Infanta (daughter of Philip II),

116, 237, 255n. 36, 280, 326, 334,336f., 368, 390, 399, 400n. 15, 402n.21, 403, 410, 411, 423, 522

Isabel I (Isabel the Catholic; queen ofSpain), 77, 82, 121. See also Ferdi-nand I of Spain, and Isabel

Isidore of Seville, St., 106, 163n. 13, 190,242

Isidro. See San IsidroIsla, Luis de la, 166, 167Islamic monuments, 110Itálica, 107, 109n. 127, 253, 270Italy, 56, 72, 73, 75, 95, 99, 104, 117, 123,

133, 138, 158, 162, 163, 167, 168, 169f.,189, 192, 198n. 123, 199, 227, 252, 277,283, 285, 287, 295–308, 314, 316, 358,380, 422, 446, 448, 467, 468, 504, 509,513, 521, 529; artists of, 241; com-pared with Spain, 288; Italians, 16,49f., 51n. 163, 52, 88, 89, 107, 129,138, 201, 331, 378, 409, 480, 505, 522,528; language of, 81

Ivan III (Grand Duke of Moscow), 481Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible; Grand Duke

of Moscow), 482, 520Ivarra, Francisco de, 300n. 21

Jabez, Jacob, 158Jackson, John, 40n. 127, 43Jacob, William, 231n. 256Jacob of Burgos, 193Jaén, 12, 144Jamaica, 395n. 147, 444James, Thomas, 411f.James I of England (James VI of Scot-

land), 23, 24n. 74, 25, 29, 39, 72, 126,133, 209, 277, 281f., 287, 379n. 95,379n. 96, 384, 394, 399, 402f., 411,418n. 84, 422, 423, 431, 432, 433, 437,443, 446, 450, 452–57, 459–65, 470,473, 474, 476n. 122, 477, 506

James II of England, 34, 55n. 177, 362

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James V of Scotland, 363Jansenius, 49n. 161, 63, 228, 344Japan, 358Jassy (Yash), 93Játiva, 541Jeffries, Peter, 440Jerez de la Frontera, 102, 251; charter-

house of, 58. See also SherryJerusalem, 170, 190, 192n. 100, 470Jesuit College, 153Jesuits. See Society of JesusJewel, John (bishop of Salisbury), 360n.

32, 361Jewish authors, 67Jews, 17, 25, 26, 50, 67, 72n. 8, 78, 251,

270, 339, 482, 493, 511, 518, 529;expulsion of, 157f., 160–62, 170, 195n.111, 230, 342, 357, 536, 541. See alsoConversos, from Judaism; Exiles,Jewish, of 1492; Marranos; “NewChristians”

John III of Portugal, 178, 242John IV of Portugal, 187, 203John (Juan) of Avila, St., 350, 539John of the Cross, St., 350Johnson, Robert, 303f.Joly, Barthelémy, 43, 60n. 192, 79n. 35,

84, 89, 90n. 67, 92, 99, 100, 111, 147n.79, 227, 530

Jordan, Claude, 76n. 18, 153n. 101Joseph, Father, 86Josephus, 182Jouvin de Rochefort, A., 43n. 139, 49n.

162, 56, 71, 109n. 129, 110n. 132,142n. 62, 145n. 73

Joyeuse, cardinal-duke of, 89Juana, Infanta (daughter of Charles V),

521Juan of Austria (son of Charles V),

311n. 8, 312, 327, 426Juan of Austria (son of Philip IV), 298n.

10, 514Judah, Jacob (Yahacob Yehuda), Leon

Templo, 184n. 73, 184Judah del Bene, 178n. 52“Judaising heresy,” in Russia, 480–82Julius II (pope), 236, 301Julius Caesar, 330

Ken, Thomas (bishop of Bath andWells), 452

Kent, 352Kerr (Car), George, 430Khevenhüller, 14n. 34Kinsale, 383, 421, 430, 438

La Celestina, 169, 447, 450, 452La Coruña, 25, 38n. 114, 44, 107, 262,

411, 440; British consuls at, 39Lactantius, 191, 361Lacy, John, 441La Fayette, Madame de, 349Laf‹, Domenico, 15n. 38, 143n. 66La Fontaine, 538La Gasca, Pedro de, 486Lake, Lady, 281, 282n. 29Lake, Sir Arthur, 282n. 29La Mancha, 41, 46, 48, 121n. 165, 174n.

42La Mesnardiére, Jules de, 349f.Lancelot, Claude, 347Lancre, Pierre de, 234f., 237Landscapes, 103, 105–7, 259, 260–68,

270Lange, Dr. Johannes, 52n. 169, 92, 109n.

129, 220Langton, Robert (archdeacon of Salis-

bury), 12f.Language study, 73Languet, Hubert, 51f., 448n. 12, 449Lansdowne, Lord, 29Lansius, Thomas, 504Lantéry, Raymond, 42n. 135, 101n. 105La Rochefoucauld, François, duke of,

350La Rochelle, 227, 408Las Casas, Bartolomé de, O.P. (bishop

of Chiapas), 6f., 7n. 12, 242, 303,317–23, 328, 333, 343, 372, 376f., 383,425, 470, 483, 485f., 487, 490, 491,527n. 35, 542

Las Casas, Ignacio de, S.J., 205n. 156Lassota von Steblau, Erich, 14, 79n. 32,

101n. 103, 107n. 119, 144, 145La Torre, Francisco de, 273n. 9Laud, William (archbishop of Canter-

bury), 452, 477

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Laynez, Joseph, O.S.A., 202f.Lazarillo de Tormes, 6f., 7n. 12, 313,

348, 349, 450, 469, 534Lead books, 63, 147, 210, 211n. 173Learning and literature, 116–18; lack of,

537f., 539, 542Le Bon François, 340Ledesma, María de, 423Lee, Hugh, 38Leghorn, 166, 192n. 100, 194, 239, 517Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 538Leicester, Robert Dudley, earl of, 38,

315, 449n. 18Leiden, 63, 211, 325Leigh, Edward, 75, 76n. 16Leigh, Richard, 385Leighton, Alexander, 325n. 50, 363n. 45,

466n. 85Leinster, 439Leipzig, 73, 252. See also Cuelbis, DiegoLe Nôtre, André, 98León, 12, 107; fray Luis de, 65, 276Leonardo da (de) Vinci, 35, 258Lepanto, battle of, 22, 183n. 70, 254, 298Lérida, 40, 108, 109n. 127, 260Lerma, Francisco, duke of (cardinal),

21, 112, 131, 209, 258, 281, 457n. 55L’Estoile, Pierre de, 237n. 280Leti, Gregorio, 523L’Europe galante, 350Le Vayer, François de la Mothe, 212n. 176Levet (Levett), Peter, 123n. 177, 276n. 18Lewis, J. F., 270Lewkenor, Samuel, 443f., 472Lewkenor, Sir Lewis, 443Lexington, Lord Robert Sutton, 518Lhermite, Jehan, of Antwerp, 66, 90,

91n. 71, 96n. 88, 98n. 94, 105n. 111,112n. 142, 144n. 69, 147n. 78, 204n.149, 217, 225

Liche‹eld, Nicholas, 449Liège, 63Lima, 179, 490, 491, 494Limburg, Georgius Fridericus, baron of,

504Limerick, 442n. 185Lionello (Venetian ambassador), 281Lipsius, Justus, 63n. 200

Lisbon, 37n. 114, 37f., 44, 64, 104, 105,167, 179f., 187, 194n. 105, 197, 225n.227, 234n. 266, 235, 250, 262, 281, 361,381, 489, 510, 530; Irish College, 437,440n. 174, 440

Lithgow, William, 52, 110, 470f.Little Gidding, 57Llorente, Juan Antonio, 216n. 192Locke, John, 4n. 4, 273Loja, 75Lombard, Peter (archbishop of

Armagh), 421Lombardy, 72London, 18, 44, 184, 193n. 104, 198,

313n. 17, 352, 370, 404, 409, 410, 416,457n. 55, 472, 517; Inns of Court, 450

Longlée, sieur de (French ambassador),19f.

Lope de Vega, 8, 15, 119, 141, 286, 348,380n. 97, 452, 468n. 93

Lopes Suasso, Antonio (Isaac) (barond’Avernas de Gras), 180

Lopes Suasso, Francisco (Abraham)(second baron), 180

López de Gómara, Francisco (Fer-nando), 313, 333, 357, 372, 484n. 11

López Pereira, Manuel, 180Loretto, 13Lorkin, Thomas, 279–81Lorraine, 329Loudun, nuns of, 146Lough Derg, 441Louis XI of France, 12Louis XIII of France, 306, 344, 345, 455Louis XIV of France, 60, 71, 116, 151,

152, 181, 233f., 256, 346f., 349, 516f.Louvain: Scottish College, 423n. 106;

University of Louvain, 64n. 201, 65,228, 440

Louville, Charles Auguste d’Allonville,marquis de, 49, 94

Low Countries, 4, 56, 64f., 73, 83, 104,175, 188, 215, 235, 252, 254, 280, 295,309–27, 332, 335, 336, 337, 338, 344,351, 355, 366, 367, 380, 383, 387, 391,394f., 398, 405, 412, 423, 427, 443,466f., 468, 469, 504, 505, 507, 508, 509,521f., 525, 529; exiles from, 18, 449

index 571

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Lucca, representatives of, 83, 96, 213n.183, 225n. 223, 298, 307n.47

Lucero, Hernando, S.J., 417f.Lull, Ramon, 499, 538Lust’s Dominion; or the Lasivious

Queen, 390n. 129Luther, Martin, 224n. 219, 237, 238, 458Lutherans, 26, 42, 90, 221f., 226, 230,

232, 233, 323, 360, 371, 385, 393, 435,442, 456, 493; Lutheranism, 224

Lyon, 227, 344

Maastrict, 325Mabbe, James, 28, 112f., 451f., 458MacCarthys, 435MacDonnell, Reynaldo, 442MacGeoghegan, Ross, O.P. (bishop of

Kildare), 440Machado, Roger, 53n. 172Machiavelli, 8, 128, 191, 303, 313, 477,

523Madagascar, 234n. 268Madrid, 6, 17, 25, 29, 38, 44–47, 49–51,

55–57, 60f., 64, 67, 74, 79, 85, 86, 87,92–95, 98, 100, 112, 113, 115, 116,119n. 158, 119, 120, 121, 129, 133, 135,137, 141, 144, 147, 149, 150, 151f., 154,171, 178, 180, 187, 196, 197, 201, 209,227, 228, 229, 230, 233, 238, 250, 253,255, 256, 257, 258, 259f., 262, 269, 270,275, 277, 281, 282n. 29, 283, 287, 288,297, 298, 299, 330, 345, 347, 364, 368,405, 415, 416, 420, 434, 435, 436, 438,456n. 50, 457n. 55, 462, 463, 474f.,510, 511, 513, 514, 515, 519, 521, 522,530, 535, 538f., 542n. 59, 543; BuenRetiro, 95, 115, 119, 153n. 101, 255f.,503, 509; food in, 41, 42n. 135, 151;Nuestra Señora de Atocha, 13, 131f.,152; Royal Palace in, 75, 255f., 257;San Placido, 146; Scots College, 31,424

Madrigalejo, 329Magalotti, Count Lorenzo, 59, 111n.

139, 117Magellan’s Strait, 373Magg Ogg (McOge), 433Magic, 140

Maintenon, Madame de, 60Mair (Major), John, 328Majorca, 81, 103f., 188, 194, 197, 230,

232, 336, 518; bishop of, 414; cathe-dral at, 104

Málaga, 33, 52, 75, 102, 148, 176n. 45,181, 196, 251, 268, 330, 370, 470, 541n.58; English merchants in, 39

Malines, 64Malta, 329, 331Malvezzi, Marchese Virgilio, 505Man, Dr. John (dean of Gloucester;

English ambassador), 18f., 23, 34,276n. 17, 522

Man, Stephen, 475n. 121Manco II (Inca), 488Mandeville, Sir John, 370Manesson Mallet, Allain, 268f.,

540n. 55Manresa, 88Manrique, Rodrigo, 240Mansell, Robert (naval commander),

107Manuel (king of Portugal), 105Maps, 249–51, 253Maqueda, duke of, 58, 120Maranchon, 265Marbeck, Dr. Roger, 101n. 105Marbella, 268Marco Polo, 372Marcus Aurelius, 273, 446Margaret (duchess of Parma), 309Margaret (queen of Navarre), 328Margaret of Valois (‹rst wife of Henry

IV of France), 328María (empress of Austria), 189María, Infanta (daughter of Philip III),

146, 257, 434, 436, 446, 455, 461f., 463,464, 473f.

Mariana, Juan de, S.J., 117, 141, 203,276, 286, 306, 339f., 504, 537, 538n.41, 542n. 59

María Teresa, Infanta (wife of LouisXIV), 116, 256, 349, 516

Marie de Médici (queen of France), 341,344n. 74

Marie Louise (queen; ‹rst wife ofCharles II of Spain), 276n. 18

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Marineo Sículo, Lucio, 17, 106, 144,252, 295n. 2, 504

Marnix de Sainte-Aldegonde, Philippede, 84n. 51, 313–15, 323, 324, 336, 376,383, 448

Marrano, as term, 236–40Marranos, 224, 225, 316, 342. See also

Conversos, from Judaism; “NewChristians”

Marseilles, 45Marsolier, J., 350n. 103Martin, Bernardin, 122n. 169, 123n. 174,

139n. 46, 142n. 61, 155n. 109Martin, Thomas, 58n. 187Martire d’Anghiera, Pietro, 17, 24, 103,

295f., 333, 357, 374, 425, 482Mary, queen of Scots, 364, 367Mary I of England, 132, 159, 332, 342,

351–59, 360–63, 370, 386, 391, 417,425, 447

Mason, John (English ambassador),17f., 107

Mathew (Mathews), Sir Tobie, 211n.174, 280, 287f., 289, 291, 458, 473

Matthieu, Pierre, 522, 523n. 14Mauregatos, 81Maurice (Morrice), 72, 211Mauroy, Henri, O.M., 200f.Max‹eld, Thomas, 457Maximilian I (Holy Roman Emperor),

128n. 13, 481May, Louis de, 71May, Thomas, 532n. 18Mayerne Turquet, Louis de, 135n. 36,

165, 377n. 88, 458n. 57, 522, 534Mazarin (cardinal), 106, 115, 343Mazarin, duchesse de, 35Medicine, 208n. 165Medinaceli, dukes of, 181Medina de las Torres, duke of, 154,

514Medina del Campo, 227, 329Medina Sidonia, Juan Alonso Pérez de

Guzmán, duke of, 382, 411f.Melancthon, 8Memorabilia mundi (1670), 482n. 6, 540Mena, Juan de, 191Menasseh ben Israel, Rabbi (Manoel

Dias Soeiro), 176f., 178n. 52, 183,184n. 72, 191n. 94, 192f., 234n. 266

Mendes da Silva, Rodrigo (Jacob),188n. 83, 198n. 123

Mendieta, Gerónimo de, O.M., 164f.Mendoza, Bernardino de (Spanish

ambassador), 36, 334, 385Mendoza, Sebastián de (bishop), 493Mercedarians, 494Merchants: in Burgos, 109; in Cádiz, 39;

Dutch, 227; English, 23f., 36f., 55,132, 227, 361, 364, 370f., 379; foreign,16; German, 140; in Málaga, 39; inPortugal, 229; in Seville, 39, 100, 140;Spanish, 225

Meredith, Edward, 154n. 103Mérida, 107, 108n. 125Mérimée, Prosper, 3, 56, 61Mérode-Westerloo, count of, 44, 49, 66,

80, 116, 122Merula, Paulus G. F. P. N., 75n. 15Messianism, 10, 162f.Methuen, Paul, 518n. 63, 519Mexico, 193n. 104, 285, 334, 371, 376,

378, 425, 478, 482–85, 487, 489n. 41;ex-viceroy of, 148

Mezquita of Córdoba. See CórdobaMiddleton, Thomas, 468f.Midnight Mass, at Christmas, 152f.Milan, 21, 64, 93, 236n. 276, 275, 281,

285, 296, 298n. 9, 300, 301f., 304, 307,309, 330, 335, 344, 354, 355, 368, 425,507, 509, 512; the Milanese, 52n. 168,302, 336

Military Orders, 231, 494; of St. Patrick,441

Milton, John, 54, 444Minorca, 103, 106, 518Minsheu, John, 450Miracles, 77n. 24, 140, 146f., 490Mirandola, Pico della, 164n. 16Mocatta, Abraham, 193Mocenigo, Alvise (Venetian ambas-

sador), 225Modena, 79, 86, 301; duke of, 115Moldavia, 93Molière, 348Molina, Cristóbal de, 486n. 24

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Molina, Tirso de, 348Molinos, Miguel de, 350Monanni, Bernardo (Tuscan representa-

tive), 115Monardes, Nicolás, 371n. 65Monconys, Baltasar de, 109, 110, 116,

121, 122Monks, 116; Benedictine, from Arras,

36, 42, 46, 64, 90, 120, 138, 143; fromMount Sinai, 117

Montaigne, 78, 333f., 458Montalto, Dr. Eliau da Luna (Felipe

Rodríguez), 177, 180Montano, Arias, 63Montemayor, Jorge de, 349, 448, 450Montesquieu, 347Montigny, baron de, 527n. 33Montilla, 189Montserrat, monastery at, 11f., 14, 45,

77n. 24, 87, 89, 90, 107, 109n. 127,115, 144, 145, 146, 253, 262, 452

Monzón, 85Moors, 31, 129, 130, 387, 402, 491n. 52,

493, 543; corsairs, 46More, Sir Thomas, 160, 447More, Thomas (grandson of Sir

Thomas More), 406Moretus, Baltasar, 94, 230Morgan, Michael, 442Morgues, Mathieu de, 344n. 74Morigi, Paulo, 112n. 141Moriscos, 9, 47, 50, 79, 83, 91, 100, 103,

122, 130, 137, 147, 148, 160, 204–11,216, 219–21, 222, 223, 224, 225, 238,242, 243, 249, 252, 268, 276, 279, 286,287, 302, 314, 339, 342, 393, 401, 402,403, 404, 539; expulsion of, 162, 171,211–14, 434n. 156, 536, 541

Morison, Fynes, 7, 54Morocco, 208, 210f., 366Mortera, Rabbi Saul Levi, 176, 192n.

100Mortimer, John, 15“Morton,” William Douglas (earl of

Angus), 422n. 98Moryson (Morison), Fynes, 54,

534Moscoso, Felipe de, 197

Motley, John Lothrop, 236, 526, 543n.66

Motteville, Madame de, 60, 148n. 82Mudejars, 99, 204, 209, 219; decoration

of, 92n. 75; palaces of, 111Muhammad ibn `Abd al-Wahha, 67Munster (town), 421, 425, 430, 435,

439Münster, Sebastian, 53n. 170, 249f., 251,

253, 313, 357Murcia, 166, 215, 224, 287Muret, Jean, 49, 51n. 165, 60n. 193,

109n. 129, 129, 138, 148, 150, 152, 153Murillo, 56Murviedro. See SaguntoMuslims, 339, 529; as authors, 67; as

exiles, 68; forced conversions of, 160,161f.

Nanni, Giovanni (Joannes Annius ofViterbo), 164n. 16, 295n. 2

Naples, 64, 72n. 8, 88, 166, 256, 274,275, 278, 281n. 26, 282, 285, 296, 297,299n. 13, 300, 301, 305, 306, 307, 309,330, 335, 336, 344, 354, 355, 368, 399,404n. 33, 425, 441, 468, 507, 511f.;Neapolitans, 99, 101, 113, 298, 387

Nash, Thomas, 389Nasi, Joseph, 166, 171, 192Nassau, countess of, 243Nationalism, 16, 126Navagero, Andrea (Venetian ambas-

sador), 91n. 71, 92n. 79, 92, 100, 101,103, 108, 109n. 127, 109, 111, 134n. 33,134, 223, 296, 533n. 24

Naval architecture, 63Navarre, 50, 87, 172, 220, 231, 296n. 3;

expulsion of Jews from, 160, 162; theNavarrese, 243, 336, 339, 511

Navarrete, Domingo, O.P., 22n. 64,234n. 268

Navarrete, Juan Fernández, 112Navarrete (town), 139n. 47Navy, Spanish, 58Negro, Zuan, 48n. 157, 49n. 159, 219f.Negros, 100, 209, 220, 243Nero (Roman emperor), 323A new Ballet (1588), 385f.

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“New Christians,” 179, 181, 220, 231,234, 336, 510

Newes from Spain, 131n. 25Newton, Adam, 280New World, 18, 36, 56, 59, 104, 123, 148,

168, 173, 177, 178, 207, 241f., 253, 269,295, 297, 301–3, 304, 306, 314, 316–19,321, 323, 324, 326f., 328, 330, 333f.,335, 338, 357, 371, 376, 383, 400f., 419,425, 441, 447, 453n. 32, 469, 478,482–500, 503, 504, 505, 513, 540

Nicholas, Thomas, 372Nicolas, Daniel, 33f.Nicolay, Nicolas de, 172Nijmegen, Peace of. See Peace of

NijmegenNobles: Flemish, 79; German-Polish, 14,

79, 107, 144; Spanish, 62Nonius, Ludovicus, 109n. 127, 116Nördlingen, battle of, 509Norfolk, 391North Africa, 163n. 13, 166, 169, 192n. 100,

194, 209, 210, 219, 253, 268, 276, 297,402

Northumberland, Thomas Percy, earlof, 368n. 58

Noue, François de la, 72n. 6, 331Novgorod, 481Nun, Thomas, 388f.Nunes da Costa, Duarte (Jacob Curiel),

179f.Núñez, Isaac (Manuel de Belmonte),

189Núñez, Mihael, 193Núñez de Reinoso, Alonso, 166f.Nuns, 56, 59, 104, 146, 148n. 84, 148,

149n. 86, 156, 447n. 7, 493; Cistercian,220. See also Carmelites, Discalced;Colmenares, Madre Luisa; Teresa ofAvila, St.

Nuremberg, 52, 242, 246

Oates, Titus, 275Oaths: religious, 141f.; Spanish, 43, 250Obregón, Marcos de, 276O’Donnell, Hugh (earl of Tyrconnell),

426f., 429f., 431, 438O’Duffy, Patrick, O.M., 514

Ojén, 268Old Castile. See CastileOliva (Cistercian monastery), 220Olivares (count; Spanish ambassador),

301n. 24Olivares, count-duke of, 10n. 19, 31,

83n. 50, 85, 119, 121, 122, 126, 128,129n. 14, 180, 196, 197, 198, 201–3,214, 254, 258, 300, 306, 307, 345, 424,435n. 161, 457n. 55, 458f., 462–65,468n. 93, 474, 505f., 508–13

Oliver y Fullana, Nicolás de (DanielJuda), 188

O’Neill, Hugh (earl of Tyrone), 427,428, 429, 430f., 432

O’Neill, John (titular earl of Tyrone),432

O’Neill, Shane, 426n. 114Oporto, 184n. 72, 194Oran, 197, 198O Rathaille, Aogán, 435Orihuela, bishop of, 208Orléans, 13, 73, 74n. 12, 93Orléans, duchesse d’ (Princess Palatine),

233Orléans, Marie-Louise d’ (queen of

Charles II), 116Orobio de Castro, Isaac, 177n. 48, 178,

179n. 53, 182f., 185, 186, 187, 189,193, 199f., 220, 223n. 216, 234n. 266

Ortelius, Abraham, 251Ortigue, Annibal de l’, 127n. 10Osborne, Francis, 73n. 11, 74Osorio, David, 194Ossat, cardinal d’, 369O’Sullevan Beare, Philip, 431n. 138O’Sullivan Beare (Master of Beere),

434Osuna, dukes of, 113, 114 illus., 275,

297n. 6, 524Ottoman Empire, 113, 169, 170–72,

176, 191n. 94, 192n. 100, 287, 506,542n. 61

Otway, Thomas, 525f.Oviedo, 13, 144Owen, John, 273n. 9Owen, Lewis, 13f., 154n. 103, 412f., 451,

470, 471f.

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Oxford, 75, 473; Christ Church, 273;Jesus College, 283; Magdalen College,451; Oxford University, 370, 447, 450;Queen’s College, 12n. 28

Ozecha, 261

Pacichelli, G. B., 144n. 69Paci‹c Ocean, 372, 373Padua, 13, 156, 164Palacios, 251Palamos, 46Palatinate, 343, 460, 462, 463, 464f., 469Palestine, 162. See also Hebron; SafedPalmer, Thomas, 73n. 11Pamplona, food in, 42n. 135Pantin, Pierre, 65, 66n. 206Papacy, 19, 121, 161, 238, 297, 363, 366,

384, 391, 399, 421, 431, 432, 447n. 7,454, 472, 477, 491, 523, 532

Papal Legate, 40. See also CaetaniPapal nuncios, 19n. 57, 19, 22, 46, 86,

105n. 111, 218n. 200, 520, 521n. 7Papal States, 169, 302Paraguay, 334n. 30Paris, 6, 31, 57, 89, 118, 211, 306, 337,

338, 339, 341, 451, 528; Louvre, 256,330; university of, 296n. 4, 328, 340

Parma, Alexander Farnese, duke of,300, 323, 337, 368n. 57, 382, 398, 422,423n. 105, 428, 443

Parma, prince of, 117n. 152Parsons. See Persons, RobertPascal, 60, 538Pasquino, 236Pastrana and Infantado, duke of, 115Paul IV (pope), 22n. 64, 301Paul V (pope), 209Paz Salas, Pedro de, 381Peace of 1604, 23, 226, 418, 431, 433Peace of 1630, 435, 476Peace of Nijmegen, 61Peace of the Pyrenees, 5n. 7, 60, 345,

513, 516Peacham, Henry, 43n. 138, 73, 117n. 152Peake (Pike), Richard, 469Peasants, 80, 91, 94, 106, 246, 515, 535Pedro I (king of Spain), 315, 326Peiresc, Nicolas Claude Fabri de, 109

Peña, Francisco, 217Peñalosa y Mondragón, Benito de,

O.S.B., 178Penitents, 246. See also FlagellantsPepys, Samuel, 55n. 177, 58, 71n. 5, 88n.

61, 123, 151f., 229, 273f., 531n. 15Percyvall, Richard, 449f.Perellós, Ramon de, 441Pereyra, Abraham Israel (Tomás

Rodrigues), 176, 183, 184, 185n. 74,186, 189n. 87, 191f., 193

Pérez, Antonio, 8, 235n. 271, 255, 256n.37, 300, 325, 326n. 53, 389, 522, 523f.

Pérez, S.J. (provincial of Andalusia), 418Pérez de Chinchón, Bernardo, 205Pérez de Herrera, Cristóbal, 149, 214Pérez de Hita, Ginés, 349Pérez de Maltranilla, Captain Miguel,

188Pernambuco (Brazil), 176Perpignan, 79, 80, 89Perret, Pierre, engravings by, 96n. 88Persia, 192Persons, Robert, S.J., 37, 226, 368f., 390,

391, 392, 393, 396–401, 397 illus.,404–11, 414f., 418, 420, 421, 422f.,427f., 429, 431, 437, 438

Peru, 157, 178, 180, 199n. 126, 285, 318,334, 372, 467, 482, 483, 485–500

Petrarch, 13Philip I of Spain, 205n. 154Philip II of Spain, 7, 9, 17–22, 36f., 46,

64, 66, 83, 85, 87n. 59, 88, 92, 95, 96,97, 98, 104f., 126n. 5, 131, 143, 158,159n. 115, 171, 173, 174, 201, 203, 204,206n. 160, 208, 217, 221n. 211, 224,230, 233, 236, 237, 252f., 254f., 257,268, 297, 298n. 9, 299, 300, 301, 304,309–11, 312, 314–16, 324, 326, 327,328f., 331, 332, 334, 335n. 33, 336–39,342, 343, 351–58, 360, 362, 363, 364,365f., 367–69, 371n. 63, 372, 373,375–80, 382, 384, 386, 387, 389, 390,391, 396, 398–400, 404, 406–10, 411,412, 414, 419, 420, 421–24, 426–29,437, 441, 443f., 449, 460, 467, 483, 485,486, 491n. 48, 505, 506, 509, 520–27,539, 542n. 61

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Philip III of Spain, 9, 21, 25, 63n. 200, 66,98, 113, 118, 126, 131, 132n. 27, 135,158, 167, 201, 207f., 209, 212n. 176, 214,217, 300n. 18, 305, 324, 346, 400–403,413f., 417, 418, 422f., 429, 431, 432,433f., 438f., 441, 444, 455, 460f., 491,492, 493, 499, 506, 508, 535, 536

Philip IV of Spain, 6n. 1, 10, 26, 31, 34,63, 84, 85, 89, 112, 115, 119, 149, 151,154, 175, 178n. 52, 190, 201, 202, 214,227n. 235, 254, 256–60, 272, 298, 300,344n. 76, 346n. 84, 424, 432, 435n.160, 436, 440n. 178, 446, 461, 462–64,468n. 93, 473, 475f., 505f., 508–10,513f., 516n. 51, 536

Philip V of Spain, 216, 517f., 523Philippe (duc of Orléans), 345Philippines, 371Phillips, Francis, 466Phillips (Phillipps), Miles, 371, 376Phillips, Sir Robert, 460n. 65Pilgrimage, 11–15, 147Pineda, Juan de (Franciscan), 159n. 116Pinedo, Tomás de, 212Pinto Delgado, João (Moseh), 187, 188Pirates, 46n. 149Pisa, 410Pius V (pope), 22, 236, 365Pizarro, Francisco, 482, 486, 489, 491Placcart des Estats généraux, 316Plantin, 63Platter, Thomas, 43, 76, 80, 81n. 40, 84, 89,

90, 91n. 69, 141n. 56, 232, 533n. 24, 535Plautus, 7n. 12Pliny the Elder, 242, 250Plymouth, 391, 392Poblet (Cistercian monastery), 91, 109,

143n. 66, 143Pole, Reginald (cardinal), 351n. 1, 353Poles, 53, 326, 480; nobles, 51, 55. See

also TravellersPolo de Ondegardo, Juan, 488Ponce de La Fuente, Constantino, 486Pont, Robert, 395Popplau, Nicolaus von, 128, 144, 218Porter family, 28Port Mahon, 103, 106Port-Royal, 349n. 99

Portugal, 10, 31, 40, 56, 74, 75n. 15, 85,86, 87n. 59, 91, 107, 123n. 177, 163,164n. 14, 166, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172,174, 176, 177, 180–82, 184, 194, 195,196, 197, 198, 199, 203, 208, 223, 227n.235, 229, 234n. 267, 237, 239, 250,269f., 287, 288, 296n. 3, 300n. 18, 317,364, 373, 374, 375, 380, 387, 391f.,400f., 422, 507, 511f., 513; forced con-versions in, 160, 161f.; language of,166, 196; the Portuguese, 84, 86, 336,339, 345, 378; restored monarchy in,175f., 179, 202f., 506, 510

Posidonius, 538Potosí, 180, 491Poyntz, Anthony, 38Pozo, marqués del, 523n. 14, 525Prado, Juan de, 183, 185, 186, 188Prague, 448Preachers, 151, 158Prescott, William, 523, 526f.Prévost (abbé), 123n. 177Pride, Spanish, 48, 58, 251, 345, 504,

530, 532, 540, 541n. 58Pritchett, V. S., 56Priuli, Francesco (Venetian ambas-

sador), 506n. 11Processions, 157; in Segovia, 156. See

also Barcelona, procession in; CorpusChristi, procession on; SpanishCatholicism, and processions

Profet Duran, Rabbi Isaac ben Moshe,194

Protestants, 51f., 148, 206, 216, 223, 227,235, 238, 241, 250n. 22, 283, 287, 291,342, 344, 378f., 381, 396n. 1, 504, 537;burial of, 25, 39, 52n. 167; English,237, 280, 351–55, 358–65, 368, 374n.77, 375, 378, 379, 384, 386, 395, 448,453, 472, 520, 522, 539, 542; French,333, 335, 339, 340, 524 (see alsoHuguenots); German, 51, 136, 145,530; Italian, 16, 523; Russian, 482;Spanish, 16, 370, 416n. 73, 447; Swiss,228. See also Books, trade in; Brunel,Antoine de; Cuelbis, Diego;Embassies, English; Platter, Thomas;Welsch, Hieronymus

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Prynne, William, 307, 477Ptolemy, 250Puckering, Sir Thomas, 280, 281n. 26Puffendorf, Samuel von, 215n. 189, 530,

532, 536Purchas, Samuel, 377n. 87, 377n. 88,

378, 379, 469f.Purity of Blood, 189, 192, 213, 214, 215,

299, 420, 441, 493. See also Statutes ofPurity of Blood

Pyrenees, 44, 47, 80, 87, 106

Quemerford, Dr. Nicholas, 426Quevedo, 58, 182, 191, 198, 223, 326n.

55, 348Quinones, Suero de, 258Quirini, Vincenzo (Venetian ambas-

sador), 223n. 218Quiroga, Gaspar (cardinal archbishop

of Toledo), 65, 136

Rabelais, 98, 237Racine, 348Ragona, Alfonso, of Vicenza, 43n. 138,

84n. 52, 91, 99, 100, 111n. 139, 156,300n. 21, 533n. 24

Ralegh (Raleigh), Sir Walter, 37, 326f.,374–76, 389n. 126, 430, 453, 459

Ramires, Lopo (David Curiel), 175

Ramusio, Gian Battista, 370Ranke, Leopold von, 527Raphael, 112, 255, 257, 260n. 51Rapin, René, S.J., 537Rastell, John, 447Ravaillac, François, 340Ray, John, 540n. 56, 541Reformation, 7, 16, 173, 246. See also

Counter-Reformation“Reginaldus Gonsalvius Montanus,”

233n. 264, 313Reims, 384, 437; English College at, 405.

See also DouaiReina, Casiodoro de, 233n. 264, 313n.

17Relaciones geográ‹cas, 482, 485Religious Orders, 147–52. See also

Friars

Renard, Simon (Spanish ambassador),351, 352n. 6, 353

Renegades, 210Retz, Cardinal de, 6, 40n. 127, 50, 51n.

163, 92, 103f., 106, 349, 533Reubeni, David, 161Reuchlin, Johann, 164n. 16Rhine, 40Rhône, 52n. 169Ribadeneira, Pedro de, S.J., 407f.Ribera, Juan de (archbishop of Valencia

and patriarch), 206f., 209, 212, 222f.Ribera, Jusepe de, 114 illus., 256Richelieu (cardinal), 50, 86, 187, 196,

213, 306, 339n. 56, 341, 343, 345, 510Righetto, Abraham (Enrique Núnez),

167Roberts, David, 270Roberts, Lewis, 171Rocamora, Dr. Isaac de, O.P. (fray

Vicente), 189Rocroi, battle of, 509Rodelgas, Juan, 210Rodríguez, Abraham Raphael (Miguel

Rodríguez Vitoria), 194Rodríguez, Dr. Pedro, 177, 180Roe, Sir Thomas, 297n. 6Roland: horn of, 14; sword of, 11, 330Roman emperors, 357Rome, 13f., 45, 52, 72, 104, 249, 275,

278, 282, 296n. 4, 306, 417, 428, 431,451n. 54, 494; English College, 393f.,405, 412f., 414, 437; Sack of, 311, 313,447, 528

Roncesvalles, 44; priory of, 11, 14Ronda, 251Ronsard, 329, 333n. 27Roos, Lady, 281, 282n. 29Roos, Lord William Cecil, 43n. 138, 52,

57, 102, 117n. 152, 276–82, 289, 291,458

Rosary, 155, 271, 355Ross, bishop of, 426Rosso, 259Rotterdam, 323Rouen, 187Roussillon, 85, 243, 512Rowland, David, 7n. 12

578 Index

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Royal Guard. See Archers of the RoyalGuard

Rozmital, Leo von, 78Rubens, 63, 73n. 11, 112, 258, 475, 505Rudyard (Ruddierd), Sir Benjamin, 75,

76n. 16Russia, 480–82Rycaut, Paul, 78

Saavedra Fajardo, 182, 191Sabellicus, Marcus Antonius, 160n. 1Sablé, Madame de, 349n. 99Sacromonte, 147Safed, 170, 179, 184, 192n. 100Sagard, Gabriel, 148n. 81Sagredo, Nicolò (Venetian ambas-

sador), 511Sagunto (Murviedro), 107f., 253Sahagún, Bernardino de, O.M., 484Sainte-Beuve, 154Saintes Maries de la Mer, 12Saint-Évremond, 347, 525St. Jean-de-Luz, 106St. Leocadia, 131St. Omer, 369, 405, 408, 413f., 451Saint-Réal, César Vichard, abbé de,

523–26Saints, Spanish, 133, 153Saint-Simon, duc de, 11n. 24, 42n. 135,

51n. 163, 97n. 91, 98n. 94, 109, 152,228n. 243, 517n. 59, 518n. 61, 523

St. Vaast (Arras). See Caverel, Philippede, O.S.B.

Salamanca, 8, 64f., 72, 77, 78n. 25, 140,205n. 154, 227; Irish College, 421,437–40, 451; university of, 65, 92,116f., 278, 328, 440

Salazar, Ambrosio, 77n. 20, 90n. 68, 103Salazar, Juan de, 183n. 70Salazar de Mendoza, 213Salces, 243Salinas y Córdoba, Buenaventura de,

O.M., 491n. 52, 499Salisbury, Lord Robert Cecil, 23, 28f.,

36, 38, 102, 132, 276, 277, 279, 287,378, 390, 416, 447, 450, 455, 456

Salonica, 166, 170, 171, 174, 184, 192n.100, 194, 209

Salucio, Augustín, O.P., 201, 202San Clemente de La Mancha, 100n. 100Sancroft, William (archbishop of Can-

terbury), 452Sanctae Inquisitionis hereticae artes

aliquot detectae, 233Sanders, Nicholas, 367Sandwich, Lord, 55n. 177, 273, 274Sandys, G., 363n. 45, 395n. 147Sandys, Sir Edwin, 76n. 16, 238f., 476Sanford, John, 7n. 12, 451San Isidro, 131, 133, 135, 152San Juan de Ulúa, 371San Lúcar de Barrameda, 55, 58, 370,

407, 408, 411, 412n. 56; chapel of St.George, 411

Sannazaro, 296n. 4San Pedro de Cardeña (monastery), 106San Sebastián, 25n. 77, 37, 44, 57, 74, 78,

243, 416Santacruz Pachacuti Yamqui, Juan de,

489Santander, 44, 87, 88n. 60, 133, 214, 441Santander, José de, 29Santiago, Order of, 88, 114, 439f., 441,

442, 532Santiago de Compostela, 11–15, 38, 77,

109, 110, 143f., 146, 226, 262, 343, 409;Irish College, 437, 439

Santillán, Hernando de, 488, 493Santillana, 57Saragossa, 11, 14, 45f., 54, 65, 83, 84, 86,

87, 91f., 148n. 84, 227, 246, 260, 277;Aljafería, 84; Nuestra Señora delPilar, 144

Sardana. See BarcelonaSardinia, 308n. 50Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro, 318,

483n. 10Sarpi, fra Paolo, 238, 297, 523, 524Satire Ménippée de la vertu du Catholi-

con d’Espagne, 237, 337–39, 340, 343,345, 458

Savonarola, Girolamo, 236Savoy, House of, 301, 308n. 50, 455,

459Scamps, Philip, 37Scandinavia, 344

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Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrichvon, 3, 526

Schott, André, S.J., 65, 108Schwyz, 14Scotland (Scots), 16, 37, 117, 125, 201,

227n. 235, 314, 373, 380, 392, 395, 408,409, 430, 436, 456, 457n. 54, 477;Catholics in, 421–24; exiles from,157f.

Scots Colleges. See Madrid, Scots Col-lege; Valladolid, Royal Scots College

Scott, Mr., 227n. 235Scott, Thomas, 41n. 133, 466f., 467n. 88Scotto, Marchese Orazio, 300n. 18Scrinia sacra (1654), 477Scudéry, Mademoiselle de, 349Second, Jean (Everaerts), 64, 89n. 64,

139Segorbe, diocese of, 207Segovia, 108f., 227; cathedral at, 111,

156Selden, John, 453Selim II (sultan), 171Semple, Colonel William, 423f., 435, 436Semple, Hugh, S.J., 436, 463n. 79Seneca, 191, 273Sephardic Diaspora, 165–69; to the

East, 169–72; to the West, 172–200Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de, 328, 377n. 86Sermons, 150, 155Servet (Servetus), Miguel, 250Sessa, duke of (Spanish ambassador),

301n. 24, 399n. 10Sévigné, Madame de, 60, 346f.Seville, 36–38, 45n. 147, 52, 55f., 58, 75,

99, 100f., 102, 118, 123, 141, 147, 150,151, 154n. 103, 180, 181, 187, 188,194n. 105, 196, 221, 227n. 235, 231,233, 238, 250, 251, 253, 262, 269n. 64,277f., 287, 361, 370, 371, 372, 374, 404,405, 455, 505, 541n. 58; alcázar, 123;archbishop of, 143, 157n. 113; cathe-dral of, 110; English College, 405,407, 408, 409, 415; English merchantsin, 39; German visitors to, 49, 140;Irish College, 437; olives from, 35

Sforza, Ascanio (cardinal), 295Shakespeare, 389

Sheep-raising, 278Sherley, Sir Anthony, 25f.Sherry, 43, 279Shirley, Robert, 287Shrines, 143–45, 270Sicily, 117, 274, 285, 298n. 9, 299, 307,

344, 368, 399, 425, 507, 512Sidney, Robert (earl of Leicester), 448Sidney, Sir Henry, 425f.Sidney, Sir Philip, 51f., 73, 74, 373f.,

447–49Sierra Morena, 46Siliceo, Juan Martínez (archbishop of

Toledo), 200, 203Simancas, Bishop Jacobus, 200n. 134Simon, Richard, 238Siri, Vittorio, 532n. 16Sitges, 42Sixtus V (pope), 126n. 5, 301, 368n. 57Skaters, Dutch and English, 95Skipewithe, Sir William, 355n. 17Slater, Stephen, 358n. 27Slaves, 64n. 203, 100, 209, 243, 246, 371,

522; Muslim, 67, 181Sloane, Sir Hans, 542n. 59Smith, Richard, S.J., 414n. 65Smyrna, 193Soames, William (naval commander),

102n. 106Sobieski, Jacobus, 55n. 177, 99, 144, 145Society of Jesus, 8, 64n. 201, 65, 121,

134, 153, 157, 198n. 123, 234n. 268,323f., 326n. 55, 334n. 30, 339, 358,368, 392–94, 396n. 4, 404–20, 424, 440,443, 444, 448, 457, 463n. 79, 469, 470,471, 472f., 476, 488n. 34, 493, 494, 504

Sommaia, Girolamo da, 8, 205n. 154Soranzo, Francesco (Venetian ambas-

sador), 78, 79n. 31, 130, 225, 506Soto, Pedro de, 360n. 32Soto de Roma, 266Sotomayor, Antonio de, O.P., 202Spain: and Catholicism (see Spanish

Catholicism); character of, 528–44;decline of, 306, 503–19; depopulationof, 54, 212, 213, 215, 304, 306n. 42,388, 508f., 536, 541; doctors in, 118;language of (see Castile, language of)

580 Index

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Spanish Armadas, 22, 326, 331, 340, 362,367f., 378, 379–88, 391f., 393, 395,398f., 401, 408, 423, 426f., 435, 447n.8, 449, 470, 478

Spanish Catholicism, 79, 125–59, 504;and processions, 134f.

Spanish Marriage, 28, 29n. 84, 35, 446,454–57, 459–65, 467, 471, 472–74,475–78

Speculum consiliorum hispanicorumcontra evangelicos, 341n. 63

Speed, John, 42n. 135, 250f., 362Spenser, Edmund, 395n. 147, 434n. 156,

436f.Sperling, Dr. Otto, 117Spies, English, 37f.; of the Inquisition,

129f., 227; Turkish, 37Spinelly, Sir Thomas (Florentine), 79Spínola (cardinal), 48, 153Spínola, Ambrogio (Ambrosio), 300n.

18Spínola, Federigo, 383Spinoza, Benedict (Baruch) de, 178,

179n. 53, 182f., 185, 186, 188,197n. 118

Standon (Standen), Anthony, 428n. 124Stanhope, Alexander (English ambas-

sador), 34, 86n. 58, 94, 104n. 110,139n. 29, 151, 228n. 240, 276, 515f.,517

Stanhope, James (general; ‹rst earl), 81,98n. 94, 104n. 110, 230, 517

Stanihurst, Richard, 427f., 429Stanley, Sir William, 57, 280, 367, 398n.

7, 409n. 48, 410f., 423, 428Stapleton, Thomas, 398Statutes of Purity of Blood, 9, 173,

184f., 187, 200–203, 220, 231f. See alsoPurity of Blood

Stepney, William, 450Stevens, John, 212, 215n. 189, 452n. 27,

538n. 41, 542Stile, John (English ambassador), 17, 48Still, Henry, 15n. 41Strabo, 538Stuart, Jacobus, 422n. 99Stubbs, William, 527n. 32Stubenberg, Georg, baron von, 504

Suárez, Francisco, S.J., 8, 191, 537Suárez, Joseph, 193Suárez, Manuel Hamiz, 193Suárez, Raquel, 193Suffolk, Lady, 23n. 66Suffolk, Lord, 23n. 66Sugar-cane, 541Superstition, 250f., 479, 487, 529, 540A supplicacyon to the Quenes Majestie

(1555), 353f.Surinam, 194Sweden (Swedes), 117, 344, 345, 475, 509Swiss, 305

Tagus River, 251, 539Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe, 61, 154Talavera, Hernando de (archbishop of

Granada), 121Talavera de la Reina, 120Tangier, 58Tarazona, 106Tarifa, 270Tarragona, 108, 253Tassoni, Alessandro, 45n. 147, 47, 92n.

80, 95, 122, 255, 301f., 533Taylor, Henry, 458Téa, duke of, 120Teresa of Avila, St., 43f., 50, 58, 82, 133,

350; journeys of, 43f.Testi, Fulvio (ambassador from Mod-

ena), 45, 79, 86, 118n. 156, 119, 301,509

Thamara, Francisco, 372Theatre, 76f., 118f., 256, 278, 289n. 48,

538Thomas, Hubert, 41f., 48n. 157, 89f.,

98n. 95, 226n. 230, 232n. 258, 504Thomas of Signy-l’Abbaye, O.S.B.,

145n. 73Thorius (Thorys), John, 449Thorne, Robert, 373n. 73Thurn, Jörg von, 481Tiberius (Roman emperor), 522Tiepolo, Paolo (Venetian ambassador),

530n. 10Timoleague, 435Tintoretto, 255n. 36, 258Tintoretto, Domenico, 281n. 28

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Titian, 20n. 62, 97, 112, 115, 254f., 256n.37, 257

Titon de Servantes, Hugo, 412n. 56Titon de Servantes, Juan, 412n. 56Titu Cusi Yupanqui, 488Titus (Roman emperor), 163n. 13, 190Tobosa, 78Toledo, 45n. 147, 65, 74, 88, 92, 98, 117,

131, 135, 149, 150n. 89, 163, 166, 173,184, 200, 203, 208n. 165, 219, 221,243f., 246, 250, 251, 253, 260, 262, 330;acting archbishop of, 22; alcázar, 539;archbishop of, 155n. 109; cathedralin, 98; church at, 134; San Juan de losReyes, 109. See also Carranza, Bar-tolomé de

Toledo, Bernardo de Rojas y Sandoval(cardinal archbishop of Toledo), 456

Toledo, Francisco de (viceroy of Peru),318, 491

Toll, Thomas, 279Tolmezzo, Francesco Janis da, 108n.

124, 119n. 157Tomson, Robert, 371Torquemada, Juan de, 489n. 41Tortosa, 108, 138Totnes (Devon), 383Toulouse, 12; university of, 181Tournai, 131Tours, 337Tower of London (“Spanish armoury”),

386Townsend, Joseph, 3, 6n. 9, 56Trade with England, embargo on, 37Travel: dangers of, 45–47; dif‹culties of,

44–51; increase in, 71f.Travel accounts: Genoese, 46n. 147;

German, 41; Italian, 46n. 149; French,54

Travellers, 10; from Basle, 43; crusaders,15; English, 55–58, 543; Flemish andWalloon, 63–67, 535; French, 50,59–62, 78, 84, 89, 145, 213, 234, 340,345, 513, 530, 533f.; German, 41, 140,232; German-Polish knights, 128; Ital-ian, 45, 58f., 103, 115, 123, 535, 539;from Lucca, 89n. 63; Milanese, 11n.23, 16, 88, 90, 99, 102, 108n. 124, 219;

Polish, 91, 103; Venetian, 48, 55, 119.See also Diplomats; Pilgrimage; Plat-ter, Thomas

Tresham, Sir Lewis, 121n. 164Treswell, Robert, 23n. 66Tribulzio (cardinal), 512Trissino, Girolamo, 139n. 46, 155n. 107Troterel, 347Truce, between Spain and the Dutch,

175, 318, 324, 506, 507Tuam, archbishop of, 427, 428Tucumán, bishop of, 179Tudela, 50Tunis, 64, 192n. 100, 211, 330; Tunisia,

210Tupa Amaru Inca, 483, 490, 491Turkey. See Ottoman Empire; TurksTurks, 21f., 26, 31, 67, 72n. 8, 78, 128,

167, 201, 206, 210, 211, 241, 254, 298,304, 305, 331, 332, 342, 357, 366, 367,444, 448n. 12, 456, 459, 491n. 52, 511,520

Turriano (Italian engineer), 539Tuscany, 72, 169, 193, 298; prince of (see

Cosimo III)Túy, bishop of, 223n. 214, 414

Ubaldini, Petruccio, 381n. 102, 389n.127

Uceda, Cristóbal de Sandoval y Rojas,duke of, 457n. 55

Ulster, 425, 426, 430, 434, 438f.Universities, Spanish, 542. See also

Alcalá de Henares; Salamanca, uni-versity of; Valladolid, university of

Unterwalden, 14Urban VIII (pope), 306Ursins, Madame la Princesse des, 62n.

199, 152n. 99, 155n. 107, 231n. 254,518n. 62

Usque, Samuel, 163n. 12, 166f., 168, 178,179n. 53, 195

Utrecht, Treaty of, 518Utrera, 67

Valdés, Alfonso de, 224, 386n. 121, 447Valencia, 10, 12, 37, 46, 49f., 66, 81, 85,

87, 88, 99f., 103, 104, 108, 111, 130,

582 Index

index.qxd 08/10/2000 1:41 PM Page 582

156, 166, 189, 196, 204f., 206f., 209,212, 218, 219, 278, 287, 300, 393, 403f.,518, 535, 539; brothels in, 123n. 172;cathedral at, 36; Colegio del Patri-arca, 139; courtesans of, 99f.; Valen-cians, 82, 511

Valera, Blas, S.J., 490n. 44Valera, Cipriano de, 447n. 7Valladolid, 18, 51, 52n. 169, 55, 73, 74n.

12, 74, 88, 92, 98f., 107, 111, 112, 120,135, 139, 146, 152, 157, 201, 203, 222,230, 233, 243, 250, 253, 360, 433; Eng-lish College, 23, 405–15, 416, 417, 420,422; Jesuit College, 420; Royal ScotsCollege, 423f.; San Benito monastery,413n. 62; university of, 405

Valldigna (Cistercian monastery), 220Valona, 194n. 105Valverde, Vicente, O.P., 489Vandenesse, Jean de, 108, 230Van den Wyngaerde, Anton, 252–54,

262, 268Van Dyck, Anthony, 258, 259Van Erpen, Thomas, 63n. 200, 211n. 173Van Heemskerck, Martin, 241f.Van Limborch, Philip, 184n. 72, 185,

199f., 234Van Meteren, Emanuel, 233Vasaeus, Joannes, 65, 504Vasari, Giorgio, 254Vaughan, William, 466f., 469Vayrac, abbé de, 61f.Velada, marqués de, 120, 403Velázquez, 5n. 7, 112, 116, 119, 254,

255f., 258, 259Venetians, 52, 55, 301, 305, 339n. 56. See

also DiplomatsVenice, 13, 52, 72, 117, 163, 166, 167,

169, 171, 174, 185n. 74, 186, 192, 193,194n. 105, 221n. 211, 277, 285, 291n.51, 298, 301–3, 305, 366, 448, 505, 524;government of, 20, 297n. 6

Venta Nueva, 267, 268Verardi, Carlo, 296n. 4Verdi, 526Vergara, Juan de, 92Versailles, 98, 349Verstegan, Richard, 233, 398n. 7

Veryard, Ellis, 111n. 136, 111, 235, 541Vespasian (Roman emperor), 190Viaje de Cosme, 77n. 24, 91n. 70. See

also Cosimo IIIVicenza, 84, 278. See also Ragona,

Alfonso, of VicenzaVieira, António, S.J., 187Vigo, 222Vilcabamba, 483, 488Villa Mediana, count of, 531n. 14Villars, Pierre de (marquis; French

ambassador), 20n. 62, 60; secretary to(Pseudo-Villars), 60, 122n. 169, 139n.46, 229n. 248, 289n. 49; Madame deVillars, 60, 94, 98, 122, 139, 229, 290n.50, 347n. 87

Villaviciosa, 50Virginia, 376n. 83, 435Visigoths, 190, 344, 543. See also

GothsVisitors. See TravellersVital, Laurent, 106n. 116, 111, 535Vitoria, 440n. 178Vitoria, Francisco de, O.P., 58n. 186,

202, 317, 328, 491, 537Vives, Luis, 240, 446f., 450Vizcaya, 83, 84n. 51, 442n. 185Voiture, Vincent de, 345, 348f., 538n. 46Voltaire, 5n. 6, 235f., 339n. 56, 347Voyages historiques, 215n. 189. See also

Jordan, Claude

Wadding, Richard, 441Wadsworth, James, 73, 145, 146, 470,

472f., 477f., 529Wadsworth, Joseph (Seth), 23, 145,

415n. 72Wales (the Welsh), 404, 429, 541Walloons. See Flanders, the FlemishWalpole, Richard, S.J., 404n. 33, 415n.

72, 416n. 73Walsingham, Sir Francis, 311, 363, 365n.

52, 372n. 70, 375Walton, Sir Isaak, 57Warford, William, 409n. 48Warhaffte Relation . . . der Kriegstrüs-

tung oder Armada (1588), 381n. 103A Warnyng for Englande (1555), 354

index 583

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War of Spanish Succession, 176, 269,295, 516–18, 542

Warwick, Sir Philip, 31n. 85Waterford, 439, 442Watson, Robert, 526Weiditz, Cristoph, 243–49, 254Weidner, J. L., 52n. 170, 232f., 325f.Weigel, Hans, 249n. 18Weldon, Anthony, 474n. 117, 477Welsch, Hieronymus, 51, 136West Indies, 274, 278, 287, 370f., 399,

405, 466, 478, 519. See also NewWorld

Wexford, 441Wey, William, of Eton, 13Weymouth, 41White, Thomas, S.J., 438f.White, William (Vitus), 439Whit‹eld, John, 411Wilkinson, John, 356William III of England, 180William of Orange, 104, 129, 299, 311f.,

315f., 323–25, 331, 336, 337, 375, 376,448, 522

Williams, Sir Roger, 310n. 7Williams, Thomas, 55f., 81, 88, 92,

157n. 113, 227n. 236, 272Willoughby, Robert, 227n. 235Wills (Willes), Richard, 358, 377n. 88Willughby, Francis, 42, 49, 76n. 16, 77,

101, 111n. 136, 117, 540n. 56, 541f.Wilson, Arthur, 96, 477Wilson, Edward, 41n. 132, 113n. 144,

508n. 18Windebank, Christopher, 39; possible

illustration of, 32Windebank, Thomas, 39Wine, 43, 55; Canary, 35, 43, 475, 476;

Navarrese, 55n. 177; Rivadavia, 476n.122; Spanish, 89, 540. See also Sherry

Winquelius, Roland, 147n. 78Witches, 140, 216, 235Wolsey, Cardinal, 12n. 28, 17, 22, 219Women, 122–24, 243, 245, 246, 250, 251,

252, 253, 268, 279, 287f., 289f., 529Wotton, Pickering, 415n. 72Wotton, Sir Henry, 235n. 271, 390f.Wright, Thomas, 392f.Würtemberg: court of, 51; duke of

(Johann Friedrich), 504; Magnus of,504

Wyatt, Sir Thomas (English ambas-sador), 18, 352

Wynne, Sir Richard, 41, 44f., 54n. 176,55, 77f., 79n. 33, 96, 119n. 157, 133f.,135, 148n. 85, 152, 243, 286n. 39

Yepes, Bishop Diego de, 408Yonger (Yonge), James, 409Yorkshire, 227n. 235Yucatan, 321Yuste, monastery of, 329

Zahara, 252Zamora, 110Zárate, Agustín de, 372Zárate, Fernando de. See Enríquez

Gómez, AntonioZeiler, Martin, 7n. 12, 51n. 165, 74, 75,

95, 110, 123n. 175, 142n. 59, 534n. 28Zúccaro, Federico, 112n. 141Zúñiga, Baltasar de, 507Zurbarán, 141Zurich, 14Zurita, Gerónimo, 276Zutphen, 322, 323

584 Index

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