183

AAAAAUTHORUTHORUTHORUTHORUTHOR/E/E/E/E/EDITORDITORDITORDITORDITOR I I I I INDEXNDEXNDEXNDEXNDEX

AAAAAAgence France Presse 6Aguilar, Rodolfo 109, 112Aliño, P.M. 93Anigan, J. 106ANZDEC 5Asia Pacific Fisheries Commission (APFIC) 1

BBBBBBailey, C. 1Bangi, H.G.P. 120Batongbacal, J. 107Bautista, F. 106Blaikie, P.M. 12Boromthanarat, Somsak 6, 7Briones 116, 118Brookfield, H.C. 3, 12Bryant, D.G. 1Bryant, R.L. 11, 12Buckles, D. 8Bureau of Agricultural Statistics 93, 94Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources 99, 103Burke, L. 1Byron, Y. 3

CCCCCCalumpong, H.P. 114, 115, 116Carothers, T. 12Carson, Toby 5, 9, 10Center for International Earth Science Information Network

7Central Board of Statistics (CBS) 65Chhay, Sin 5, 9, 10Chua, T.H. 119Coastal Environmental Program 95Coastal Resources Management Project(CRMP) 4, 9Cruz-Trinidad, A. 1

DDDDDDacullos 112Dahuri, R. 6, 64Dara, Chan 5, 9, 10De la Costa, H. 106De la Cruz, L.P. 119, 121De Morga, A. 98Department of Agriculture - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic

Resources (DA-BFAR) 4, 9, 10Department of Environment and Natural Resources -

Community Environment and Natural Resources OfficeDumaguete (DENR-CENRO Dumaguete) 114, 115

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)4, 9, 10

Department of Fisheries 22Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) 4,

9, 10Directorate General of Fisheries 75Domingo, M.A. 119, 121Dupont, A. 8

EEEEEEnvironmental Management Bureau (EMB) 94, 95, 96, 97EVS Environment Consultants Ltd 27

FFFFFFerrer, E. 119, 121Ferrer, E.M. 87Food and Agriculture Organization 92Food and Agricuture Organization (FAO) 92

GGGGGGarcia, S.M. 2Global Environment Facility (GEF) 141Global Leaders of Tomorrow Task Force 7Goodman, G. 98Grainger, R. 2

HHHHHHarkes, I. 11Harsono, A. 8Homer-Dixon, T.F. 8Hongskul, Veravat 20Hutasingh, O. 8Hutomo, M. 64

IIIIIICLARM 1Imami, A.A.D. 81Institute of Fisheries Management 1Institute of Philippine Culture (IPC) 108, 109International Development Research Center 27

JJJJJJentoft, S. 1Juinio-Menez, M.A. 120Jungrungrot, Vichot 6, 7

KKKKKKalagayan, B.N.V. 97Kampot Fisheries Office 27Kaplan, R.D. 8King, V.T. 1Kissya, E. 81Koh Kong Provincial Fishery Office 21Kosal, Mao 5, 9, 10Kusuma-Atmadja, 9, 10

LLLLLLa Viña, Antonio G.M. 3, 4, 104, 127Labon, A.L. 93Leach, M. 2Lingayen Gulf Coastal Area Management Commission

(LGCAMC) 120Lynch, O.J. 15

MMMMMMacawaris, N.N.D. 120McManus, J.W. 1, 120, 121McManus, L.T. 119Maritime Industry Authority of the Philippines 95Marriott, S.P. 7Masae, Awae 6, 7Mearns, R. 2Menasveta, D. 93Ministry of Environment 20, 27Ministry of Finance 17Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy 23Ministry of Planning 18

INDEXINDEXINDEXINDEXINDEX

184

Monyneath, Vann 5, 9, 10Moosa, M.K. 64Mukem, E. 8

NNNNNNanola, C.L. 120, 121Napitupulu, M. 75Narin, Ngoun 5, 9, 10National Statistical Coordination Board 95Nissapa, Ayut 6, 7Noblejas, A.H. 97Noblejas, E.H. 97Novacsek, I. 11

OOOOOOakerson, R.J. 3, 8O’Callaghan, Bernard 5, 9, 10Office of the National Environment Board-Ministry of Science

Technology and Environment 6Omilig 116, 118Ostrom, E. 2

PPPPPPauly, D. 1Peña, N. 98Phelan, J.L. 106Pintukanokl, A. 7Planning Department, Ministry of Industry, Mines and

Energy 24Pomeroy, R.S. 1, 2, 89PRIMEX 5Prins, G. 8Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau 94Pudjorianto, A. 75Purwaka, Tommy H. 3, 6, 9, 10, 86, 87, 88

RRRRRRahardjo, Y. 71, 81Ramsar Convention Bureau 133Ramu, K.L.V. 75Reyes, K.N. 120, 121Reyes, R.B. 120, 121Rubthong, S. 9, 10Rusnak, G. 8

SSSSSSajise, P. 97Salim, S. 64Salmo, S., III 119, 125Scoones, I 2Silliman University Marine Laboratory Site Description

Report 114, 115Silvestre, G. 1Siphan, Ouk 5, 9, 10Soepomo 80Song, Srun Lim 5, 9, 10Sorensen, J. 13Spalding, M. 1Statistik Kabupaten Cilacap 76Suan, Dado 115, 116, 117, 118Suksamran, N. 8Sundara, S. 1Sunoto 3, 6, 9, 10Sutinen, J.G. 7Suwelo, I.S. 64

TTTTTTalbott, K. 15

Tasneeyanond, P. 9, 10Thanapornpun, R. 145Torell, Magnus 5, 9, 10Tyler, S.R. 8

VVVVVValencia, M.J. 8Vicheth, Pum 5, 9, 10Viswanathan, K.K. 7Vogt, H.P. 117

WWWWWWasserman, C.E. 7Williams, M.J. 1, 2, 89Winichakul, T. 11World Bank 8Wright, H. 106

YYYYYYale Center for Environment Law and Policy 7Yambao, A. 119, 123, 124, 125

185

AAAAAAdang Island, Satun province, Thailand 176, 177Ameth Village, Nusa Laut Island, Maluku, Indonesia 60, 63, 71-

4, 89adat laws 74agriculture 73economy 72, 73employment 73natural resources 72opportunities 74outsiders/foreigners 74resource management constraints 73-4social aspects 72-3, 73

Anda, Pangasinan, Philippines 119Andaman Sea 175, 176Anduang Tuk, Cambodia, mangrove forests 22Apo Island Marine Reserve/Sanctuary, Philippines 11, 114, 116,

117enforcement of laws and regulations 116, 119

Apo Island, Negros Oriental, Philippinesagriculture 114, 115community-based resource management 107, 113-19,129coral reefs 114, 117education 115employment 114-15environmental education 115, 116, 118-19environmental profile 113-14financial resources 118fishing practices 114-15land ownership 117legal framework 116-17, 129management issues and constraints 117-19marine protected area 133and municipal government 118-19outsiders/foreigners 115, 117, 118people’s organizations 118population 115tourism 117-18

Arafura Sea, 65Arnedo, Pangasinan, Philippines 121, 122, 123Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, Philippines 101

BBBBBBajo, Indonesia 81Bali, Indonesia 61, 64, 83Balingasay, Pangasinan, Philippines 121, 122, 123Ban Kwian Huk, Khlung District, Chantaburi Province,

Thailand 152co-management and wastewater management 146,151-5strategies 153-5

decentralization, administration 152Ban Laem Makham, Sikao District, Trang Province, Thailand

152charcoal production and mangroves 170co-management and local participation 170-3strategies 171-3

fishery resources depletion 170local initiatives 146, 169-70outsiders/foreigners 170

Banda Sea, Indonesia, fisheries management zone 65Bangkok, Thailand, tourism 147Bangladesh, joint fishing venture with Thailand 175Bani, Pangasinan, Philippines 119

Banwang-Daan, Coron Island, Palawan, Philippines 107, 109Batangas Bay, Batangas, Philippines

agriculture 126community-based resource management 107, 126-9see also Batangas Bay Region

Batangas Bay Region (BBR), Philippinesagriculture 126

Batangas Bay Demonstration Project (BBDP) 127, 128, 137community-based resource management 107, 126-9, 129conflict 129employment 126environmental education 127environmental profile 126-7environmental and resource degradation 107, 126, 127financial resources 129industry 126, 127, 128and institutional integration 104-5, 126integrated coastal management framework 128-9legal and policy framework 127-8pollution 126, 127, 128, 129pollution control 128shipping 126, 127, 128, 129urbanization 127

Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines 126Binabalian, Santiago Island, Philippines 121, 122, 123Boac River, Marinduque, Philippines, pollution 100Bokor, Cambodia, tourism 25Bokor National Park, Cambodia 24, 25Bolinao, Pangasinan, Philippines

agriculture 119Bolinao Coastal Development Plan (BCDP) 125-6cement plant project, opposition to 119, 122-3, 123, 124Coastal Development Plan - Technical Working Group124

community opposition to cement plant project 119, 122-3, 123, 124

community organizations 121-3community participation 105-6, 119, 123-4, 125Community-Based Coastal Resources ManagementProject 121, 121-6

community-based resource management 107, 119-26,129coral reefs 119-20economy 120education 120employment 120environmental education 122environmental profile 119-21fisheries resources depletion 120mangroves 120marine products 120-1municipal coastal development plan 123-6people’s organizations 119, 122, 123, 124, 125population 120poverty 120tourism 120, 125

Britain, colonialism in Hong Kong, Malaysia, Myanmar andSingapore 11

Bugis, Indonesia 81Bukit Puteh, Kuala Perlis, Malaysia 176Burma see Myanmar

CCCCCCabugao, Coron Island, Palawan, Philippines 107, 109Calancan Bay, Philippines, tailings pollution 96

Geographical IndeGeographical IndeGeographical IndeGeographical IndeGeographical Indexxxxx

186

Calamianes Island Group, Palawan, Philippines 107, 111Cambodia

agriculture 18, 22, 22-3, 49, 52, 53aid dependency 12, 13aquaculture 20, 22, 25charcoal production and mangroves 24, 26, 52, 53climate 17coastal zone 16-17constraints on sustainable resource use 16, 51-3policy on 16, 36-8

colonialism and 41conflictbetween sectors 53in management 53over use of resources 25within legal system 54conservation plan 39Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar Convention) 39, 50coral reefs 22customary law 40, 41

decentralization, coastal and marine resourcesmanagement 53

degradationenvironmental and resource 27-8mangroves 22, 27-8wetlands 50

economy and economic growth 17-18, 22-3, 54employment 18, 25endangered species 49, 52environmental education 31environmental laws 46-7environmental policy 38environmental protection 46-7, 47-8, 48-9environmental sustainability index 7ethnic and religious composition 26-7Exclusive Economic Zone 42, 47-8exports 20, 24financial resources 16, 53fish marketing 24fish processing 25fish production 22fisheries domain 5, 12, 23, 42fisheries laws 5, 42-3, 51-2fisheries plan 38fisheries policy 37fisheries resources 19-20fisheries resources depletion 20, 24, 26forestry laws 43French colonialism and 11geographical characteristics 16-17historical profile of legal and institutional system 41industrial laws 43industrial sector policy 37industrial strategy and planning 38-9industry 18, 23, 24institutional confusion 5, 12, 16institutional framework 5-6, 16, 28-38, 57-8international and regional arrangements 47-51investment laws 41-2Joint Development Area, with Thailand 176labor laws 42land laws 41legal framework 5-6, 9-10, 16, 39-47, 58-9legislative hierarchy 39-41mangrove charcoal kilns 24, 26, 53mangrove forests 22, 23, 26National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) 20, 38, 39national planning 38-9National Wetland Action Plan 39

outsiders/foreigners 6, 20, 24, 42, 47overfishing 5, 49, 50, 52policy framework 16, 36-8, 59pollution 31, 46, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54, 58

agriculture and 49, 53from shipping 47, 49from shrimp cultivation 20, 22, 25, 28, 49

pollution control 31, 46population 18-19prohibited fishing gear 5, 43, 52provincial authorities 31-3religion and traditional belief 19, 26-7resources management initiatives 26service sector 18shrimp farming 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 49, 52small-scale fishers 26, 42strategies for sustainable resource use 54-5tourism 25, 37, 39tourism laws 45-6transport laws 43-5value of marine and coastal resources 25-6wetlands 5, 12, 27, 36, 39, 50

Caquiputan Channel, Pangasinan, Philippines 119Cardamom-Elephant Mountains, Cambodia 17Cebu, Philippines 115Chakrey Ting, Cambodia, cement factory 23, 24Chantaburi, shrimp aquaculture, Thailand 151Chantaburi Province, Thailand, coral reefs 22Chantaburi, Thailand, tourism 147, 150China, deep-sea fisheries 149Chumphon, Thailand, tourism 150Cilacap, Indonesia 74, 75, 85Coron Island, Palawan, Philippines

agriculture 108, 110-11community-based resource management 107, 107-13,129

conflict, over rights to resources 111customary law of Tagbanua people 108-9, 112, 112-13,129

environmental profile 107-8fisheries resources depletion 110marine protected area 133outsiders/foreigners 108population 107tourism 111, 112

DDDDDDauin, Negros Oriental, Philippines 114, 115, 116, 117Dewey Island,Pangasinan, Philippines 119Dong Tong, Cambodia, mangrove forests 22Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental, Philippines 115

EEEEEEast Asia

environmental degradation 134, 136population 134sustainable development 134-5

East Java, Indonesia, marine fishers 65East Timor, Portuguese colonialism and 11

FFFFFFlores Sea, Indonesia, fisheries management zone 65France 18

colonialism in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam 11and legal framework of Cambodia 41

GGGGGGulf of Davao, Philippines 98Gulf of Thailand 16, 20, 48

187

depletion of marine resources 173oil and gas exploration 150, 176

HHHHHHalmahera Sea, Indonesia, fisheries management zone 65Haruku Island, Lease Islands, Indonesia

agriculture 72outsiders/foreigners 85sasi 62, 81, 85

Hong Kong, British colonialism and 11

IIIIIIba, Philippines, mine tailings pollution 96Indian Ocean, Indonesian fisheries management zone 65Indonesia

adat laws 62, 63, 74, 80-2, 86, 88aid dependency 12, 13centralization of regulations 6characteristics of marine resources 64-5co-management and fishery resources 62, 63coastal resource management, patterns of 63colonialism and 68, 73, 80conflict

and adat laws 67among stakeholders 60, 61, 88between users 62of interests 60, 61, 62, 63

conservation areas 67, 83coral reefs 61, 64customary law 85decentralization, coastal and marine resourcesmanagement 60, 89

degradationcoastal and marine resources 61, 79, 83coral reefs 68, 69, 70mangroves 61, 64, 68, 78

Dutch colonialism and 11economy 61employment 65endangered species 65, 84enforcement of laws and regulations 67, 70and sasi 81

environmental management legislation 9, 10, 78, 79, 83environmental management policies 61environmental protectioncoral reefs 84-5and exploration and exploitation of off-shore oil andgas 79

mangroves 82environmental sustainability index 7Exclusive Economic Zone 64, 77, 82fish production 64-5, 71fisheries 64-5, 65-6fisheries legislation 9, 67, 77, 78fisheries resources depletion 60, 61institutional confusion 11institutional coordination 6, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84institutional framework 3, 63, 82-6, 86integrated fisheries management 61, 63, 80, 86land ownership 76-7, 81legal framework 9-10, 60, 61, 61-2, 63, 77-82

and traditional law 74, 82, 85-6, 89unwritten laws 80-2written laws 77-80

local and traditional management 11, 63mangrove forests 1, 64marine fishers 65marine resources management, assessment of 86-9

marine transportation 65outsiders/foreigners 67, 79overlapping jurisdictions 3, 6, 60, 61, 61-2, 63policy framework 6, 60, 63pollution 61, 64, 65, 69, 75, 79, 83pollution control 6, 10, 79, 83, 85population 61, 65regional autonomy 6regional governments, role of 61, 62, 63religion 63, 70resource management, patterns of 65-7social aspects 65

Irian Jaya, Indonesia 64, 65, 85

JJJJJJapan

deep-sea fisheries 149export market for Thailand 149and Philippine fishing industry 98, 99tuna market 175

Java, Indonesia 85mangroves 75marine fishers 65pollution 61population density 65seaweeds and seagrasses 64

Java Seaenvironmental problems 61fisheries management zone 65

Java Strait, conflict between Thai and Indonesian fishers 8

KKKKKKalimantan, Indonesia, seaweeds and seagrasses 64Kamchay Mountain, Cambodia 58Kampong Som Province, Cambodia, ethnic composition 27Kampot Province, Cambodia 23

aquaculture 25coral reefs 22ethnic groups 27fishery reserves 25industries 23mangrove forests 22, 26, 27-8and tourism 39

Kampung Laut, Segara Anakan, Central Java, Indonesia 60, 63,74-7

economy 75, 76education 75-6employment 75land ownership 76-7natural resources 75opportunities 77outsiders/foreigners 76-7, 77population 75, 76resource management constraints 76-7social aspects 75-6

Kedah, Malaysia, and Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand GrowthTriangle Development Project 176

Kep, Cambodia, tourism 25, 39Khlung District, Chantaburi Province, tiger prawn industry

148Kirirom, Cambodia, tourism 25Ko Samet National Park, Rayong Province, Thailand, tourism

147Koh Kapik, Cambodia 39, 50Koh Karang, Cambodia, coral reefs 22Koh Kong Province, Cambodia 19, 27, 38

aquaculture in 20, 21, 22, 25, 27catch-effort in 21

188

charcoal production 26ethnic composition 27fisheries in 20, 24fishing effort in 21mangrove charcoal kilns 24, 26mangrove forests 22, 25, 50medicinal plants 25

Koh Por, Cambodia, mangrove forests 22Koh Rong, Cambodia, eco-tourism 25Koh Rongsanlem, Cambodia, eco-tourism 25Koh Thash, Cambodia, eco-tourism 25Koh Yor, Cambodia, mangrove forests 22Krabi Province, Thailand, tourism 175Krabi, Thailand

and Phangnga Bay conservation zone 148tourism 150

Kupang Bay, Indonesia 60, 63, 68adat laws 82coral reefs 68enforcement of laws and regulations 69ethnic groups 68Marine Park 68outsiders/foreigners 82

Kupang, Indonesia 69Kwian Huk Sub-district Administration Organization, Khlung

District,Chantaburi province, Thailand and wastewater co-management 151

LLLLLLa Union, Philippines 119Laem Talumpuk, Pak Phanang District, Nakhon Si

Thammarat Province, Thailandclimate and tourism 160commercial anchovy fishing dispute 164conflict, over use of resources 160, 163conflict over resource use 160, 163enforcement of laws, policies and plans 145, 160, 163-6strategies 164-6

Laguna de Bay, Philippines 100Langkawi, Malaysia

Development Authority, and Tarutao Marine NationalPark, Thailand 178

fish market 175Laos 16, 49

French colonialism and 11Lease Islands, Indonesia 71

agriculture 72coral reefs 72degradation, mangroves 72education 72-3population 72sasi adat 81

Lepe Island, Satun Province, Thailand 177tourism 176

Lingayen Gulf, Philippines 121Lipa, Batangas, Philippines 126Lobo, Batangas, Philippines 126Lork Village, Kampong Trach, Kampot Province, Cambodia,

mangrove replanting 27Luzon, Philippines 126, 128

agriculture 93

MMMMMMacau, Portuguese colonialism and 11Makasar, Indonesia 81Malaka, Portuguese colonialism and 11Malaka, Straits of

fisheries management zone 65

Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) 136Malaysia

British colonialism and 11Joint Development Area, with Thailand 176joint fishing ventures with Thailand 175loss of mangroves 1

Maluku, Indonesia, seaweeds and seagrasses 64Maluku Islands, Indonesia 70

Portuguese colonialism and 11Maluku Province, Indonesia 71-2, 81, 85Maluku Sea, Indonesia, fisheries management zone 65Manila Bay, Philippines 98, 126

pollution 96Manila, Philippines, waste disposal 95Marinduque, Philippines

mining disaster 100mine tailings pollution 96

Maulana Island, Lease Islands, Indonesia 72Mindanao, Philippines, seaweed 93Mindanoa, Philippines, agriculture 93Morotai, Indonesia, coral reefs 64Myanmar

British colonialism and 11deep-sea fisheries 149joint fishing ventures with Thailand 174-5

NNNNNNarathiwat Province, Thailand, and Indonesia-Malaysia-

Thailand Growth Triangle Development Project 176Natuna Sea, Indonesia, fisheries management zone 65Netherlands, colonialism in Indonesia 11Nusa Kambangan Island, Indonesia 80Nusa Laut Island, Lease Islands, Indonesia 60, 63, 71, 72

agriculture 81sasi 62, 81

Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, seaweeds and seagrasses 64Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia 68, 85

fishing seasons 85

PPPPPPacific Ocean, Indonesian fisheries management zone 65Pak Phanang Bay, Thailand 160Pak Phanang, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand 152Pakanbaru, Indonesia 83Palawan, Philippines

agriculture 93sustainable development 112-13

Pangasinan, Philippines 119Panikel village, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75, 76Pattani Province, Thailand, and Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand

Growth Triangle Development Project 176Pattaya, Thailand, tourism 177Peam Krasob/Koh Sralao, Cambodia, mangrove forests 22Penang, Malaysia, and Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth

Triangle Development Project 176Perak, Malaysia, and Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth

Triangle Development Project 176Perlis, Malaysia

fish market 175, 177, 178and Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth TriangleDevelopment Project 176

and Tarutao Marine National Park, Thailand 178Phangnga Bay, Thailand, conservation zone 148Phangnga Province, Thailand, tourism 175Philippines

and Agenda 21 131agriculture and forestry 93-4and aid dependency 12, 13

189

aquaculture 92, 92-3, 97and Basel Convention on the Control of TransboundaryMovements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal133

co-management 91coastal resources, use of 92-5coastal zone management issues 95-7colonialism and 97, 98, 106community participation 105, 105-6, 116, 119, 123-4,125, 137

community-based resource management 106, 106-30,137-40

conflictamong stakeholders 3, 129between modes of resource use 3between resource users 92, 129over control of resources 3over marine and coastal space 91-2over use of resources 91, 92

and Convention of Biological Diversity 133and Convention on Wetlands 133customary law, of Tagbanua people 108-9, 112, 112-13,

129decentralization, environmental impact assessment 100degradation

coastal and marine environment 96wetlands 92

devolution of authority over resources 98, 99, 101, 104endangered species 112, 132, 135enforcement of laws and regulations 102, 105, 127environmental protection 97, 99, 101, 102environmental sustainability index 7fisheries laws 97fisheries resources depletion 8, 11, 93, 96, 106fishing and aquaculture 92-3functional overlap of institutions 3-4industry 95, 96institutional confusion 5institutional coordination 101, 102, 103, 106, 118, 129institutional framework 101-6

devolution to local governments 104and environmental degradation 8, 11institutional integration 104-5public participation 105-6, 123-4, 125, 137and resource depletion 8, 11

integrated coastal resource management 103integrating community-based resource management

137-40international agreements 130-3and International Maritime Organization conventions133

legal framework 9-10, 97-106, 139historical perspective 97-9

management of the coastal environment 99-106Environmental Impact Assessment system 100-1institutional arrangements see Philippines, institutional

frameworkpollution control 101

management framework, coastal zone 91-2mangroves 1, 93, 94mining 94, 96outsiders/foreigners 99, 132, 134, 136Philippine Agenda 21 138policy framework 97-106, 139

historical perspective 97-9policy-making and general management 101

pollution 92, 96pollution control 9, 98, 100-1, 101, 102, 103, 127, 128

population 95, 96protected areas 94regional agreements 134-7scientific research 102shipping and ports development 94-5Spanish and American colonialism and 11tourism 94and United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea102, 132

urban development 95, 96waste disposal 95

Phnom Penh, Cambodia 18, 37, 39Phuket, Thailand

deep-sea fisheries 149, 175and Phangnga Bay conservation zone 148tourism 147, 150, 175, 177

Pilar, Santiago Island, Philippines 121, 122, 123Pombo Island, Lease Islands, Indonesia 72Portugal, colonialism in East Timor, Macau, Malakka and the

Moluccas 11Prachubkirikhan, Thailand, tourism 150

RRRRRRanong, Thailand, and Phangnga Bay conservation zone 148Ranong Province, Thailand, tourism 175Rawi Island, Satun Province, Thailand, tourism 176Ream, Cambodia, National Park 26Ream National Park, Cambodia 26Riau, Indonesia, marine transportation 65Rote Island, Indonesia 68, 69, 70, 82

SSSSSSantiago Island,Pangasinan, Philippines 119, 121Saparua Island, Lease Islands, Indonesia 62, 72, 73, 81Satun, Thailand 177Satun Province, Thailand 175

and Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth TriangleDevelopment Project 176

Segara Anakan, Indonesia 60, 63, 74-5, 85adat laws 80-1agriculture 76, 81degradationenvironmental and resource 81mangroves 75, 76

economy 76fisheries resources 76fisheries resources depletion 81integrated action plan 77mangroves 75, 76, 77outsiders/foreigners 81sedimentation 75, 76, 77, 81

Semau Island, Indonesia 68Seram Island, Indonesia 73Seribu, Indonesia, coral reefs 64Sihanoukville Bay, Cambodia 20Sihanoukville, Cambodia 16, 24, 25, 27, 30, 37, 38.50

industries 23, 24, 39mangrove forests 22tourism 25, 39

Singapore, British colonialism and 11Songkhla Bay, Thailand, dispute over commercial anchovy

fishing 8, 164Songkhla Province, Thailand, and Indonesia-Malaysia-

Thailand Growth Triangle Development Project 176Songkhla, Thailand, tourism 150South China Sea, Indonesian fisheries management zone 65Southeast Asia

artisanal fisheries 1

190

coastal resources 1colonialism and 11-12coral reefs 1environmental conservation 13fisheries 1fisheries management 13habitat degradation 1institutions and resources management 2, 13-14loss of seagrasses 1mangroves 64overfishing 1role of civil society 12-13

Spain, colonialism in Philippines 11, 97, 106Sre Ambel, Cambodia, mangrove forests 22Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indone-

sia 60, 63, 68-71conflict 70, 70-1economy 68fish marketing 69, 70-1fish processing 69fisheries resources depletion 68land ownership 69natural resources 68opportunities 71outsiders/foreigners 70resource access 69-70resource management constraints 70-1social aspects 68, 68-9

Sulawesi, Indonesia, seaweeds and seagrasses 64Sulawesi Sea, Indonesia, fisheries management zone 65Sumatra, Indonesia

environmental problems 61pollution 61seaweeds and seagrasses 64

Sumatra, Northern, Indonesiaand Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth TriangleDevelopment Project 176

and Tarutao Marine National Park, Thailand 178Surathani, Thailand, tourism 150

TTTTTTaiwan, deep-sea fisheries 149Tarutao Island, Satun Province, Thailand

Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle 176tourism 176

Tarutao Marine National Park (TMNP), Muang SatunDistrict, Satun Province, Thailand 152

fisheries and coastal management problem tree 179fisheries and coastal resource management 177-80

Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle 178, 180international involvement 146, 177-80strategies for management of 178, 180tourism 178

Thailandaid dependency 12, 13aquaculture 146, 147-8, 150, 167co-management and decentralization 170-3colonialism and 11, 156community participation 159, 169conflict

and land rights 158over land with outsiders 167over resource use boundaries 169and settlement in protected forest reserves 158

cultural heritagelocal ownership and resource use rights 168-9and tourism 150, 168, 175customary law 166, 167

decentralizationadministration 144, 178, 180and co-management approach to fisheries andresources 170-3

coastal and marine resources management 166, 169deep-sea fisheries 149, 175, 177degradation

coastal and marine environment 143, 157mangroves 149, 167tourism and 175

depletion of fisheries 143, 148, 157, 173enforcement of laws and regulations 148, 163-6environmental laws 163environmental protection, and industrialization 159environmental sustainability index 7Exclusive Economic Zone 148, 173exports 20, 149fisheries resources depletion 8, 143, 147, 148, 157, 173,177

institutional framework 3, 143, 157-60cyclical relationships 180, 181decentralization 144historical development 155-6interrelationship matrix between roles andresponsibilities 161-2

international involvement 144, 173-80joint fishing ventures 173, 174, 174-5

with Bangladesh 175with Malaysia 175with Myanmar 174-5

legal framework 3, 6-7, 9-10, 143-4coastal lands 167fisheries and aquaculture 155, 163, 167historical development 155-6mangrove forests 167water pollution 168

local use and management of resources 166-73marine capture fisheries 148-9, 150National Economic and Social Development Plans 159-60

outsiders/foreigners 166-7, 167, 168, 169overexploitation of coastal and marine resources 143overlapping mandates 6-7policy framework 3, 157-60

cyclical relationships 180, 181historical development 155-6historical evolution 144international impact 144local level 180, 182

political economy system 145pollution 143, 148, 151, 167, 168pollution control 151, 153-4, 155, 168population 143, 147, 166

Specific Development Plans 159tourism 146, 147, 150, 150-1, 168, 175traditional beliefs and values 166and World Trade Organization trade restrictions177

Thmar Sar/Chamlang Kor, Koh Kong Province,Cambodia, fishing 20

Tingloy, Maricaban Island, Batangas, Philippines 126Toledo City, Cebu, Philippines, mine tailings pollution96

Tomini Bay, Indonesia, fisheries management zone 65Tomnop Rolork, Sihanoukville, Cambodia 20, 27Touk Meas, Cambodia, fertilizer phosphate-millingfactory 23, 24

Trang Province, Thailand, tourism 175

191

Trang, Thailand, tourism 150Trat Province, Thailand, coral reefs 22Tropaing Ropov, Kampot Province, Cambodia 27Tubbataha Reef, Philippines 133Turtle Islands, Philippines 133

Philippines-Malaysia project 137

UUUUUUjung Alang village, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75, 76Ujung Gagak village, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75, 76Ujungpandang, Indonesia 83United States of America (USA), colonialism, Philippines 11,

97, 98, 106

VVVVVVerde Island, Batangas, Philippines 126Victory, Bolinao, Philippines 123Vietnam 17, 48

French colonialism and 11NGOs and development in 13

Visayan Islands, Philippinesagriculture 93seaweed 93

YYYYYYala Province, Thailand, and Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand

Growth Triangle Development Project 176

192

AAAAAAcropora (coral), Indonesia 68anchovies

Coron Island, Philippines 109Songkhla Bay, Thailand 8, 164

aquarium fishBolinao, Philippines 121Philippines 93

Avicenia (mangrove)Indonesia 64Lease Islands, Indonesia 72

BBBBBbalat (sea cucumber), Coron Island, Philippines 108balinsasayaw (swiftlets), Coron Island, Philippines 108, 109banagan (lobster), Coron Island, Philippines 109bangus fry, Bolinao, Philippines 120, 124, 125batu laga

Indonesia 71Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68

batu lolaIndonesia 71Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68

blue marlin, Bolinao, Philippines 120Bruguiera gymnorhiza (mangrove), Segara Anakan, Indonesia

75Bruguiera (mangrove), Indonesia 64butterfly fish, Apo Island, Philippines 114

CCCCCcamon (mackerel), Cambodia 42-3cardinalfish, Bolinao, Philippines 120Ceriops (mangrove), Indonesia 64coral, harvesting, Philippines 93coral reef fish, Indonesia 64coral reefs 1

Apo Island, Philippines 113Bolinao, Philippines 119-20Cambodia 22, 25, 49conservation of, Indonesia 79degradation

Bolinao, Philippines 119-20, 121Indonesia 68, 69, 70, 78Philippines 96

and dive tourism, Apo Island, Philippines 117East Asia 134Indonesia 61, 64, 68, 79, 83, 84-5Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68Lease Islands, Indonesia 72mining

Indonesia 61, 62, 64, 79Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69

protectionApo Island, Philippines 117Indonesia 84-5

research into, University of the Philippines - MarineScience Institute 121

Thailand 22crab

Cambodia 25culture, Thailand 147Koh Kong 20

Crossorhombus azureus, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75crustaceans, Indonesia 64

cuttlefish, Cambodia 20Cynoglossus lingua, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75

DDDDDdemersal species

Cilacap, Indonesia 75Indonesia 64Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68

dolphin, Cambodia 27dusu fish, Indonesia 71

EEEEEeastern little tuna (Euthynnus affinise), Thailand 149eel, Coron Island, Philippines 109Enhalus acoroides (sea grass), Lease Islands, Indonesia 72Euthynnus affinise, Thailand 149Excoecaria agallocha (mangrove), medicinal use of, Cambodia

25Exoecaria (mangrove), Indonesia 64

FFFFFfinfish

Bolinao, Philippines 119, 120Cambodia 25

fingerlingPhilippines 106Thailand 148

fishcoral reef, Indonesia 64culture, Thailand 147fermented, Cambodia 25freshwater, Cambodia 20migratory, Indonesia 75minimum size, Philippines 98ornamental, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68ponds

Apo Island, Philippines 118Batangas Bay Region, Philippines 126Bolinao, Philippines 119and mangroves 1

Bolinao, Philippines 120Philippines 93, 94

Segara Anakan, Indonesia 76production

Indonesia 71Philippines 93Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75

stocksbiological renewability of 2conservation of 132data on 2property rights governing access to 2Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75

yield, Apo Island, Philippines 114

GGGGGgargaheng

Indonesia 71Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68

giant clams, research into, University of the Philippines -Marine Science Institute 121

green mussels, Koh Kong Province, Cambodia 20grouper

Apo Island, Philippines 114

Species IndeSpecies IndeSpecies IndeSpecies IndeSpecies Indexxxxx

193

Coron Island, Philippines 109

HHHHHhawkesbill turtles, Philippines 98hidung muda, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68

IIIIIikan lompa (Trissina baelama), Haruku Island, Indonesia 85indong (eel), Coron Island, Philippines 109

JJJJJjacks, Apo Island, Philippines 114jellyfish, Philippines 93

KKKKKkabaak, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68kabaak fish, Indonesia 71Katsuwonus pelamis, Thailand 149kepala batu, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68kerapu, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68kerapu fish, Indonesia 71kombong, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68kombong fish, Indonesia 71

LLLLLlapu-lapu (grouper), Coron Island, Philippines 109lato (seaweed), Coron Island, Philippines 109latuk (edible seaweed), Coron Island, Philippines 108lobster

Coron Island, Philippines 109Indonesia 71Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68

lorak, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68lorak fish, Indonesia 71luray (edible birds’ nests), Coron Island, Philippines 108

MMMMMmackerel

Bolinao, Philippines 120Cambodia 20, 42-3canned, export from Japan to Philippines 98Coron Island, Philippines 109

mangrovesApo Island, Philippines 114Bolinao, Philippines 120Cambodia 22, 25charcoal

Ban Laem Makham, Thailand 170Cambodia 24, 26, 52, 53Thailand 149, 167

Coron Island, Philippines 110, 112deforestation 1

Apo Island, Philippines 118Cambodia 17, 22, 26, 27-8, 53Indonesia 1, 62, 64Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 160, 163Lease Islands, Indonesia 72Malaysia 1mining and, Thailand 150Philippines 93, 96Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75Thailand 1, 149

degradationAmeth Village, Nusa Laut Island, Indonesia 74Cambodia 22, 27-8, 52Indonesia 61, 64, 68, 78Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75, 76

Thailand 149, 167development and, Thailand 143East Asia 134and eco-tourism, Thailand 150economic exploitation of, Cambodia 22, 23, 24fish ponds and 1

Bolinao, Philippines 120Philippines 93, 94Segara Anakan, Indonesia 76

illegal exploitation, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 77Indonesia 64, 79institutional framework, national level, Indonesia 82, 83,84

international shrimp/prawn market, Thailand 149, 150Java, Indonesia 75Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 160Lease Islands, Indonesia 72legislation and, Cambodia 22local ownership and resource use rights, Thailand 167management of, Cambodia 26medicinal use of, Cambodia 25prawn farming and

Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 164Thailand 167

preservation policy, Thailand 158protection

Indonesia 82, 84Philippines 102

rehabilitationBolinao, Philippines 123Thailand 149, 167

replanting of, Cambodia 27research into, University of the Philippines - MarineScience Institute 121

and saltpans, Cambodia 25, 26, 27, 52, 53Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75, 76settlement and

Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 160, 163, 164Thailand 167

shrimp farming and 1Cambodia 22, 27, 28, 52, 53Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 160Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75Thailand 149, 150

and sludge disposal, Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 163Thailand 149-50tiger prawn industry and, Thailand 149and wastewater management, Ban Kwian Huk, Thailand154

mano, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68mano fish, Indonesia 71marine fish

limitations on size of harvestable, Cambodia 5processing of, Cambodia 25

marine mammals, Philippines 103maya-maya (snapper), Coron Island, Philippines 109mollusks, Philippines 93, 98molmol (parrotfish), Coron Island, Philippines 109Montipora (coral), Indonesia 68Mugil buchanan, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75Mugil cephalus, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75

NNNNNNapoleon fish, Indonesia 71napoleon wrasse, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68nipi, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68nipi fish, Indonesia 71

194

OOOOOoctopus

Cambodia 25Coron Island, Philippines 108

ornamental fishes, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68oysters, Koh Kong Province, Cambodia 20

PPPPPparrotfish

Apo Island, Philippines 114Coron Island, Philippines 109

pearls, farming, Coron Island, Philippines 111pelagic fish

Bolinao, Philippines 121large

Cilacap, Indonesia 75Indonesia 64

penaeid, Indonesia 64Penaeus monodon

Cambodia 20Thailand 147-8

peperekIndonesia 71Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68

pla thu (mackerel), Cambodia 42-3prawn

aquaculture, Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 164farming

and mangrovesLaem Talumpuk, Thailand 164Thailand 167

Thailand 147international market for and mangroves, Thailand 149ponds, Thailand 167US trade restrictions on 177

RRRRRrabbitfish

Bolinao, Philippines 120Coron Island, Philippines 109

Rataboura bicolor, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75red fish, Indonesia 71red kakap, Indonesia 71reef fish

Apo Island, Philippines 114Bolinao, Philippines 120

Rhizophora apiculata (mangrove), Segara Anakan, Indonesia75

Rhizophora (mangrove)Indonesia 64Lease Islands, Indonesia 72

Rhizophora mucronata (mangrove), Segara Anakan, Indonesia75

rock fish, Koh Kong 20

SSSSSSam Bok Sramoch (fungus), medicinal use of, Cambodia 25samaral (rabbitfish), Coron Island, Philippines 109sardines, canned, export from Japan to Philippines 98scad, Cambodia 20sea cucumber

Cambodia 25Coron Island, Philippines 108Indonesia 71Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68

sea cucumbers, Philippines 93sea urchins

Bolinao, Philippines 121

Philippines 93seagrasses

Apo Island, Philippines 114Bolinao, Philippines 120Cambodia 25East Asia 134Indonesia 64, 82Lease Islands, Indonesia 72loss of, Southeast Asia 1Philippines 96research into, University of the Philippines - MarineScience Institute 121

Sumatera, Indonesia 64seaweeds

Apo Island, Philippines 114Bolinao, Philippines 119, 120Coron Island, Philippines 108, 109farming, Coron Island, Philippines 109, 110Indonesia 64, 71Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68Lingayen Gulf, Philippines, research 121Philippines 93Sumatera, Indonesia 64

serranids, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68shark fins, Salamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 71shellfish

Cambodia 52Coron Island, Philippines 109Indonesia 82, 98Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68Thailand 147

shrimp 175Cambodia 19, 20, 25Cilacap, Indonesia 75diseases

Cambodia 22, 25Chantaburi, Thailand 151, 153

export from Philippines to Japan 98farming

Cambodia 20, 22, 25, 27, 28, 49, 52Chantaburi, Thailand 151conditions for, Cambodia 28Koh Kong Province, Cambodia 20, 21, 22, 25, 27Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 160and mangroves 1

Cambodia 22, 27, 28, 52, 53Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 160Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75

pollution from, Cambodia 20, 22, 25, 28, 49Segara Anakan, Indonesia 76Thailand 27wastewater management, Ban Kwian Huk, Thailand146, 151-5

international market for and mangroves, Thailand 150overexploitation, Indonesia 65ponds

Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 160Segara Anakan, Indonesia 76

production, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75stock depletion, Cambodia 20trawling, Cambodia 20

siganids, Bolinao, Philippines 124skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), Thailand 149skipjack tuna, Bolinao, Philippines 120skipjacks, Indonesia 64small pelagics

Cilacap, Indonesia 75Indonesia 64

195

snapper, Coron Island, Philippines 109Spanish mackerel, Koh Kong 20sponges

Philippines 98medicinal use of, Indonesia 93

squidCambodia 19, 25Koh Kong Province 20

stone head fish, Indonesia 71surgeonfish

Apo Island, Philippines 114Coron Island, Philippines 109

swiftlets, Coron Island, Philippines 108, 109

TTTTTtanguigue (mackerel)

Bolinao, Philippines 120Coron Island, Philippines 109

tekbeken (small octopus), Coron Island, Philippines 108tembang, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68tembang fish, Indonesia 71Thalassia hemprichii (sea grass), Lease Islands, Indonesia 72Thunnus albacares, Thailand 149Thunnus tonggol, Thailand 149tiger prawn

culture, and mangroves, Thailand 149(Penaeus monodon), Thailand 147-8

tongkol, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68tongkol fish, Indonesia 71Trissina baelama (ikan lompa), Haruku Island, Indonesia 85tuna 175

export from Philippines to Japan 98Indonesia 64Koh Kong Province, Cambodia 20

tuna (Thunnus tonggol), Thailand 149tunicates, medicinal use of, Indonesia 93turtles

Ban Laem Makham, Thailand 170Indonesia 98Philippines 103

WWWWWwaterfowl, preservation of, Cambodia 50

XXXXXXylocarpus (mangrove), Indonesia 64

YYYYYyellowfin tuna, Bolinao, Philippines 120yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), Thailand 149young nose fish, Indonesia 71

196

AAAAAacademic institutions

and community-based resource managementApo Island, Philippines 115, 116, 129Bolinao, Philippines 121, 122, 123, 125

see also Silliman University; University of the PhilippinesAct 4003 of 1934 (Fisheries Act) (Philippines) 102Act No. 1 of 1973 (Indonesia), continental shelf 9, 77, 79Act No. 4 of 1982 (Indonesia), environmental management 9Act No. 5 of 1960 (Indonesia)

and adat law 62, 80basic agrarian law 78

Act No. 5 of 1967 (Indonesia), forestry 9, 78-9Act No. 5 of 1974 (Indonesia), basic provisions of regional

government 9, 62, 78Act No. 5 of 1983 (Indonesia), Indonesia’s exclusive

economic zone 9, 77Act No. 5 of 1990 (Indonesia), conservation of natural

resources and their ecosystems 9, 67, 77, 79Act No. 6 of 1996 (Indonesia), Indonesian waters 9, 78Act No. 9 of 1985 (Indonesia), fisheries 9, 67, 77, 78Act No. 9 of 1990 (Indonesia), tourism 79Act No. 11 of 1967 (Indonesia), mining 9, 78, 79Act No. 17 of 1985 (Indonesia), ratification of UNCLOS 9,

77Act No. 21 of 1992 (Indonesia), navigation 9, 78Act No. 23 of 1997 (Indonesia), environmental management

10, 78, 79, 83Act No. 24 of 1992 (Indonesia), spatial planning 9, 61, 62,

78, 83, 88adat alliance, Ameth Village, Nusa Laut Island, Indonesia 74adat laws (hukum adat) (traditional laws), Indonesia 62, 63,

74, 80-2, 86, 88and Bhineka Tunggal Ika 80and conflict between fishers 67Kupang Bay 82and legal framework 82, 89regions where applicable 80and resource use opportunities, Ameth Village, Nusa Laut

Island 74Segara Anakan 80-1

administration see institutional framework; institutionalconfusion; institutional coordination; institutionalintegration; institutions

Administrative Code (1987) (Philippines) 10, 103Agenda 21 7, 130, 130-1, 174

and community-based resource management 137Agrarian Act (Indonesia) see Act No. 5 of 1960Agreement on the Conservation and Management of

Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks(1995) 131

agricultureAmeth Village, Nusa Laut Island, Indonesia 73Apo Island, Philippines 114, 115Batangas Bay Region, Philippines 126Bolinao, Philippines 119Cambodia 18, 22, 22-3, 49, 52, 53Coron Island, Philippines 108, 110-11Lease Islands, Indonesia 72Nusa Laut Island, Indonesia 81Philippines 93-4Segara Anakan, Indonesia 76, 81see also swidden farming

Agriculture and Commerce, Department of (DAC)

(Philippines) 98, 103Agriculture, Department of - Bureau of Fisheries and

Aquatic Resources (DA-BFAR) (Philippines)fisheries resources management 103-4role of 4-5, 102, 103-4see also Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Bureau of

Agriculture, Department of (DA) (Indonesia) 66, 67, 78, 82coral reefs 84fisheries 82mangroves 82, 84role of 83

Agriculture, Department of (DA) (Philippines) 98agricultural resources management 101, 103and Bolinao coastal management plan 124fisheries resources management 101, 103-4Local Government Code and 104research 102, 103role of 4-5, 101, 103

Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act of 1997(AFMA) (Philippines) 5, 10, 98role of 99

Agriculture and Food, Ministry of (Philippines) 102Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of (MAFF)

(Cambodia), and Common Circular on Overloaded Trucks,Especially Logging Trucks 44

Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of (MAFF)(Cambodia), responsibilities of 29

Agriculture, Ministry of, Fishery Service (Indonesia),licensing of fishers 69

Agriculture, Ministry of (Indonesia) 66fisheries 67

aid see donors; foreign aidAmerican Friends Service Committee (AFSC), and coastal

zone management in Cambodia 36amlaran (sacred areas on land), Tagbanua people, Philippines

108amuyuk (sacred lakes), Tagbanua people, Philippines 108, 109ancestral domain, Tagbanua people, Philippines 107, 108,

109, 111, 112Andaman Project for Participatory Restoration of Natural

Resources 172andon (permanent fishers), Indonesia 66aquaculture

Cambodia 20, 22, 25customary rules and, Thailand 167export demands, Thailand 147jurisdiction over, Philippines 97Koh Kong Province, Cambodia 20, 22, 25local ownership and resource use rights, Thailand 166-7outsiders and, Thailand 167Philippines 92, 92-3Thailand 146, 147-8, 150

ASEAN see Association of Southeast Asian NationsASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and

Natural Resources 135ASEAN Environment Program (ASEP) 135Asia-Pacific Memorandum of Understanding on Port State

Control 136Asian Development Bank (ADB)

Cambodia and 49Fisheries Sector Program (1996), Philippines 5

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 173Cambodia and 49and coastal and marine resources management 134-5

Subject IndeSubject IndeSubject IndeSubject IndeSubject Indexxxxx

197

Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research(ACIAR), and University of the Philippines - MarineScience Institute 121

Australian People for Health, Education and DevelopmentAbroad (APHEDA)and coastal zone managment in Cambodia 36, 52and mangrove replanting in Cambodia 27

Ayutthaya period, laws, policies and institutions, Thailand155, 156

BBBBBbaby muro-ami, Coron Island, Philippines 113Bajo people, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68, 69, 70, 71, 81, 82Bajo–Rote agreement on fishery management, Kupang Bay,

Indonesia 70, 82bamboo traps, Apo Island, Philippines 117Bantay Dagat (volunteer coastal patrols)

and illegal fishing, Philippines 102, 116, 118registration of divers, Philippines 117

Bantay Dagat Committee (BDC), Philippines 102, 105Banyamas Adat, Segara Anakan adat law and, Indonesia 80barangay (villages)

Philippines 92, 95, 106, 116, 119, 124community participation, Philippines 105jurisdiction over coastal resources, Philippines 97, 138Tagbanua people and, Philippines 112traditional rights, Philippines 97see also Arnedo; Balingasay; Binabalian; Pilar

Basel Convention on the Control of TransboundaryMovements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 133

Batangas Bay Demonstration Project (BBDP), Philippines127, 128, 137

Batangas Bay Region Environmental Protection Council,Philippines 127-8, 128, 129

beach seine nets, Apo Island, Philippines 114Bhineka Tunggal Ika (unity in diversity), of adat laws,

Indonesia 80binca-binca, Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69biodiversity, conservation of

Cambodia 26, 39, 49, 50Indonesia 79see also Convention on Biological Diversity

biodiversity action plans 7biological diversity see biodiversityBisayans, in Bolinao, Philippines 120blast fishing see explosives in fishingBolinaoan people, Philippines 120bubu (fish traps), Indonesia 69, 70, 73Buddhism

Cambodia 19, 26-7, 40Thailand 169

Bugis people, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68, 81, 82buka (open), and traditional fishing, Nusa Tenggara Timur,

Indonesia 85Bureau of Fisheries (BoF) (Philippines) 99

role of 98-9Buton people, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68, 81, 82

CCCCCcapitalist system, Thailand 145carrying capacity of fishery resources (AC), integrated

fisheries management 86catch-effort, Koh Kong Province, Cambodia 21cement plant project, opposition to, Bolinao, Philippines

119, 122-3, 123, 124Center for Archipelago, Law and Development Studies 3Certificate of Ancestral Domain Claim (CADC), Tagbanua

people, Philippines 109, 111, 113

Chao Ley people (Sea Gypsies), Lepe and Adang Islands,Thailand 177, 178

charcoal productionmangroves and

Ban Laem Makham, Thailand 170Cambodia 24, 26, 52, 53Koh Kong Province, Cambodia 24, 26Thailand 149, 167

civil society 4role of 12-13

climate change, Cambodia and 51coastal aquaculture see aquacultureCoastal Coordinating Unit (CCU)

National Coastal Steering Committee (Cambodia) 34responsibilities of 36

Coastal Development Plan - Technical Working Group(CDP-TWG), and Bolinao coastal development plan,Philippines 124

Coastal Environment Program (CEP)Philippines 92, 105

integrated coastal resource management 103coastal minerals see miningCoastal Resource Management Project (CRMP), Philippines

101, 104Coastal Resources Institute (CORIN), Prince of Songkhla

University 3coastal zoning, Bolinao, Philippines 123Coastal Zone Management Conference (1993) 131Collective Management System see Pengelolaan Bersama

collector ships, and fish marketing, Salamu Village,Kupang Bay, Indonesia 71

colonialism 11-12and administrative structures 11American

and legal framework, Philippines 97, 98resistance to state regulation, Philippines 106

Dutchand adat law, Indonesia 80and migration between islands, Indonesia 68, 73

influence of 4and legal framework of Cambodia 41and resources 11-12and science and technology 11, 12Spanish

and legal framework, Philippines 97, 98resistance to state regulation, Philippines 106

and Thailand 11, 156co-management

aim of 171and decentralization, Thailand 170-3fishery resources, Indonesia 62, 63and local participation

Ban Laem Makham, Thailand 170-3strategies, Ban Laem Makham, Thailand 171-3

Philippines 91and wastewater management

Ban Kwian Huk, Thailand 151, 153strategies, Ban Kwian Huk, Thailand 153-5

command and control strategies of resource management,Philippines 106, 137, 139

commercial fishingand small-scale fishers

Ban Laem Makham, Thailand 169-70Cambodia 26Indonesia 67, 78Thailand 8, 158, 160, 164, 169-70

Thailand 148, 169and traditional fishing, Philippines 110, 112

198

Commission of Research and Fishery ResourcesDevelopment (CRFRD) (Indonesia) 66

Common Circular on Overloaded Trucks, EspeciallyLogging Trucks (Cambodia) 44

communal ownership rightsPhilippines 106, 109, 110, 111, 137, 139and resource use boundaries, Thailand 169Thailand 166-7

Communication, Department of (Indonesia) 82coral reefs 84fisheries 82pollution control 83, 85role of 83-4

Community Forest Stewardship Agreement (CFSA), withTagbanua Foundation of Coron Island, Philippines 111

community participationBolinao, Philippines 105-6, 119, 123-4, 125Philippines 105, 105-6, 116, 119, 123-4, 125, 137Thailand 159, 169

Community-Based Coastal Resources Management Project(CB-CRM), Bolinao, Philippines 121, 121-6

community-based resource management (CBRM) 13, 86, 87,88, 91, 137-40Agenda 21 and 137Apo Island, Negros Oriental, Philippines 107, 113-19,

129Batangas Bay, Batangas, Philippines 107, 126-9, 129Bolinao, Pangasinan, Philippines 107, 119-26, 129Coron Island, Palawan, Philippines 107, 107-13, 129external forces on, Thailand 147forestry, Philippines 107historical perspective, Philippines 106and integrated coastal management 129, 139-40new Fisheries Code and, Philippines 138Philippine Agenda 21 and 138Philippines 106, 106-30, 137-40rationale, Philippines 106-7Rio Declaration and 137and sectoral integration and coordination 91see also local communities

compatibility principles, integrated fisheries management87

competitionamong resource users, Philippines 92from outsiders, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 76-7, 77integrated fisheries management 87-8and ownership and resource use rights, Thailand 166

compressors, use of in fishing, Philippines 110, 113conflict 8, 11, 13

and adat laws, Indonesia 67at nation-state level 8bureaucratic, under colonialism 11centralized state laws/regulation and local indigenous

knowledge 166fishers, Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 70, 70-1and institutional confusion 8of interest, Indonesia 60, 61, 62, 63and land rights, Thailand 158in management, Cambodia 53modes of resource use, Philippines 3with outsiders, Thailand 167, 169over commercial anchovy fishing, Songkhla Bay, Thailand

8, 164over control of resources, Philippines 3over resource use boundaries, Thailand 169over rights to resources, Coron Island, Philippines 111over use of resources

Cambodia 25

Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 160, 163Philippines 91, 92

resource users, Philippines 92, 129sectors, Cambodia 53and settlement in protected forest reserves, Thailand 158South China Sea Workshop on Conflict Resolution 136-7stakeholders

Batangas Bay Region, Philippines 129Indonesia 60, 61, 88Philippines 3, 129

users 8Indonesia 62

within legal system, Cambodia 54see also land ownership; outsiders

conservation areas, Indonesia 67, 83conservation education programs, Apo Island, Philippines

115conservation plan, Cambodia 39conservation zones

Phangnga Bay, Thailand 148see also protected areas

Constitution (Cambodia) 39-40, 41Constitution (Indonesia) 77, 78

and traditional community rights 80Constitution (Philippines) 97Constitution (Thailand), new

and co-management 171and role of local communities in resource and

envronmental management 7, 143, 157, 165, 166, 168,180

consultation see community participation; multi-sectorconsultation; participation

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 133Cambodia and 50

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Speciesof Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), Cambodia and 49

Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar Convention) 133Cambodia and 39, 50

Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia (COBSEA)Cambodia and 48-9and Coastal Coordinating Unit (Cambodia) 36

Coral Reef and Environmental Management Project(COREMAP), Indonesia 68, 73, 84

Core Community Business Development see Perusahaan IntiRakyat

Council for the Development of Cambodia (CDC), andforeign investment 47

cultural heritagelocal ownership and resource use rights, Thailand 168-9and tourism, Thailand 150, 168, 175

customary lawCambodia 40, 41Indonesia 85

see also adat lawsTagbanua people, Philippines 108-9, 112, 112-13, 129Thailand 166, 167

cyanide, use of in fishing see poison fishingcyclical relationships of policies and plans, Thailand 180,

181

DDDDDdai sasoro, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 70Danida see Danish International Development AssistanceDanish International Development Assistance (Danida), and

Cambodian coastal zone 34, 52Danish seine, Coron Island, Philippines 110, 113data and data collection 1

on fish stocks 2

199

matrix approach 145Philippines 129Thailand 146see also research

data and information (DI), and POAC activities 86, 88, 90decentralization

Ban Kwian Huk, Thailand 152Cambodia 53and co-management approach, Thailand 170-3environmental impact assessment, Philippines 100Indonesia 60, 89Thailand 144, 166, 169, 178, 180

deep-sea fisheries see fisheries, deep-seadegradation

coral reefs, Indonesia 68, 69, 70mangroves

Ameth Village, Nusa Laut Island, Indonesia 74Cambodia 22, 27-8Indonesia 61, 64, 68, 78Lease Islands, Indonesia 72Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75, 76Thailand 149, 167

wetlandsCambodia 50Philippines 92

see also environmental and resource degradation; habitatdegradation; pollution

demand-side fisheries and coastal resources (DSFCR) 146-8coastal aquaculture, Thailand 147-8human demand, Thailand 146-7natural resources demand, Thailand 147

demand-side resources (DSR)aquaculture operations 153defined 144

demand-supply paradigm 144-5with historical development, Thailand 156

determination of absorptive capacity of the marineenvironment (DI), integrated fisheries management 86, 88

devolution of authority over resources, Philippines 98, 99,101, 104

DINAS ([provincial implementing] agencies), Indonesia 6,85

Directorate General of Fisheries (DGoF) (Indonesia) 64, 67fisheries management plan 65

dive tourism, Apo Island, Philippines 117-18diving

Apo Island, Philippines 117recreational, Philippines 94

donorsrole of 4, 12see also aid; assistance

dynamiting see explosives in fishing

EEEEEEastern Seaboard Program, Thailand 176eco-tourism

Bolinao, Philippines 125Cambodia 25and mangroves, Thailand 150Thailand 168, 175

economic growthCambodia 17-18and environmental sustainability 7promotion of in coastal zone, Cambodia 54

Economics and Finance, Ministry of (Cambodia) 32, 53and Common Circular on Overloaded Trucks, Especially

Logging Trucks 44economy

Ameth Village, Nusa Laut Island, Indonesia 72, 73Bolinao, Philippines 120Cambodia 17-18, 22-3Indonesia 61Kampung Laut, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75, 76Segara Anakan, Indonesia 76Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68

Ecosystem Research and Development Bureau (ERDB),Philippines 102

educationApo Island, Philippines 115Bolinao, Philippines 120Kampung Laut, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75-6Lease Islands, Indonesia 72-3

Education, Culture and Sport, Department of (DECS)(Philippines), and environmental education 116

Education, Ministry of (Cambodia) 37electric fishing gear, Cambodia 43employment

Ameth Village, Nusa Laut Island, Indonesia 73Apo Island, Philippines 114-15Batangas Bay Region, Philippines 126Bolinao, Philippines 120Cambodia 18, 25Indonesia 65Kampung Laut, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75

endangered speciesCambodia 49, 52Indonesia 65, 84Philippines 112, 132, 135

Energy Department, Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy(Cambodia) 30

enforcement of laws and regulations 4, 7Apo Island Marine Reserve, Philippines 116, 119financial resources and 7-8human resources and 7-8Indonesia 67, 70Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 145, 160, 163Philippines 102, 105, 127of sasi, Indonesia 81strategies, Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 164-6Thailand 163-6tiger prawn industry, Thailand 148

Environment, Ministry of (Cambodia) 12Environment, Ministry of (MoE)(Cambodia)

and charcoal kilns 26and climate change 51and Coastal Coordinating Unit 34, 36establishment, organization and functioning of 46and National Coastal Steering Committee 34, 35and National Environmental Action Plan 39organizational structure of 34responsibilities of 30-1and Royal Decree on the Creation and Designation of

Protected Areas 51Environment and Natural Resources, Department of -

Community Environment and natural resources office(DENR-CENRO) (Philippines) 111

Environment and Natural Resources, Department of(DENR) (Philippines)and Bolinao coastal development plan 124Coastal Environmental Program see Coastal

Environmental Programand environmental compliance certificates 100environmental impact assessment see Environmental

Impact Assessment systemenvironmental protection 101, 102

200

fisheries resources 103mangrove conservation 102marine and aquatic resources 103marine wildlife protection 102-3organizational structure 103pollution control 100-1, 102, 103, 127, 128protected areas management 102-3protected landscape and seascape, Apo Island 117, 118role of 4-5, 101, 102, 102-3

Environment, State Ministry for (Indonesia)coral reefs 85mangroves 82role of 83

environmental compliance certificate (ECC), Philippines 100environmental education

Apo Island, Philippines 115, 116, 118-19Batangas, Philippines 127Bolinao, Philippines 122Cambodia 31

environmental impact analysis, Indonesia 79Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Cambodia 30, 46, 46-7Indonesia 83, 84Philippine Agenda 21 and 131Philippines 100-1Rio Declaration on Environment and Development and

130Environmental Impact Assessment system, Philippines 100-

1, 103, 122environmental impact control, Indonesia 83Environmental Impact Management Agency (BAPEDAL)

(Indonesia)coral reefs 83, 85mangroves 82, 83role of 83

environmental impact statements (EIS), Philippines 100Environmental Law (Cambodia) see Law on Environmental

Protection and Natural Resource Managementenvironmental laws

Cambodia 46-7Thailand 163

environmental managementIndonesia 83legislation, Indonesia 9, 10, 78, 79, 83policies, Indonesia 61

Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) (Philippines),pollution control 100, 101, 127

Environmental Management in the Coastal Zone ofCambodia, Danida project 34

Environmental Management Plan (EMP), Philippines 103environmental policy

Cambodia 38Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

(1992) and 130environmental protection

Agenda 21 and 130-1ASEAN and 49Cambodia 46-7, 47-8, 48-9coral reefs, Indonesia 84-5and enforcement of laws and regulations 7and exploration and exploitation of off-shore oil and gas,

Indonesia 79and industrialization, Thailand 159mangroves, Indonesia 82Philippines 97, 99, 101, 102and policy implementation, Indonesia 89see also protected areas

environmental and resource degradation

Batangas Bay Region, Philippines 126, 127Cambodia 27-8East Asia 134, 136Indonesia 61, 83institutional framework and, Philippines 8, 11Philippines 96poverty and 1Segara Anakan 81Thailand 143, 157tourism and

Indonesia 79Thailand 175

see also degradationenvironmental risk, Philippines 100environmental sustainability index (ESI) 7environmentally critical areas (ECAs), Philippines 100ethnic groups

Cambodia 26-7Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68

Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)Cambodia 42, 47-8Indonesia 64, 77, 82Thailand 148, 173United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and

131, 132, 148Executive Order (EO) 240 of 1995 (Philippines), and

Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Committees10, 105

Executive Order (EO) 292 of 1987 (Administrative Code)(Philippines) 10, 103

explosives in fishingApo Island, Philippines 115, 117Bolinao, Philippines 120, 121Cambodia 43, 52Coron Island, Philippines 109Indonesia 61, 62, 64, 67, 83Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69-70Lease Islands, Indonesia 72Philippines 96, 98

Export Processing Zone, Sihanoukville 23exports

from Cambodia to Thailand 20, 24from Thailand to Japan 149

FFFFFfactories, in coastal zone, Cambodia 24Federation of Fishers of Bolinao, Bolinao, Philippines 122Fiat Law on Fisheries Mangement and Administration

(1987) (Cambodia) 5, 12see also Fisheries Law (Cambodia)

Filapinas Shell Corporation, oil spills 127financial resources 4

Apo Island, Philippines 118Batangas Bay Region, Philippines 129Cambodia 16, 53and enforcement of laws and regulations 7-8

First Five Year Socioeconomic Development Plan (1996-2000) (Cambodia), and development and management ofcoastal zone 36-7

fish aggregating devices (FAD) see rumponfish cages, Bolinao, Philippines 124fish capture, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 76fish marketing

Cambodia 24Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69, 70-1

fish pens, Bolinao, Philippines 124fish processing

Cambodia 25

201

Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69fish production

Cambodia 22Indonesia 64-5, 71

fish protection zone, Thailand 158fish traps

Apo Island, Philippines 114Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69

‘fish wars’ 8fisheries

capture, Tarutao Marine National Park, Thailand 178deep-sea, Thailand 149, 175, 177depletion of see fishery resources depletionIndonesia 64-5institutional framework, national level, Indonesia 82international joint ventures, Thailand 149legislation, Indonesia 9, 67, 77, 78marginalisation of artisanal 1marine capture, Thailand 148-9, 150segmentation of administration of, Philippines 103-4self-sufficiency, Philippines 99small-scale see small-scale fisherssee also joint-venture fisheries

Fisheries Act of 1934 (Philippines) 102Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Bureau of (BFAR)

(Philippines) 4-5, 102, 103fisheries management 102, 104see also Agriculture, Department of - Bureau of Fisheries

and Aquatic ResourcesFisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Committees

(FARMCs), Philippines 105, 138, 139Fisheries Co-management Project, ICLARM 2Fisheries Code (1975) (Philippines) 99Fisheries Code, new (1998) (NFC) (Philippines) 5, 10, 98,

99, 104, 105, 138and community-based resource management 138

Fisheries, Department of (DoF) (Cambodia) 12organizational structure of 28responsibilities of 5, 29, 37

Fisheries, Directorate General of (DGoF) (Indonesia) 82see also Pengelolaan Bersama

fisheries domain, Cambodia 5, 12, 23, 42Fisheries Law of 1932 (Philippines) 98Fisheries Law (Cambodia) 5, 9, 12, 28, 39, 42-3, 51, 52

mangroves 27trawling 26weaknesses of 51-2

Fisheries Law (Indonesia) see Act No. 9 of 1985fisheries laws

and aquaculture, Philippines 97Cambodia 5, 42-3, 51-2Thailand 155, 163

fisheries managementinstitutional framework see institutional frameworklegal framework see legal frameworkpolicy framework see policy frameworkpolicy-making and 2Southeast Asia 13

fisheries management zones, Indonesia 65fisheries plan, Cambodia 38fisheries policy, Cambodia 37fisheries resources

allocation of and quotas, Indonesia 66Cambodia 19-20estimates of, Indonesia 66Indonesia 65-6Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68limitations on access, Indonesia 67

local ownership and resource use rights, Thailand 166-7protection of, Indonesia 67resource allocation plans, Indonesia 66Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75

fisheries resources depletion 8Ban Laem Makham, Trang Province, Thailand 170Bolinao, Pangasinan, Philippines 120Cambodia 20, 24, 26Coron Island, Palawan, Philippines 110Indonesia 60, 61Philippines 8, 11, 93, 96, 106Segara Anakan, Indonesia 81Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68Thailand 8, 143, 147, 148, 157, 173, 177

Fisheries Resources Management Program, Philippines 103Fisheries Sector Program (FSP), Philippines 101, 103, 105fishers

Bajo, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68, 70capture, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 76foreign, Indonesia 67inshore, and Phangnga Bay conservation zone, Thailand

148licensing of, Indonesia 67, 69, 82migrating

Indonesia 66see also migrants

Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 160Philippines 93Rote, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68, 70small-scale see small-scale fisherstypes of, Indonesia 66

fishers’ organizationsIndonesia 67Philippines 138

see also Federation of Fishers of Bolinao; Kaisahan ngmga Samahan para sa Kalikasan

see also fishery associationsfishery associations

Cambodia 26see also fishers’ organizations

Fishery Industry Development Council (Philippines) 99Fishery Industry Development Decree of 1972 (Philippines)

99fishery reserves, Kampot Province, Cambodia 25Fishery Resources Management Program, Philippines 5, 101fishing boats/vessels

Ameth Village, Nusa Laut Island, Indonesia 73Apo Island, Philippines 114Bolinao, Philippines 120Cambodia 20, 42, 52Indonesia 65, 66Philippines 93Segara Anakan, Indonesia 76Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69Thailand 148

fishing effort, Koh Kong Province 21fishing and fishing practices 1

Batangas Bay Bay Region, Philippines 126Cambodia 24-5destructive

Indonesia 69-70Philippines 98, 99, 110, 121

illegalApo Island, Philippines 115, 117Cambodia 25Coron Island, Philippines 109-10, 113Indonesia 62, 67

impact of, Cambodia 26, 52

202

income from, Cambodia 24Philippines 92-3seasons

Bolinao, Philippines 125Cambodia 42, 48Coron Island, Philippines 109Indonesia 65Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia 85Philippines 98, 99

see also marine capture fisheriesfishing gear

and navigation of vessels, Cambodia 42prohibited, Cambodia 5, 25, 43, 52Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69Thailand 148

fishing weir, Cambodia 20Five-year Development Plan (REPELITA) (Indonesia) 6, 78,

79and integration between national and regional levels 78

floating nets, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 77Foreign Affairs, Department of (Philippines) 102Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation, Ministry of

(Cambodia) 45foreign aid

dependency 12, 13to Cambodia 12, 13, 23

foreign investmentCambodia 18, 23, 37, 38, 39, 42, 47Thailand 177

foreigners see outsiders/foreignersForest Control and Natural Resources Conservation,

Directorate General (Indonesia) 83forest reserves, settlement and, Thailand 158-9forestry

community-based resource management, Philippines 107Indonesia 83legislation, Indonesia 9, 78-9Philippines 93-4

Forestry, Department of (DoF) (Indonesia) 76, 78, 82coral reefs 84fisheries 82mangroves 82, 84role of 83

Forestry Law (Cambodia) 9, 39, 43, 51, 52forestry laws, and mangroves, Philippines 97Forestry Management Law (Cambodia) see Forestry Law

(Cambodia)Forestry, Ministry of (Indonesia) 69Forum Koodinasi Pengelolaan Pemanfaatan Sumberdaya Ikan

(Forum of Coordination for Fisheries Resource Use)(FKPPS)Indonesia 65-6, 66

legal issues 67freshwater

Cambodia 17Thailand 167-8, 168

functional overlapof institutions 3

Philippines 3-4, 4

GGGGGGaris-garis Besar Haluan Negara (GBHN) see General

Guidelines of State PolicyGeneral Guidelines of State Policy (Garis-garis Besar Haluan

Negara) (GBHN) (Indonesia) 6, 9, 60, 77, 78, 80and sustainable use of resources 79

gill nettinganchovies, Songkhla Bay, Thailand 164

Apo Island, Philippines 114, 117crab, Cambodia 20shrimp, Cambodia 20small mesh size, Indonesia 61Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69see also monofilament gill netting; nylon gill netting

Global Environment Facility (GEF), Cambodia and 49Global Environmental Facility/United Nations Development

Programme/International Maritime Organization RegionalProgram for the Prevention and Management of MarinePollution in East Asian Seas 126, 136

Global Programme of Action for the Protection of theMarine Environment from Land-based Activities in EastAsian SeasCambodia and 48-9Thailand and 174

Government Decree No. 17 of 1974 (Indonesia), explorationand exploitation of off-shore oil and gas 79

Government Regulation No. 15 of 1984 (Indonesia),fisheries management 67

Government Regulation No. 15 of 1990 (Indonesia),fisheries licensing 67

Government Regulation No. 20 of 1990 (Indonesia), waterpollution control 10

greenhouse gases, Cambodia and 51Guidelines of State Policy (GBHN) see General Guidelines of

State Policy

HHHHHhabitat, coastal and marine, Philippines 102habitat degradation 1

aquatic, Indonesia 60, 61, 83fish

Indonesia 65, 83Philippines 96

hak ulayat laut (traditional marine rights), Ameth Village,Nusa Laut Island, Indonesia 74

hak ulayat (traditional rights), Indonesia 62, 74, 80handicraft industry, Cambodia 43Haribon Foundation, and Bolinao Community-based

Coastal Resources Management Project, Philippines 122health, Lease Islands, Indonesia 73Health, Department of (DoH) (Philippines) 102holistic approach to coastal resources management 97, 103,

107, 131, 135Home Affairs, Department of (Indonesia) 62

mangroves 82, 84role of 84

hook and lineApo Island, Philippines 114, 117Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69

hukum adat (traditional laws), Indonesia 62hulbot-hulbot (Danish seine), Coron Island, Philippines 110,

113human demand, Thailand 146-7human resources 4

constraints of on sustainable resource use in coastal zone,Cambodia 52

development of, Cambodia 54and enforcement of laws and regulations 7-8

hunting, Cambodia 43, 46

IIIIIillegal fishing see fishing and fishing practices, illegalIlocanos, in Bolinao, Philippines 120income, from fishing, Cambodia 24indigenous knowledge, Thailand 149, 166, 171Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act (IPRA) (Philippines) 113,

203

138indigenous resources management see traditional resources

managementindigenous rights

Tagbanua people, Philippines 107see also communal ownership rights

Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT)Development Project 176Tarutao Marine National Park 178, 180

industrial laws, Cambodia 43industrial sector policy, Cambodia 37industrial strategy and planning, Cambodia 38-9industrial waste/effluent 134

Cambodia 49Indonesia 62, 72Philippines 96, 126, 127, 129Thailand 150, 168

Industrial Zone, Sihanoukville 23Industrial Zone Act, draft (Cambodia) 43industrialization, and environmental protection, Thailand

159industry

Batangas Bay Region, Philippines 126, 127, 128Cambodia 18, 23, 24Philippines 95, 96, 103see also industrial waste/effluent

Industry, Mines and Energy, Ministry of (MIME) (Cambodia)objectives of 38-9organizational structure of 29responsibilities of 29-30

information systems, integrated fisheries management 60inland fisheries domain, Cambodia 42Institute of Fisheries Management and Coastal Community

Development (IFM) 2institutional arrangements see institutional frameworkinstitutional confusion 3, 13

Cambodia 5, 12, 16and conflict 8Indonesia 11over land management, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 76Philippines 5, 103, 106, 138-9Thailand 157, 164see also institutions, lack of clear mandates

institutional coordination 13Indonesia 6, 78, 79, 82, 83, 84Philippines 101, 102, 103, 106, 118, 129

institutional framework 2, 4, 14, 88, 90administrative segmentation, Philippines 103-4Agenda 21 and 131aid dependency and 12at national level, Indonesia 82-5at regional level, Indonesia 85at village level, Indonesia 85-6Cambodia 16, 28-38, 57-8colonialism and 11-12cyclical relationships, Thailand 180, 181decentralization, Thailand 144devolution to local governments, Philippines 104historical development, Thailand 155-6Indonesia 3, 63, 82-6, 86institutional integration, Philippines 104-5, 106interrelationship matrix between roles and

responsibilities, Thailand 161-2Philippines 101-6public participation, Philippines 105-6, 116, 119, 123-4,

125, 137sectoralization of, Philippines 91, 106Thailand 3, 143, 157-60

and traditions 12see also overlapping jurisdictions; overlapping mandates

institutional integration, Philippines 104-5institutions

and coastal resources management, Indonesia 3definition 2design of 4design problems

defined 3see also institutional confusion; overlappingjurisdictions

formal 2functional overlap 3

Philippines 3-4, 4informal 2lack of clear mandates, Indonesia 61and marine resource management, Indonesia 3overlapping juristictions, Indonesia 3and resource management 1, 2and resource sectors 3-4unclear mandates of 3

Philippines 5see also institutional confusion; institutional coordination

integrated action plan, opportunities, Kampung Laut,Segara Anakan, Indonesia 77

Integrated Coastal Management (ICM)Batangas Bay, Philippines 128-9Bolinao, Philippines 123and co-management of shrimp aquaculture, Thailand

153and community-based management 129, 139-40

integrated coastal and marine resources managementIndonesia 89Philippines 103

integrated coastal resource managementAgenda 21 and 131Thailand 177

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)and co-management, Thailand 151Philippines 91programs 135

integrated coral reef management, Indonesia 84integrated development 90integrated fisheries management 60, 86-9

Indonesia 61, 63, 80Thailand 177

integrated fisheries management matrix, Indonesia 86, 88integrated policy, and sustainable development, Indonesia

89Inter-Agency Task Force on Coastal Environment Protection

(IATFCEP), Philippines 102, 105intergrated coastal area management (ICAM), Ban Kwian

Huk, Thailand 152Interior and Local Government, Department of - Philippine

National Police (DILG-PNP) 102, 105Interior, Ministry of (Cambodia) 31International Convention on the Prevention of Marine

Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) 136Cambodia and 49-50Philippines and 133

international conventions on fisheries, biodiversity andpollution, Thailand and 174

International Development Research Center (IDRC) 3and and Coastal Coordinating Unit (Cambodia) 36and community-based coastal resources management,

Bolinao, Philippines 121seaweed research, Lingayen Gulf, Philippines 121

international environment law 130

204

international involvementTarutao Marine National Park (TMNP), Thailand 146Thailand 144, 173-80tiger prawn industry, Thailand 148and trade restictions on Thai exports 177see also regional cooperation

international joint-venture fisheries, Thailand 149international law, Cambodia and 40-1, 47-8International Maritime Organizaion (IMO)

and Coastal Coordinating Unit (Cambodia) 36conventions on use and protection of the marine

environment 133, 135international organizations (IOs)

and Coastal Coordinating Unit (Cambodia) 36and National Coastal Steering Committee (Cambodia)

33, 34international trade restrictions, on Thai resource

development 177interviews, Thailand 146Inventory and Management of Cambodian Wetlands

Programme 12investment 4

in Cambodia, see also Law on Investment (Cambodia)outside, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 76, 77see also foreign direct investment

Islam, Ban Laem Makham, Thailand 170

JJJJJJoint Development Areas (JDA) 176

and Tarutao Marine National Park, Thailand 180Thailand-Cambodia 176Thailand-Malaysia 176

joint-venture fisheriesIndonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle 176international, Thailand 149Thailand 149, 173, 174, 174-5Thailand and Bangladesh 175Thailand and Malaysia 175Thailand and Myanmar 174-5

juragan (manager of group of fishers), and fish marketing,Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 70

jurisdictional zones, United Nations Convention on the Lawof the Sea on 131

KKKKKkaingin (swidden farming), Coron Island, Philippines 108,

109, 110Kaisahan ng mga Samahan para sa Kalikasan (KAISAKA),

Bolinao fishers’ organization, Philippines 122, 123, 124kantor perwakilan (district working units) (Indonesia) 6, 85kantor wilayah (KANWIL) (provincial working

units)(Indonesia) 6, 85KANWIL see kantor wilayahkewang (representing traditional institution), Indonesia 73,

74, 81, 82, 85Khmer Distillery Company 23Khmer Rouge regime 20, 23, 41Kirirom national park, Cambodia 25Kuala Lumpur Declaration on Environment and

Development 135Kwian Huk Sub-district Administration Organization, and

wastewater co-management, Thailand 151

LLLLLLabor Law (Cambodia) 42lampara, Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69Land Code (Thailand) 9, 158, 163land expansion

and coastal resourcesCambodia 53Indonesia 62see also sedimentation

Land Law (Cambodia) 41, 52Land Law Code (Thailand), and use of coastal lands 167land ownership

Apo Island, Philippines 117Cambodia 41communal, Philippines 106, 109, 110, 111, 137Indonesia 76-7, 81Kampung Laut, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 76-7Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 160Philippines 110state, Indonesia 76, 77, 80Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69Thailand 158-9

land rightsLaem Talumpuk, Thailand 163Thailand 158

Langkawi Development Authority (LADA) (Malaysia)and Tarutao Marine National Park 178and tourism in Thailand 176

law enforcementCambodia 22, 23, 38, 51constraints on sustainable resource use in coastal zone,

Cambodia 52strengthening of, Cambodia 54-5, 58

Law on Environmental Protection and Natural ResourcesManagement (Cambodia) 9, 31, 35, 38, 39, 46, 46-7, 52

Law on Financing and Property Regime in Provinces andMunicipalities (Cambodia) 10, 33, 53

Law on Fisheries Management and Administration(Cambodia) see Fisheries Law (Cambodia)

Law on Investment (Cambodia) 9, 41-2Law on Land Management, Urbanization and Construction

(Cambodia) 9, 41, 52Law on Mineral Exploitation and Mining (Cambodia) 43Law on Waters (1866) (Spain), and Philippines 98legal constraints

Cambodia 51-2Indonesia 61

legal framework 2, 9-10, 79, 86, 87, 88, 90aid dependency and 12Apo Island, Philippines 116-17, 129Batangas Bay, Philippines 127-8Cambodia 5, 5-6, 16, 22, 39-47, 54, 58-9

historical profile of 41coastal lands, Thailand 167colonialism and 11-12and customary law, Philippines 112, 112-13decentralization, Philippines 97-8fisheries and aquaculture, Thailand 3, 167historical development, Thailand 155-6Indonesia 60, 61, 61-2, 63, 77-82and integrated management, Philippines 97-8and macroeconomic growth, Thailand 147overlaps and conflicts within, Cambodia 54Philippines 97-106

historical perspective 97-9protection of fisheries resources, Indonesia 67Thailand 3, 6-7, 143-4, 167, 168and traditional laws

Indonesia 74, 82, 85-6, 89see also adat laws

and traditions 12see also adat laws; customary law; overlapping jurisdictions

licensing

205

of fishersIndonesia 67, 69, 82Philippines 98, 99, 124, 125

tourist boats, Cambodia 44linear synergic relationship, fisheries management activities

86, 88Lingayen Gulf Coastal Area Management Committee

(LGCAMC), Philippines 124Lingayen Gulf Coastal Area Management Plan (LGCAMP),

Philippines 122lintig, Coron Island, Philippines 113local administration laws, Thailand 163local communities 137

competition with outsiders, Ban Laem Makham, Thailand169-70

empowerment of 86, 90Philippines 97, 116, 139

participation in resource managementBan Laem makham, Thailand 170Philippines 105-6, 116, 119, 123-4, 125, 137Thailand 169

and preservation of coastal resources, Cambodia 27-8and regional governments, Indonesia 62and resource management 2

Thailand 143and use and management of resources

Ameth Village, Nusa Laut Island, Indonesia 73-4, 85-6Cambodia 23-6, 55Indonesia 11, 60, 61, 63Kupang Bay, Indonesia 70Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 164-6Segara Anakan, Indonesia 76-7, 77Thailand 166-73

village committee, Thailand 169village council, Thailand 169see also community-based resource management;

decentralization; devolution of authority over resources;outsiders/foreigners

local fishery agency (LFA), Indonesia 66local government

and environmental protection, Philippines 99management of forestry resources, Indonesia 79and marine and coastal resources

Philippines 98, 101, 104see also devolution of authority over resources

role ofIndonesia 60Philippines 99, 101

Local Government Code of 1991 (LGC) (Philippines) 10, 98,99, 101, 104, 127and Department of Agriculture 104

local government unit (LGU) see local governmentlocal ownership and resource use rights regimes

coastal lands, Thailand 167coastal minerals, Thailand 168coastal tourism, Thailand 168cultural heritage, Thailand 168-9fishery resources and aquaculture, Thailand 166-7mangrove forests, Thailand 167Thailand 166-9water resources, Thailand 167-8

logging, Cambodia 23, 27, 43, 46, 52logical framework approach (LFA), to fisheries and coastal

resources 145, 178long line fishing

Cambodia 20Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69

MMMMMMadura people, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 82Makasar people, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 81, 82management framework

community-based, Philippines 91Philippines 91-2see also co-management; community based management;

integrated coastal zone managementManagement Plan of Ream National Park (draft), Cambodia

26management system constraints on sustainable resource use

in coastal zone, Cambodia 52-3mariculture

Indonesia 61, 84and mangroves, Indonesia 64, 84Philippines 92Segara Anakan, Indonesia 76

Marine Affairs, Cabinet Committee on (Philippines), andUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 102

marine capture fisheries, Thailand 148-9, 150Marine Conservation and Development Program (MCDP)

Bolinao, Philippines 122, 123Silliman University 115

Marine Covservation and Development Program, SillimanUniversity, Philippines 116

marine environment, Agenda 21 and 131marine environmental protection, Cambodia 47-8, 49-50Marine Exploitation and Fisheries, Ministry of (Indonesia),

responsibilities of 6marine fish processing, Cambodia 25marine fisheries

Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 160production, Cambodia 20Thailand 146

marine fisheries domain, Cambodia 42marine fisheries management

community-based approach, Indonesia 86, 87legal framework, Indonesia 87market-based approach, Indonesia 86, 87resource-based approach, Indonesia 86, 87

marine fishers, Indonesia 65marine flora and fauna, conservation of, Cambodia 50marine national parks, Thailand 151marine pollution 134, 135

Cambodia 47, 48-9, 49, 49-50Convention of Biological Diversity and 133Indonesia 60Philippines 96, 100, 101, 126see also pollution

Marine Pollution Decree (Philippines) 9, 101marine products, Cambodia 24marine reserves, Apo Island, Philippines 115-16marine resources

characteristics of, Indonesia 64-5value of, Cambodia 25-6see also coastal and marine resources

marine resources managementassessment of, Indonesia 86-9institutions and, Indonesia 3see also coastal and marine resources management

marine transportation, Indonesia 65marine-based tourism, Indonesia 79Maritime Industry Authority of the Philippines (MARINA)

95, 127market-based management of marine resources 86, 87, 88market-based strategies of resource management,

Philippines 106, 137, 139marketing of fisheries products (MP)

206

integrated fisheries management 60, 86, 88, 90see also fish marketing

MARPOL see International Convention on the Prevention ofMarine Pollution from Ships

matakan, Indonesia 73, 74mechanized push gear, Cambodia 5medicinal plants, Cambodia 25medicinal use of marine species, Philippines 93Mekong River Commission (MRC) 12merchant ships, registration of, Cambodia 44-5Merchant Ships, Declaration with Respect to the Act of

Registration of, draft (Cambodia) 44-5methodology

of Indonesia study 63-4of Philippines study 92of Thailand study 144-6

migrantsto Ameth Village, Nusa Laut Island, Indonesia 72, 73to Lease Islands, Indonesia 81to Segara Anakan, Indonesia 76, 77, 80to Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68

mine waste, Philippines 94, 96Mines Department, Ministry of Industry, Mines and Energy

(Cambodia) 30mining

Cambodia 43coral reefs

Indonesia 61, 62, 64, 79Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69

Indonesia 79, 84local ownership and resource use rights, Thailand 168and mangrove deforestation, Thailand 150Philippines 94, 96seabed

local ownership and resource use rights, Thailand 168Thailand 150

Mining and Energy, Department of (Indonesia) 82coral reefs 84fisheries 82role of 84

Mining Law (Cambodia) see Law on Mineral Exploitationand Mining (Cambodia)

Moluccans, Christian, and sasi gereja 81monitoring, control and surveillance system (MCS) 8, 60, 86,

88-9, 90monitoring fishers, Indonesia 66monofilament gill netting

Cambodia 20Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69

motorized push netting, Cambodia 25mud irrigation, in Cambodia 17multi-sector committee, and Bolinao coastal development

plan, Philippines 124multi-sector consultation, on Bolinao Municipal Coastal

Development Plan 123-4multisectoral agencies, and institutional integration 104-5municipal authorities, Cambodia, responsibilities of 32, 33Municipal Development Council (MDC), and Bolinao

coastal development plan, Philippines 124, 125municipal government

and Apo Island, Philippines 118-19and community-based coastal resources management

project, Bolinao, Philippines 121and fisheries

Batangas Bay Region, Philippines 127Bolinao, Philippines 124-5

and municipal coastal development plan, Bolinao,Philippines 123, 124

municipal reserves, Apo Island, Philippines 115, 117muro-ami

Apo Island, Philippines 115, 117Coron Island, Philippines 110Philippines 96

Muslimsin Cambodia 27and fishing practices, Indonesia 70and sasi lelang, Indonesia 81, 81-2

musyawarah desa (village community forum), Lease Islands,Indonesia 81

NNNNNNational Coastal Steering Committee (Cambodia)

and Coastal Coordinating Unit 34, 36responsibilities and membership of 33-6

National Committee for Land Managment, Urbanizationand Construction (Cambodia), responsibilities of 33

National Defense, Department of - Philippine Coast Guard(DND-PCG) 102, 127

National Defense, Department of - Philippine Navy (DND-PN) (Philippines) 105

National Economic Development Authority (NEDA),Philippines 101, 124

National Economic and Social Development Plans, Thailand159-60

National Environmental Protection Council (NEPC),Indonesia, role of 100

National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), Cambodia 20,38, 39

National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS),Philippines 11, 94, 102, 115, 117, 118

national marine park zoning, Indonesia 79national parks, Indonesia 83National Pollution Control Commission (NPCC)

(Philippines) 100, 101National Pollution Control Decree (1976) (Philippines) 9,

101National Program to Rehabilitate and Develop Cambodia,

and coastal zone development and management 36, 38National Protected Areas System, Cambodia 30National and Regional Environmental Action Plans,

development of, Cambodia 30National Water Resources Council (NWRC), Philippines 102National Wetland Action Plan, Cambodia 39natural resources allocation see resource allocationnatural resources assessment see stock assessmentNatural Resources, Department of (DNR) (Philippines) 102Natural Resources, Ministry of (Philippines) 102natural resources utilization and protection see resource

utilization and protectionNature Conservation and Protection, Department of

(Cambodia) 26Navy

Indonesia, and fisheries 82Philippines, coastal and marine resources 105

netsprohibited types, Indonesia 67see also gill netting; monofilament gill netting; nylon gill

nettingnon-government organizations (NGOs)

aid to Salamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 71Apo Island, Philippines 118Cambodia 28and co-management, Thailand 171and Coastal Coordinating Unit (Cambodia) 36and development 12, 13and local initiatives, Ban Laem Makham, Thailand 170

207

and Ministry of Environment (Cambodia) 31and National Coastal Steering Committee (Cambodia)

33, 34norway, Coron Island, Philippines 113Nyai Loro Kidul (Queen of the Indian Ocean), Indonesia 77,

80nylon gill netting, Cambodia 20

OOOOOoil spills 134

Cambodia 47Philippines 96, 101, 126, 127, 129

opportunities see strategies, recommendations, opportunitiesorganizational constraints on sustainable resource use in

coastal zone, Cambodia 52organizations, definition 2outsiders/foreigners

Ameth Village, Indonesia 74Apo Island, Philippines 115, 117, 118Ban Laem Makham, Thailand 170Cambodia 6, 20, 24, 42, 47Coron Island, Philippines 108Haruku, Indonesia 85Indonesia 67, 79Kupang Bay, Indonesia 82Philippines 99, 132, 134, 136Segara Anakan, Indonesia 76-7, 77, 81Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 70Thailand 166-7, 167, 168, 169

overexploitation of coastal and marine resourcesCambodia 47-8, 49Indonesia 61, 79, 80shrimp, Indonesia 65Tarutao Marine National Park, Thailand 178Thailand 143United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea and

132overfishing 1

Cambodia 5, 49, 50, 52Indonesia 65Philippines 96, 126

overlapping jurisdictions 3, 13Indonesia 3, 6, 60, 61, 61-2, 63, 78, 84, 85, 88Philippines 97, 103, 104, 118-19pollution control, Philippines 101, 127, 128Segara Anakan, Indonesia 76-7, 77, 81

overlapping mandates 13Thailand 6-7

Overloaded Ferries, Riverboats and Sea-going Vessels,Declaration No. 018 on (Cambodia) 45

ownership see communal ownership rights; land ownership

PPPPPPalawan Council for Sustainable Development (PCSD),

Philippines 113panas pela ceremony, Ameth Village, Nusa Laut Island,

Indonesia 74pancing buang, Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69panyaan (sacred areas at sea), Tagbanua people, Philippines

108, 109papalele (middleman), and fish marketing, Sulamu Village,

Kupang Bay, Indonesia 71participation

of local communities in resource management,Philippines 105-6, 116, 119, 123-4, 125, 137

see also community participation; consultationparticipatory management, Thailand 144patron-client relationship

Sulamu Village, Kupang bay, Indonesia 70Thailand 145, 165

pawang (mediator), and management of resources,Indonesia 80, 80-1

pela, Ameth Village, Nusa Laut Island, Indonesia 74Pengelolaan Bersama (Collective Management System)

Indonesia 65-6see also Forum Koodinasi Pengelolaan Pemanfaatan

Sumberdaya Ikanpeople-resource interaction, Thailand 166people’s organizations (POs)

Apo Island, Philippines 118Bolinao, Philippines 119, 122, 123, 124, 125

Perusahaan Inti Rakyat (PIR) (Core Community BusinessDevelopment), Indonesia 66, 67

Philippine Agenda 21 (PA 21) 131and community-based resource management 138

Philippine Coast Guard (PCG), pollution control 101, 102,127, 128

Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) 102Philippine-Japan Treaty of Amity, Commerce and

Navigation (1960) 98Philippines Fisheries Commission (PFC), role of 99Philippines-Malaysia project, Turtle Islands, Philippines 137Phuket Fisheries Association, deep-sea fisheries, Thailand

149Phuket Fishery Association, and Phangnga Bay conservation

zone, Thailand 148planning, organizing, actuating and controlling activities

(POAC), and fisheries management 86, 88-9poison fishing

Apo Island, Philippines 117Bolinao, Philippines 120, 121Coron Island, Philippines 110Indonesia 61, 62, 64, 67Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69Philippines 96, 98

policies and plans at local level, Thailand 180, 182policy constraints on sustainable resource use in coastal

zone, Cambodia 51policy framework

Batangas Bay, Philippines 127-8Cambodia 16, 36-8, 59cyclical relationships, Thailand 180, 181historical development, Thailand 155-6historical evolution, Thailand 144historical perspective, Philippines 97-9Indonesia 6, 60, 63, 89international impact, Thailand 144local level, Thailand 180, 182Philippines 97-106

policy-making and general management 101Thailand 3, 157-60

political economy system, Thailand 145pollution

agriculture and, Cambodia 49, 53Cambodia 31, 46, 49, 50, 54, 58control 8

Batangas Bay Region Environmental ProtectionCouncil, Philippines 128

Cambodia 31, 46Department of Communication, Indonesia 83, 85Department of Environment and Natural Resources,Philippines 100-1, 102, 103, 127, 128

Environmental Management Bureau, Philippines 100,101, 127

Indonesia 6, 10, 79, 83international and regional 47, 50, 132, 133, 134, 135

208

Philippine Coast Guard 101, 102, 127, 128Philippines 9, 98, 100-1, 101, 102, 127, 128Thailand 151, 153-4, 155, 168

from shippingCambodia 47, 49Indonesia 61, 65, 83see also International Convention on the Prevention ofMarine Pollution from Ships

from shrimp cultivation, Cambodia 20, 22, 25, 28, 49Indonesia 61inland 1land-based 132, 134

Cambodia 48, 49, 50Indonesia 61, 64, 69, 75, 79, 83Thailand 151, 168

marine-based 1Philippines 96Thailand 143, 167, 168tiger prawn industry, Thailand 148urbanization and, Philippines 92see also industrial waste/effluent; marine pollution; mine

waste; oil spills; tailings; waste disposalPollution Adjudication Board (Philippines) 101population

Apo Island, Philippines 115Bolinao, Philippines 120Cambodia 18-19coastal 1Coron Island, Palawan, Philippines 107East Asia 134and environmental degradation, Bolinao, Philippines 120Indonesia 61, 65Kampung Laut, Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75, 76Lease Islands, Indonesia 72Philippines 95, 96Semau Island, Indonesia 68Thailand 143, 147, 166

population policy, Thailand 159ports development, Philippines 94-5poverty

Bolinao, Philippines 120and ecosystem degradation, Philippines 96and environmental degradation 1and environmental sustainability 8and resource degradation 1

Indonesia 62Presidental Decree (PD) 704 of 1975 (Fisheries Code)

(Philippines) 99Presidental Decree (PD) 884 of 1976 (National Pollution

Control Decree) (Philippines) 9, 101Presidental Decree (PD) 978 (Marine Pollution Decree)

(Philippines) 9, 101Presidential Commission on Anti-Illegal Fishing and Marine

Conservation (PCAIFMC), Philippines 102, 105Presidential Decree (PD) 600 (Philippines), pollution control

101Presidential Decree (PD) 1586 (Philippines), environmental

impact statements 100Presidential Proclamation 2146 (1981) (Philippines), and

environmentally critical projects 100process of production (PP), integrated fisheries management

86processing see fish processingproduction processes, integrated fisheries management 60,

86, 88, 90Protected Area Management Board (PAMB), Apo Island

protected landscape and seascape, Philippines 115, 117,118

protected areasCambodia 30, 39, 46commercial trawling in, Thailand 148, 160, 164Indonesia 78, 79, 84Philippines 94, 102, 137

see also Protected Landscape and SeascapeThailand 149see also conservation zones; fish protection zone

Protected Areas and Wildlife Division (PAWD), Departmentof Environment and Natural Resources (Philippines) 118

Protected Landscape and Seascape, Apo Island, Philippines115, 117

protected zones see protected areasProvince and Municipality, Ministry of (Cambodia),

organizational structure of 35Provincial Agriculture Office (PAO), Philippines 119provincial authorities, Cambodia, responsibilities of 31-3Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office

(PENRO), Philippines 119Provincial Government - Environment and Natural

Resources Office (PG-ENRO), Batangas Bay Region,Philippines 105, 128

provincial governmentsenvironmental education, Batangas, Philippines 127Indonesia 82Philippines, and Apo Island 119see also regional governments

Public Works and Transport, Ministry of (MPWT)(Cambodia)and Common Circular on Overloaded Trucks, Especially

Logging Trucks 44organizational structure of 31, 43responsibilities of 30, 37-8, 44

pukat anyo, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69pukat senar, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 70punggawa (local businessmen), and fish marketing, Sulamu

Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 70-1purse seine fishing

Cambodia 20Songkhla Bay, Thailand 164

push nettingBan Laem Makham, Thailand 169Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 160

RRRRRRama IX, King, laws, policies and institutions, Thailand 156Rama V, King, laws, policies and institutions, Thailand 155-

6, 156Rama VII, King, laws, policies and institutions, Thailand

156Ramkhamhaeng, King, laws, policies and institutions,

Thailand 155Ramsar Convention see Convention on WetlandsRattanakosin period, laws, policies and institutions,

Thailand 155, 156recommendations see strategies, recommendations,

opportunitiesred tides, Manila Bay, Philippines 96regional agreements on coastal and marine environmental

management 134-7regional autonomy, Indonesia 6regional cooperation 173, 174

and Tarutao Marine National Park 178see also ASEAN Agreement on the Conservation of Nature

and Natural Resources; ASEAN Environment Program;Association of Southeast Asian Nations; Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle (IMT-GT)Development Project; joint-venture fisheries; Thailand-

209

Cambodia Joint Developement AreaRegional Development Council (RDC), Batangas Bay

Region, Philippines 128regional governments

and local communities, Indonesia 62role of, Indonesia 60, 61, 79, 80

Regional Sea Programs 134regulations, centralization of, Indonesia 6religion

Cambodia 19, 26-7Indonesia 63Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68, 70, 82Lease Islands, Indonesia 81

REPELITA (Rencana Pembangunan Lima Tahun) see Five-yearDevelopment Plan

Republic Act 7611 of 1992 (Strategic Environment Plan forPalawan Act) (Philippines) 112-13

Republic Act (RA) 7160 of 1991 (Local Government Code)(Philippines) 10, 98, 99, 101, 104

Republic Act (RA) 8435 of 1997 (Agriculture and FisheriesManagement Act) (Philippines) 5, 10, 98

Republic Act (RA) 8550 of 1998 (new Fisheries Code)(Philippines) 10, 98

researchon community-based coastal resource management,

Bolinao, Philippines 121-2on Lingayen Gulf, Philippines 121, 122Philippines 102, 103Thailand 172

with Myanmar 175Research Institute of Marine Fisheries (RIMF) 64reserves see fishery reserves; marine reserves; municipal

reserves; sanctuariesresource allocation (RA), integrated fisheries management

60, 86, 88, 90resource management constraints

Ameth Village, Nusa Laut Island, Maluku, Indonesia 73-4Kampung Laut, Segara Anakan, Central Java, Indonesia

76-7Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Nusa Tenggara Timur,

Indonesia 70-1Resource Management Division, Negros Oriental,

Philippines, and environmental education 116Resource Management Division (RMD), of provincial

government, Philippines 116, 119resource sectors, institutions and 3-4resource use boundaries, Thailand 169resource use maps, Bolinao, Philippines 123resource utilization and protection, integrated fisheries

management 60, 90resource utilization (RU), integrated fisheries management

86resource-based management of marine resources 86, 87, 88resources, colonialism and 11-12responsive synergic relationship, fisheries management

activities 86, 88Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 130

and community-based resource management 137Rote–Bajo agreement on fishery management, Kupang Bay,

Indonesia 70, 82Rotenese people, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68, 70, 82Royal Decree on the Creation and Designation of Protected

Areas (Cambodia) 9, 30, 39, 46, 51, 52weaknesses of 51

Royal Decree on the Establishment of the Ministry ofTourism (Cambodia) 9, 45

Royal Forestry Department (Thailand)Tarutao Marine National Park 177, 178, 180

tourism 176rumpon (fish aggregating devices)

Ameth Village, Nusa Laut Island, Indonesia 73control of, Indonesia 66-7, 67

Rural Development, Ministry of (Cambodia)organizational structure of 33responsibilities of 30

SSSSSsacred areas, Tagbanua people, Philippines 108-9, 113salinity, in Cambodia 17saltpans, development of, Cambodia 25, 26, 27, 52, 53Samahan ng mga Mangingisda at Mamamayan ng Balingasay

(SAMMABAL), environmental organization, Bolinao,Philippines 122

Samahan ng mga Mangingisda at Mamamayan para sa Kalikasanng Pilar (SAMMAKA), environmental organization,Bolinao, Philippines 122

Samahan ng mga Mangingisda ng Binabalian (SAMMABI),environmental organization, Bolinao, Philippines 122

Samahang Pangkalikasan ng Arnedo (SAPA), environmentalorganization, Bolinao, Philippines 122

sanctuariesApo Island, Philippines 116, 117fish, Apo Island, Philippines 114, 115, 117Philippines 94, 99

sand miningCambodia 17Indonesia 62Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 163, 164Thailand 150and tourism, Thailand 150

Sangguniang Bayan (SB), and Bolinao Coastal DevelopmentPlan, Philippines 124

Sangguniang Panlalawigan (SP)and Batangas Bay Region Environmental Protection

Council 127and Bolinao coastal development plan, Philippines 124

sasi (traditional natural resources management system)Indonesia 11, 62, 88Ameth Village, Nusa Laut Island, Indonesia 73-4and coastal resources 73, 74, 81, 85Haruku Island, Indonesia 62, 81, 85Nusa Laut Island, Indonesia 62, 81and resource use, Indonesia 81

sasi adat, and land-based activities, Lease Islands, Indonesia81

sasi dalam negeri (village), Haruku Island, Indonesia 81sasi gereja (church), Lease Islands, Indonesia 81sasi hutan (forest), Haruku Island, Indonesia 81sasi kali (river), Haruku Island, Indonesia 81sasi laut (marine)

Haruku Island, Indonesia 81Nusa Laut Island, Indonesia 81

sasi lelang (auction), Lease Islands, Indonesia 81, 81-2sawi (fishers), and marketing of fisheries, Sulamu Village,

Kupang Bay, Indonesia 70science and technology, colonialism and 11, 12Science and Technology, Department of - Philippine Council

for Aquatic and marine resources Development (DoST-PCAMRD) (Philippines) 102

scientific research, Philippines 102scuba diving, Apo Island, Philippines 117sectoral integration and coordination, Philippines 91, 139sedimentation

Indonesia 64, 78Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 160Philippines 96

210

Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75, 76, 77, 81Segara Anakan Rehabilitation Mega-Project, Indonesia 75service sector, in Cambodia 18settlement

coastal zone, Thailand 158-9, 167and mangroves, Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 160, 163, 164

shellcraft, Bolinao, Philippines 120ship construction, Cambodia 44shipping

Indonesia 65Philippines 94-5, 126, 127, 128, 129United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and

132Shrimp Farmers Group, Ban Kwian Huk, Thailand 153, 154Silliman University

and community-based resource management, Apo Island,Philippines 115-16

conservation education programs, Apo Island,Philippines 115

Silliman University - Legal Enforcement and ActionProgram(SU-LEAP), Philippines 116

Silliman University Marine Laboratory (SUML), Philippines116

sludge disposalLaem Talumpuk, Thailand 163, 164shrimp aquaculture, Chantaburi, Thailand 151shrimp farms, Ban Kwian Huk, Thailand 153-4, 155tiger prawn industry, Thailand 148

small-scale fishersBan Laem Makham, Thailand 169-70Batangas Bay, Philippines 126Bolinao, Philippines 120Cambodia 26, 42and commercial fishing

Cambodia 26Indonesia 67, 78Thailand 8, 158, 160, 164, 169-70

Indonesia 6, 62, 66, 67, 78Kupang Bay,Indonesia 68, 71Philippines 92, 93, 96, 138and protected zone, Thailand 8, 148, 158, 160, 164regulations concerning, Indonesia 80, 82Thailand 8, 146, 149, 175, 178

social acceptibility, and environmental compliancecertificates, Philippines 100, 137

Sonneratia (mangrove), Indonesia 64South China Sea Workshop on Conflict Resolution 136-7South East Asian Program on Ocean Law, Policy and

Management (SEAPOL), and and Coastal CoordinatingUnit (Cambodia) 36

Southern Border Province Administrative Center (Sor-Or-Bor-Tor) (Thailand), tourism 176

Southern Seaboard Program, Thailand 176spatial planning, Indonesia 61, 62, 63spearfishing, Apo Island, Philippines 114, 117Specific Development Plans, Thailand 159stake trap, Cambodia 20stock assessment (SA), integrated fisheries management 60,

86, 88, 90Strategic Environment Plan for Palawan Act of 1992

(Philippines) 112-13Strategic Environmental Management Plan (SEMP),

Batangas Bay Region, Philippines 128strategies, recommendations, opportunities

adat law and resource use, Ameth Village, Nusa LautIsland, Indonesia 74

Bolinao Coastal Development Plan, Philippines 125-6co-management and local participation, Ban Laem

Makham, Trang Province, Thailand 171-3co-management and wastewater management, Ban Kwian

Huk, Chantaburi Province, Thailand 153-5coastal resource management, Sulamu Village, Kupang

Bay, Indonesia 71community-based resource management, Philippines 140enforcement of laws and regulations, Laem Talumpuk,

Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Thailand 164-6integrated action plan, Kampung Laut, Segara Anakan,

Indonesia 77management of Tarutao Marine National Park, Thailand

178, 180sustainable resource use in coastal zone, Cambodia 53-5,

58, 58-9, 59, 67Sub-Decree on Environmental Impact Assessment

(Cambodia) 46-7Sub-Decree on Industrial and Handicraft Management and

Monitoring (Cambodia) 43Sub-Decree on the Organization and Functioning of the

Ministry of Environment (Cambodia) 10, 46Sub-Decree on the Organization and Functioning of the

Ministry of Tourism (Cambodia) 10, 45-6Sub-Decree on Private Transport Services (Cambodia) 9, 43Sub-Decree on River Navigation (Cambodia) 9, 44Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control (Cambodia) 46Sub-district Administration Organization

Thailand 160, 163, 165, 169see also Kwian Huk Sub-district Administration

OrganizationSukhotai period, laws, policies and institutions, Thailand

155, 156supply-side fisheries and coastal resources (SSFCR) 148-51

coastal minerals, Thailand 150deep-sea fisheries, Thailand 149mangroves, Thailand 149-50marine capture fisheries, Thailand 148-9tourism, Thailand 150-1

supply-side resources (SSR)defined 144natural function 153

sustainable developmentAgenda 21 and 130-1East Asia 134-5and integrated policy, Indonesia 89

Sustainable Development of Small Island States Conference(1993) 131

sustainable resource useconstraints on, Cambodia 51-3legislation, Indonesia 79

swidden farming, Coron Island, Palawan, Philippines 108,109, 110, 112

TTTTTTagbanua Foundation of Coron Island (TFCI) 107, 109, 111,

112, 113Tagbanua people

Coron Island, Palawan, Philippines 107ancestral domain 107, 108, 109, 111, 112, 113indigenous resources management 107, 107-12

tailings, Philippines 94Technical Department, MIME (Cambodia) 30Thai-Burma Fisheries Co. Ltd 174Thai-Myanmar joint fishing ventures 174-5Thailand-Cambodia Joint Developement Area, oil and gas

exploration 176Thailand-Malaysia Joint Development Area, oil and gas

exploration 176Timor people, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 68

211

Tomnop Rolork, in Sihanoukville Province, Cambodia 17tonda-tonda, Sulamu Village, Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69total allowable catch (TAC) 132tourism

Apo Island, Philippines 117Bolinao, Philippines 120Cambodia 25climate and

Laem Talumpuk, Thailand 160Thailand 150

and coastal resources, Cambodia 53Coron Island, Philippines 111, 112and cultural heritage, Thailand 150, 168dive, Apo Island, Philippines 117-18and ecosystem depletion, Thailand 175Indonesia 84Indonesia-Malaysia-Thailand Growth Triangle

Development Project 176international, Thailand 175Ko Samet National Park, Thailand 147Kupang Bay, Indonesia 69local ownership and resource use rights, Thailand 168Philippines 92, 94protected areas, Indonesia 79and sand mining, Thailand 150Tarutao Marine National Park, Thailand 178Thailand 146, 147, 150-1, 175see also eco-tourism

Tourism, Arts, and Culture, Department of (DoT)(Indonesia) 82coral reefs 84-5mangroves 82, 84

Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) 176tourism laws

Cambodia 45-6Indonesia 79

Tourism Management Plan (TMP), Calamianes IslandsGroup 111

Tourism, Ministry of (MoT) (Cambodia)establishment, organization and functioning of 45-6responsibilities of 30, 37, 39

tourism policyCambodia 37Indonesia 79

tourism zoning strategy, Cambodia 39Tourist Boats, Declaration on Issuing Business Licenses for

(Cambodia) 44tourist zone, Apo Island, Philippines 117traditional beliefs and values

Ban Laem Makham, Thailand 170Cambodia 27Indonesia 63, 69, 70, 80-1, 85, 90Philippines 137Tagbanua people, Philippines 107, 108, 110, 112, 113Thailand 166, 169

traditional fishingApo Island, Philippines 117Cambodia 20and commercial fishing, Coron Island, Philippines 110,

112Coron Island, Philippines 109, 110Haruku Island, Indonesia 85Lease Islands, Indonesia 72, 73Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia 85Segara Anakan 77

traditional law see adat laws; customary lawtraditional marine rights (hak ulayat laut), Ameth Village,

Nusa Laut Island, Indonesia 74

traditional processing, Cambodia 25traditional resources management

Indonesia 11see also sasi

Tagbanua people, Philippines 107, 107-12, 129Thailand 144, 171

traditional rightsof barangays over resources 97(hak ulayat), and coastal and marine resources

management, Indonesia 62, 74, 80traditional values, and coastal and marine resources

management, Indonesia 60, 74traditions, and institutional and legal framework 12Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS), Straits of Malacca 136Transport, General Directorate of (GDT) (Cambodia) 43, 44transport laws, Cambodia 43-5transportation, Indonesia 83, 85trawling

Cambodia 20, 26, 43in protected zones, Thailand 148, 160, 164shrimp, Cambodia 20Thailand 148, 169

Tropaing Ropov, Kampot Province, Cambodia 27tunnel nets

Indonesia 83Lease Islands, Indonesia 72

UUUUUUnited Nations Conference on Environment and

Development, 1992 (UNCED) 130Cambodia and 50

United Nations Conference on the Human Environment,1972 51

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea(UNCLOS) 131-2Cambodia and 47-8, 50and Exclusive Economic Zones 131, 132, 148Indonesia and 9, 77jurisdictional zones 131and land-based pollution 132Philippines and 102, 132and regional cooperation 134rights of states under 132and shipping 132Thailand and 148, 173-4

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),Cambodia and 49

United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)Cambodia and 48, 49and Regional Sea programs 134

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC), Cambodia and 50-1

United Nations Transitional Authority of Cambodia(UNTAC) 26, 41

United States of America (USA), and restriction on importsof Thai prawns 177

University of the Philippines - College of Social Work andCommunity Development, and Bolinao Community-BasedCoastal Resources Management Project 121, 121-2

University of the Philippines - Marine Science Institute (UP-MSI) 102and Bolinao Community-Based Coastal Resources

Management Project 121, 121-2, 123, 125Lingayen Gulf research 121, 122

urban development see urbanizationurbanization

and agricultural land, Philippines 93Batangas Bay Region, Philippines 127

212

Philippines 95, 96and pollution, Philippines 92

VVVVVVehicles and Inland Waterways Transport, Declaration on

the Management of (Cambodia) 43-4Vietnamese

in Kampot 27in Koh Kong and Kampong Som 27

WWWWWwaste disposal 134

Cambodia 39, 46, 49Coron Island, Philippines 113Indonesia 61, 62, 69, 82Metro Manila, Philippines 95Philippines 95, 96, 103, 127, 129Thailand 150see also industrial waste/effluent; sludge disposal

wastewater managementshrimp aquaculture

Ban Kwian Huk, Thailand 146, 151-5mangroves and, Ban Kwian Huk, Thailand 154

tiger prawn industry, Thailand 148water resources

local ownership and resource use rights, Thailand 167-8see also freshwater; pollution

Water Revenue Act (Thailand) 155, 159water use, Philippines 96-7wetlands 133

Cambodia 5, 12, 27, 36, 39, 50degradation of, Philippines 92Segara Anakan, Indonesia 75see also Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar

Convention);Wetlands InternationalWetlands International (WI) 3

and coastal zone managment in Cambodia 36World Conservation Union (IUCN), and coastal zone

management in Cambodia 36World Trade Organization (WTO), and trade restrictions on

Thailand 177

YYYYYYadfon Association, Ban Laem Makham, Thailand 169, 170,

172Yeay Mao, traditional belief, Cambodia 27Yogyakata adat laws, Banyamas Adat and, Indonesia 80