index pennatulacea annotated bibliography and indexes of ... · consists primarily of virgulariid...

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Volume 51, No. 2, pp. 19-103, 1 fig., 14 plates. July 20, 1999

Index Pennatulacea Annotated Bibliography and Indexes of the Sea Pens (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) of the World 1469-1999

1 3 0 7 0 1G ary C. W illiam s

Department o f Invertebrate Zoology, California Academy o f Sciences Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94118

A reasonably com preh en sive b ib liograp hy o f the liv ing and fossil penn atu lacean O cto corallia is presented, w ith the goal o f including all published accounts regarding the biology o f the sea pens. This com pilation o f approxim ately 1000 citations represents 530 years o f published research. Com plete unabbreviated citations for periodicals are used throughout.M any o f the citations are annotated with descriptive notes. Taxonom ic, geographic, and field-of-study indexes to the literature are included, as well as a synopsis o f historical periods in the study o f the Pennatulacea.

T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s

Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................... 21A cknow ledgm ents............................................................................................................................................ 22Historical A c c o u n t............................................................................................................................................ 23

Pre-Linnean Period (1469—1 7 5 7 )-.......................................................................................................... 23The Linnean Period ( 1758—1 8 5 8 )............................................................................................................ 25The Darwinian Period ( 1859—1 8 9 9 ) ................ 25The Early Twentieth Century (1900—1 9 4 9 ) ......................................................................................... 25The Late Twentieth Century (1 9 5 0 -1 9 9 9 )........................................................................................... 29

Synonyms and misspelled generic names o f P ennatu lacea.................................................................... 29Taxonom ic I n d e x .............................................................................................................................................. 33Geographic In d e x .............................................................................................................................................. 47

Africa - southern ....................................................................................................................................... 47Africa — western .......................................................................................................................................... 47Arctic O c e a n ................................................................................................................................................. 47Australia —southern ................................................................................................................................... 47Australia — w e s te rn ..................................................................................................................................... 47Indo-Pacific (including the Red S e a ) ..................................................................................................... 47J a p a n ............................................................................................................................................................... 48New Z e a la n d ................................................................................................................................................. 48North America —P a c if ic ............................................................................................................................ 48North Atlantic and M editerranean (Europe and eastern North America) ................................... 48Pacific Ocean — n o rth e rn ............................................................................................................................ 48South America (Atlantic) ......................................................................................................................... 48South America (P a c if ic ) ............................................................................................................................ 48

19

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCESVolume 51, No. 2

PLATE 1

Umbellula antarctica After Kükenthal & Broch, 1911

WILLIAMS: INDEX PENNATULACEA 21

Southern Oceans (Antarctica and the su b a n ta rc tic ) ........................................................................... 49W estern Tropical Atlantic and Caribbean ........................................................................................... 49W orldwide ................................................................................................................................................... 49

Subject I n d e x ..................................................................................................................................................... 49Behavior ........................................................................................................................................................ 49B ib lio g rap h y ................................................................................................................................................. 49Biography (Regarding Authors o f Pennatulacean R esearch ).......................................................... 49B io lum inescence.......................................................................................................................................... 49Corals (Pre-Linnean General Natural History) .................................................................................. 50Ecology and Biotic In te ra c tio n s .............................................................................................................. 50General Natural History and General B io lo g y .................................................................................... 51H isto lo g y ........................................................................................................................................................ 51History o f Science (Regarding Coelenterates and/or Sea Pens) ................................................... 51M olecular Biology and Genetics ........................................................................................................... 51M orphology and Ultrastructure .............................................................................................................. 51Natural Products Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Toxicology ........................................................ 51Paleontology (M esozoic and Cenozoic Fossil T a x a ) ......................................................................... 52Paleontology (Vendían Frondlike Fossil T a x a ) .................................................................................. 52Photography (Color Photographs o f Living Sea Pens) .................................................................... 52Phylogeny, Cladistics, Evolution, and B io g eo g rap h y ...................................................................... 52Physiology and Cell Biology .................................................................................................................. 52Polymorphism, Phenotypic Variability, and B io d iv e rs ity ............................................................... 53Quoted P a s s a g e s .......................................................................................................................................... 53Reproductive and Developmental Biology ......................................................................................... 53Taxonom y, Distributional and Bathymetric R e co rd s......................................................................... 53

B ib liography........................................................................................................................................................ 54

INTRODUCTION

The pennatulaceans, commonly known as sea pens and sea pansies, are a highly specialized and distinct group o f sessile benthic coelenterates. They are distributed throughout the w orld’s oceans from the polar seas to the tropics, and at all depths from the intertidal (certain virgulariids) to over 6200 meters (Umbellulidae, PI. 1 ). M orphologically, sea pens are highly diverse and exhibit m orphological changes as evolutionary events within different lineages. Examples are bilateral symmetry, concentration and localization o f feeding polyps, the development o f lateral processes as polyp leaves or ridges, and the reduction in the num ber and size o f sclerites. As octocorallian coelenterates, pennatulaceans are characterized by having eight pinnate tentacles surrounding the mouth o f each polyp, and eight mesenteries. Unlike other octocorals, however, mature colonies develop from a single large polyp (the oozooid) that produces secondary zooids by lateral budding o f its body wall. Also unique to the Pennatulacea, is the unbranched muscular peduncle, which anchors the animal by peristaltic contractions into soft substrata such as sand, mud, or abyssal ooze. The secondary polyps (larger autozooids for feeding and reproduction, and smaller siphonozooids for internal water circulation) are restricted to the distal rachis, which is also unbranched but may have laterally-produced polyp leaves.

The ability to inhabit soft substrata has allowed several abyssal-dwelling sea pens to have nearly cosmopolitan distributions. Despite these very widespread geographic ranges, pennatulacean species diversity in the deep-sea is relatively low, and may be attributable to a com bination o f factors including: relatively low energy input and depauperate productivity in the abyssal environment, coupled with a relative lack o f ecological diversity.

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCESVolume 51, No. 2

Thirty-two genera in fifteen families o f living pennatulaceans are currently recognized. O f the 436 nominal species names described in the literature, approximately one half are currently considered valid. M ajor m onographic works on the Pennatulacea include Kükenthal (1915), Hickson (1916), and W illiam s (1990, 1995a).

The sparsely-represented pennatulacean fossil record extends back to the Cretaceous Period and consists prim arily o f virgulariid fossil taxa in the genera Graphularia and Virgularia. Bayer (1956:228) observed that fossils o f Graphularia closely resemble the axial structure o f the genus Stylatula , and the two may be congeneric. Problematic and controversial frondlike taxa that resemble pennatulid sea pens are described from the Vendian Period o f the late Precambrian. In fact, the com ing o f age o f Precam brian paleobiology in the 1980s has produced a wealth o f publications dealing with the Ediacaran or Vendian biota. Many o f the Vendian frondlike taxa have been allied with the Pennatulacea by various authors, but these interpretations remain highly disputatious. Because o f the importance o f recent fossil discoveries, which have helped to bridge the gap between fossil biotas o f the Precambrian and the Cambrian, many o f the references on these Vendian pennatulacean-like organism s are included here, but the coverage should in no way be considered comprehensive.

The goal o f this work is to produce a bibliography o f all published works pertaining in part or in full to the pennatulacean octocoral coelenterates. Although no work o f this kind can claim to be absolutely comprehensive, this bibliography can at least be considered reasonably complete, certainly more so than any previously-published, sim ilar work. The fine bibliography o f octocorals by Bayer ( 1996) concentrates on taxonomic works for all o f the Octocorallia, but does not claim to be inclusive for Pennatulacea or fields o f study outside o f taxonomy.

The following annotated and alphabetical bibliography to the Pennatulacea o f the world is derived from a variety o f sources— primarily the Zoological Record (1864—1998), as well as the author’s research library. O ther sources include Bayer (1981), Bayer (1996), and Hickson (1916). My annotations are in square brackets at the end o f many o f the citations.

This w ork is intended for a variety o f users including professional biologists, biology students, fisheries biologists and marine resource managers.

The intent o f the presentation is to make this work as user friendly as possible. In order to facilitate this goal, full citations are given for the vast majority o f the references listed, as abbreviations for periodical publications have proved in the past to be confusing, inconsistent, or often unusable.

The M elvyl System, library data base o f the University o f California, [http://w w w.m elvyl. ucop.edu] was used extensively to acquire com plete citations for periodicals. Other sources used for abbreviations and complete citations o f periodicals include the List o f Serial Publications in the BM (NH) Library, the W orld List o f Scientific Periodicals 1900-1960, and Biosis Serial Sources.

For the most recently-recognized, valid species names o f Pennatulacea, see W illiam s (1995a, 1997f).

A c k n o w l e d g m e n t s

I am grateful to Larry Currie (Librarian, California Academy o f Sciences, San Francisco), who was instrumental in providing expertise and in locating several references.

I thank Leen van Ofwegen (Nationaal Natuurhistorisch M useum, Leiden), Phil Alderslade (M useum and Art Gallery o f the Northern Territory, Darwin), Frederick Bayer (National M useum o f Natural History, W ashington, D. C.), and Michael Ghiselin (California Academy o f Sciences) for their valuable contributions and comments.

I especially thank Alan Levitón (California Academy o f Sciences) for his interest and patience, regarding many hours spent at the com puter preparing the figures.

http://www.melvyl


H is t o r ic a l A c c o u n t

P r e -L in n e a n P er io d (1 4 6 9 -1 7 5 7 )In writing about the history o f research regarding pennatulacean biolum inescence, E. Newton

Harvey ( 1952:170), related the following, “Although the Romans knew o f sea pens, referring to them as ‘Penna m arina,’ the sea feather, or as ‘M entula alata,’ the winged penis, the ability to luminesce does not appear to have been recorded. Probably the first mention o f luminous sea pens com es to us in the famed ‘De lunariis’ and the ‘Historia A nim alium ’ o f Conrad Gesner, published in the middle sixteenth century.”

The earliest published accounts describing aspects o f the natural history o f octocorals, including the sea pens, are Pliny the Elder (1469), Guillaume Rondelet (1554, 1555), Conrad Gesner (1555, 1558) (P!. 2), Ferrante Imperato (1599), and Captain Lancaster (1601 ). Other noteworthy pre-Linnean works dealing at least in part with the Octocorallia are those o f Francisci Erasmi (1668), Paolo Boccone (1674), Hans Sloane (1707), Jacques Barrelier (1714), Herman Boerhaave (1720, 1727), Christlob Mylius (1753, 1754), and John Ellis (1753, 1755).

Pennatulacean biolum inescence is at least m entioned by François Boussuet (1558), Caspar Bauhin ( 1620, 1671), U lisse Aldrovandi ( 1642,1648), Johann Bauhin ( 1650-51 ), and Thomas Shaw (1738-46).

Louis Agassiz (1860) praised the perspicacity o f early workers such as Rondelet and Gesner, who first established the animal nature o f the “acalephs” (many o f the taxa that we now regard as coelenterates), departing from the earlier views o f Aristotle and Pliny, who com pared them to plants (the “zoophytes”).

Pertaining to Rondelet, Agassiz (1860:8) stated, . . we are chiefly indebted to Rondelet for contributions to the natural history o f the Acalephs. He was, indeed, not only better acquainted with the inhabitants o f the M editerranean than all his predecessors, but he knew them even more accurately than any naturalist that lived before the present century.”

In his praise o f sixteenth century naturalists, Agassiz ( 1860:10) continues, “It has been a source o f constant delight for me, while perusing the works o f the earlier naturalists, to sympathize with the genial spirit and the earnestness that pervade their writings, so free from egotism, and animosity against their fellow-students. Their devotion to their studies is equal to the spirit o f reverence with which they look upon nature; and it is disgraceful to our age, that we must contrast w ith such dispositions the ill-will, the jealousies, the quarrels for priority, and the profanation, which pervade the discussions o f certain m odem authors. M oreover, in a systematic point o f view, the great naturalists o f the sixteenth century deserve to be studied more fully than they have been thus far. It is astonishing, for instance, to see how near Rondelet, in discussing the views o f Aristotle upon the affinities o f animals, came to perceiving their true affinities, and their natural classification . . . . ”

A good example o f the evolution o f thought in natural history is exemplified by various views regarding the nature o f corals in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The concept o f corals as “zoophytes,” transitional between plants and animals, was established by the Roman scholars Sextus Empiricus and Pliny the Elder (Caius Plinius Secundus), based on A ristotle’s notion o f the gradation from plants to higher animals. This undoubtedly served to propagate a state o f confusion for nearly two thousand years— the false view that corals as living beings share the natures o f both anim als and plants (Agassiz, 1860:6-7). Paolo Boccone (1670) and John W oodward (1695) em phasized the inanimate aspect o f corals and regarded them as stones, while L. F. Marsigli (1725) considered them to be plants, and the coral polyps as “flowers o f the coral.” It was the perceptive observer, Jean-André Peyssonnel (1753), who first recognized the animal nature o f corals and their affinities to other coelenterates, after observing the contraction, expansion and movement o f the tentacles o f coral polyps (Hym an 1940:365).


PLATE 2

& ï' ̂ liiÂ *„ái *$*,*. *x .»£3* c | >•&

M»t /e -p téu M&r&s, m&r&rM if*t& j f s t*crf M^MúkAoem éáéf*

Conrad Gesner (1516-1565). Courtesy Kraig Adler, Cornell University.

Cari von Linné (Linnaeus) (1707-1778). Courtesy Picture Collection, California Academy o f Sciences.

Peter Simon Pallas ( 1741 -1811 ). Courtesy Kraig Adler, Cornell University.

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799). Courtesy Michael Ghiselin, California Academy o f Sciences.


The Linnean Period (1758-1858)The publication o f the 10th edition o f Systema Naturae by Linnaeus (Cari von Linné 1758) (PI.

2) is accepted as the starting point for our contemporary system o f binominal nomenclature. Linnaeus nam ed the genus Pennatula, from which the ordinal name Pennatulacea is derived. O ther contributors during the Linnean Period include W illiam Borlase (1758), Job Baster (1759-65); Joannes Baptist Bohadsch (1761); John Ellis (1764); Peter Simon Pallas (1766) (PI. 2), first m onographer o f the “zoophytes” ; Pieter Boddaert (1771); I. Lepechin (1781); John Ellis and Daniel Solander (1786); Lazzaro Spallanzani (1796) (PI. 2); Georges Cuvier (PI. 3), originally Jean Léopold N icolas Frédéric Cuvier (1797), who nam ed the genera Umbellula and Veretillum', Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de M onet de Lam arck ( 1816) (PI. 3), who nam ed the genera Funiculina, Renilla, and Virgularia-, Tilesius von Tilenau (1819); S. della Chiaje (1827, 1841-44); M. W. Rapp (1827); H.-M. D ucrotay de Blainville (1834); Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1834a) (PI. 3), who introduced the family name Pennatulina, later corrected by Dana, 1846 to Pennatulidae; Fredrich Sigismund Leuckart (1841); Jam es Dwight Dana (1846) (PI. 3), who corrected the familial name o f Ehrenberg to Pennatulidae; George Johnston ( 1847); John Edward Gray ( 1840-1873), who nam ed the genus Sarcoptilus in 1848; Henri M ilne Edwards (PI. 4) and Jules Haime (1850), who nam ed the fossil genus Graphularia', Achille Valenciennes (1850), who nam ed the veretillid genera Lituaria and Cavernularia', P. Chr. A sbjom sen (1856), who nam ed the genus Kophobelemnon', and Jan Adrianus Herklots (1858) (PI. 4), who nam ed the genera Scytalium and Pteroeides.

The Darwinian Period (1859—1899)The publication o f the Origin o f Species by Charles Darwin ( 1859) initiated what is here referred

to as the Darwinian Period.The pre-em inent author o f the Pennatulacea during this period was Rudolf Albert von Kölliker,

who produced m ajor descriptive taxonomic works between 1865 and 1880. Kölliker described the sea pens o f the H. M. S. Challenger Expedition, in which thirty species were described. Kölliker also nam ed the genera Acanthoptilum , Anthoptilum, Halipteris, Protoptilum, Sclerobelemnon, Scleroptilum, and Stachyptilum. O ther noteworthy contributions during this period include Pieter Bleeker (1859) (PI. 4), who described several species o f Pteroeides', W illiam More Gabb (1859—1864) (PI. 4); Jan Adrianus Herklots (1863); Josua Lindahl (1874); Johan Koren and Daniel C. Danielssen (1847—1884); Addison Emery Verrili (1865—1882), who named the genera Distichoptilum, P tilosarcus, and Stylatula, and introduced the name Pennatulacea in 1865 as a subordinal nam e, later elevated to ord inal status by S tuder, 1887a; Sir C harles W yville T hom son (1874), c h ie f sc ien tist o f the H. M. S. Challenger Expedition (PI. 5); Robert Edward Carter Steams (1873—1883) (PI. 5); A m brosius Arnold W illem Hubrecht (1885) (PI. 5), who named the genus Echinoptilum', G. Herbert Fowler (1888, 1894); A. M ilnes Marshall ( 1883a, 1883b); A. Milnes Marshall and G. Herbert Fowler (1887, 1889); and A. M ilnes M arshall and W illiam P. Marshall ( 1882); T. H. Tizard et al. ( 1885); and Théophile Studer (1891), who nam ed the genus Gyrophyllum.

The Darwinian Period produced numerous studies o f evolutionary relationships for many groups o f organism s. Im portant w orks pertaining to pennatulacean phylogeny during this tim e included R. A. von Kölliker (1870, 1880), Gottlieb von Koch (1878), and A. M ilnes M arshall (1887).

The Early Twentieth Century (1900-1949)Significant contributions in octocorallian systematics (including pennatulaceans) during the early

part o f the Twentieth Century include Hector F. E. Jungersen (1904, 1907, 1917); Charles Gravier (1906), who nam ed the genus Scytaliopsis', Charles Cleveland Nutting (1908), who nam ed the genus Calibelemnon', Heinrich Balss (1909, 1910); H jalm ar Broch (1910-1961); W illy Kükenthal (1902—1925) (PI. 6), who named the genera Actinoptilum, Amphiacme, and Chunella; W. Kükenthal and H. Broch (1911), who nam ed the genus Cavernulina', Sydney John Hickson (1883—1940);


PLATE 3

Baron Georges Cuvier (1769-1832). Courtesy GS Myers/AE Levitón Portrait File in Natural

History, California Academy of Sciences.

Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de Lamarck ( 1744- 1829). Courtesy GS Myers/AE Levitón Portrait File in

Natural History, California Academy o f Sciences.

Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg (1795-1876). Courtesy James Dwight Dana (1813-1895). Courtesyo f the Linnean Society o f London. Smithsonian Institution Archives.


PLATE 4

Henri Milne Edwards (1800-1885). Courtesy Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden.

Jan Adrianus Herklots (1820-1872).Courtesy Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden.

Pieter Bleeker (1819-1878). Courtesy Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden.

W illiam Gabb ( 1839-1878). Courtesy Department o f Invertebrate Zoology and Geology, California

Academy o f Sciences.


PLATE 5

HMS Challenger (1872-1876), Sir Charles Wyville Thomson, C hief scientist (inset).After “Voyage o f the Challenger,” Narrative, Vol. 1 (1885) and “The Atlantic,” Vol. 1 (1877) respectively.

Robert Edwards Carter Steams (1827-1909). Courtesy Ambrosius Arnold W illem Hubrecht (1853-1915).Bancroft Library, University o f California, Berkeley. Courtesy Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden.


Elisabeth Deichmann (1936,1941) (PI. 6); and J. Arthur Thomson (1905—1931). The latter published in collaboration with several co-authors including George Crane, Doris L. M ackinnon, N ita I. Rennet, W. D. Henderson, James Ritchie, and James J. Simpson. F. M. B ayer (pers. com m .) sta ted , “ D eichm ann . . . is the 20th C entury link w ith the 19th C entury in octocoral system atics. H er B lake rep o rt (1936) is p ivo ta l for the w estern A tlan tic .”

It was during this period that the proposal was introduced by Libbie Henrietta Hyman ( 1940:365) to abandon the name “Coelenterata” o f Rudolph Leuckart in favor o f “Cnidaria,” introduced by Berthold Hatschek. This argument has apparently convinced many zoologists to substitute a name long in use with a m ore recently created one. Hyman stated, “Leuckart (1847) clearly grasped the fundamental differences between the two great radiate groups, the coelenterates and the echinoderms, and separated them, creating the name Coelenterata. Leuckart’s Coelenterata, however, included the sponges and the ctenophores . . . . The proper splitting o f Leuckart’s Coelenterata was achieved by Hatscheck (1888), who recognized three phyla: Spongiaria, Cnidaria, and Ctenophora. W e therefore consider Cnidaria to be the most suitable name for the phylum . . . .”

The acceptance o f this line o f reasoning is both unnecessary and inconsistent. As an example, Ernst H aeckel’s “Scyphozoa” originally included both the Scyphozoa and the Anthozoa, yet the name Scyphozoa is still retained by most zoologists. This is ju st one example o f a m ajor animal group in which the nam e has long usage and is still recognized today, even though it orginally encompassed m ore taxa than are now accepted.

The Late Twentieth Century (1950-1999)Previous to this period, publications on the Pennatulacea dealt predominantly with descriptive

taxonom y or general natural history (particularly biolum inescence). This most recent period has produced a flourishing o f works in fields o f study other than taxonomy— including behavior, ecology, m orphology, physiology, cell biology, natural products biochemistry, and evolutionary biology. Important contributions in systematics during this period include Frederick M. Bayer (1955—1996) (PI. 6); Huzio Utinomi, also known as Fujio Hiro (1956-1982) (PI. 6); M anfred G rasshoff (1972—1991); F. M. Bayer, M. Grasshoff, and Jakob V erseveldt( 1983); F. M. Bayer and M. G rasshoff (1997); M arie-José d ’Hondt (1984); Andrée Tixier-Durivault (1954—1987), who nam ed the genera Crassophyllum and M alacobelem non ; and Gary C. W illiams (1986—1999). The latter author introduced cladistic m ethodology to the study o f evolutionary relationships in the Pennatulacea.

S y n o n y m s a n d M is s p e l l e d G e n e r ic N a m e s o f P e n n a t u l a c e a

Revised from W illiams, 1995a: 101 ; synonyms are listed on the left with the valid genera to which they belong shown in parentheses; * = m isspelled names or transcription errors; ** = see Bayer and Grasshoff, 1997.

*Aca.nthoptilon Traquair in Zoological Record 7, 1870 {Acanthoptilum)Actinoptilon Kükenthal, 1910 {Actinoptilum)*Actinoptinum Day et al., 1970 {Actinoptilum)Amphianthus Kükenthal, 1902 {Amphiacme)Argentella Gray, 1870 {Pteroeides)Balticina Gray, 1870 {Halipteris)Bathypenna M arion, 1906 (possibly synonymous with Gyrophyllum according to Kükenthal, 1915) Bathyptilum Kölliker, 1872 {Kophobelemnon)Benthoptilum Verrili, 1885 {Anthoptilum)*Benthoptillum Haddon in Zoological Record 22, 1885 {Anthoptilum)Cladiscus Koren and Danielssen, 1877 {Virgularia)

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCESVolume 51, No. 2

PLATE 6

Willy Kükenthal (1861-1922). Courtesy Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden.

Elizabeth Deichmann (1896-1975). Courtesy Frederick M. Bayer, Smithsonian Institution.

Frederick M. Bayer Huzio UtinomiCourtesy Frederick M. Bayer, Smithsonian Institution.


Clavella Gray, 1870 (Lituaria)Crinillum Harting, Miquel and Hoeven, 1861 ( Umbellula)Crispella Gray, 1870 (Pteroeides)D eutocaulon Marshall and Fowler, 1888 ( Virgularia)Dübenia Danielssen and Koren, 1884 (Stylatula)Encrinus Lamarck, 1801 ( Umbellula)Fusticularia Simpson, 1905 (probably synonymous with Cavernularia according to Kükenthal,

1915)*Godefroyia Leuckart, 1872 (Pteroeides)Godeffroyia Kölliker, 1870 (Pteroeides)Göndul Koren and Danielssen, 1883 (H alipteris)Guaneria Danielssen and Koren, 1884 (Kophobelemnon)Halisceptrum Herklots, 1863 ( Virgularia)Helicoptilum Nutting, 1912 (D istichoptilum)Herklotsia Gray, 1860 (Renilla)Juncoptilum Thomson and Henderson, 1905 (D istichoptilum )*Leioptilum Verrili, 1865 (Ptilosarcus)*Leioptillum Verrili, 1868 (Ptilosarcus)Leioptilus Gray, 1860 (Pennatula)Leioptilus o f authors other than Gray, 1860 (Ptilosarcus)Leptoptilum Kölliker, 1880 (Funiculina)*Lioptilum Kölliker, 1872 (Ptilosarcus)Lygomorpha Koren and Danielssen, 1877 (Halipteris)Lygus Herklots, 1858 ( Virgularia)M esobelemnon Gravier, 1907 (considered synonymous with Sclerobelemnon by Hickson, 1916) M icroptilum Kölliker, 1880 (H alipteris)Norticina Gray, 1870 (Halipteris)Om bellulaires Cuvier, 1817 (Umbellula)**Ombellula Cuvier, 1797 ( Umbellula)Ombellularia Lam arck, 1836 ( Umbellula)Osteocella Gray, 1870 (Halipteris)Parabelemnon Thomson and Simpson, 1909 (possibly synonymous with Cavernularia according

to Kükenthal, 1915) (PI. 7)Pavonaires Cuvier, 1817 {Funiculina)Pavonaria Schweigger, 1820 {Funiculina)Pavonaria Kölliker, 1869 {Halipteris)Penna Bohadsch, 1761 {Pennatula, in part) (name unavailable as the work was suppressed by

ICZN)Phosphorella Gray, 1870 {Pennatula)Policella Gray, 1870 {Veretillum)Prochunella Balss, 1909 {Calibelemnon)Protocaulon Kölliker, 1880 {Virgularia)* Pteroides Pfeffer, 1886 {Pteroeides)Pteromorpha Herklots, 1858 {Pteroeides)Ptilella Gray, 1870 {Pennatula)*Renila Schweigger, 1820 {Renilla)Renillina Gray, 1860 (possibly a young example o f the alcyoniid soft coral Sarcophyton according

to Kükenthal, 1915)Sarcobelemnon Herklots, 1858 {Cavernularia)


PLATE 7

Veretillum cynomorium A fter Kükenthal & Broch, 1911

Lituaria hicksoni After Thom son & Simpson,

1909

Parabelemnon indicumA fter Thom son & Simpson, ! '

Actinoptilum molle A fter W illiams, 1995


S yco p h yllu m Kölliker, 1870 (Sarcoptilus)Sceptonidium Richiardi, 1869 ( Virgularia)Stephanoptilum Roule, 1905 (Anthoptilum )Stichopilium Grieg, 1887 (H alipteris)Struthiopteron Broch, 1910 (Pteroeides)Stylobelemnon Kölliker, 1872 (Cavernularia)Stylobelemnoides J. A. Thomson and Henderson, 1905 (possibly synonymous with Cavernularia

according to Kükenthal, 1915)S va va Danielssen and Koren, 1884 ( Virgularia)Svavopsis Roule, 1908 ( Virgularia)Thesioides J. A. Thomson and Henderson, 1906 (Anthoptilum )Trichoptilum Kölliker, 1880 (Funiculina)Umbellaria Schweigger, 1820 ( Umbellula)Umbellularia Lamarck, 1801 ( Umbellula)* V enilia Lütken in Zoological Record 10, 1873 (H alipteris)Verrillia Stearns, 1873 (H alipteris)Vorticella Linnaeus, 1767 ( Umbellula , in part)

T a x o n o m ic In d e x

Original descriptions and other selected taxonomie references— restricted prim arily to taxa considered valid by W illiams (1995a, 1997f, and the present work); t = fossil taxa; | = taxa with both living and fossil representation.

Acanthopitilum Kölliker, 1870[See also Balss (1910); Bayer (1957); Kükenthal (1915); W illiams (1995a)]

Acanthoptilum album Nutting, 1909 Acanthoptilum agassizi Kölliker, 1872 Acanthoptilum annulatum Nutting, 1909 Acanthoptilum gracile (Gabb, 1863)Acanthoptilum oligacis Bayer, 1957 Acanthoptilum pourtalesii Kölliker, 1870 Acanthoptilum scalpelifolium M oroff, 1902 Actinoptilum Kükenthal in Kükenthal and Broch, 1911

[See also Kükenthal (1910, 1915); W illiams (1990, 1995a)]Actinoptilum molle (Kükenthal, 1910) (PI. 7)Amphiacme Kükenthal, 1903

[See also Hickson (1916); Kükenthal (1902a, 1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); W illiams (1990, 1995a)]

Am phiacm e abysorrum (Kükenthal, 1902)Anthoptilum Kölliker, 1880 (PI. 9, 10)

[See also G rasshoff (1982a, 1982b); Hickson (1916); Kükenthal (1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); W illiams (1990, 1995a)]

Anthoptilum grandiflorum (Verrili, 1879) (PI. 9)Anthoptilum murrayi Kölliker, 1880 \B ensonularia Hamilton, 1958\Bensonularia spatulata Hamilton, 1958 [Eocene o f New Zealand]Calibelemnon Nutting, 1908

[See also Balss (1910); Hickson (1916); Kükenthal (1915); W illiams (1990, 1995a)]


PLATE 8

Echinoptilum echinatum A fter Williams, 1995a

Renilla amethystina A fter W illiams, 1995a

Umbellula thomsoni A fter Tizard et al., 1885

Kophobelemnon stelliferum A fter Marshall, 1883b Chunella biflora

A fter Hickson, 1916


Calibelemnon hertwigi (Balss, 1909)Calibelemnon indicum (Thomson and Henderson, 1906)Calibelemnon symmetricum Nutting, 1908Cavernularia Valenciennes in M ilne Edwards and Haime, 1850

[See also Hickson (1916); Hondt (1984b); Kükenthal (1915); Lopez-Gonzalez, Gili, and W illiams (in press); W illiams (1989b, 1990, 1995a)]

Cavernularia capitata W illiams, 1989 Cavernularia clavata Kükenthal and Broch, 1911 Cavernularia chuni Kükenthal and Broch, 1911 Cavernularia dayi Tixier-Durivault, 1954 Cavernularia dedeckeri W illiams, 1989 Cavernularia elegans (Herklots, 1858)Cavernularia glans Kölliker, 1872 Cavernularia habereri Kölliker, 1872Cavernularia luetkeni Kölliker, 1872 (also spelled C. lutkeni and C. lutkeni)Cavernularia malabarica Fowler, 1894 Cavernularia mirifica Tixier-Durivault, 1963Cavernularia obesa Valenciennes in M ilne Edwards and Haime, 1850 Cavernularia pusilla (Philippi, 1835)Cavernulina Kükenthal and Broch, 1911

[See also Hickson (1916); Hondt (1984b); Kükenthal (1915); W illiams (1989b, 1990, 1995a)] Cavernulina cylindrica Kükenthal and Broch, 1911 Cavernulina darwini (Hickson, 1921)Cavernulina grandiflora Hondt, 1984b Cavernulina orientalis Thomson and Henderson, 1909 Chunella Kükenthal, 1902 (PI. 8)

[See also Kükenthal (1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); Hickson (1916); W illiam s (1990, 1995a, 1997c)]

Chunella gracillima Kükenthal, 1902 Crassophyllum Tixier-Durivault, 1961

[See also W illiams (1995a, 1995d)]Crassophyllum cristatum Tixier-Durivault, 1961 Crassophyllum thessalonicae Vafidis and Koukouras, 1991 Distichoptilum Verrili, 1882

[See also Hickson (1916); Kükenthal (1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); W illiam s ( 1990, 1995a)]

Distichoptilum gracile Verrili, 1882 Echinoptilum Hubrecht, 1885

[See also Balss (1910); Hickson (1916); Kükenthal (1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); Sachs (1913); W illiams (1990, 1995a)]

Echinoptilum asperum Hickson, 1916 Echinoptilum echinatum (Kükenthal, 1910) (PI. 8)Echinoptilum elongatum Hickson, 1916 Echinoptilum macintoshi Hubrecht, 1885 Echinoptilum minimum Hickson, 1916 Echinoptilum roseum Hickson, 1916 Funiculina Lamarck, 1816

[See also Balss (1910); Herklots (1858); Hickson (1916); Jungersen (1904); Kölliker (1872); Kükenthal (1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); W illiams (1990, 1995a)]


PLATE 9

Protoptilum cyaneum A fter Kükenthal & Broch, 1911

Anthoptilum grandiflorum A fter Kukenthal & Broch, 1911


PLATE 10

Anthoptilum, thomsoni A fter Kölliker, 1880


Funiculina armata Verrili, 1879 Funiculina parkeri Kükenthal, 1909 Funiculina quadrangularis (Pallas, 1766) f Graphularia M ilne Edwards and Haime, 1850f Graphularia ambigua (Morton, 1830) [Cretaceous/Tertiary o f southeastern North America]

[See also Shapiro and Ramsdell (1965)] t Graphularia badenia Strand, 1928 t Graphularia belgica V incent (1893) [Eocene o f Belgium] f Graphularia crecelii Andrée, 1912 [Oligocène o f Germany] t Graphularia desertorum Kuhn, 1949t Graphularia groenwalli N ielsen , 1914 [Cretaceous o f Denmark] t Graphularia incerta M alaroda, 1951 [Oligocene o f Italy] f Graphularia irregularis N ielsen, 1914 [Cretaceous o f Denmark] f Graphularia kalimnae Chapman and Crespin, 1928 [Tertiary o f Australia] t Graphularia longissima Squires, 1958 [Cretaceous/Tertiary o f New Zealand] t Graphularia meijeri Voight, 1958 t Graphularia nigra Malaroda, 1951 [Oligocene o f Italy] t Graphularia quadrata Voigt, 1958f Graphularia salisburgensis Traub, 1938 [Paleocene o f Austria] t Graphularia sp. [Eocene o f Hungary] f Graphularia sulcata Nielsen, 1914 [Cretaceous o f Denmark]

[See also Kolosvary (1949)] f Graphularia wetherelli M ilne-Edwards and Haime, 1850 [Eocene o f England]

[See also Davis (1936)] t G raphularia! yam akawai Yabe and Sugiyama, 1937 [Pleistocene o f Japan]Gyrophyllum Studer, 1891

[See also Hickson (1916); Kükenthal (1915); Roule (1905); Studer (1901); W illiam s (1995a, 1995d)]

Gyrophyllum hirondellei Studer, 1891 Gyrophyllum sibogae Hickson, 1916 (PI. 14)Flalipteris Kölliker, 1869

[See also W iliams (1990, 1995a)]H alipteris africana (Studer, 1879)H alipteris californica (M oroff, 1902)Halipteris christii (Koren and Danielssen, 1847)H alipteris finm archica (Sars, 1851)Halipteris heptazooidea Acuña and Zamponi, 1992 Halipteris willemoesi Kölliker, 1870 Kophobelemnon A sbjom sen, 1856

[See also Balss (1910); Danielssen and Koren (1884); Herklots (1858); Hickson (1916); Jungersen(1904); Kölliker (1872); Kükenthal (1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); Thomson and Simpson (1909); W illiams (1990, 1995a)]

Kophobelemnon affine Studer, 1894 Kophobelemnon heterospinosum Kükenthal, 1910 Kophobelemnon hispidum Nutting, 1912Kophobelemnon irregulatus Keller, Pasternak and Naumov, 1975 Kophobelemnon leucharti Cecchini, 1917 Kophobelemnon macrospinosum J. A. Thomson, 1927 Kophobelemnon molanderi Pasternak, 1975


Kophobelemnon pauciflorum Hickson, 1916 Kophobelemnon stelliferum (Müller, 1776) (PI. 8)Lituaria Valenciennes in Milne Edwards and Haime, 1850

[See also Balss (1910); Gray ( 1870); Hickson (1916); Hondt ( 1984b); Light ( 1921 ); Kölliker (1872); Kükenthal (1915); Thomson and Simpson (1909); W illiams (1990, 1995a)]

Lituaria amoyensis Koo, 1935 Lituaria australasiae (Gray, 1860)Lituaria breve Light, 1921Lituaria habereri Balss, 1910Lituaria hicksoni Thomson and Simpson, 1909 (PI. 7)Lituaria kuekenthali Light, 1921 Lituaria molle Light, 1921 Lituaria phalloides (Pallas, 1766)Lituaria philippinesis Light, 1921 Lituaria valenciennesi Hondt, 1984 M alacobelemnon Tixier-Durivault, 1965

[See also W illiams ( 1995a)]M alacobelemnon stephensoni Tixier-Durivault, 1965 f Octobasis Malecki, 1982 [Upper Cretaceous o f Poland] t Pavonaria portisi Angelis, 1895? [Tertiary o f Italy]^Pavonaria? singularis M alaroda, 1951 [Oligocene o f Italy]Pennatula Linnaeus, 1758 (PI. 12, 13)

[See also Balss (1910); Gray (1870); Herklots (1858); Kölliker (1869); Lamarck (1816); Leuckart (1872); Hickson (1916); Kükenthal (1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); W illiam s (1990, 1995a, 1995d)]

Pennatula aculeata Danielssen, 1860 Pennatula argentina Acuña and Zamponi, 1992 Pennatula delicata Tixier-Durivault, 1966 Pennatula fim bria ta Herklots, 1858 Pennatula grandis Ehrenberg, 1834 Pennatula indica Thomson and Henderson, 1906 Pennatula inflata Kükenthal, 1910 (PI. 13)Pennatula mollis Alder, 1867 (considered a junior synonym o í Pennatula phosphorea by

Cornelius and Garfath, 1980, after examination o f the two well-preserved syntypes)Pennatula phosphorea Linnaeus, 1758 (PI. 13)Pennatula prolifera Jungersen, 1904 Pennatula rubra (Ellis, 1764)\Pennatulites Nelli, 1903f Pennatulites manzonii Nelli, 1903 [Miocene o f Italy] t Prographularia Freeh, 1890 t Prographularia tradica Freeh, 1890 [Triassic]Protoptilum Kölliker, 1872

[See also Balss (1910); Hickson (1916); Jungersen ( 1904); Kölliker ( 1880); Kükenthal (1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); W illiams (1995a)]

Protoptilum carpenteri Kölliker, 1872 Protoptilum celebense Hickson, 1916 P rotoptilum cyaneum Kükenthal, 1910 (PI. 9)Protoptilum denticulatum Jungersen, 1904 Protoptilum sm itti Kölliker, 1872


Protoptilum thomsoni Kölliker, 1872 Pteroeides Herklots, 1858 (PI. 14)

[See also Gray (1870); Hickson (1916); Hondt (1984a); Kölliker (1872); Kükenthal (1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); Leuckart (1872); W illiams (1990, 1995a, 1995d)]

Pteroeides acutum Tixier-Durivault, 1966J Pteroeides argenteum (Ellis and Solander, 1786) [Tertiary o f Kei Islands]

[See also Bayer (1955a)]Pteroeides bankanense Bleeker, 1859 Pteroeides bestae Hondt, 1984 Pteroeides breviradiatum Kölliker, 1869 Pteroeides caledonicum Kölliker, 1869 Pteroeides carnosum Tixier-Durivault, 1972 Pteroeides crossieri Tixier-Durivault, 1966 Pteroeides densum Tixier-Durivault, 1966 Pteroeides duebeni Kölliker, 1869 Pteroeides dofleini Balss, 1909 Pteroeides durum Kölliker, 1872 Pteroeides esperi Herklots, 1858 Pteroeides flexuosum Tixier-Durivault, 1966 Pteroeides humesi Tixier-Durivault, 1966 Pteroeides hymenocaulon Bleeker, 1859 Pteroeides isosceles J. S. Thomson, 1915 Pteroeides jungersen i Broch, 1910 Pteroeides laboutei Hondt, 1984 Pteroeides latissimum Kölliker, 1869 Pteroeides lusitanicum Broch, 1910 Pteroeides malayense Hickson, .1916 Pteroeides morbusus Tixier-Durivault, 1961 Pteroeides oblongum Gray, 1860 Pteroeides sagamiense M oroff, 1902 Pteroeides sparmanni Kölliker, 1869 Pteroeides spicatum Tixier-Durivault, 1972 Pteroeides spinosum (Ellis, 1764)Pteroeides tenerum Kölliker, 1869 Pteroeides timorense Hickson, 1916 Pteroeides triangulum Tixier-Durivault, 1972 Ptilosarcus Verrili, 1865

[See also Leuckart (1872); Nutting (1909); Verrili (1865); W illiams 1995a, 1995d)]Ptilosarcus gurneyi (Gray, 1860)Ptilosarcus undulatus (Verrili, 1865)Renilla Lamarck, 1816 (PI. 8)

[See also Ehrenberg (1834); Eisen (1876); Gray (1860); Herklots (1858); Kölliker (1871b); Kükenthal (1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); M üller (1864); W illiams (1995a); Zam poni and Pérez (1996); Zamponi, Pérez, and Capitoli (1997)]

Renilla koellikeri (also spelled R. kollikeri or R. kollikeri) Pfeffer, 1886 Renilla muelleri (also spelled R. mulleri or R. mülleri) Kölliker, 1872 Renilla musaica Zamponi and Pérez, 1995 Renilla octodentata Zamponi and Pérez, 1995 Renilla reniformis (Pallas, 1766)


Renilla tentaculata Zamponi, Pérez, and Capitoli, 1997 Sarcoptilus Gray, 1848

[See also W illiams (1995a, 1995c, 1995d)]Sarcoptilus bollonsi (Benham, 1906)Sarcoptilus grandis Gray, 1848 Sarcoptilus nullispiculatus W illiams, 1995 Sarcoptilus rigidus W illiams, 1995 Sarcoptilus shaneparkerii W illiams, 1995 Sclerobelemnon Kölliker, 1872

[See also Balss (1910); Hickson (1916); Kölliker ( 1872); Kükenthal (1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); Thomson and Henderson (1906b); W illiams (1995a, 1995d)]

Sclerobelemnon burgeri (Herklots, 1858)Sclerobelemnon elongatum Hickson, 1916 Sclerobelemnon gracile (Gravier, 1908)Sclerobelemnon gravieri Hickson, 1916 Sclerobelemnon koellikeri Thomson and Henderson, 1906 Sclerobelemnon magniflorum Hickson, 1916 Sclerobelemnon schmeltzi Kölliker, 1872 Sclerobelemnon theseus Bayer, 1959 Scleroptilum Kölliker, 1880

[See also Balss (1910); Kükenthal (1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); W illiams (1990, 1995a)] Scleroptilum grandiflorum Kölliker, 1880 Scytaliopsis Gravier, 1906

[See also Gravier (1908); Kükenthal (1915); W illiams (1990, 1995a)]Scytaliopsis djiboutiensis Gravier, 1906Scytaliopsis ghardagensis (?Gravenhorst, 1821) (also spelled S. ghardaqana ; a probable nomen

nudem since it is unclear whether this citation represents an original description o f a new taxon, or merely the use o f an unsubstantiated name)

[See also A tiya (1994); Schuhmacher and H interkircher (1996)]Scytalium Herklots, 1858

[See also Balss (1910); Hickson (1916); Kölliker, 1870; Kükenthal (1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); Thomson and Simpson (1909); W illiams (1995a)]

Scytalium balssi Hickson, 1916 Scytalium martensi Kölliker, 1870 Scytalium sarsii Herklots, 1858 Scytalium tentaculatum Kölliker, 1880 (PI. 11)Stachyptilum Kölliker, 1880

[See also Kükenthal (1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); W illiams (1995a)]Stachyptilum dofleini Balss, 1909 Stachyptilum macleari Kölliker, 1880 Stachyptilum superbum Studer, 1894 Stylatula Verrili, 1864

[See also Balss (1910); Jungersen (1904); Kölliker (1870); Kükenthal (1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); W illiams (1995a)]

Stylatula antillarum Kölliker, 1870 Stylatula brasiliensis (Gray, 1870)Stylatula darwini Kölliker, 1870 Stylatula diadema Bayer, 1959 Stylatula elegans (Danielssen, 1860)


PLATE 11

Scytalium tentaculatum After Kölliker, 1880


PLATE 12

Pennatula naresi A fter Kölliker, 1880

DorsalVentral


PLATE 13

Virgularia schultzei, upper left; Virgularia schultzei, lower left; Pennatula inflata, center; Pennatula phosphorea , right.After Kükenthal «fe Broch, 1911


PLATE 14

Pteroeides punctatum A fter Thom son & Simpson, 1909

Gyrophyllum sibogae After Hickson, 1916


Stylatula elongata (Gabb, 1862)Stylatula gracilis (Gabb, 1864)Stylatula kinbergi Kölliker, 1870Stylatula lacazi Kölliker, 1870Stylatula polyzoidea Zamponi and Pérez, 1996Umbellula Cuvier, 1797 (see Bayer and Grasshoff, 1997) (PI. 1, 8)

[See also B roch(1957, 1958a); Cuvier (1800); Ellis (1753, 1755); G rasshoff (1971, 1973, 1982a, 1982b); Heezen and Hollister (1971 ); Hickson (1916); Kölliker (1875, 1880); Kükenthal (1902b, 1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); Lamarck (1801); Mylius (1755); Pasternak (1975); W illiams (1990, 1993b, 1995a, 1997a, 1997c); W illiams and Rogers (1989)]

Umbellula durissima Kölliker, 1880 Umbellula encrinus Linnaeus, 1758 Umbellula hemigymna Pasternak, 1975 Umbellula huxleyi Kölliker, 1880 Umbellula lindahli Kölliker, 1874 Umbellula monocephalus Pasternak, 1975 Umbellula pellucida Kükenthal, 1902 Umbellula spicata Kükenthal, 1902 Umbellula thomsoni Kölliker, 1874 (PI. 8)Veretillum Cuvier, 1797

[See also Balss (1910); Gray (1870); Herklots (1858); Hickson (1916); Kükenthal (1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); W illiams (1990, 1995a)]

Veretillum australis (Gray, 1870)Veretillum cynomorium (Pallas, 1766) (PI. 7)Veretillum leloupi Tixier-Durivault, 1960 Veretillum malayense Hickson, 1916 Veretillum manillensis (Kölliker, 1872)Veretillum tenuis (Marshall and Fowler, 1889)Veretillum vanderbilti Boone, 1938 Virgularia Lamarck, 1816

[See also Herklots ( 1858); Kölliker ( 1880); Koren and Danielssen (1877); Kükenthal (1915); Kükenthal and Broch (1911); Richiardi (1869); W illiams 1990, 1995a)]

Virgularia abies Kölliker, 1870 Virgularia brochi Kükenthal, 1915 Virgularia bromleyi Kölliker, 1880 Virgularia densa Tixier-Durivault, 1966 Virgularia galapagensis Hickson, 1930 Virgularia glacialis Kölliker, 1870 Virgularia gracillima Kölliker, 1880 Virgularia gustaviana (Herklots, 1863)Virgularia halisceptrum Broch, 1910 Virgularia juncea (Pallas, 1766)Virgularia kophameli May, 1899 Virgularia loveni Utinomi, 1971 Virgularia mirabilis (M üller, 1776)Virgularia patagonica (a probable nomen nudem since an original description cannot be found and

a type specimen has not been located)[See also Barrattini and Ureta, 1960; Darwin, 1860]

Virgularia patachonica (see Virgularia patagonica)


I V ir g u la r ia p r e s b y t e s Bayer, 1955a [Tertiary o f Trinidad][See also Bayer (1957); Belém and Figueiredo Alvarenga (1973)]

V ir g u la r ia r e in w a r d t i Herklots, 1858 V ir g u la r ia r u m p h i Kölliker, 1870 V ir g u la r ia s c h u l t z e i Kükenthal, 1910 (PI. 13)V ir g u la r ia tu b e r c u la ta Marshall, 1883

G e o g r a p h ic In d e x

Africa — eastern (see Indo-Pacific)Africa — northern (see North Atlantic and Mediterranean)Africa — southern

Branch et al. (1994); Broch (1939, 1940); D ay (1974b); Day et al. (1970); M olander (1929); J. S. Thomson (1915, 1917, 1924); Tixier-Durivault (1954, 1960); W illiams (1987, 1989a, 1989b, 1990, 1992, 1993a); W illiams and Rogers (1989).

Africa — westernBroch (1910a; 1914b, 1958b); Buchanan (1955); Dollfus (1938); López-González et al. (in press); M olander (1929); Pax and Müller (1954); Studer (1878); Tixier-Durivault (1961b, 1963); W illiams (1987, 1989b, 1990, 1992).

Africa — Atlantic (see Africa — western)Antarctica (see Southern Oceans)Arctic Ocean

Broch (1913c, 1955, 1956); Jungersen (1907, 1915, 1917); Lindahl (1874c); Madsen (1948); M ay (1900); M ylius (1753, 1754); Pasternak (1980); Verrili (1922); Yashnov (1948).

Asia —northeastern (see Pacific Ocean — northern; or Japan)Atlantic — eastern (see North Atlantic and Mediterranean or Africa — western)Atlantic —northern (see North Atlantic and M editerranean)Atlantic — western temperate (see North Atlantic and M editerranean or South America — Atlantic) A tlantic — western tropical (see W estern Tropical Atlantic and Caribbean)Australia — eastern (see Indo-Pacific)Australia —northern (see Indo-Pacific)Australia — southern

Broch (1910c); Briggs (1915); Godfrey (1943); Gray (1848); McCoy (1892); Pasternak (1966); Utinomi (1971); Utinomi and Shepherd (1982); W illiams (1995c).

Australia — westernBroch (1910c); W illiams (1995c).

Caribbean Sea (see W estern Tropical Atlantic and Caribbean)Cosmopolitan (see Worldwide)East Africa (see Africa — eastern)East Asia (see Indo-Pacific)Eastern Australia (see Indo-Pacific)Eastern Pacific — western North America (see North America — Pacific)Eastern Pacific — western South America (see South America — Pacific)Europe (see North Atlantic and M editerranean)Indo-Pacific (including Red Sea*)

Alcock (1902); Allen and Steene (1994); *Atiya (1994); Briggs (1915); Clastres et al. (1984); Colin and A m eson (1995); Dinamani (1965); Fowler (1894); Gosliner et al. (1996); Gravely (1941); *Gravenhorst (1821); *Gravier (1906a, 1906b, 1906c, 1907a, 1908, 1912a); Hickson(1905); Hondt (1984a, 1984b); Hornell (1922); Humes (1978); Imahara (1991); Koo (1935,


1940); * Kükenthal (1913b); Light (1921); *Magnus (1966); A. M. Marshall and Fowler (1889); M ather and Bennet ( 1993); Nakasone and Yu ( 1987); Nutting ( 1908); Pasternak ( 1964); Ridley (1883); Roule (1908); Sankolli and Neelakantan (1971); *Schuhmacher and Hinterkircher (1996); Simpson (1905); J. A. Thomson (1905); J. A. Thomson and Crane (1909a, 1909b); J. A. Thomson and Henderson (1905a, 1905b, 1906a, 1906b); Tixier-Durivault (1960, 1965, 1966,1972); Tixier-Durivault and Hondt ( 1974a); Utinomi ( 1956b).

JapanBalss (1910); Fisher ( 1874); Hubrecht (1885); Kumano ( 1937); M oroffi 1902b); Nutting (1912); Okutani (1969); Stearns (1883); Stimpson (1855); J. A. Thomson and Rennet (1927); Utinomi (1956a, 1958, 1961, 1964).

M editerranean Sea (see North Atlantic and M editerranean)New Zealand

Benham ( 1906,1907); Dendy ( 1897); Hamilton ( 1958); Hutton ( 1904); Powell ( 1947); W illiams (1995c).

North A m erica - temperate Atlantic (see North Atlantic and M editerranean)North A m erica — Pacific

Allen (1969); Anonymous (1898); Batie (1972); Belcik (1977); Blake (1872, 1873); Brusca(1980); Dawson (1872); Fautin et al. (1987); Flora and Fairbanks (1966); Gabb (1862, 1864); Gotshall (1987, 1994); Gotshall and Laurent (1979); Hartman (1960); Hickson (1930a); Hochberg and Ljubenkov (1998); Human (1973); Johnson and Snook (1935); Kerstitch (1989); K ozloff (1974, 1983, 1987); Kükenthal (1913a); Lam et al. (1982); Nutting (T909); Ricketts et al. (1985); Sclater (1872, 1873); Shimek (1998); Stearns (1873a); Strathmann (1988); Studer (1894); Verrili (1865, 1868a, 1868b).

North Atlantic and M editerranean (Europe and eastern N orth America)Abei (1963); Alder (1862); Alder (1863); Altuna-Prados (1994); Andrée (1912); Angelis (1895?); Arculeo et al. (1990); Atkinson (1989); Broch (1913a, 1914a, 1953); Baluk and Pisera (1984); Bellini (1905); Berenguier (1954); Broch (1953); Demir (1952); Dyer et a 1 (1981); Eckelbarger et al. (1998); Ellis (1753, 1755, 1764); Field (1949); Fischer (1889); Forbes and G oodsir (1851); Gili and Pagès (1987); Gili et al. ( 1987); G rasshoff ( 1981,1982a, 1982b, 1989); Grieg (1887, 1892, 1893, 1896); Jahn (1970); Keller et al. (1975); Koren and Danielssen (1847, 1856, 1874, 1877, 1883, 1884); Kramp (1932, 1933, 1950); Lacaze-Duthiers (1891); Langton et al. (1990); Lindahl (1874a, 1874b, 1874c); Luther and Fiedler (1961 ); Madsen (1948); Manuel(1981); Marion (1906); Mylius (1753, 1754); Nobre (1931); Patterson (1986); Pax (1936); Pax and M üller (1953, 1955a, 1955b, 1955c, 1959, 1962); Pérès and Picard (1958); Perrier ( 1936); Rice et al. (1992); Riedl (1963, 1983); Rossi (1971); Roule (1905); Rowe(1971); Sars (1846, 1851); Stephens (1909); Tixier-Durivault and Lafargue (1968); Vafidis and Koukouras (1991); V afid ise ta l. (1994); Verrili (1878, 1879, 1882a, 1882b,1884a, 1884b, 1885a).

Northern Pacific (see Pacific Ocean — northern)Pacific Ocean - eastern (see North America — Pacific)Pacific Ocean —northern

B lake(1872, 1873); Broch (1935); Pasternak (I960, 1961a, 1970); Rho and Song (1976, 1977). Pacific Ocean — western (see Indo-Pacific)South A m erica (Atlantic)

Barttini and Ureta (1960); Acuña and Zamponi (1992); ); Belém and Figueiredo Alvarenga(1973); Darwin (1860); Pasternak (1975b, 1993); Sanchez (1994); Tommasi et al. (1972); Zam poni and Perez (1996); Zamponi et al. (1997).

South Am erica (Pacific)Pasternak (1975b); Pérez (1996); Zuñiga (1948).

Southeast Asia (see Indo-Pacific)


Southern Asia (see Indo-Pacific)Southern Africa (see Africa — southern)Southern Australia (see Australia —southern)Southern Oceans (Antarctica and the subantarctic)

Acuña and Zamponi (1992); Branch and Williams (1993); Kükenthal (1912a); M ay (1900); Pasternak (1961b, 1962); J. A. Thomson and Rennet ( 1931 ); Zamponi and Perez ( 1995a, 1995b).

Subantarctic (see Southern Oceans)West Africa (see Africa — western)W estern Australia (see Australia — western)W estern Tropical Atlantic and Caribbean

Bayer (1957, 1959, 1961); Cairns, Hartog, and Am eson (1986); Deichmann (1936a, 1936b); Fowler (1888); Kaplan (1982, 1988); Keller et al. (1975); Pasternak (1975a); Sanchez ( 1994); Voss (1976).

W orldwideBayer (1956); Kükenthal (1915); W illiams (1995a, 1997e, 1997f).

S u b je c t In d e x

Note: The largest percentage, approximately 37%, of the citations listed pertain to taxonomy and geographic records (see Fig. 1).

Anatomy (see Morphology and Ultrastructure)

BehaviorP. A. V. Anderson (1976); P. A. V. Anderson and Case (1975); Buisson (1974, 1976, 1980,

1988); Darwin (1860); Couet (1979); Dickinson (1978); Hoare and W ilson (1977); Kastendiek (1975a, 1975b, 1976); Lancaster ( 1601 ); Langton et al. (1990); Mori (all citations); Mori and Ondo (1957); Mori and Tañase (1973); Pantin (1950); Pavans de Ceccatty and Buisson (1965); Takada and Mori (1956, 1957).

BibliographyBayer (1981a, 1996); Hickson (1916); Kükenthal (1915); D. W. Thompson (1885); W illiams

(1990).

Biography (Regarding Authors of Pennatulacean Research)Boeseman (1973); Forest (1996); Fransen et al. (1997); Gardiner (1940); Holthuis (1993, 1995);

Smit (1979); Zim m er (1925).

BioluminescenceAgassiz (1850); Aldrovandi (1642, 1648); Anctil et al. (1982); J. M. Anderson and Cormier

(1978); J. M. Anderson et al. (1974, 1978); P. A. V. Anderson and Case (1975); Awad and Anctil (1993a, 1993b); Bâtie (1972); C. Bauhin (1620,1671); J. Bauhin (1650-51); Bilhaut (1975a, 1975b); Blainville (1834); Boussuet (1558); Buck (1973); Chiaje (1827); Charbonneau (1981); Cormier(1978); Davenport and Nicol (1956); DeLuca et al. (1976); Dittrich (1888); Ehrenberg (1834c); Ellis (1764); Forbes (1847); Forbes and G oodsir (1851); Germain and Anctil (1988); Gesner (1555,1558); Grant (1827, 1829); Grober (1990a, 1990b); Hart et al. (1979); Harvey (1917, 1920, 1940, 1952); Hastings (1968, 1983); Hastings and Morin (1969); Herdman (1913a); Herring (1978, 1991); Hori and Cormier (1973); Hori et al. (1972, 1973); Imperato (1599); K orotneff(1887); Kreiss and Cormier (1967); Krukenberg (1887,1888); Mangold (1910); N. B. M arshall (1979); Matern (1984); Matthews


OTHER FIELDS

TAXONOMY & GEOGRAPHIC RECORDSBIOCHEMISTRY & NATURAL PRODUCTS

MORPHOLOGY & ULTRASTRUCTURE

ECOLOGY & BIOTIC INTERACTIONS

v /PHYSIOLOGY & CELL BIOLOGY

GENERAL NATURAL HISTORY & BIOLOGY

BIOLUMINESCENCE

F ig u re 1. Q u a n tita tiv e a n a ly s is o f th e li te ra tu re b y fie ld o f study.

et al. (1977); M orin (1974, 1976, 1998); Nealson et al. (1986); Nicol (1955a, 1955b, 1955c, 1958); Panceri (1871b, 1871c, 1872a, 1872b, 1872c); Parker (1920c); Péron (1804); Pratje (1923); Rapp (1827); Royal Society (1870); Satterlie and Case (1979); Shaw (1838-46); Shimomura and Johnson (1975, 1979); Soares and Sawaia (1975); Spallanzani (1784, 1796); Spurlock and Corm ier (1975); Tilesius von Tilenau (1819); Titschack (1965, 1966); Tizard et al. (1885); W am pler et al. (1971,1973); W ard (1979); W ard and Cormier (1978a, 1978b); Williams (1990); W yville Thomson (1874).

Corals (Pre-Linnean General Natural History)Boccone (1670); Marsigli (1725); Peyssonnel (1753); Rondelet (1554-1555); W oodward (1695).

Ecology and Biotic InteractionsP. K. Anderson (1989); Atkinson (1989); Bertsch (1968, 1982); Best (1988); Birkeland (1969,

1971, 1974); Brafield (1969); Creed and Coull (1984); Davis (1978); Davis et al. (1982); D aw ydoff (1930, 1938); Day (1974a); Dube and Ball (1971); Fager (1968); Fujita and Ohta (1988); ); Gili et al.(1987); G illuly (1970); Gosliner et al. (1996); Hornell (1922); Howson and Davies (1991); Humes(1978); Jones (I960); Kastendiek (1975a, 1975b, 1976, 1982); Lam et al. (1982); Laubier (1972); Magnus (1966); Mariscal and Bigger (1977); M cDonald and Nybakken (1978); M iyajima (1897, 1900); Mori (all citations); Mori and Ondo (1957); Mori and Tañase (1973); Nakasone and Yu (1987); Okutani (1969); Ramesh et al. (1985); R ittschof et al. (1986, 1988); Rowe (1971); Sankolli and Neelakantan (1971); Shepherd (1983); Shimek (1998); Short and Trower (1986); Standing et al. (1984); Thompson et al. (1988); Tyler et al. (1995).


General Natural History and General BiologyAlcock (1902); Alien (1969); Arculeo et al. (1990); A m dt (1912); R. D. Bames (1987); R. S. K.

Barnes et al. (1988); Bayer (1973, 1981a); Bayer et al. (1983); Bayer and Owre (1968); Bellomy(1974); Bourne (1900); Branch et al. (1994); Brusca and Brusca (1990); Colin and Am eson (1995); Coleman and Teague (1973); Cooke (1889); Dakin (1953); Dalyell (1848); Darwin (1860); Delage and Hérouard (1901); Donovan (1995); Dunn (1982); Faulkner and Chesher( 1979); Fossâ and Nilsen (1995); Frische (1991); Gage and Tyler (1991); Gesner (1565); Hadi (1994); Hardy (1967); Gosliner et al. (1996); Gotshall (1987, 1994); Gotshall and Laurent (1979); Gravier (1912b); Haeckel (1904); Hardy (1965, 1967); Heezen and Hollister (1971); Hickson (1906, 1909, 1930b); Huxlely (1907); Hyman (1940); Johnson and Snook (1935); Kaplan (1982, 1988);Kerstitch (1989); Koren and Danielssen (1877); K ozloff (1974, 1983, 1987, 1990); Kükenthal (1923-1925); Lancaster (1601); Luther and Fiedler (1961); Lutz (1986); Lydekker (no date); M acGinitie (1938); M acGinitie and M acGinitie (1968); N .B . Marshall (1979); W. P. Marshall (1895); M ather and Bennet (1993); Meglitsch (1972); Milne and Milne (no date); Milne Edwards and Haime (1857); Ming (1993); M odeer(1786); H. B. M oore (1937); M oseley (1872); Moss (1878); Mylius (1753, 1754); Nordgaard (1905); Omori (1991); Pearse et al. (1987); Philippi (1835); Pimentel (1967); Ricketts et al. (1985); Riedl (1963); Ricketts et al. (1985); Rondelet (1554-1555); Rumphius (1705); Schechter (1959); Schöm ann(1949); Schuhmacher and H interkircheri 1996); Sclater(1872, 1873); Sm ith(1964); Smith and Carlton (1975); Sphon (1964); Sprung and Delbeek (1997); Thurston (1890); Tilesius (1812); Tizard et al. (1885); Tixier-Durivault (1987); A. Trembley (1744); Tyler and Zibrowius (1992); Utinomi (1956a, 1964); Voss (1976); W ilkins and Birkholz (1986); Williams (1986, 1993a, 1995a, 1997c); W yville Thomson (1874); Zim and Ingle (1955).

HistologyH asam a (1944); Kölliker (1865); K orotneff (1887); Lyke (1965); Niedermeyer (1913, 1914);

Titschack (1970).

History of Science (Regarding Coelenterates and/or Sea Pens)Agassiz ( 1860); Bayer (1981a); Hickson (1916); Hyman ( 1940); Shapiro and Ramsdell ( 1965);

W illiams (1993b, 1995a, 1997c).

Molecular Biology and GeneticsLorenz et al. (1991).

Morphology and UltrastructureAlonso (1979); Beklemishev (1969a, 1969b); Buisson (1970); Buisson and Franc (1969); Bujor

(1901); Chia and Crawford (1977); Crawford and Chia (1974); Bullough (1950); Dunkelberger and W atabe(1972, 1974); Fautin and Mariscal (1991); S. Franc (1979); S. Franc e tal. (1971, 1974, 1985); Franzén (1967); Germain and Anctil (1988); Hickson (1883); Ivester and Dunkelberger (1971); Jungersen (1888a, 1888b); Koch (1878, 1889, 1890); Kölliker (1865, 1871b, 1872, 1874); K orotneff (1887); Ledger and Franc (1978); Lenhoff et al. (1971); Lightbown (1918); Lyke (1965); Mariscal (1974, 1979); Mariscal and Bigger (1977); Marks et al. (1949); Niedermeyer (1911, 1912); Panceri (1870); Parker (1919); Roule (1907); Satterlie et al. (1976); Shapeero ( 1969); Spurlock and Cormier(1975); Titschack (1966, 1968,1970); P. Trembley (1941, 1942); W atabeand Dunkelberger (1979); W ilbur (1976); W ilson (1884).

Natural Products Chemistry, Biochemistry, and ToxicologyAnctil (1987, 1989a, 1989b); Anctil et al. (1982, 1984, 1991); J. M. Anderson and Cormier

(1978); J. M. Anderson et al. (1974, 1978); P. A. V. Anderson (1976); Awad and Anctil (1993a,


1993b); Bem heim er and Arigad (1981); Bullock (1970); Charbonneau (1981); Clastres et al. (1984); Coan and Travis (1970); Datta et al. (1990); DeLuca et al. (1976); Fu et al. (in press); Goswami et al. (1995); Grimmelikhuijzen and G roeger(1987); Grimmelikhuijzen etal. (1987); Harmon etal. (1984); Hart et al. (1979); Hori and Cormier (1973); Hori et al. (1972, 1973); Huang and Mir (1972); Jones et al. (1979); Karkhanis and Cormier (1971 ); Keifer et al. (1986); Kittredge et al. (1962); Kreiss and Cormier (1967); Morin (1976); Kumar et al. (1990); Lorenz et al. (1991); Mackie (1987); Pani and Anctil (1994); Shapeero (1969); Shimomura and Johnson (1975, 1979); Standing et al. (1984); Thompson et al. (1988); Tillet-Barret e tal. (1992); Vanderah and Djerassi (1977); Vidal e ta l. (1992); W aele et al. (1987); W ampler et al. (1971); W ekell (1974, 1978); W ratten et ai. (1977a, 1977b).

Paleontology (Mesozoic and Cenozoic Fossil Taxa)Andrée (1912); Angelis (1895?); Baluk and Pisera (1984); Bayer (1955a, 1955b, 1956); Bradley

(1980, 1981); Branco (1885); Chapman and Crespin (1928); Davis (1936); Fowler (1911); Freeh (1890); Gabb (1859, 1861); Gregorio (1890); Hamilton (1958); Häntzschel (1958); Howell (1947); Kolosvary (1949); Kuhn (1949); M alaroda (1951); Malecki (1982); Milne Edwards and Haime (1850); Morton (1830, 1834); R. C. M oore (1956); Nelli (1903); N ielsen (1914); Shapiro and Ramsdell (1965); Roemer (1880); Squires (1958); Strand (1928); Traub (1938); P. Trembley (1941, 1942); Valenciennes (1850); Vincent (1893); Voigt (1958); Yabe and Sugiyama (1937).

Paleontology (Vendían Frondlike Fossil Taxa)Arthur (1997); Bergstrom (1989, 1991); Buss and Seilacher (1994); Conway Morris (1991,

1993); Deng and Chen (1981); Dzik (1991); Fedonkin (1992,1996); G laessner (1958a, 1958b, 1959, 1961,1984); Glaessner and Daily ( 1959); Glaessner and W ade ( 1966); Jenkins ( 1985, 1992); Jenkins and Gehling (1978); Lewin (1984); Liu (1981, 1983); Richter (1955); Runnegar (1992); Seilacher (1989); Simonetta and Conway Morris (1991); W eiguo (1986); W illiams (1995b, 1997c, 1997d); W right (1997).

Photography (Color Photographs of Living Sea Pens)Allen and Steen (1994); Branch et aí. (1994); Colin and Ameson (1995); Faulkner and Chesher

(1979); Gosliner et al. (1996); Fossâ and Nilsen (1995); Gotshall (1987,1994); Gotshall and Laurent(1979); Kerstitch (1989); Ming (1993); N ishim ura (1992); Schumacher and H interkircher (1996); Shimek (1998); Sprung and Delbeek (1997); W einberg (1996); W illiams (1990, 1996); W ilkins and Birkholz (1986).

Phylogeny, *Cladistics, Evolution, and BiogeographyAltuna-Prados ( 1994); Bergström ( 1989, 1991 ); Bourne ( 1900); Broch (1913b); Conway Morris

(1991); G rasshoff (1973, 1991); Hickson (1916, 1930b); K inoshita (1912); Koch (1878); Kölliker (1869-72, 1872, 1880); Kükenthal (1912b, 1914, 1915a, 1921); Kükenthal and Broch (1910, 1911); A. M. Marshall (1883b); Niedermeyer (1913); Patterson (1986); W illiams (1992, * 1993b, 1995a, * 1995b, *1995d, 1997a, 1997b, *1997c, 1997d, 1997e).

Physiology and Cell BiologyAnctil (1987, 1989a, 1989b); Anctil et al. (1982, 1984, 1991); J. M. Anderson and Cormier

(1978); J. M. Anderson et al. (1974); P. A. V. Anderson (1976); P. A. V. Anderson and Case (1975); Awad and Anctil (1993a, 1993b); Bilhaut and Pavans de Ceccatty (1971a, 1971b); Brafield (1969); Brafield and Chapman (1967); Case and Morin (1966); Chapman (1972); Child (1951); Buck and Hanson (1967); Buisson (1964, 1969, 1971a, 1971b, 1973, 1976, 1979, 1988); Carlgren (1940); Charbonneau (1981); Crawford and Chia (1974); Dickinson (1978); J. M. Franc (1979); S. Franc (1970 ,1973 ,1979 ,1980); H agiw ataeta l. (1981); Honjo (1940); Im afuku(1973,1975,1976); Ivester


(1977); K orotneff (1887); Krukenberg (1887); Ledger and Franc (1978); A. R. Moore (1926); Mori (all citations); Mori and Ondo (1957); Mori and Tañase (1973); M usgrave (1909); Nicol (1955b, 1955c); Parker (1920a, 1920b); Pavans de Ceccatty and Buisson (1964a, 1964b, 1965); Pavans de Ceccatty et al. (1963); Pratt (1909); Satterlie et al. (1976, 1980); Senut and Franc (1985); Takada and Mori (1956,1957); Titschack (1965, 1966, 1968, 1970); Umbriaco et al. (1990); W aele et al. (1987).

Polymorphism, Phenotypic Variability, and BiodiversityHickson (1903b, 1903c); Human (1973); Jaworski (1939); A. M. Marshall (1883); Pasternak

(1989); W illiams (1992, 1993b, 1997b).

Quoted PassagesAgassiz (1860); Harvey (1952); Hyman (1940); Lankaster (1601); N. B. Marshall (1979); Péron

( 1804); C. W. Thomson ( 1874); Shapiro and Ramsdell ( 1965) quoted under Gregorio ( 1890); Tizard et al. (1885), W illiams (1993b).

Reproductive and Developmental Biology (including Growth Stages and Regeneration)Birkeland ( 1969,1971 ); Chia and Crawford (1973); Dalyell (1839); Delage and Hérouard ( 1901 );

Eckelbarger et al. ( 1998); Franzén ( 1967); Jungersen (1888a, 1888b); Korschelt ( 1936); Lacaze-Duth- iers (1865, 1887); Mori and Tañase (1973); Roule (1932); Satterlie and Case (1979); Strathmann(1988); Tarent and Tarent ( 1980); T orrey( 1901); Tyler et al.(1995); W illem oes-Suhm ( 1875); W ilson (1880, 1881, 1882a, 1882b, 1883b, 1903).

Taxonomy, Distributional and Bathymetric RecordsAbei (1963); Acuña and Zamponi (1992); Alder (1861, 1862, 1863, 1867); Allen (1969);

Anonymous (1898); Arculeo et al. ( 1990); Arndt (1912); Asbom sen ( 1856); Atiya ( 1994); Atkinson ( 1989); Balss ( 1909, 1910, 1911); Barattini and Ureta ( 1960); Barreira y Castro ( 1990); Batie (1972); Bayer (1955b, 1956, 1957, 1959, 1961); Bayer and G rasshoff (1997); Belcik (1977); Belem and Alvarenga (1973); Belyaev (1972); Benham (1906, 1907); Boone (1933, 1938); Branch et al. (1994); Branch and W illiams (1993); Broch (all citations); Buchanan (1955); Cairns, Hartog, and Ameson (1986); Carpine and G rasshoff (1985); Castro (1981); Colin and Ameson (1995); Costa Soares(1979); Cuvier (1797, 1800); Dana (1846); Danielssen and Koren (1884); Dawson (1966); Deichmann (1936a, 1936b, 1941); Ehrenberg (1834a, 1834b); Ellis and Solander (1786); Erhardt and M oosleitner (1995); Fautin et al. (1987); Fowler (1888,1894); Fu etal. (in press); Gabb (1862, 1864); Gili ( 1986); Gili and Pagès (1987); Gosliner et al. ( 1996); Gotshall (1987,1994); Gotshall and Laurent(1979); G rasshoff (all citations); Gravenhorst (1821); Gravier (all citations); Gray (all citations); Hartman (1960); Herklots (1858, 1863); Hickson (1890, 1894, 190 0 ,1903a, 1904,1905,1907, 1911, 1914,1916, 1921, 1922, 1930a, 1936, 1937, 1940); Hoare and W ilson (1977); Hochberg and Ljubenkov (1998); Hondt (1984a, 1984b); Hubrecht (1885); Imahara (1991); Jahn (1970); Johnston (1847); Jungersen ( 1904, 1905, 1907, 1915, 1917); Kölliker (all citations); Koo (1935, 1940); Koren and Danielssen (1847, 1856, 1874, 1877, 1883, 1884); Kükenthal (all citations); Kramp (1932, 1933, 1950); Kumano (1937); Lacaze-Duthiers (1891); Lamarck (1816, 1836); Langton et al. (1990); Lepechin (1781); Leuckart (1841); Leunis (1886); Light (1921); Lindahl (1874a, 1874b, 1874c); Linnaeus (1758, 1767); Lopez-Gonzalez et al. (in press); Madsen (1948); Manuel (1981); A. M. Marshall (1883b); A. M. Marshall and Fowler (1888); A. M. M arshall and M arshall (1882); May (1899, 1900); M ilne Edwards and Haime (1850, 1857); M olander (1929); M oroff (1902a, 1902b); O.F. M üller (1776); F. M üller (1866); Naumov (1955); N obre( 1931); Norm an (1867); N utting (1908, 1909, 1912); Pallas (1766, 1787); Panceri (1871a); Pasternak (all citations); Pax (1936); Pax and M üller (1955b, 1955c, 1962); Pérez (1996); Pfeffer (1886); Poche (1914, 1915a, 1915b); Quoy and Gaimard (1827); Rho and Song(1976, 1977); Richiardi (1869); Richmond (1997); Ridley (1883);


Riedl (1963, 1983); Riveros Zunica (1948); Robertson (1887); Rossi (1971); Roule (1905, 1906, 1908); Sachs (1913); Sars (1846,1851); M. Schultze (1871); F. E. Schulze (1875); Simpson (1905); Steam s (1873a, 1873b, 1873c, 1874, 1882, 1883); Stephens (1909); Stiasny (1937, 1938); Stimpson (1855); Studer (all citations); J. A. Thomson (1905,1927); J. A. Thomson and Crane (1909a, 1909b); J. A. Thomson and Henderson ( 1905a, 1905b, 1906a, 1906b); J. A. Thomson and Mackinnon (1911); J. A. Thomson and Rennet (1927, 1931); J. A. Thomson and Ritchie (1906); J. A. Thomson and Simpson (1909); J. S. Thomson (1915, 1917, 1924); Tilesius (1826); Tixier-Durivault (all citations); Tixier-Durivault and Hondt (1974a, 1974b); Tixier-Durivault and Lafargue (1968); Utinomi (all citations); Utinomi and Shepherd (1982); Vafidis and Koukouras (1991); Van Soest (1977); Verrili (all citations); W aterman (1950); W illiams (all citations); W iktor (1974); Yashnov (1948); Zamponi and Pérez (1995a, 1995b, 1996); Zamponi et al. (1997); Zuñiga (1948).

B ib l io g r a p h y

N o t e : A u th o r ’s a n n o ta t io n s a r e in s q u a re b r a c k e ts fo llo w in g se le c te d c i ta t io n s .

A b e l , E. 1963. A n th o zo a . P p . 152—168 in F au n a u n d F lo ra d e r A dria , R . R ied l. V e rla g Paul P a rey , H am b u rg an d B erlin .

A c u ñ a , F. H . a n d M . O . Z am p o n i. 1992. P en n a tu lacaea (C n id aria : O c to co ra llia ) de la reg ió n su b an ta rc tica : n u ev o s tax a y reg istro s. Ih e rin g ia (S é rie Z o o lo g ía ) (73):47—53. [D istrib u tio n a l data: P en n a tu la rubra , A n th o p tilu m g ra n d iflo ru m ; o rig in a l descrip tions: P en n a tu la a rg en tin a , H a lip te r is h e p ta zo o id e a .]

A g a s s iz , L. 1850. O n th e p rin c ip le s o f c la ssif ica tio n in th e an im al k in d g o m o n th e stru c tu re o f th e h a lcy o n o id p o ly p i; o n th e m o rp h o lo g y o f th e M e d u sae . P ress o f W alk e r an d Jam es, C h a rles to n , S ou th C aro lin a . 19 pp . [S ea p a n sy b io lu m in escen c e .]

. 1860. C o n tr ib u tio n s to the natu ra l h isto ry o f the U n ited S ta tes o f A m erica , V ol. 3. L ittle , B ro w n an dC o m p an y , B oston . 301 pp. [Pp. 1 -35 : a d e ta iled d isco u rse on the h isto ry o f sc ien tific in v es tig a tio n reg a rd in g the co e len te ra te s , in c lu d in g th e m a jo r co n tr ib u tio n s o f R on d e le t, G esn er, B occo n e , and o th ers; see q u o ted p assag es in H isto rica l A cco u n t— P re -L in n ean P eriod , above.]

A l c o c k , A . 1902. A n a tu ra lis t in Ind ian seas, o r, fo u r y ea rs w ith th e R o y a l Ind ian m arin e su rv ey sh ip “ In v estig a to r .” Jo h n M u rray , L on d o n . 328 pp . [C ited in H ick so n , 1916 :256 .]

A l d e r , J. 1861. O ccu rren ce o f a se a pen , n ew to B rita in . T ran sac tio n s o f th e T y n esid e N a tu ra lis ts ’ F ie ld C lu b 5 :6 0 -6 1 . [H a lip te r is ch r is tii , re fe rred to b y A ld e r as V irgularia c h r is tii .]

. 1862. S u p p lem en t to a ca ta lo g u e o f th e zo o p h y te s o f N o rth u m b erlan d and D urh am . T ran sac tio n s o f theT y n esid e N a tu ra lis ts ’ F ie ld C lu b 5: 225—247.

------------. 1863. R e p o rt on the zooph y tes . In R ep o rt o f th e d red g in g ex p ed itio n to D o g g e r B ank and the co asts o fN o rth u m b erlan d , H. T . M ennell, ed . T ran sac tio n s o f the T yn esid e N a tu ra lis ts ’ F ie ld C lu b 5 :2 8 8 -2 9 0 .

------------. 1867. N o tice o f so m e Inv erteb ra ta , in c o n n ex io n w ith the rep o rt o f M r G w y n Je ffre y s o n d red g in gam o n g th e H eb rid es. R ep o rt o f the B ritish A sso c ia tio n fo r the A d v an ce m e n t o f S cience , p art 1 :2 0 6 -2 0 8 . [O rig inal d esc rip tio n o f P en n a tu la m o llis, co n s id e red a ju n io r sy n o n y m o f P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a by C o rn e liu s an d G arfa th , 1908 :274; see a lso N o rm an , 1867:196, 206.]

A l d r o v a n d i, U . 1642. D e re liq u is an im a lib u s ex an g u ib u s libri qu a tu o r, p o s t m o rte m e ju s ed iti: n e m p e de m o llib u s , c ru stace is , te s ta ce is e t zo o p h y tis . . . B o n o n iae , T yp is Jo . B a p tis tae F erro n ii, su m p tib u s M arci A n to n ii B e m iae . 593 pp. [Penn a tu lacean b io lu m in escen ce .]

----------- . 1648. M u saeu m m eta llicu m in lib ro s III! d is trib u tu m . B a rth o lo m aeu s A m b ro sin u s . . . c o m p o s u it . . .M a rcu s A n to n iu s B ern ia . . . in lucem e d id i t . . . T y p is Jo . B a p tis tae F erron ii, B ono n iae . 979 p p . [P e n n a tu lacean b io lu m in escen c e .]

A l l e n , G. R. a n d R . S te e n e . 1994. In d o -P ac ific co ra l r e e f fie ld gu ide . T ro p ica l R e e f R e sea rch , S in g ap o re . 378 pp . [In c lu d es co lo r p h o to g rap h s o f P te ro e id es spp. and V irgularia spp.]

A l l e n , R. K. 1969. C o m m o n in te rtid a l in v erteb ra tes o f sou th e rn C a lifo rn ia . P eek p u b lica tio n s , P alo A lto .(A n th o zo a , pp . 30—32). [R enilla ko llik e r i .]

A lo n s o , C . 1979. E stu d io m o rfo ló g ico y b io m étrico d e las esp icu las de K o llik e r i K ö llik er, 1872 (A n th o zo a , P en n a tu lacea). R ev is ta b ras ile ira d e B io log ía . 39 (4 ):8 2 7 —834. [S ke le ton ; sc lerite m o rp h o lo g y .]


A l t u n a - P r a d o s , A . 1 9 9 4 . O b serv ac io n es b io g eo g rafica s sob re Ios cn id ario s b en to n ico s de la co s ta V asca. K ob ie C ien c ia s N atu ra le s 2 2 :4 1 —57.

A n c t i l , M . 1987 . B io ac tiv ity o f F M R F am id e and re la ted p ep tid es on a con trac tile system o f the co e len te ra te R en illa ko lliker i. Jo u rn a l o f C o m p ara tiv e P h y sio lo g y , P art B: B iochem ica l, System ic an d E n v iro n m en ta l P h y sio lo g y 157( 1 ) : 3 1—38.

------------. 1989a. M o d u la tio n o f a rhy thm ic ac tiv ity by se ro to n in v ia cyclic A M P in the co e len te ra te R en illako lliker i. Jou rnal o f C o m p ara tiv e P h y sio lo g y , P art B: B io ch em ica l, S ystem ic an d E n v iro n m en ta l P h y s io lo g y 15 9 (4 ) :4 9 1—500. [R en illa ko lliker i, m u sc le s, rach id ia l rh y th m ic con trac tio n s, m o d u la to ry m ech an ism s.]

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http://nmnhgoph.si.edu/gopher-menus/Octocorals.html


B e l y a e v , G . M . 1 9 7 2 . H adai b o tto m fauna o f the w o rld ocean . A k ad em iy a N a u k S S S R In stitu t O kean o lo g ii. P u b lish ed fo r the S m ithson ian Institu tio n and the N atio n a l Science F o undation , W ash in g to n , D. C. b y the Israel P ro g ram for S cien tific T ran sla tio n s, Je ru sa lem . [T ran sla ted in to E n g lish from the R ussian ; pp. 4 8 ^ 1 9 , U m bellu la sp. ju v ., U m bellu la sp., b a th y m etric reco rds, 6 0 1 0 -6 7 3 0 m , P eru -C h ile T ren ch and K erm ad ec T rench .]

B e n h a m , W . B. 1906. O n a n ew species o f S a rco p h y llu m from N ew Z ealand . Z o o lo g ish e r A n ze ig e r 31 (2 /3 ):66—67. [Sarcophyllum b o llo n s i.]

. 1907. O n a n ew species o f p e n n a tu lid (S a rc o p h y llu m bo llonsi). T ran sac tio n s an d P ro c eed in g s o f th eN ew Z ea lan d In stitu te 39 :193—195. [Sarcophyllum bollonsi.}

B e r e n g u i e r , A . 1954. C o n trib u tio n à l ’é tu d e des o c to co ra llia ires de M éd ite rran ée O cc id en ta le . R ecu e il d es trav au x d e la S ta tion M arine d ’E n d o u m e 12:53—96. [P ennatu la rubra , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o r e a , P te ro e id es g riseu m .]

B e r g , S . E. 19 4 1 . D ie E n tw ic k lu n g u n d K o lo n ieb ild u n g bei F u n ic u lin a q u a d ra n g u la r is (P a llas). Z o o lo g isk a b id rag fran U p p sa la 20 :1—100. [F unicu lina q u a d ra n g u la r is , K o p h o b e le m n o n s te llife ru m , P en n a tu la p h o s p h o re a , V irgu laria m ira b ilis , V irgu laria clad iscus.]

BER G ER , J. 1915. Z u r K en n tn is d es fe in eren B aues v o n S ty la tu la . In au g u ra l-D isse rta tio n z u r E rlan g u n g d er D o k to rw ü rd e d er H ohen P h ilo so p h isch en F aku ltä t der S ch les ischen F rie d rich -W ilh em s-U n iv e rs itä t zu B reslau . D ru ck von W ilh . G ottl. K orn , B reslau . 72 pp.

B e r g s t r ö m , J. 1989. T h e o rig in o f an im al p h y la an d the n ew p h y lu m P ro co e lo m ata . L e th a ia 2 2 (3 ):2 5 9 -2 6 9 .----------- . 1991. M etazo an evo lu tio n a round th e P re cam b rian -C a m b rian transition . Pp. 25—34 in T he early

ev o lu tio n o f M e tazo a an d th e s ig n ifican ce o f p ro b le m a tic tax a , A . M . S im o n etta a n d S. C o n w a y M orris, eds. P ro c eed in g s o f an In te rn a tio n a l S y m p o siu m h e ld a t th e U n iv ersity o f C a m e rin o 27—31 M a rch 1989. C a m b rid g e U n iv e rsity P re ss , C am bridge . 2 9 6 pp . [C harn iod iscus, su p p o sed p en n a tu lacea n s o f th e P recam - b rian V en d ían Period).

B e r n h e i m e r , A . W . a n d L. S. A v ig a d . 1 9 8 1 . N e w cy to ly sin s in sea an em o n es fro m th e w es t co as t o f the U n ited S ta tes. T o x ic o n 19 (4 ):529—534. [R enilla koellikeri-, to x in s and ven o m s; cy to ly sin , firs t reco rd ed ana ly s is ; C a lifo rn ia .]

B e r t s c h , H. 1968 . E ffec t o f feed ing by A rm in a ca lifo rn ica on the b io lu m in escen c e o f R en illa ko e lliker i. V e lig er 1 0 :4 4 0 -4 4 1 . [P red a to r/p rey in teraction : n u d ib ran ch m o llusk and sea pansy .]

------------. 1982. E stu d io s de eco s istem as b en to n ico s a lo largo de la cos ta n o ro cc id en ta l de B a ja C a lifo rn ia ,M exico : d istr ib u tio n y p re sa d e v a rio s in v erteb rad o s m arinos. C ien c ia s m arin as 8 (2 ) :9 1—123. [In S p an ish w ith E n g lish sum m ary ; S ty la tu la elongata-, n o rth e rn P acific ; B a ja C a lifo rn ia ; d is tr ib u tio n an d range ex ten sio n s.]

B e s t , B . A . 1 9 8 8 . P ass iv e su sp en sio n feed in g in a se a pen : e ffe c ts o f a m b ien t flow o n v o lu m e flo w ra te and f ilte r in g e ffic ien c y . B io lo g ica l B u lle tin (W o o d s H ole , M ass. M arine B io lo g ica l L ab o ra to ry ) 7 5 (3 ):332—342. [P tilo sarcus g u rn e y i, filte r feed ing , filte rin g speed an d effic ien cy , e ffe c t o f w a te r flo w ra te and size, no rth Pacific .]

B lL H A U T , A. 1975a. E tu d e de la b io lu m in escen c e ch ez T o c to co ra llia ire V eretillum cyn o m o riu m Pali. I. - L es rép o n ses lu m in eu ses d es au to zo id es iso lés de la co lon ie . A rch iv es de zo o lo g ie ex p é rim en ta le e t généra le . 11 6 (T ):27 -42 .

. 1975b. E tu d e de la b io lu m in escen c e ch ez T o c to co ra llia ire V eretillum cyn o m o riu m P ali. 2. L es rép o n seslu m in eu ses de la co lon ie . A rch iv es de zo o lo g ie expérim en ta le e t gén éra le 116 (3 ) :3 2 1—341.

B i l h a u t , A . a n d M . P a v a n s d e C e c c a t t y . 1971a. L es récep teu rs se n so rie ls de T o c to co ra llia ire V eretillum c yn o m o riu m P ali. C o m p tes ren d u s h eb d o m ad a ire s d es séan ces de T A cad em ie d es sc ien ces, P aris 2 7 2 D :3 1 5 0 -3 1 5 3 .

------------. 1971b. L es d iffé ren c ia tio n s ce llu la irs de ty p e ch o an o cy ta ire c h ez T o c to co ra llia ire V eretillum c y n o m o riu m P ali. C o m p tes ren d u s h eb d o m ad a ire s d es séan ces de T A cad em ie des sc ien ces, P aris 2 7 2 D :3 0 5 3 —3056.

B i r k e l a n d , C . 1974. in te rac tio n s b e tw een a sea p en and seven o f its p red a to rs . E co lo g ica l M o n o g rap h s 4 4 (2 ) :2 11—232. [P redato rs on the sea p en P tilo sa rcu s g u rn e y i, inc lu d in g fo u r a s te ro id species: H ip p a ste r ia sp in o sa . M e d ia s te r aeq u a lis , C ro ssa ste r p a p p o su s , and D erm a ste r ia s im bricata ', an d th ree n u d ib ran ch gastro p o d s: H erm issen d a cra ss ico rn is , A rm in a ca lifo rn ica , and Tritonia festiva ', a lso in c lu d es an u n d e rw a te r p h o to g rap h o f a den se bed o f P tilo sa rcu s g u rn e y i on p. 213.]


B i r k e l a n d , C. E . 1969. C o n seq u en ces o f d iffe rin g rep ro d u c tiv e an d feed ing stra teg ies fo r the d y n am ics and s tru c tu re o f an asso c ia tio n b ased o n the sin g le p rey species, P tilo sa rcu s g u rn e y i (G ray ). P h .D . d isse rta tio n , U n iv e rsity o f W ash in g to n , S eattle. 99 pp.

- , 1971. C o n seq u en ces o f d iffe rin g rep ro d u c tiv e an d feed in g stra teg ies for the d y n am ics an d s tru c tu re o f an a sso c ia tio n b ased on the sing le p rey species, P tilo sa rcu s g u rn e y i (G ray). D isse rta tio n A b strac ts In te rn a tio n a l 31B :5925—5926.

B l a i n v i l l e , H . M . D. d e . 1834. M anuel d ’ac tino log ie , ou de zo o p h y to lo g ie . F. G . L evrau lt, S tra sbourg . 644 pp. [B io lu m in escen c e in sea pens.]

B l a k e , J. 1872. O n th e su p p o sed n ew m arin e an im al from B a rra u d ’s In let. N a tu re 7 :67—68. [A xis o f H a lip te r is w illem o es i .]

------------. 1873. O n th e stru c tu re o f V errillia b lakei. P ro ceed in g s o f th e C a lifo rn ia A cad e m y o f S c ien ces5 :1 4 9 -1 5 0 .

B l e e k e r , P. 1859 . O v e r een ige n ieuw e soo rten v an Z eev ed e rs o f P en n a tu lin a (po lyp i n a tan tes) van d en Ind ische A rch ipel. N a tu u rk u n d ig tijd sch rift vo o r N ed erlan d sch -In d ie 2 0 :3 9 9 - 4 0 4 . [S u m m ary in L atin u n d e r the title “ S ur d es esp èces n o u v e lles de P en natu lina (po lyp i n a tan tes) de l ’A rch ip e in d ien ,” in R ev u e e t m ag asin de zo o lo g ie pu re e t ap p liq u ée (2 ) 14( 1 ) :3 8 - 4 2 ; 1862 ; orig ina l d escrip tio n s o f severa l species o f P te ro e id e s .]

B l u m e n b a c h , J. F. 1779. H an d b u ch d er N atu rg esch ich te . H . D ie te rich , G ö ttingen . 743 pp . [U m bellu la as E n c r in u s .]

B o c c o n e , P. 1670. R e ch erc h es et o b se rv a tio n s d ’h isto ire n a tu re lle to u ch an t le C orail. Paris. . 1674a. R e ch erc h es e t o b se rv a tio n s cu rieu ses su r la n a tu re du cora il b lan c & rouge v ray de D io sco rid e ;

et su r la sa n g su e qui se trouve a ttach ée au p o sso n x iph ias, av ec son an a to m ie & au tres ch o ses fo rt rare , p ro p o sé e s & e x am in ées à d iv e rse s fo is dan s T A cad em ie d e M . l ’ab b é B ourdelo t. C laud i B a rb in , P aris. 69pp.

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B o e r h a a v e , H . 1720. Index a lte r p lan ta ru m qu ae in H orto A cad é m ico L u g d u n o -B a tav o a lu n tu r co n sc rip tu s ab H erm an n o B o e rh aav e . . . 2 vo ls. L u g d u n i B a tavo rum : S um p tib u s aucto ris.

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B o e s e m a n , M . 1973. T h e au to b io g rap h y o f P ie te r B lee k er [W ith add itio n a l no tes an d rem arks]. C o llec ted fish p ap ers o f P ie te r B lee k er 1:1—71. [B io g rap h ica l m ateria l on P ie ter B leeker.]

B o h a d s c h , J. B. 1761. D e q u ib u sd a m an im alib u s m arin is , eo ru m q u e p ro p rie tab ib u s , o rb i litte ra rio vel no n d u m v e l m in u s no tis , lib e r cum non n u llis tabu lis aeri incisis , ab au c to re supe r v iv is an im alib u s delineatis. D resdae : ap u d G .C . W alther. [T his p o st-L in n ean w o rk w as su p p ressed b y the IC Z N for n o m en cla tu ra l p u rp o ses .]

B o o n e , L . 1933. S cien tific re su lts o f the c ru ise o f the y ach ts “ E ag le” an d “A ra ,” 1921—1928. C o e le n te ra ta , E ch in o d e rm a ta an d M ollu sca . B u lle tin o f th e V an d erb ilt M arin e M u seu m , H u n tin g to n 4 :1 -2 1 7 . [P tilo sa rc u s g u rn e y i , P a vo n a ria ca liforn ica .}

. 1938. T h e m arin e a lg ae , C o e le n te ra ta . . . o f th e w o rld c ru ises o f th e y ach ts “A ra ,” 1 9 2 8 -1 9 2 9 , and“ A lv a ,” 1931—1932, “ A lv a” M ed ite rran ean C ru ise , 1933, an d “ A lv a” S outh A m erican C ru ise , 1935, W illiam K. V an d erb ilt, C om m an d in g . B ulle tin o f the V an d erb ilt M arine M u seu m , H u n tin g to n 7 :2 7 -7 6 . [V eretillum va n d erb ilti o f the P h ilip p in e Islands.]

B O R LA SE , W . 1758. T h e natu ra l h isto ry o f C ornw all. P rin ted fo r the au th o r by W . Jack so n , O xfo rd . 326 pp.B o u r n e , G. C. 1900. T he A n thozoa. In A trea tise on zoo logy , P art II: T he P o rife ra and C o e len te ra ta , E. R.

L an k este r, ed . A dam an d C h a rle s B lack , L ondon . [P e nnatu laceans , pp . 3 0 -3 4 .]


B o u s s u e t , F. 1558. D e n a tu ra aq u a tiliu m carm en , in u n iv ersam G u lie lm i R o n d e le t i i . . . q u am d e p isc ib u s m arin is sc rip s it h isto riam : cum v iv is eo ru m im ag in ibus, o p u scu lu m nunc p rim u m in luce em issum . A pud M a ttiam B o n h o m m e, L ugdun i, 2 vols. [P en n a tu lacean b io lu m in escen ce .]

B r a d l e y , J. 1980. S co lic ia and P h yco d es trace foss ils o f R en illa (P en n a tu lacea). P acific G eo lo g y 14:73—86.------------. 1981. R a d io n e re ites , C hon d rites and Phycodes', trace foss ils o f a n th o p tilo id sea pens. P acific G eo lo g y

15 :1 -1 6 .B r a f i e l d , A. E . 1969. W ate r m o v em en ts in the p en n a tu lid co e len te ra te P te ro id es g r iseu m . Jo u rn a l o f Z o o lo g y

15 8 :3 1 7 -3 2 5 .B r a f i e l d , A. E . a n d G. C h a p m a n . 1967. T h e re sp ira tio n o f P te ro id es g r iseu m (B o h ad sch ) a p en n a tu lid

co e len te ra te . Jo u rn a l o f E x p erim en ta l B io lo g y 4 6 :97—104.B r a n c h , G . M ., C . L. G r i f f i t h s , M . L. B r a n c h , a n d L. E . B e c k l e y . 1994. T w o ocean s— a g u id e to the m arin e

life o f so u th e rn A frica . D av id P h ilip , C ap e T o w n . 3 6 0 pp. [P. 23 , co lo r p h o to g rap h s o f V irgu laria sc h u ltze i, a s w e ll as the so ft co ra l E le u th e ro b ia a urea m islab e led as A ctin o p tilu lm m olle.}

B r a n c h , M . L . a n d G . C. W i l l i a m s . 1993. T h e H y d ro zo a , O c to co ra llia an d S c lerac tin ia o f su b a n ta rc tic M arion and P rin c e E d w ard Island : illu stra ted key s to th e species an d resu lts o f th e 1 9 8 2 -1 9 8 9 U n iv e rs ity o f C ap e T o w n su rveys. S ou th A frican Jo u rn a l o f A n tarc tic R esearch 23(1 , 2):3—24. [Illu s tra ted key , tax o n o m ic d esc rip tio n , dep th d istribu tion : H a lip te r is sp ., P en n a tu la in fla ta , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a .]

B r a n c o , W . 1885. U e b e r e in ige neu e A rten v o n G ra p h u la ria und ü b e r T ertiä re B e lem n iten . Z e itsch rift d e r D eu tch en G eo lo g isch en G esse llsch aft 3 7 :4 2 2 -4 3 2 . [The ex tin c t sea p en G ra p h u la ria a m b ig u a .]

B r i e n , P. 1947. G u id e d es T rav au x P ra tiq u es d e Z oo lo g ie . Paris. 218 p p . [C oe len te ra tes , p p . 18—28; V eretillum cyno m o riu m .]

B r i g g s , E . A . 1915. R e p o rt on the A lcy o n a rian s o b ta in ed by F. I. S. “E n d eav o u r” o n the E aste rn an d S ou th ern C o a sts o f A ustra lia . P art I. T rad e an d C u s to m s (F ish eries) A ustra lia . B io lo g ica l R esu lts o f th e F ish in g E x p e rim e n ts ca rr ie d on b y the F . I. S, “E n d eav o u r” 1909—14, 3 (2 ):5 9 -9 4 . [K o p h o b e le m n o n sc h m e ltzii, G o d effro y ia e leg a n s, S a rc o p h y llu m g ra n d e .]

B r o c h , H. 1910a. A n th o zo a (N ach trag ): P ennatu liden . In S chu ltze , L. Z o o lo g isch e u n d an th ro p o lo g isch e E rg eb n isse e in e r F o rsch u n g sre ise im w es tlic h en u n d zen tra len S üdafrik a , 1903—1905. 4. S y stem atik und T ie rg eo g rap h ie . X III. D en k sch riften d e r M e d ic in isch -n a tu rw issen sch a ftlich en G ese llsch a ft zu Jena 1 6 :2 2 9 -2 3 5 .

------------. 1910b. D iag n o sen von neu en o d e r w en ig er b ek an n ten P ennatu lidae . Z o o lo g isc h e r A n ze ig e r 3 6 :6 0 -6 5 .[L eiop tilum so lid u m - loca lity u n sp e c ified , P te ro e id es lu sitan icum - P o rtu g a l, P te ro e id es h e te ro ra d ia tu m - lo ca lity un sp ec ified , P te ro e id es ju n g e r se n i - M a tu p i, S tru th io p tero n , V irgu laria h a lisc e p tru m .]

------------. 1910c. P en n a tu lid a . In D ie F auna S u d w est-A u stra lien s , W . M ich ae lsen a n d R. H artm ey er, eds. E rg eb n isse d e r H am b u rg e r su d w est-au stra lisch e n F o rsch u n g sre ise 1905, 3 (2): 109—122. V erlag v o n G u stav F isch e r, Jen a . [Sarcophyllum roseum - A u stra lia .]

------------. 1913a. P enn a tu lacea . R e p o rt on th e S cien tific R e su lts o f th e ‘M ic h ae l S a rs ’ N o rth A tlan tic D eep SeaE x p ed itio n 1910 3( 1 ):3—8 .

. 1913b. D ie A lcy o n arien d es T ro n d h jem sfjo rd es, III: P enn a tu lacea ; IV . B io g eo g rap h isch e Ü bersich t.N o rsk e V id en sk ab e rs S elskab , T ro n d h e im . S k rifte r 1912(10): 1—59. [F u n ic u lin a q u a d ra n g u la r is , K o p h o b e le m n o n ste lliferu m , P a vo n a ria ch ristii, P a vo n a ria fin m a rc h ic a , P en n a tu la g ra n d is . P en n a tu la p h o s p h o re a , P en n a tu la acu lea ta , S ty la tu la e leg a n s , V irgu laria m irabilis .}

. 1913c. A rk tisk e A lcy o n a rie r i T ro m so m u seu m . T ro m sa m u se u m s aa rsh e fte r 3 4 :1 7 9 -1 8 6 .----------- . 1914a. S cy p h o m ed u sae , P en n a tu lacea an d H y d ro id a fro m th e “ M ichael S ars” N o rth A tlan tic D eep Sea

E x p ed itio n 1910. R ep o rt on the S cien tific R esu lts o f the “M ich ae l S ars” N o rth A tlan tic D eep S ea E x p ed itio n , 1910 3 (1 ) p ap ers 4 -6 :1 —24 + 1—9 + 1—18. [U m bellu la g ün theri.]

. 1914b. P en n a tu lacea . Pp . 5 1 - 5 6 /« B e iträg e zu r K en n tn is d e r M e ere fau n a W esta fr ik as , W . M ich ae lso n ,ed. L. F rie d erich sen and C o ., H am burg .

. 1927. T h e F o ld en F iord . C o e len te ra ta , II: C orals . T ro m so m u se u m s sk rif te r 1 ( 12):7—8 . [K op h o b e lem n o nste llife ru m , V irgu laria c lad iscus.]

------------. 1935. O k to k o ra llen d es n ö rd lic h s ten p az if isch en O zean s und ihre B ez ieh u n g en z u r a tlan tisch e n Fauna.A v h a n d lin g e r u tg itt av d e t N o rsk e v id en sk ap s-ak ad em i 1 O slo 1935( 1 ): 1—53. [P avonaria fin m a ra c h ic a , P a v o n a ria w ille m o e s ii sp. ju v .]

. 1939. S om e S outh A frican sha llow w a te r o c tac tin ians. K u n g lig a fy sio g ra fisk a sä llsk ap e ts 1 L undfö rh a n d lin g a r 9 (6): 1—32.


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D AN IELSSEN , D . C . 1860. B esk riv e lse o v e r en n y A rt V irgularia . F o rh a n d lin g e r i V id en sk ab s-se lsk ab e t i C h ris tian ia 1859:251.

. 1864. F ra den N o rsk e N o rd h av s-ex p ed itio n , K ristian ia : 1884:1—46. [U m bellu la e n c r in u s: 23 0 6 m m inleng th .]

D a n i e l s s e n , D . C . a n d J. K o r e n . 1884. P ennatu lida . D en N o rsk e N o rd h av s-E x p e d itio n , 1 8 7 6 -1 8 7 8 , Z o o lo g i 12:1—84. C h ris tian ia . [ U m b ellu la .]

D a r w i n , C . R . 1860. T h e v o y ag e o f the B eag le , an n o ta ted an d w ith an in tro d u c tio n b y L eo n ard E ngel; 1962 rep u b lica tio n . A nchor, D o u b led ay and C o m p an y , N ew Y ork . 524 pp. [B eh av io r an d d escrip tio n o f a sea pen (“ V irgu laria p a ta g o n ic a ”) a t B ah ia B lanca , A rg en tin a , pp. 100, 101 an d 202 in th e 1889 ed itio n o f “T h e V o y a g e ” as c ited by H ick so n 1916:28.]

D a t t a , P. K ., A . K . R a y , A. K . B a r u a , S. K. C h o w d h u r i , a n d A . P a t r a . 1990. Iso la tio n o f a b io ac tiv e stero l fro m a sea p en P te ro e id es esperi. Jo u rn a l o f N a tu ra l P ro d u c ts (L lo y d ia ) 53(5): 1347—1348.

D a v e n p o r t , D. a n d J. A . C. N i c o l . 1956. O b se rv a tio n s on lu m in esce n ce in se a p en s (P en n a tu lacea ) . P ro c e e d in g s o f th e R oyal S ocie ty (B ) 1 4 4 :4 8 0 -4 9 6 .

D a v i s , A . G . 1936. T he L ondon c lay o f S hep p ey an d the location o f its fossils . P ro c eed in g s o f the G eo lo g ica l A sso c ia tio n o f L ondon 4 7 (4 ):3 4 0 —345. [G raphu laria w e th e re lli.]

D a v i s , N . 1978. S tu d ies o f th e so u th e rn C a lifo rn ia n ea rsh o re sand b o tto m com m u n ity . D isse rta tio n A b s trac ts In te rn a tio n a l (B ) 39(3): 1080. [S ty la tu la e lo n g a ta ; no rth ern Pacific O cean o f C a lifo rn ia ; a rtific ia l reef, e ffe c ts o n p opu la tion .]

D a v i s , N ., G. R. v a n B l a r i c o m , a n d P. K. D a y t o n . 1982. M an -m ad e s tru c tu res on m arin e sed im en ts: e ffec ts on ad jacen t b en th ic com m u n ities . M arin e B io lo g y 70 (3 ):2 9 5 -3 0 3 . [S ty la tu la e lo n g a ta ; p o p u la tio n ch an g es , C a lifo rn ia .]

D a w s o n , C . E . 1 9 6 6 . A d d itio n s to the k n o w n m arin e fau n a o f G rand Isle, L ou is ian a . T he P ro c eed in g o f the L o u is ian a A cad e m y o f S c iences 2 9 :1 7 5 -1 8 0 . [V irgu laria m irab ilis , n ew reco rd to L ou isiana .]

D a w s o n , J. W . 1872. T h e p en n a tu lid fro m W ash in g to n T errito ry . N atu re 6 :516 . [A xis o f H a lip te r is w ille m o e s i.] D a w y d o f f , C . 1930. C o e lop lana d u b o sc q u i nov. sp ., C o e lo p lan id e P ro v en an t du G o lfe de S iam , C o m m en sa le

d es P en n a tu les . A rch iv es de Z o o lo g ie E x p érim en ta le e t G én éra le 70 :87—90.------------. 1938. L es C o e lo p lan id es Indoch ino ises. A rch iv es de Z o o lo g ie E x p érim en ta le e t G én éra le . P aris

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S ou th A frica 4 1(1):3—97.------------. 1974b. A g u ide to m arin e life o n S outh A frican sho res, 2nd ed . A . A . B a lk em a , C a p e T ow n . [O ctoco ra ls,

pp. 3 3 -3 5 ; P en n a tu la spp ., V irgu laria sc h u ltze i, V irgu laria g u stav iana .]D a y , J. H ., J. G . F i e l d , a n d M . J . P e n r i t h . 1 9 7 0 . T he b en th ic fau n a and fish es o f F alse B ay , S ou th A frica .

T ran sac tio n s o f the R oya l S ocie ty o f S outh A frica 39(1): 1 -108 .D e ic h m a n n , E. 1936a. N o tes on P en n a tu lacea an d H o lo th u ro id e a co llec ted by th e first an d seco n d B in g h am

O cea n o g rap h ic E x p ed itio n s 1925—1926. B u lle tin o f the B in g h am O cea n o g rap h ic C o llec tio n , N ew H aven 5(3): 1—11. [S ty la tu la a n tilla ru m , S ty la tu la e lo n g a ta , S ty la tu la b ra silien sis , S ty la tu la g ra c ilis , S ty la tu la d a rw in i, U m bellu la g u n th e r i.]

------------. 1936b. T h e A lcy o n aria o f the w este rn p a rt o f the A tlan tic O cean . M e m o irs o f the M u seu m o fC o m p ara tiv e Z o o lo g y , H arv a rd 53:1—317. [A c a n th o p tilu m p o u rta le s ii, A ca n th o p tilu m a g a ss iz ii, A n th o p tilum g ra n d iflo ru m . A n th o p tilu m m urra y i, A n th o p tilu m sertu m , B a ltic in a fin m a rc h ic a , B a ltic in a ch ristii,


D istich o p tilu m gra c ile , F u n ic u lin a q u a d ra n g u la r is , G yrophyllum h iron d e lle i, K o p h o b e le m n o n s te lli fe ru m , P tilo sa rcu s (L e io p ti/u s), P en n a tu la g ra n d is , P en n a tu la acu lea ta var. la xa , P en n a tu la b e lliss im a . P en n a tu la a m er ica n a , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a , P en n a tu la rubra , P en n a tu la p ro li fe r a , P ro to p tilu m ca rp en terii. P ro to p tilu m a b erra n s , P ro to p tilu m tho m so n ii, P ro top tilum d en ticu la tu m , P ro to p tilu m sm itti, P te ro e id es g rise u m . P te ro e id es lu sita n icu m , P tilo sa rcu s undu la tu s. P tilo sa rcu s g u ern ey i, P tilo sa rcu s brev ica u lis , P tilo sa rcu s s in u o su s, P tilo sa rcu s g ra y i. R en illa m ü ller i, R. re n ifo rm is fo rm a typ ica , R en illa re n ifo rm is fo rm a a m e lie a n a . R en illa ko lliker i, S c lero p tilu m g ra n d iflo ru m , Sc lero p tilu m g ra c ile , S ty la tu la e leg a n s , S ty la tu la bra silien sis , S ty la tu la darw in i, S ty la tu la a n tilla ru m , U m bellu la g ü n th er i, U m bellu la lin d a h lii, U m bellu la g ra c ilis , U m bellu la c ra ss f lo r a , U m bellu la tho m so n i, U m bellu la en cr in u s var. a m b ig u a , V eretillum b in g h a m i sp . nov. from C a lifo rn ia , V irgu laria m ira b ilis , V irgularia ko p h a m eli. V irgu laria sp., V irgu laria tu b e rc u la ta .]

------------. 1941. C o e le n te ra te s co llec ted on the P residen tia l c ru ise o f 1938. S m ith so n ian m isce llan e o u s co llec tio n s99( 10): 1—17. [L eiop tilu s undu la tu s. R en illa ko llike r i var. tig r in a .]

D e k a y , J. E . 1 8 2 2 . O b serv a tio n s on th e P enn a tu le flèche (P. sa g itta o f L aM arck ), in th e cab in e t o f D r. M itche ll.A m erican Jo u rn a l o f S c ien ce and A rts 4 :87—89.

D e l a g e , Y. a n d E. H e r o u a r d . 1901. T ra ité de zo o lo g ie con crè te , L es C o e le n té rés 2 (2). L ib ra irie C . R e in w ald , Paris. 848 pp. [Pp. 4 2 9 -4 5 8 d ed ica ted to m o rp h o lo g y an d an a to m y in P en n a tu lacea , w ith d e ta iled illu s tra tio n s o f d ev e lo p m en t in Renilla', o th e r tax a illu stra ted inc lude V eretillum , U m bellu la , K o p h o b e le m n o n , F u n ic u lin a , P en n a tu la , P te ro e id es , V irgularia , an d Stylatula ', p la te 54 - m o rp h o lo g y o f K o p h o b e le m n o n .]

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D e m ir , M . 19 5 2 . T he in v erteb ra te b en th o s o f the B o sp o ru s an d o f th e lito ra l o f the S ea o f M a rm ara c lo se r to the B o sp o ru s . Is tan b u l Ü n iv ersites i fen F akü ltesi H id ro b io lo g ie A ras tirm a E nstitüsü y ay iin la riid a n . 3 :1 -6 1 5 . [In T urk ish .]

D e n d y , A. 1 897 . O n V irgularia g ra c illim a in L y tte lto n H arbour. T ran sac tio n s and P ro c eed in g s o f th e N ew Z e a la n d In stitu te 2 9 (n ew se ries 1 2 ) :2 5 6 - 2 5 7 . [A b strac t in Z o o lo g isch es C e n tra lb la tt 5 :2 5 1 ; V irgu laria gracillim a.']

DE W a e l e , J.-P . e t al. (See W a e l e , J.-P . d e et al.)D ’H o n d t , M .-J., o r d ’H o n d t , M .-J. (S e e H o n d t , M .-J. d ’ .)DICKINSON, P. 1978. C o n d u c tio n system s co n tro llin g ex p an s io n -co n trac tio n b eh av io r in the se a p en P tilo sa rcu s

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D in a m a n i , P. 1965. O n a co llec tio n o f U m bellu la fro m th e A rab ian Sea. N y tt M ag asin fo r Z o o lo g i 12 (1 9 6 4 /6 5 ):3 0 -3 4 .

D in g , Q. a n d Y . C h e n . 1981. D isco v ery o f so f tm e ta z o a n from th e S in ian sys tem alo n g eas te rn Y an g tze G orge , H ubei. E arth S cience , Jo u rn a l o f W u h an C o llege o f G eo lo g y 1981 (2 )15 :53—57. [C h a n d a d e n g y in g en s is sp . n.; C h ina; P ro te ro zo ic ; P recam b rian fo ssil resem b lin g a sea pen.]

DlTTRICH, R. 1888. Ü b er das L eu ch ten d er T ie re . W issen sch aftlich e B e ilage zu m P ro g ram d. R ea lg y m m . am Z w in g e r zu B reslau . 70 pp. [B io lum inescence .]

D o l l f u s , R. 1938 (o r 1939). S ur un o c to co ra llia ire du gen re C avern u la r ia , com m u n su r les fo n d s cô tie rs de l ’A tlan tiq u e M aroca in . T ravaux de la S tation zo o lo g iq u e de W im ereu x 13:243—265. [C a v ern u la ria p u silla .]

D ö d e r l e i n , L. 1902. U eb er d ie B ez ieh u n g en nah e v erw an d te r T ie rfo rm en zu ein an d er. Z e itsch rift fü r M o rp h o lo gie und A n th ro p o lo g ie B d. 4 :394 .

D o n o v a n , P. 1995. S ea pens. T ro p ica l F ish H ob b y ist 4 3 (7 ):5 2 , 54—57, 60 , 62.D u b e , M . A . a n d E . B a l l . 1 9 7 1 . D esm a rrestia sp . a s s o c ia te d w ith th e s e a p e n P tilo sa rcu s g u rn e y i (G ra y ) .

Jo u rn a l o f P h y co lo g y 7 :2 1 8 -2 2 0 . [E co log ica l in teraction : rh o d o p h y te a lg a w ith sea pen.]D u n k e l b e r g e r , D. a n d N. W a t a b e . 1972. E lec tron m icro sco p e stu d y o f the co en en c h y m e in the p en n a tu lid

co lo n y R en illa ren ifo rm is, w ith specia l em p h asis o n sp icu le fo rm atio n . A m erican Z o o lo g is t 12:716—717.------------. 1974. A n u ltra stru c tu ra l study o n sp icu le fo rm atio n in the p en n a tu lid co lo n y R en illa ren ifo rm is. T issue

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D y e r . M . F., W . G . F r y , a n d P. D . F r y . 1981. R esu lts from N o rth Sea b en th o s surveys. P o rcu p in e N e w sle tte r 2( 1 ): 12—14. [P en n a tu la p h o sphorea ', d is trib u tio n an d p o p u la tio n d en sity in the N o rth Sea.]

D z ik , J. 1991. Is fossil ev id en ce co n sisten t w ith trad itio n a l v iew s o f th e ea rly m e tazo an p h y lo g en y ? Pp. 4 7 -5 6 in P ro c e e d in g s o f an In te rn a tio n a l S y m p o s iu m h e ld a t th e U n iv e rs ity o f C a m e rin o 27—31 M a rc h 1989 , A. M . S im o n etta an d S. C o n w a y M orris, eds. C am b rid g e U n iv ersity P ress, C am b rid g e . 2 9 6 pp. [D iscu sses the en ig m a o f the p au c ity o f C a m b rian /P re cam b rian coelen tera tes .]

E c k e l b a r g e r , K. J ., P. A . T y l e r , a n d R. W . L a n g t o n . 1998. G onadal m o rp h o lo g y an d g am eto g en es is in the sea p en P en n a tu la acu lea ta (A n thoza: P en n a tu lacea) fro m the G u lf o f M aine. M arin e B io lo g y 132(4):677—690.

E h r e n b e r g , C . G . 1834a. B e itrag e zu r p h y sio lo g ish cen K en n tn iss d er C o ra llen th ie re im a llg em ein en , und b eso n d e rs des ro th en M eeres, nebst e inem V ersu ch e zu r p h y sio lo g isch en S y stem atik derse lb en . A b h a n d lu n g en d er K ö n ig lich en A k ad em ie d e r W issen sch aften zu B erlin . A u s dem Jah re 1832. E rs ter T he il:2 2 5 —380. [In troduction o f th e fam ilia l n am e P en n a tu lin a on p. 287 ; la te r co rrec ted to P en n a tu lid ae b y D an a , 1846:586.]

------------. 1834b. Ü b e r d ie N atu r u n d B ild u n g d e r C o ra llen b an k e des ro th en M eeres. A b h an d lu n g en d erK ö n ig lich en A k ad em ie d er W issen sch a fte n zu B erlin . A u s dem Ja h re 1832. E rster T h e il:3 8 1—432.

------------. 1834c. D as L euch ten d es M eeres. A b h an d lu n g en d e r K ö n ig lich en A k ad em ie d er W issen sch a fte n zuB e rlin 1834:411—572. [B io lum inescence .]

E is e n , G . 1876. B id rag till K än n ed o m en om P en n a tu lid -s läg te t Renilla . B ih an g tili K ong i. S v en sk a v e ten sk ap s- a k a d e m ie n s h a n d l in g a r (n .f .)1 3 ( l ) : l—15. [R enilla from C alifo rn ia .]

E l l i s , J. 1753. A le tter from M r. Jo h n E llis to M r. P e te r C o llin so n F. R . S., co n cern in g a C lu s te r-P o ly p e found in th e sea n e a r the co as t o f G reen lan d . P h ilo so p h ica l T ran sac tio n s o f the R oya l S ocie ty 48 ( 1 ):305—3 0 8 . [See a lso the ab rid g ed 1809 acco u n t o f the T ran sac tio n s 10:409; th is is a d escrip tio n o f the o rig in a l fin d o f U m bellula', see also M yliu s 1753 an d 1754.]

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------------. 1764. A n a c co u n t o f th e sea pen , o r P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a o f L inn aeu s; likew ise a d escrip tio n o f a newspecies o f sea pen , found on the co as t o f S o u th -C aro lin a , w ith o b se rv a tio n s on sea-p en s in genera l. In a le tte r to th e h o n o u rab le C o o te M olesw o rth , Esq; M . D. and F. R. S. fro m Jo h n E llis , esq; F . R. S. and m em b er o f the R oya l A cad e m y o f U psal. P h ilo so p h ica l T ran sac tio n s o f the R oya l S o c ie ty o f L ondon 5 3 :4 1 9 -4 3 5 . [P en n a tu lacean b io lu m in escen ce .]

E l l i s , J. a n d D. S o l a n d e r . 1786. T he n a tu ra l h is to ry o f m an y cu rio u s and u n co m m o n zo o p h y te s , co llec ted fro m v ario u s p a rts o f the g lo b e by the late Jo h n E llis . . . sy stem atica lly a rra n g ed an d d escrib ed by the la ted D an ie l S o lan d e r . . . L ondon , p rin ted fo r B e n jam in W hite an d Son, a t H o ra c e ’s H ead , F lee t-S tree t; an d P e te r E lm sly , in the S trand . 206 pp . [P ennatu la p h o sp h o re a , P en n a tu la rubra , P en n a tu la sp in o sa , P en n a tu la m ira b ilis , P en n a tu la a n ten n in a , P en n a tu la cyn o m o riu m , P en n a tu la ren ifo rm is, P en n a tu la a rg e n tea , P e n n a tu la encrin u s. S ee C o rn e liu s and W ells (1988).]

E r a s m i , F. 1 6 6 8 . O st- u n d W est-In d isch e r w ie au ch S in esisch er L ust- und S ta ts-G arten , m it e in em V o rg esp räch v o n m an ch e rle i lu stigen D iscu rsen ; In d re i H au p t = T h e ile u n te rsch ied en . D er e rste T heil B e g rifft in sich die ed e ls ten B lu m en , K rau ter, B aum e . . . in O st-In d ien , S ina und A m e r ic a : . . . au s den fu m em sten , a lten und n eu en , ind ian isch en G esch ieh t- L and- u n d R e isb esch re ib u n g en , m it F le iss zu sam m en g ezo g en , u n d aus a n n eh m lich e U n te rre d u n g s-A rt e ingerich te t. Jo h an n A n d reae E nd te rs , u n d W o lfg an g dess Ju g e m Sei. E rben , N ü rn b e rg . 1762 pp.

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F a g e r , E. W . 1968. A sa n d -b o tto m ep ifaunal co m m u n ity o f in v erteb ra tes in sh a llo w w ater. L im n o lo g y and O c e a n o g rap h y 13 :448-64. [S ty la tu la elongata .]

F a u l k n e r , D . a n d R. C h e s h e r . 1979. L iv in g co ra ls. C la rk so n N . P o tter, Inc., N ew Y ork . 310 pp. [P e n n a tu laceans: p la te 62 is a la rg e-fo rm at co lo r p h o to g rap h o f P tilo sa rcu s g u rn e y i, tex t on p. 276.]


F a u t i n , D. G . a n d R. N . M a r i s c a l . 1991. C n idaria : A n th o zo a . Pp. 2 6 7 -3 5 8 in M ic ro sco p ic A n a to m y o f In v ere te b ra tes , V ol. 2: P laco zo a , P o rife ra , C n id a ria an d C ten o p h o ra , W . H arriso n and J. A . W estfa ll, eds. W iley -L iss , N ew Y ork.

F a u t i n , D. G ., A . E. S i e b e r t , a n d E. N . K o z l o f f . 1987. C lass A n th o zo a . In M arine In v e rteb ra te s o f the Pacific n o rth w est, E. N . K ozlo ff, ed . U n iv ersity o fW a sh in g to n P ress, Seattle and L ondon . [T ax o n o m ic listing , pp. 68—71 on A n th o zo a : K o p h o b e le m n o n a ffin e , K o p h o b e le m n o n b iflo ru m , K o p h o b e le m n o n h isp id u m , A n th o p tilu m g ra n d iflo ru m , F u n icu lin a p a rk e r i, H e lico p tilu m rig id u m , S c lero p tilu m sp ., U m bellu la lin d a h li, U m bellu la lom a, U m bellu la encrinus, U m bellu la ca rp en teri, U m bellu la m a g n iflo ra , B a ltic in a ca lifo rn ica , B a ltic in a sep ten tr io n a lis , V errillia b lakei, S ty la tu la e lo n g a ta , S ty la tu la co lu m b ia n a , V irgu laris spp ., P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a , P tilo sa rcu s g u rn e y i .]

F e d o n k i n , M . A, 1992. V en d ian faunas and the early ev o lu tio n o f M etazoa . In O rig in an d ea rly ev o lu tio n o f the M etazo a . T o p ic s in G eo b io lo g y , vol. 10, J. H . L ip p s an d P. W . S ignor, eds. P len u m Press, N e w Y o rk . 570 pp . [In te rp re ta tio n o f V en d ian fossils.]

— — . 1996. T he o ldest fossil an im als in eco lo g ica l perspec tiv e . In B io lo g y as h is to ry N o. 2 - n ew p e rsp ec tiv es on the h is to ry o f life: e ssay s on system atic b io lo g y as h is to rica l n arra tive , M . T. G h ise lin , an d G . P inna, eds. M e m o irs o f the C a lifo rn ia A cad e m y o f S c iences 2 0 :1 -1 0 7 . [In te rp re ta tio n o f V en d ian fossils .]

F i e l d , L. R. 1949. Sea an em o n es and co ra ls o f B eaufo rt, N orth C aro lin a . B u lle tin o f the D uke U n iv e rs ity M arine S tation , D urham , N o rth C aro lin a , N o. 5:1—39. [R en illa ren iform is.]

F i s c h e r . P. 1889. N o te su r le P a vo n a ria q u a d ra n u la r is e t su r les P en n a tu lid es d es cô te s de F rance . B u lle tin de la S o c ié té Z o o lo g iq u e de F rance 14:34—38. [P resu m ab ly re fe rs to F u n ic u lin a q u a d ra n g u la r is fro m F rance .]

F i s h e r , W . J. 1874. O n a n ew species o f a lcy o n iid p o ly p . P ro ceed in g s o f th e C a lifo rn ia A cad e m y o f S c ien ces 5 :418 . [ V irgu laria o rn a ta fro m Japan .]

F l o r a , C. J. a n d E. F a i r b a n k s . 1966. T h e so und and the sea. P io n eer, B e llin g h am , W ash in g to n . 4 5 5 pp.[P tilo sarcus g u rn e y i listed as L eio p tilu s g u e rn e y i .]

F o r b e s , E. 1847. [In Jo h n so n (1847); a p u b lish ed le tter from E d w ard F o rb es reg a rd in g o b se rv a tio n s on b io lu m in escen c e in P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a .]

F o r b e s , E. a n d J. G o o d s i r . 1 8 5 1 . O n som e rem ark a b le m arin e In v erteb ra ta new to the B ritish Seas. T ran sac tio n s o f th e R oyal S ocie ty o f E d in b u rg h 2 0 (2 ):307—315. [Penn a tu lacean b io lu m in escen ce .]

F o r e s t , J. 1996. H enri M iln e E d w ard s (23 O cto b er 1800— 29 Ju ly 1885). Jo u rn a l o f C ru sta cean B io logy 16( 1 ):208—213. [B iog raph ica l ske tch o f H enri M iln e E dw ards.]

F o s s à , S. A . a n d A . J. N i l s e n . 1995. K o ra llen riff-A q u ariu m - B and 4 - N esse ltie re im K o ra lle n rif f u n d fü r das K o ra llen riff-A q u ariu m . B irg it S ch m ettk am p , B o m h eim . 448 pp. [Pp. 228—22 9 , co lo r p h o to g ra p h s o f C a v ern u la r ia sp ., p o ss ib ly V eretillum sp ., an d P te ro e id es sp.]

F o w l e r , G . H . 1 8 8 8 . O n a n ew P en n a tu la fro m th e B ah am as. P ro c eed in g s o f th e Z o o lo g ica l S o c ie ty o f L o n d o n 1888:135—140. [P ennatu la bellissim a.]

------------. 1894. O n tw o sea-p en s o f the fam ily V ere tillid ae fro m the M a d ras M u seu m . P ro c eed in g s o f theZ o o lo g ica l S o c ie ty o f L ondon 1 8 9 4 :3 7 6 -3 7 9 . [A b strac t in: Jou rnal o f the R oya l M ic ro sco p ica l S ocie ty 1894:576 ; C a v ern u la r ia m a la b a ric a , L itu a ria ph a llo id es.]

F o w l e r , H. W . 1911. A descrip tio n o f the fossil fish rem a in s o f the C re taceo u s , E o cen e , and M io c en e fo rm atio n s o f N ew Je rsey . N ew Je rsey G eo lo g ica l S u rvey B ulle tin 4 :1—192. [S p ec im en s o f th e ex tin c t se a pen G ra p h u la ria am b ig u a , th o u g h t to be sp ines o f a b a to id fish by F ow ler; see S h ap iro and R am sd e ll (1965).]

F r a n c , J.-M . 1979. C o llag èn e in trace llu la ire ch ez un invertéb ré m arin (cn id a ire ). B io log ie ce llu la ire 35 (2 ):6 a . [A b strac t in F rench ; V eretillum cyn o m o riu m ; p ro te in m etab o lism ; co llag en fib rils sy n th e sis an d in tra ce llu la r localiza tion .]

F r a n c , S. 1970. L es év o lu tio n s ce llu la rie s au cou rs de la rég én éra tio n du p éd o n c le d e V eretillum cyn o m o riu m P ali. V ie et M ilieu 21(1-A ):49—93.

------------. 1973. E ssa i de cu ltu re in v itro de ce llu les de V eretillum cyn o m o riu m P ali. (C n id a ire an th o zo a ire ).C o m p te s ren d u s heb d o m ad a ire s des sé ances d e 1 ’A cad e m ie d es sc ien ces, P aris (S é rie D ) S c ien ces N a tu re lle s 276(4 ): 5 5 9 -5 6 2 .

. 1979. G en èse de la m atrice co n jo n c tiv e de V eretillum cyn o m o riu m Pali. (cn id a ires -an th o zo a ire s). E tudeu ltra stru c tu a le et au to rad io g rap h iq u e . A rch iv es D ’A nato m ie M ic ro sco p iq u e e t de M o rp h o lo g ie E x p érim en ta le 6 8 (4 ):2 3 7 -2 5 6 . [T issues; u ltra stru c tu ra l an d au to rad io g rap h ic study ; g en esis o f co n n ec tiv e m atrix .]

F r a n c , S., R. G a r r o n e , a n d A . H u e . 1971. O b serv a tio n s u ltra stru c tu ra les su r la m éso g lé e de V eretillum cyn o m o riu m Pali. (C n id a ire , an th o zo a ire ). Jou rnal de M ic ro sco p ie , P aris 11:57. [A b strac t on ly .]


F r a n c , S., A . H u e , a n d G. C h a s s a g n e . 1974. É tu d e u ltra stru c tu ra le e t p h y sic o -ch em iq u e de l ’axe sq u e le ttiq u e de V eretillum cyn o m o riu m P ali. (cn id a ire , an th o zo a ire ): ce llu les , ca lc ite , co llag èn e . Jo u rn a l de M ic ro sco p ie , P aris 21 (1 ):93—110.

F r a n c , S., P. W . L e d g e r , a n d R. G a r r o n e . 1985. S tru c tu ra l v a riab ility o f co llag en fib res in th e ca lca reo u s ax ia l ro d o f a sea pen . Jou rnal o f M o rp h o lo g y 184( 1 ):75—84. [Ske letal ro d co llag en co m p ared w ith m eso g le a fib rils .]

F r a n s e n , C . H . J. M .,L . B. H o l t h u i s , a n d J. P. H. M . A d e m a . 1 9 9 7 .T y p e -c a ta lo g u e o f th e D e c a p o d C ru s ta c e a in th e co llec tio n s o f the N atio n aa l N a tu u rh isto risch M useum , w ith ap p en d ices o fp re -1 9 0 0 co llec to rs and m ateria l. Z o o lo g isch e V erh an d e lin g en 3 1 1 :1 -3 4 4 . [A pp en d ix 2 co n ta in s b io g rap h ica l sk e tch es o f severa l au th o rs o f p en n a tu lacea n resea rch — P ie te r B leek er, Jan A d rian u s H erk lo ts , S y d n ey Jo h n H ick so n , A m b ro siu s A rn o ld W illem H ub rech t, W illy K ü k en th a l, and H enri M ilne E dw ard s , in c lu d in g p o rtra its o f all e x cep t H ickson .]

F r a n z É N , Á. 1967. R em ark s on sp e rm io g en esis an d m o rp h o lo g y o f the sp e rm ato zo o n am o n g the lo w er M etazoa . A rk iv fo r zo o lo g i 19:335—342. [F unicu lina q u a d ra n g u la r is .]

F r e c h . F . 1890. D ie K o ra llen fau n a d er T rias . P a la e o n to g ra p h ic a 3 7 ( l-4 ) : l—116. [P rographu laria tr ia d ica from th e T riassic .]

F r i s c h e , J. 1991. S eefed em . E in e R an d g ru p p e in d er M e erw asser-A q u aris tik . A q u ariu m (M in d en ) N o . 267 1 9 9 1 :4 9 -5 0 .

F u , X ., F. J. S c h m i t z , a n d G. C. W i l l i a m s . In p ress . M a lay en o lid es A -D , n o v e l d ite rp en es fro m th e In d o n esian sea p en V eretillum m a layense . Jo u rn a l o f N atu ra l P roduc ts. [N ew d ite rp en es found to b e to x ic to b rine sh rim p ; in c lu d es a b r ie f a ssessm en t o f sy s tem atics in th e gen u s V ere tillu m .]

F u j i t a , T. a n d S. O h t a . 1988. P h o to g rap h ic o b se rv a tio n s o f the life sty le o f a d eep -se a o p h iu ro id A ste ro n y x lo ven i (E ch in o d erm ata). D eep -S ea R e search , P art A , O cean o g rap h ic R e search P ap e rs 3 5 (1 2 ):2029—2043. [.A n th o p tilu m , F u n ic u lin a q u a d ra n g u la r is , e co lo g ica l a sso c ia tio n s w ith A ste ro n y x lo ven i in the w este rn P acific .]

G a b b , W . M . 1859. C a ta lo g u e o f th e in v erteb ra te fossils o f the C re taceo u s fo rm atio n o f th e U n ited S ta tes, w ith refe ren ces. Issu ed w ith : P ro c eed in g s o f the A cad e m y o f N atu ra l S c ien ces o f P h ilad e lp h ia 11:1—20. [T he ex tin c t sea p en G ra p h u la ria a m b ig u a lis ted by G ab b as B elem n ite s a m b ig u u s ; see S hap iro an d R am sd e ll (1965 :2 ).]

------------. 1861. S y n o p sis o f th e M o llu sca o f th e C re taceo u s fo rm atio n s , in c lu d in g th e g eo g rap h ica l an d strati-g rap h ica l ran g e and syno n y m y . P ro c eed in g s o f the A m erican P h ilo so p h ica l S ocie ty 8:57—257. [T he ex tin c t sea p en G ra p h u la ria am b ig u a lis ted by G ab b as B elem n ite s am biguus', see S hap iro an d R a m sd e ll (1965 :2 ).]

------------. 1862. D escrip tio n o f tw o n ew species o f P en n a tu lid ae fro m th e P acific coast o f the U n ited S tates.P ro c eed in g s o f the C a lifo rn ia A cad e m y o f N atu ra l S c iences 2 :166—167. [P en n a tu la tenua . V irgu laria e longa ta .]

------------. 1864. D escrip tio n o f n ew a species o f V irgu laria fro m the co as t o f C a lifo rn ia . P ro c eed in g s o f theC a lifo rn ia A cad e m y o f N a tu ra l S ciences 3 (2): 120. [V irgu laria grac ilis .]

G a g e , J. D . a n d P. A . T y l e r . 1991. D eep -se a b io lo g y , a na tu ra l h isto ry o f o rg an ism s at the d e e p -se a floor. C a m b rid g e U n iv e rsity P ress , C am b rid g e . 504 pp. [K ophobelem non s te lliferu m , P en n a tu la a cu lea ta . U m bellu la .]

G a r d i n e r , J. S. 1940. P rof. S y d n ey J. H ick so n , F . R. S. N atu re , L o n d o n 145(3670):338—339. [B io g rap h ica l sk e tch o f S ydney H ickson .]

G e l d i a y , R. a n d A . K o c a t a s . 1972. N o te p ré lim in a ire sue les p eu p lem en ts b en th iq u es d u go lfe d ’Ism ir. S cien tific M o n o g rap h s o f the F acu lty o f S cience , E ge U n iv e rsity 12:1—34.

G e r m a i n , G. a n d M . A n c t i l . 1988. L u m in escen t ac tiv ity an d u ltra stru c tu ra l ch arac te riza tio n o f p h o to cy te s d isso c ia ted fro m th e co e len te ra te R en illa ko lliker i. T issue and C ell 2 0 (5 ) :7 0 1—720. [R enilla ko lliker i, lu m in o u s o rg an s, p h o to cy te lu m in esce n t ac tiv ity an d u ltra stru c tu ra l charac te riza tio n .]

G e s n e r , C . 1 5 5 5 . D e ra ris an d ad m iran d is herb is: quae , sive quo d n o c tu lucean t, sive a lias ob causas, lunariae n o m in a n tu r an d o b ite r de a liis e tiam reb u s q u ae in ten eb ris lucen t, co m m en tario lu s. C u m icon ibus q u ib u sd a m H erb a ru m nov is. E d itio n e hac se cu n d a em en d a tio r. T y p is M a tth iae G o d icch en ii, Im p en sis Petri H au b o ld i, H afn iae . 82 pp . [S u b seq u en t p rin tin g dated 1669; P enna m arin a b io lu m in escen c e .]

------------. 1558. H isto riae an im aliu m liber U II. qu ae est de p isc iu m an d aq u a tiliu m an im an tiu m natu ra. C umico n ib u s s in g u lo ru m ad v iv u m ex pressis. C o n tin en tu r in hoc v o lu m in e , G u lie lm i R o n d e le tii an d P etri


B ellon ii C e n o m a n i de aq u a tiliu m sin g u lis sc rip ta . A p u d C. F ro sch o v eru m , T iguri. 2 0 lvs. + 1297 pp. [P e n n a tu lacean b io lu m in escen c e .]

------------. 1565. D e re ru m foss iliu m , lap idum e t gem m aru m m ax im e, f ig u ris an d s im ilitu d in ib u s L iber: n o n so lumM e d ic is , sed o m n ib u s re ru m N atu rae ae P h ilo lo g ia e stud iosis, v tilis and iu cu n d u s fu tu rus. Jae. G esn er, T igu ri. 7 + 1 6 9 lvs.

G il i, J. M . 1986. E stu d io s is tem ático y faun ístico de Ios cn id ario s d e la costa ca ta lana . Ph. D . d isse rta tio n . U n iv e rs id ad A u tó n o m a de B arce lo n a , E sp añ a . 565 pp.

G i l i , J. M . a n d F. P a g e s . 1987. P en n a tu láceo s (C n id aria , A n th o zo a) reco lec tad o s en la p la ta fo rm a co n tin en ta l C a ta la n a (M ed ite rrá n eo o cciden ta l) . M iscel-lán ia Z o o ló g ica (B arce lo n a) 11:25—39. [T ax o n o m ic d e sc rip tions: C a v ern u la r ia p u s illa , F u n ic u lin a q u a d ra n g u la r is , K o p h o b e le m n o n s te llife ru m , P en n a tu la p h o s p h o re a , P en n a tu la rubra , P te ro e id es sp in o su m , V eretillum cyn o m o riu m , an d V irgu laria m ira b ilis .]

G i l i , J. M ., J. D . R o s , a n d F . P a g e s . 1987. T y p es o f b o tto m s an d b en th ic C n id aria fro m th e traw lin g g ro u n d s (litto ra l an d b a th y a l) o f f C a ta lo n ia (N E Spain). V ie e t M ilieu 37 (2 ):8 5 —98. [E co logy: C a vern u la r ia p u s illa , F u n ic u lin a q u a d ra n g u la r is , K o p h o b e le m n o n s te lliferu m , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a , P te ro e id e s g r iseu m . V eretillum cyn o m o riu m , V irgu laria m ira b ilis .]

G i l l u l y , R . H . 1970. U m bellu la in its d eep -se a hab ita t. Sc ience N e w s 9 7 (2 4 ):5 8 6 -5 8 7 . [D eep -sea eco lo g y o f U m b e llu la .]

G l a e s s n e r , M . F. 1958a. T he o ld es t fo ss il fau n as o f S ou th A ustra lia . G eo lo g isch e R u n d sch au 47 (2 ):5 2 2 -5 3 1 [P recam b rian foss ils P te rid in iu m and R a n g ea , re sem b lin g sea pens.]

. 1958b. P re cam b rian C o e le n te ra ta fro m A u stra lia . T ran sac tio n s o f the R oyal S o c ie ty o f A u s tra lia81 :185—188. [P recam b rian fo ss ils re sem b lin g sea pens.]

------------. 1959. P re cam b rian C o e le n te ra ta fro m A ustra lia , A frica and E ng land . N a tu re , L o n d o n183(4673): 1472—1473. [P recam b rian foss ils C h a rn ia m a so n i, C h a rn io d iscu s , R a n g ea , an d P te rid in iu m , re sem b lin g sea pens.]

------------. 1961. P re -C am b rian an im als , Pp. 6 3 -6 9 in T he fo ssil reco rd and ev o lu tio n — read in g s fro m S cien tificA m erican . W . H. F re em an an d C o m p an y , San F rancisco . 225 pp . [Sea p en s , P en n a tu la ru b ra , P en n a tu la a c u le a ta ; and foss il o rg an ism s re sem b lin g sea pen s , R a n g ea a rb o rea an d C h a rn ia .]

, 1984. T h e d aw n o f an im al life— a b io h isto rica l study . C am b rid g e U n iv e rsity P ress , L ondon . 2 4 4 pp.[P recam b rian co lo n ia l cn id arian s, som e o f w h ich resem b le p en n a tu lacea n s, pp . 52, 56—57.]

G l a e s s n e r , M . F. a n d B. D a i l y . 1959. T he g eo lo g y and late P re cam b rian fau n a o f the E d ia cara F ossil R eserv e . R e co rd s o f th e S ou th A u s tra lian M u seu m 13(3 ):369—401. [P recam b rian fo ss ils th a t re se m b le p e n n a tu laceans.]

G l a e s s n e r , M . F. a n d M . W a d e . 1966. T h e L a te P re cam b rian fo ss ils fro m E d iacara , S ou th A ustra lia . P a laeo n to lo g y 9 :5 9 9 -6 2 8 . [V en d ian foss ils re sem b lin g sea pens: R a n g ea longa , R a n g ea g ra n d is , A rb o re a a rb o rea . P te rid iu m cf. s im p le x .]

G o d f r e y , F. K . 1943. S ea-P ens. T h e S outh A u s tra lian N atu ra lis t, A d e la id e 21 (2): 13—15. [Sarco p h y llu m gra n d e .]

G o l l , R. M . 1980. P lio cen e -P le is to cen e rad io la rian s fro m th e E ast P acific R ise an d th e G alap ag o s S p re ad in g C en te r, D eep S ea D rillin g P ro je c t L eg 54. In itia l R ep o rts o f the D eep S ea D rillin g P ro je c t 54 :425—453.

G o s l i n e r , T . M ., D. W . B e h r e n s , a n d G . C. W i l l i a m s . 1996. C o ra l r e e f an im als o f th e In d o -P ac if ic , an im al life fro m A frica to H a w a i’i ex lu s iv e o f th e v erteb ra te s. S ea C h a llen g e rs , M o n te rey . 314 pp. [U n d erw a te r c o lo r p h o to g ra p h s o f liv ing an im als; sea p en s , pp . 5 6 -6 0 : C a v ern u la r ia cf. o b e sa , C a v ern u la r ia sp ., P te ro e id e s spp ., S c lero b e lem n o n b u rg eri. S c lero b e lem n o n sp ., S cy ta liu m cf. sa rsii, V eretillum spp ., V irgu laria g u sta v ia n a , V irgu laria spp .; p. 93 (no . 307) show s a c o lo r p h o to g rap h o f an eco lo g ica l in terac tio n b e tw een an a ttach ed je lly fish (cf. L ip kea sp .) an d the sea pen P te ro e id es sp., tak en u n d e rw a te r in In d o n esia ; an d on p ag e 2 2 7 (no . 826) sh ow s co m m en sa l p ro ce la in crab s P o rce lla n e lla p ic ta on th e se a p en s , V eretillum sp. an d P te ro e id es sp ., u n d e rw a te r p h o to g rap h s tak en in the P h ilip p in e s an d In donesia .]

G o s w a m i, A ., S. S a h a , S. M u k h o p a d h y a y , a n d S. C. P a k r a s h i . 1995. M a rin e p ro d u c ts from B a y o f B engal, 3: S tero l co m p o s itio n o f fo u r m o llu scs an d a sea pen . Ind ian Jo u rn a l o f M arin e S c ien ces 2 4 (4 ):2 3 8 —239.

G o t s h a l l , D . W . 1987. M arin e an im als o f B a ja C a lifo rn ia— a gu id e to th e co m m o n fish es an d in v e rteb ra te s , 2 n d ed. S ea C h a llen g e rs , M o n te rey . 113 pp. [O cto co ra ls , pp . 8 6 -9 1 ; co lo r p h o to g rap h o f P tilo sa rcu s u n d u la tu s .]


G o t s h a l l , D . W . 1994. G u ide to m a rin e in v e rteb ra tes A lask a to B a ja C a lifo rn ia . S ea C h a llen g e rs , M o n te rey . 105 pp . [O cto co ra ls , pp . 31—36; co lo r p h o to g rap h s o f R en illia k o e llike r i, P tilo sa rcu s g u rn e y i , S ty la tu la e longa ta .]

GOTSHALL, D . W . a n d L . L. L a u r e n t . 1979. Pacific coast sub tida l m arin e inverteb ra tes— a f ish w a tc h e r’s gu ide . Sea C h a llen g e rs , L os O sos. 112 pp . [O ctoco ra ls, pp. 3 5 -3 9 ; co lo r p h o to g rap h s o f R en illia k o e llik e r i, P tilo sa rcu s g u rn e y i , and S ty la tu la elongata .]

G r a n t , R. E. 1827. N o tice reg a rd in g th e stru c tu re an d m o d e o f genera tio n o f the V irgu laria an d th e P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a . E d in b u rg h Jo u rn a l o f S cience 7 :3 3 0 -3 3 5 . [A lso p u b lish ed in F ro riep s N o tizen 19:337—341; p en n a tu lacea n b io lu m in escen ce .]

. 1929. F u rth e r o b se rv a tio n s o n th e g en era tio n o f the V irgu laria m irab ilis . E d in b u rg h Jo u rn a l o f S c ien ce10:350—351. [A lso p u b lish ed in F ro rieps N o tizen 24 :247 .]

G r a s s h o f f , M . 1972. E in e S eefed er m it e in em ein z ig en P o lypen : U m bellu la th ie li n. sp. D ie v o n F. S. ‘M e te o r ’ 1 9 6 7 -1 9 7 0 im ö stlich en N o rd a tlan tik g ed red sc h te n P en n a tu la ria (C n idaria : A n th o zo a). M e teo r F o rsc h u n g se rg eb n isse (D )1 2 :l—11.

------------. 1973. S ch o p f-S ee fed em - E rfo rsch u n g sg e sch ich te u n d E vo lu tio n e in e r T ie fsee tie rg ru p p e . N a tu r undM u seu m 10 3(2 ):58—64. [U m bellula', ev o lu tio n ary trends; deep -sea ben thos.]

— — . 1981. G o rg o n aria u n d P en n a tu la ria (C n idaria : A n th o zo a) v o m M itte la tlan tisch en R ü c k en S W d erA zo ren . S teen stru p ia 7 (9 ) :2 13-230. [F unicu lina q u a d ra n g u la r is , d is trib u tio n p a tte rn s in the A tlan tic O cean .]

. 1982a. D ie G o rg o n aria , P en n a tu la ria u n d A n tip a th a ria des T ie fw asse rs d e r B isk ay a (C n id a ria , A n th o zo a). E rg eb n isse d e r fran z ö sisc h en E x p ed itio n en B io g as , P o ly g as, G eo m an ch e , Incal, N o ra tla n te u n d F ah rten d e r ‘T h a la ssa .’ I. A llg em e in e r T eil. B u lle tin du M u séu m n a tio n a l d ’h is to ire n a tu re lle , S ection A: Z o o lo g ie , B io lo g ie e t E co lo g ie A n im a les 3 (3 ) :7 3 1—766. [P en n a tu lacea , b a th y a l zo n e , g eo g rap h ic and b a th y m etric d is trib u tio n , w o rld m arin e zones: K o p h o b e le m n o n m a cro sp in o su m , A n th o p tilu m g ra n d iflo ru m . A n th o p tilu m m u rra y i, F u n ic u lin a qu a d ra n g u la r is , P ro to p tilu m ca rp en teri, D is tich o p tilu m g ra c ile , S c le ro p tilu m g ra n d iflo ru m , U m bellu la m o n o cep h a lu s , U m bellu la d u r is s im a , U m bellu la tho m so n i, U m bellu la l in d a h li, P en n a tu la g ra n d is , P en n a tu la acu lea ta .]

— —. 1982b. D ie G org o n aria , P en n a tu la ria und A n tip a th a ria des T ie fw asse rs d er B isk ay a (C n id aria , A n th o zoa). E rg eb n isse d e r fran zö sisch en E xp ed itio n en B iogas, P o lygas, G eo m an ch e , Incal, N o rta tlan te und F ah rten d e r ‘T h a la ssa .’ II. T a x o n o m is c h e rT e il. B u lle tin du M uséum national d ’h isto ire n a tu re lle , Section A : Z o o lo g ie , B io lo g ie e t E co lo g ie A n im a les (4 )3 ( A )4 :9 4 1—978. [T ax o n o m ie descrip tio n s: K o p h o b e le m n o n m a cro sp in o su m , A n th o p tilu m g ra n d iflo ru m , A n th o p tilu m m urrayi. P ro to p tilu m ca rp e n te r i, D is tich o p tilu m g ra c ile , S c le ro p tilu m gra n d iflo ru m , U m bellu la m o n o cep h a lu s , U m bellu la d u rissim a , U m bellu la tho m so n i, U m b ellu la lin d a h li, P en n a tu la g r a n d is .]

. 1989. D ie M e eren g e v o n G ib ra lta r a ls F au n en -B arrie re : D ie G o rg o n aria , P en n a tu la ria u n d A n tip a th a riad e r B A L G IM -E x p ed itio n (C n id aria : A n th o zo a). S en ck en b erg ian a M a ritim a 2 0 (5 -6 ) :2 0 1—223. [L is tin g o f sea p en s w ith d is trib u tio n a l an d ba th y m etric data: K o p h o b e le m n o n ste lliferu m , F u n ic u lin a q u a d ra n g u la r is , P ro to p tilu m tho m so n i, S ty la tu la e leg a n s , U m bellu la tho m so n i, U m bellu la p a llid a , V irgu laria m ira b ilis , V irgu laria g ra c ilis , P en n a tu la acu lea ta , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a , G yrophyllum h ironde lle i.]

— — . 1991a. D ie E v o lu tio n d e r C n idaria . 1. D ie E n tw ic k lu n g zu r A n th o zo en -K o n stru k tio n . N a tu r undM u seu m 121(8): 2 2 5 -2 3 6 . [A n thozoan evo lu tion .]

. 1991b. D ie v o n E. J. C . E sp e r 1788—1809 b esch rieb e n en A n th o zo a (C n id aria ). S e n ck en b erg ian aB io ló g ic a 71:325—368.

G r a v e l y , F. H . 1941 . S hells and o th e r an im al rem a in s found on the M a d ras B each , 1: G ro u p s o th e r th an sna ils , e tc. (M o llu sc a G astro p o d a). M a d ras G o v ern m en t M useum B ulle tin , N . S. N a tu ra l H is to ry S ection 5 (1): 1—112. [C o e len te ra tes, pp . 6 -1 8 ; C a vern u la r ia sp.]

G r a v e n h o r s t , J. L . C. 1821. D e n a tu ra v eg e tab ili-G o rg o n ia ru m . M e m o rie d e lla A cca d e m ia d e lla S c ien ze di T o rin o 2 6 :4 1 1 -4 3 2 . [Scyta liopsis g h a rd a g en sis .]

G r a v i e r , C. 1906a. S ur un ty p e n o u v eau d e V irg u la ire . B u lle tin du M u séu m n a tio n a l d ’h is to ire n a tu re lle 12 (5 ) :2 9 1—293 . [Scyta liopsis d jibou tiensis .]

— . 1906b. S u r la b io lo g ie des v irgu la ires . B u lle tin du M u séu m national d ’h isto ire n a tu re lle 12:391—395. . 1906c. S u r un ty p e n o u v eau d ’A lcy o n a ire de la fam ille des V irg u la rid ae . C o m p tes ren d u s h e b d o

m ad aires des S ean ces de l’A cad e m ie des sc iences, P aris (S é rie D ) S ciences N a tu re lle s 1 4 2 :1 2 9 0 -1 2 9 1 . [S cyta liopsis gen . nov.]


------------. 1907a. S u r u n gen re n o u v eau de P en n a tu lid és (M eso b e lem n o n nov. g. g ra c ile nov . sp.). B u lle tin duM u séu m na tio n a l d 'h is to ire n a tu re lle 13(2): 159-161 [A lso p u b lish ed as: S ur un gen re n o u v eau de P ennatu lidés. C o m p tes rendus h eb d o m ad a ire s des S eances de 1'A c a d e m ie d es sc ien ces, P aris (S é rie D) S c ien ces N a tu re lle s 1 4 4 :4 3 9 -4 4 0 ; M eso b e lem n o n g ra c ile .]

. 1907b. S ur les p en n a tu lid és de la fam ille des K o p h o b e lem n o n id ae K ö lliker. B u lle tin du M u séu mnational d ’h isto ire na tu re lle , Paris 13:161—164. [K o p h o b e lem n id ae : the g enera co m p o s in g th e fam ily .]

----------- . 1908. R e ch e rc h es sur qu e lq u es A lcy o n a ires du G o lfe de T ad jo u rah . A rch iv es de zo o lo g ie ex p é rim en ta leet g én éra le (4 )8 (2 ): 179—2 6 6 . [M esobelem non g ra c ile , S cy ta lio p sis d jib o u tie n sis .]

------------. 1912a. S u r u n e n o u v e lle fam ille des P en n a tu lid és (S c y ta lio p sid ae). P ro c eed in g s o f th e S ev en th In te rn a tio n a l Z o o lo g ica l C on g ress. C a m b rid g e , M ass . 1912:819—821.

------------. 1912b. S u r la b io lo g ie d es P ennatu lidés. P ro c eed in g s o f th e S ev en th In te rn a tio n a l Z o o lo g ica l C o n g ress.C a m b rid g e , M ass. 1912:822—825.

G r a y , J. E. 1840. T h e th ird ro o m (rad ia ted an im als). Pp. 6 6 -7 7 in S y n o p sis o f th e co n ten ts o f th e B ritish M u seu m (Ed. 4 2 ), L ondon . 273 pp.- . 1848. D escrip tio n o f S a rco p tilu s , a n ew gen u s o f P en n a tu lid ae . P ro ceed in g s o f th e Z o o lo g ica l S o c ie ty

o f L ondon 1848(16):45 . [A lso pub lish ed in 1849 in A nnals an d M ag az in e o f N atu ra l H is to ry (2 )3 :7 6 -7 7 .] . 1859. O n the a rra n g em en t o f zo o p h y te s w ith p in n a ted ten tac les . A nn a ls an d M a g az in e o f N atu ra l

H isto ry , ser. 3, 4 :4 3 9 -4 4 4 .----------- . 1860. R ev is io n o f th e fam ily P enn a tu lid ae , w ith som e d esc rip tio n s o f so m e n ew sp ec ies in th e B ritish

M u seu m . A n n als an d M ag az in e o f N atu ra l H isto ry , ser. 3, 5 :20—25.------------. 1862. N o te s on so m e sp ec im en s o f c lav ifo rm P en n a tu lid ae (V ere tillid ae) in th e co llec tio n o f th e B ritish

M u seu m . A n n als an d M ag az in e o f N atu ra l H isto ry , ser. 3, 10:73—76.----------- . 1870. C a ta lo g u e o f sea -p en s o r P en n a tu la riid a e in th e co llec tio n o f the B ritish M useum . B ritish M u seu m ,

L ondon . 40 pp. [F un icu lina q u a d ra n g u la r is , F u n ic u lin a fo r b e s i i , F u n icu lin a p h ilip p in e n s is , B a ltic in a f in m a rc h ic a , N ortic in a christii, Scy ta liu m sa rsii, V irgu laria ju n c e a , V irgularia re in w a rd tii, V irgu laria eleg a n s . V irgu laria p h ilip p in e n sis , V irgularia p u s illa , V irgu laria g ra c ilis , V irgu laria e lo n g a ta . V irgu laria p a ta c h o n ic a , L yg u s m ira b ilis , L yg u s vanbeneden ii, L yg u s e llisii, L yg u s b ra s ilien sis , S ty la tu la g ra c ilis , S ty la tu la e lo n g a ta . P en n a tu la rubra , P h o sp h o re lla p h o sp h o re a . P tile lla borea lis , L e io p tilu s fim b r ia tu s , L e io p tilu s u n d u la tu s, A rg en te lla e legans, A rg en te lla g ra n d is , A rg en te lla ju k e s ii , P te ro m o rp h a d rin g ii, P te ro m o rp h a g r is e a , P te ro m o rp h a expansa , P tero e id es la tip in n a ru m . P te ro e id es sp in o su m , P te ro e id es esp eri, P te ro e id es ja p o n ic u m , C rispella sieb o ld ii, S a rc o p tilu s g ra n d is , P tilo sa rcu s g u rn e y i, P tilo sa rcu s sin u o su s , K o p h o b e le m n o n s te lliferu m , K o p h o b e le m n o n burgeri, K o p h o b e le m n o n c la va tu m , V eretillum c y n o m o r iu m , V eretillum o b esa , V eretillum a u stra la sia e , V eretillum ca n to r ia e , V eretillum stim p so n ii, V eretillum b a cu la tu s, V eretillum va len c ien n esii, V eretillum lu teu m , V eretillum p u s illu m . L itu a ria p h a l lo ides, P o lice lla a u stra lis , C la ve lla a u stra la sia , R en illa re n ifo rm is, R en illa a m e th ys tin a , R en illa d a n a e , R en illa p e lta ta , R en illa p a tu la , R en illa a u stra la sica , H erk lo tsia ed w a rd sii, R en illin a s in u a ta , U m bellu la g ro e n la n d ic a , C rin illum sie d en b u rg ii, O steo ce lla c lifto n i.]

. 1872a. O n the gen u s O steocella . A nnals and M ag az in e o f N a tu ra l H isto ry , ser. 4, 9 :4 0 5 -4 0 6 . [R efersto the g en u s H a lip te r is .]

1872b. A dd itio n a l no te on O steocella . A n n a ls and M ag az in e o f N atu ra l H isto ry , ser. 4 , 10:76, 406.[R efers to th e g en u s H alip teris.]

------------ 1872c. T h e c lu s te red sea -p o ly p e ( U m bellu la g ro e n la n d ic a ). A n n a ls an d M a g az in e o f N a tu ra l H isto ry ,ser. 4 , 1 0 :1 5 1 ,4 6 9 .

------------. 1873. O n th e stick -fish ( O steocella se p ten trio n a lis) an d on the h ab its o f sea-pens. N a tu re 9 :13—14.[P ro b ab ly c o rre c tly id en tified as H a lip te r is w illem oesi.]

G r e g o r i o , A . d e . 1890. M o n o g rap h ie de la fau n e E o cen iq u e de l ’A labam a. A n n a le s d e g eo lo g ie e t de p a leo n to lo g ie 7 /8 :1—346. [S h ap iro a n d R a m sd e ll (1 9 6 5 :2 ) s ta ted , “ In 1890, de G reg o rio d esc rib ed a p en n a tu lid fro m the E ocene o f A lab am a, w h ich he n am ed C o ra lliu m perp lexum . T o ju d g e fro m h is figu res, de G re g o rio ’s species ap p ears to be the sam e as G rap h u la ria am b ig u a (M o rto n ) and p ro b ab ly is a sy n o n y m o f the latter. D e G reg o rio gave no fo rm atio n o th er th an ‘E o c e n e ’ o r locality o th e r than ‘A la b a m a ’ fo r h is spec im en s. U n fo rtu n a te ly , de G re g o rio ’s sp e c im en s w ere u n av a ilab le fo r s tu d y at the tim e o f th is w ritin g . . . Y ab e and S ug iy am a, in 1937, in a listing o f the k n ow n species o f G rap h u la ria , p laced C o ra lliu m p e rp lex u m de G reg o rio in tha t g en u s .” ]


G r i e g , J. A. 1887. B id rag til de n o rsk e A lcy o n arie r. B e rgens M u seu m s A arsb e re tn in g fo r 1886:1—26. [P ro top tilum to r tu m , S tich o p tilu m a rc tic u m .]

------------. 1892. O v sers ig t o v e rN o rg e s p en n a tu lid er. B e rg en s M u seu m s A arsb ere tn in g fo r 18 9 1( 1 ): 1—22.------------. 1893. B id rag til k jen d sk ab en om de n o rd ish k e a lcyonarier. B e rg en s M u seu m s A arb o g 1893(2): 1 -2 1 . . 1896. O n F u n ic u lin a and K o p h o b e le m n o n . B e rg en s M useum A arb o g 1896(3): 1—11. [A b strac ts in

Jo u rn a l o f th e R oya l M ic ro sco p ica l S ocie ty 1897:132 , an d Z o o lo g isch es C e n tra lb la tt 4 :4 4 8 -4 4 9 ; F u n ic u lina q u a d ra n g u la r is , K o p h o b e le m n o n s te llife ru m .]

G r i m m e l i k h u i j z e n , C . J. P .,D . G r a f f , A . G r o e g e r , a n d I . D . M c F a r l a n e . 1987. S truc tu re , ac tio n and location o f co e len te ra te a rg -p h e -am id e pep tid es . B ulle tin de l ’A cad ém ie se rbe d es sc ien ces et des arts, C lasse des sc ien ces n a tu re lle s e t m a th ém atiq u es 9 6 (29): 13—24. [R en illa ko lliker i, p ro te in co n ten t, A rg -p h e -am id e ch arac te ris tic s an d p o ss ib le n eu ro lo g ica l function .]

G r im m e l ik h u i j z e n , C. J. P. a n d A. G r o e g e r . 1987. Iso la tio n o f the n eu ro p ep tid e p G lu -G ly -A rg -P h e -am id e fro m th e p en n a tu lid R en illa ko lliker i. F ed era tio n o f E uropean B iochem ica l S oc ie ties , L ette rs 2 1 1 ( 1): 105—108.

G r o b e r , M . S. 1 9 9 0 a . L u m in escen t flash av o id an ce in th e noctu rn a l crab P o rtu n u s xa n th u s ii. 1. T h e e ffe c ts o f lu m in esce n ce and m ech an ica l stim u la tio n on heart rate. Jo u rn a l o f E x p erim en ta l B io lo g y 148:415—426. [R enilla ko lliker i, lu m in escen ce , f lashes e ffe c t on c ru stacean heart rate.]

------------. 1990b. L u m in escen t flash av o id an ce in th e n o c tu rn a l crab P o rtu n u s xa n tu s ii. 2. C a rd iac an d v isua lre sp o n ses to v aria tio n s in s im u la ted lu m in escen t flashes. T h e Jo u rn a l o f E x p erim en ta l B io logy 14 8 :4 2 7 -4 2 8 . [R enilla ko llikeri.]

H a d ] , N. 1994. S ek ilas T en tan g P en a lau t (P e n n a tu lacea) (A G lim p se o f the P en n a tu lacea). O cea n a 9 (2): 17—22 [In In d o n esian w ith an E n g lish abstrac t.]

H a e c k e l , E. 1904. K u n s tfo rm en d e r N atu re . V erlag d es B ib lio g rap h isch en Institu ts, L e ip z ig an d V ien n a . [A lso p u b lish e d b y D o v er P ub lica tio n s, N ew Y ork , 1974 as “A rt F o rm s In N a tu re ,” 100 p la tes ; p en n a tu lacea n s, p la te 19: S ty la tu la , V irgularia , U m bellu la , R en illa , P te ro e id es , an d S c lerop tilum .]

H a g i w a t a , S., S. Y o s h i d a , a n d M . Y o s h i i . 1981. T ran s ien t an d d e lay ed p o ta ss iu m cu rre n ts in th e e g g cell m em b ra n e o f the co e len te ra te , R en illa ko ellikeri. Jo u rn a l o f P h y sio lo g y (C am b rid g e ) 3 1 8 :1 2 3 —141. [P h y sica l p ro p e rtie s o f tissu es an d o o cy te cell m em brane.]

H a m id , A . 1931. O n V irgularia g ra c illim a (K ö llik e r) from the C h ilka L ake. R eco rd s Ind ian M u seu m C a lcu tta 3 3 :4 8 3 -4 8 7 . [V irgu laria g rac illim a .]

H a m i l t o n , D. 1958. A n E o cen e S ea-pen fro m D un ed in , N ew Z ealand . P a laeo n to lo g y l(3 ) :2 2 6 -2 3 0 . [A n ex tin c t sea pen : B en so n u la r ia sp a tu la ta from the E o cen e o f N ew Z ealand .]

H ä n t z s c h e l , W . 1958. O k to k o ra lle o d e r L eb en ssp u r? M itte ilungen au s d em G eo lo g isch -P a läo n to g isch en In stitu t d e r U n iv e rs itä t H am b u rg 27 :77—87. [E x tinct se a pens: P en n a tu lite s lo n g esp ica ta ? , P ro to v irg u la r ia d ic h o to m a ?, V irgu laria p re sb y te s ?]

H a r d y , A. 1965. T h e op en sea: Its n a tu ra l h is to ry , P art 2: F ish an d fisheries. H o u g h to n M ifflin C o m p an y , B oston . 322 pp. [P ennatu la p h o sp h o rea .]

. 1967. G rea t w ate rs . C o llin s . [A n tarc tic oc toco ra ls , pp . 372—373; U m bellu la .]H a r m o n , A . C ., H . W . J a r r e t t , a n d M . J . C o r m i e r . 1984 . A n en zy m atic assay fo r ca lm o d u lin b ased on p lan t

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H a r t , R. C ., J. C . M a t t h e w s , K . H o r i , a n d M . J. C o r m i e r . 1979. R en illa ren ifo rm is b io lu m in escen c e : lu c ife ra se -ca ta ly se d p ro d u c tio n o f n o n rad ia tin g ex c ited sta tes fro m lu c ife rin an a lo g u es an d e lu c id a tio n o f the ex c ited sta te species in v o lv ed in en erg y tran sfe r to R en illa g reen fluo rescen t p ro te in . B io ch e m is try 18(11 ):2204—2210.

H a r t i n g , P. M . a n d J. V a n D e r H o e v e n . 1861. O rg an isch V o o rw erp (C rin illu m ). V erslag e n v an d e g ew o n e v e rg ad e rin g en d e r A fd ee lin g N atu u rk u n d e , A m ste rd am 11:286.

H a r t m a n , O . 1 9 6 0 . S ystem atic acco u n t o f so m e m arin e in v erteb ra te an im als from th e deep b as in s o f f S ou th ern C a lifo rn ia . A llan H an co c k P ac ific E x p ed itio n 22 (2 ):6 9 —2 15. [C oe len te ra tes , b e g in n in g on p ag e 76 : in c lu d es D istich o p tilu m verrillii.]

H a r v e y , E. N . 1917. S tud ies on b io lu m in escen ce . 6 . L ig h t p ro d u c tio n by a Ja p an ese p en n a tu lid C a vern u la r ia h ab ereri. A m erican Jou rnal o f P h y sio lo g y 4 2 :3 4 9 -3 5 8 .

------------. 1920. T h e n atu re o f an im al light. M o n o g rap h s o f E x p erim en ta l B io logy . J. B . L ip p in co tt C o m p an y ,P h ila d e lp h ia an d L ondon . 182 pp . [B io lu m in escen c e in C avern u la r ia and P en n a tu la , pp . 74 an d 103,]


. 1940. L iv ing light. P rin ce to n U n iv e rsity P ress. 328 pp . [P en n a tu lacean s , pp. 48—53; R en illa sp. andP e n n a tu la sp ., pp . 274—275; P e n n a tu la , V eretillum , C avern u la ria , F u n ic u lin a , U m bellu la , L e io p tilu s (= P ty lo sa rc u s) , an d P te ro e id e s co n ta in lu m in escen t species; p . 50.]

------------. 1952. B io lu m in escen ce . A cad em ic P ress , N ew Y ork. 649 pp . [Pp. 168—180; a d e ta iled h isto ry o f thelite ra tu re p e rta in in g to b io lu m in escen c e resea rch in the O c to co ra llia in c lu d in g the fo llo w in g p en n a tu lacea n taxa: R en illa am eth ystin a — c o n s id ered a sy n o n ym o f R. m u e ller i b y Z am p o n i and P érez (1 9 9 5 :2 3 ) ; C a vern u la r ia , Veretillum , F un icu lina , U m bellu la , V irgularia , S ty la tu la , P en n a tu la , P tilo sa rcu s , and P te ro e id es ; a q u o ted p assag e from th is b o o k ap p ears abo v e in H isto rica l A cco u n t - P re -L in n ean P eriod .]

H a s a m a , B. 1 9 4 3 . Ü b er d ie B io lu m in eszen z d es P lo c a m o p h o ru s tile sii B e rgh sow ie d e r C a vern u la r ia h a b erer i M o ro ff im A k tio n ss tro m b ild sow ie im h is to lo g isch en B ild. C y to lo g ia 1 3 :1 4 6 —154.

H a s t i n g s , J. W . 1968. B io lu m in escen ce . A n n u a l R e v ie w o f B io ch e m is try 3 7 :5 9 7 -6 3 0 .----------- . 1983. C h em istry an d con tro l o f lu m in escen ce in m arin e o rgan ism s. B ulle tin o f M arine S cience

33(4 ):8 1 8 —828. [R e n illa ; p ro te in m etab o lism ; luc iferin o x id a tio n to p ro d u ce lu m in escen ce , ion ic co n tro l.] H a s t i n g s , J. W . a n d J. G . M o r i n . 1969. C a lc iu m -trig g e red lig h t em iss io n in R en illa . A u n ita ry b io ch em ica l

sc h em e fo r co e len te ra te b io lu m in escen c e . B io ch em ica l an d B io p h y sica l R e se a rc h C o m m u n ica tio n s 3 7 :4 9 3 ^4 9 8 . [R en illa k o e llike r i .]

H e e z e n , B . C . AND C . D. H o l l i s t e r . 1971 . T he face o f the deep. O x fo rd U n iv ersity P ress, L on d o n , N e w Y ork , T o ro n to . 6 5 9 pp . [U m bellu la .]

H e r d m a n , W . A . 1913. S p o lia R u n ian a , I: (F u n ic u lin a ). Jo u rn a l o f th e L in n e an S ocie ty o f L o n d o n , Z o o lo g y 32 :163 .

. 1913a. “ P h o sp h o rescen ce” o f P ennatu lida . N a tu re L ondon 91 :582 . [P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a and F u n icu lin a quadrang u la ris .]

------------. 1913b. S po lia R un ian a , I: F u n ic u lin a q u a d ra n g u la r is (P a llas) an d the H eb rid ean D ia zo n a v io lacea ,S avigny . Jo u rn a l o f the L innean S ocie ty o f L ondon , Z o o lo g y 32 :163—172. [F unicu lina q u a d ra n g u la ris .]

— ------ . 1914. S po lia R un ian a , II: F u n ic u lin a q u a d ra n g u la ris (P a llas); varia tio n in A sc id ia ; an d reco rd s o fvario u s ra re in v erteb ra ta . Jo u rn a l o f th e L innean S ocie ty o f L on d o n , Z o o lo g y 32 :269—285 . [F un icu lina q u a d ra n g u la r is , V irgu laria m ira b ilis , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o rea .]

H e r k l o t s , J. A . 1858. N o tices p o u r se rv ir à l ’é tu d e des p o ly p ie rs n ag eu rs ou p en n a tu lid és . B ijd rag en to t de D ie rk u n d e 7 :1 -3 1 . [O rig inal d esc rip tio n s o f the g en era Scy ta liu m an d P teroeides.]

------------. 1863. D escrip tio n s d e deu x ex p èce s nou v e lles de p en n a tu lid és d es M ers de la C h in e . N ed e rlan d schT ijd sch rif t v o o r de D ierk u n d e 1:3 1—34.

H e r r i n g , P. J., ed. 1978. B io lu m in escen ce in action . A cad em ic P ress , L ondon . 570 pp. [S ty la tu la , P enna tu la , P teroeides , R en illa , A ca n th o p tilu m , P tilo sarcus , C avernu laria , V irgularia, a n d Veretillum .]

H e r r i n g , P. J. 1 9 9 1 . O b s e rv a t io n s o n b io lu m in e s c e n c e in s o m e d e e p - w a te r a n th o z o a n s . H y d ro b io lo g ia 2 1 6 —2 1 7 :5 7 3 —5 7 9 . [D istichop tilum g ra c ile , F u n ic u lin a q u a d ra n g u la r is , U m bellu la huxleyi.]

H i c k s o n , S. J. 1883. O n the c ilia ted g roove (s ip h o n o g ly p h e) in the sto m o d ae u m o f th e A lcy o n a rian s. P h ilo soph ica l T ran sac tio n s o f th e R oya l S ocie ty o f L o n d o n 17 4(3 ):693—705.

------------. 1890. P re lim in ary rep o rt on a co llec tio n o f A lcy o n aria fro m P o rt P h ilip . P ro c eed in g s o f th e R oya lS o c ie ty o f V ic to ria , M e lb o u rn e (n ew series) 2 (2): 136 -1 4 0 .

------------18 9 4 a rev ision o f the g enera o f the A lcy o n aria S to lon ifera , w ith a d escrip tio n o f o n e n ew gen u s andsevera l n ew species. T ran sac tio n s o f the Z oo lo g ica l S ocie ty o f L ondon 13 (9 ):325—347.

------------. 1900. T h e A lcy o n aria an d H y d ro co ra llin ae o f th e C ape o f G o o d H ope. M arin e In v estig a tio n s in S outhA fric a 1:67—96. [ V irgu laria sc h u ltze i as Virgularia re in w a rd ti, A c tin o p tilu m m o lle as C a v ern u la r ia eleg a n s an d C a v ern u la r ia obesa .]

------------. 1903a. P re sid en tia l A d d ress to Z o o lo g ica l S ection o f th e B ritish A ssocia tion . R e p o rt o f th e se v en ty -th irdm e e tin g o f th e B ritish A sso c ia tio n fo r th e A d v an cem en t o f S cience , S ou th p o rt 1903:672.

------------. 1903b. P o ly m o rp h ism in th e P ennatu lida . R ep o rt o f the se v en ty -th ird m ee tin g o f the B ritish A sso c ia tio nfo r the A d v an ce m e n t o f S cien ces , S o u th p o rt 1903:688.

------------. 1903c. R ep o rt o f the S ou thport m ee tin g o f th e B ritish A ssocia tion . (P o ly m o rp h ism in P en n a tu lam urra y i). S c ien ce 6 8 :6 1 4 . [P ennatu la m urrayi.]

. 1904. T h e A lcy o n aria o f the C ap e o f G o o d H ope. P art II. M arine In v estig a tio n s in S ou th A frica3 :211—239. [A nthoptilum grand iflo rum .]


------------. 1905. T he A lcy o n aria o f th e M ald iv es. P art III. T he fam ilies M u rice id ae , G o rg o n e llid ae , M elito d id ae ,and th e g e n e ra P en n a tu la , E u n ep h th ya . In T h e F au n a and G eo g rap h y o f th e M a ld iv e an d L accad iv e A rch ip e lag o es , J. S tan ley G ard in er, ed. 2 (4 ):8 0 7 —826. [P ennatu la m u rra y i ; S uvad iv a , p. 823.]

------------. 1906. C o e len te ra ta : A n th o zo a an d A c tin o zo a-g en era l ch a rac te rs-A lcy o n aria . In T h e C a m b rid g e N atu ra lH isto ry , S. F. H arm er an d A . E. S h ip ley , eds. M acm illan and C o ., L ondon . 1:3 2 6 -3 6 4 .

. 1907. C o e le n te ra ta I.-A lcy o n a ria . N a tio n a l A n ta rc tic (D isco v ery ) E x p ed itio n , N atu ra l H isto ry 3 :1 -1 5 .B ritish M useum .

. 1909. C o e len te ra ta : A n th o zo a . In T he C a m b rid g e N atu ra l H is to ry , S. F. H arm er an d A . E. S h ip ley , eds.M a cm illan an d C o ., L ondon . 1:3 2 6 - 4 11.

------------. 1911. O n a sp ec im en o f O steo ce lla se p ten tr io n a lis (G ray). M e m o irs an d P ro ceed in g s o f the M a n ch este rL ite ra ry an d P h ilo so p h ica l S o c ie ty 55 (3 )(N o . 23): 1—15. [P o ssib ly H a lip te r is w illem o es i .]

------------. 1914. O n th e S ag itta m arin a o f R um phius. Z o o lo g isch e r A n ze ig e r 44( 10 ) :4 7 1 .------------. 1916. T h e P en n a tu lacea o f th e S ib o g a E x p ed itio n , w ith a g en era l su rv ey o f th e o rder. S ib o g a E x p ed itie

M o n o g ra p h s 14, L ivr. 77:1—265. [A n thop tilum m a la yen se , C hu n e lla b iflo ra , E ch in o p tilu m ro seu m , E c h in o p tilu m e lo n g a tu m , E ch in o p tilu m a sp e ru m , E ch in o p tilu m m in im u m , G yrophyllum s ib o g a e , K o p h o b e le m non p a u c iflo ru m , P ro to p tilu m ce leb en se , P te ro e id es tim o ren se , P te ro e id es m a la yen se , S c le ro b e lem n o n g ra v ie r i, S c le ro p tilu m e lo n g a tu m , S c le ro b e lem n o n m a g n iflo ru m , S cy ta liu m ba lssii, U m b ellu la w eberi, V eretillum m a la yen se , V irgu laria ru b ra , V irgu laria ro u le i no m . nov . fo r V. e le g a n s .]

------------. 1921. O n so m e A lcy o n aria in th e C a m b rid g e M u seu m . P ro c eed in g s o f the C a m b rid g e P h ilo so p h ica lS o c ie ty 2 0 (3 ):3 6 6 —373 . [C avernu laria darw in ii.}

------------. 1922. O n tw o sea-p en s fro m W est A ustra lia . T he P ercy S laden T rust E x p ed itio n to the A b ro lh o s Islands(In d ian O cean ). Jo u rn a l o f th e L innean S ocie ty o f L on d o n , Z o o lo g y 35 :21—23. [V eretillum m a la yen se , P te ro e id e s sp .? ju v .]

. 1930a. S om e a lcy o n a rian s from the E aste rn Pacific O cean . P ro c eed in g s o f the Z o o lo g ica l S o c ie ty o fL ondon 1 9 3 0 (1 4 ):2 0 9 -2 2 7 . [V irgu laria g a la p a g en s is .]

----------- . 1930b. O n the c lassifica tio n o f the A lcyonaria . P ro ceed in g s o f the Z o o lo g ica l S o c ie ty o f L ondon193 0 ( 1 ):229—252.

. 1936. D a rw in ’s C avernu lar ia . N a tu re L o n d o n 137(3474):909 . [V eretillum b in g h a m i sy n o n y n o u s w ithC a v ern u la r ia d a rw in ii var. b in g h a m i .]

. 1937. T h e P enn a tu lacea . S cien tific R eports . S cien tific R e p o rts o f the Jo h n M u rray E x p ed itio n ,1933—1934 4 (5): 109—130. [C avernu laria orien ta lis , C a v ern u la r ia da rw in ii, C avern u la r ia ch u n i, C a v ern u la ria m a la b a rica , C h u n e lla g ra c illim a , F u n ic u lin a q u a d ra n g u la r is , P en n a tu la in fla ta , P ro to p tilu m cya n eu m , P te ro e id es sp .? ju v ., Scy ta liu m sp e n d en s , S cy ta liu m m a rten sii var. m a g n ifo lia . S cy ta liu m sarsii, U m b ellu la h u x ley i, U m bellu la sp ic a ta , U m bellu la va lid iv ia e , U m bellu la ko lliker i, U m bellu la p e llu c id a . U m b ellu la r ig id a , U m bellu la p u rp u re a , U m bellu la e lo n g a ta , U m bellu la rad ia ta , U m b ellu lid p e n d u la , U m b ellu la ind ica , U m bellu la jo rd a n i, u n id en tified p ennatu lid .]

------------. 1940. T h e G o rg o n acea w ith no tes on tw o sp ec ies o f P en natu lacea . S cien tific R e p o rts o f the Jo h n M u rrayE x p ed itio n , 1933—1934 6 :267—317. [A n thop tilum inerm is, K o p h o b e le m n o n p a u c iflo ru m .]

H o a r e , R . a n d E. H . W ils o n . 1977. O b se rv a tio n s o n the b e h a v io u r an d d is trib u tio n o f V irgu laria m ira b ilis O .F . M u lle r (C o e len te ra ta : P en n a tu lacea) in H o ly h ead H arbour, A ng lesey . E u ro p ean M arine B io lo g y S y m p o siu m (N o. 11):329—337.

H o c h b e r g , F. G . a n d J. C . L ju b e n k o v . 1998. C lass A n thozoa: S u b c lass O cto co ra llia— O rd ers S to lo n ife ra and P en n a tu lacea . In T ax o n o m ic a tlas o f the b en th ic fau n a o f the S an ta M a ria B asin an d the w este rn S an ta B a rb a ra C h a n n e l, V ol. 3: T h e C n id a ria , P. V . S co tt an d J. A . B lak e , eds. S an ta B a rb a ra M u seu m o f N atu ra l H isto ry , S an ta B arb ara , C a lifo rn ia . 150 pp . [T ax o n o m y and d istrib u tio n o f sea p en s o f so u th e rn C a lifo rn ia , p p . 67—112: K o p h o b e le m n o n a ffine, D istich o p tilu m g rac ile , F u n ic u lin a p a rk e r i, S ta ch yp tilu m superb u m , U m b ellu la m agn iflo ra , A n th o p tilu m g ra n d iflo ru m , H a lip te ru s ca lifo rn ica , P en n a tu la ca lifo rn ica , P tilo sa rc u s g u rn e y i, V irgu laria agassizii, V irgularia ca lifo rn ica , A ca n th o p tilu m a lbum , A ca n th o p tilu m g rac ile , S ty la tu la elonga ta , S ty la tu la g ra c ilis .]

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. 1 9 9 5 .1 8 2 0 -1 9 5 8 R ijk sm u seu m v an N a tu u r lijke H isto rie . N a tio n aa l N a tu u rh is to risch M u seu m , L eiden .172 p p .[B io g rap h ica l no tes on Jan A d rian u s H erk lo ts.]


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H o n j o , I. 1940 . B eiträg e z u r n erv en m u sk e lp h y s io lo g ie d e r k o lo n ien b ild en d en tiere . I. D ie P e ris ta ltik von C avern u la ria . A n n o ta tio n es zo o lo g icae Ja p o n en ses 19 ( 4 ) :3 0 1—3 0 8 .

H o r i , K. a n d M . J. C o r m ie r . 1973. S truc tu re an d ch em ica l sy n th e sis o f a b io lo g ica lly ac tiv e fo rm o f R en illa ( sea p an sy ) luc iferin . P ro ceed in g s o f th e N atio n a l A cad e m y o f S c ien ces o f the U n ited S ta tes o f A m erica 70(1): 1 2 0 -1 2 3 .

H o r i , K ., Y . N a k a n o , a n d M . J. C o r m ie r . 1972. S tu d ie s o n th e b io lu m in e s c e n c e o f R en illa ren ifo rm is. II.L o ca tio n o f the su lfa te g ro u p in luc ifery l su lfa te . B io ch e m ica e t B io p h y sica A c ta 2 5 6 (3 ):6 3 8 -6 4 4 .

H o r i , K ., J. E . W a m p l e r , J . C . M a t t h e w s , a n d M . J . C o r m ie r . 1973. Iden tifica tio n o f th e p ro d u c t excited sta te s d u rin g th e ch em ilu m in esc en t an d b io lu m in escen t o x id a tio n o f R en illa (S ea p an sy ) lu c ife rin and certa in o f its analogs. B io ch em istry 12 (22):4 4 6 3 —4468 .

H o r n e l l , J. 1 9 2 2 . Som e co m m en sa ls o f Ind ian A lcy o n arian s an d crabs. Jo u rn a l o f the B o m b ay N atu ra l H isto ry S ocie ty 2 8 (4 ) :9 2 6 —9 3 6 . [T he p en n a tu lacea n genera : C avern u la ria , P en n a tu la , V irg u la ria .]

H o w e l l , B. J. 1947. E o cen e A lcy o n aria in N ew Jersey . A b strac t in: B ulle tin o f the G eo lo g ica l S ocie ty o f A m e ric a 58 :1195 . [T w o u n n am ed species o f G rap h u la ria , bo th co n s id e red by S hap iro an d R am sdell (1 9 6 5 :3 ) as sy n o n y m s o f G ra p h u la ria am bigua .}

H o w s o n , C . M . a n d L. M . D a v ie s . 1991. M arin e n atu re co n se rv a tio n rev iew su rv ey s o f S co ttish sea lochs. A to w ed v id eo su rv ey o f L och F yne, V ol. 1: R eport. N a tu re C o n se rv an cy C ounc il C S D R e p o rt 1189. [ V irgu laria m irab ilis .}

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H u b r e c h t , A . A . W . 1885. O n a new p en n a tu lid fro m the Ja p an ese Sea. P ro ceed in g s o f the Z o o lo g ica l S ociety o f L o n d o n 1885:512—518. [A bstrac t in J. R. M ic ro sco p ica l S ocie ty [2 ]6 :81 ; new g en u s and species E ch in o p tilu m m a c in to sh ii.]

H u m a n , V. L. 1973. A lb in ism in th ree species o f m arine in v e rteb ra tes from sou thern C a lifo rn ia . C a lifo rn ia Fish a n d G am e 5 9 :8 9 -9 2 . [R enilla k o e llike r i.]

H u m e s , A. G. 1978. L ic h o m o lg id co p ep o d s (C y c lo p o id a), w ith tw o n ew species o f D o rid ic o la , fro m sea p en s (P en n a tu lacea ) in M a dagascar. T ran sac tio n s o f the A m erican M icro sco p ica l S ocie ty 9 7 (4 ):5 2 4 -5 3 9 . [V irgu lar ia ju n c e a an d P te ro e id es oblongum ', a sso c ia tio n s w ith cru stacean s, M a lag asy R epu b lic .]

H u t t o n , F. W ., ed . 1904. Ind ex fau n ae N o v ae Z ea land iae . D u lau an d C o., L on d o n . 3 7 2 pp . [V irgu laria g ra c illim a , P ro to ca u lo n m o lle , L ep to p tilu m grac ile .]

H u x l e y , T. H . 1907. A m an u a l o f the an a to m y o f in v erteb ra ted an im als. D . A p p le to n an d C o m p an y , N ew Y ork .596 pp. [O ctoco ra ls, pp. 143—145; V eretillum , P en n a tu la , V irgu la ria .]

H y m a n , L. H. 1940. T h e Inverteb ra tes , V ol. 1 : P ro tozoa th ro u g h C ten o p h o ra . M cG raw -H ill, N ew Y ork . 726 pp. [P e n n a tu lacean b io lo g y , pp. 557—565; q u o ted p assag e in H isto rica l A cco u n t— T he E arly to M id -T w en tie th C e n tu ry , above.]

Im a f u k u , M . 19 7 3 . O n so m e p h y sio lo g ica l a sp ec ts in the daily rh y th m ic ac tiv ity o f the sea-pen , C a vern u la r ia o b esa V alen c ien n es. P u b lica tio n s o f the Seto M arin e B io log ica l L ab o ra to ry 2 0 :4 3 1 - 4 5 4 .

----------- . 1975. P e ris ta ls is in th e m o n o p o ly p id stage o f th e sea-p en C avern u la r ia obesa V alen c ien n es. P u b lic a tio n s o f the S eto M a rin e B io lo g ica l L ab o ra to ry 22( 1—4): 195—̂ 216.

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------------. 1980. A c tiv ity rh y th m o f the sea-pen , C avern u la r ia obesa V a len c ien n es, u n d e r tem p era tu re an d ligh tcycles . P u b lica tio n s o f th e S eto M arin e B io lo g ica l L ab o ra to ry 25(1—4): 119—130.

I m a h a r a , Y . 1991. R e p o rt on the O c to co ra llia from the R yukyu Islan d s o f Japan . B ull. Inst. O cea n ic R esearch an d D ev e lo p m en t, T okai U niv . (1 9 9 1 )1 1 /1 2 :5 9 —94. [C avernu lina o rien ta lis , S c le ro b e lem n o n burgeri, V irgu laria ru m p h ii, S tru th io p tero n ca ledon ican .]

I m p e r a t o , F. 1599. D e ll’h isto ria na tv ra le , di F erran te Im p e ra ta . . . libri X X V III, ne lla qva le o rd in a tam en te se tra tta de lla d iu e rsa co n d itio n di m in ie ro , e p ie tre . C o n a lcune h isto rie di p ian te , & an im ali; sin ’h o ra non

I


d a te in lu ce . . . . C. V ita le , N ap o li. 791 pp. [A lso p u b lish ed in 1672, P resso C om bi an d L a N o u , V en e tia 696 pp .; p e n n a tu lacea n b io lu m in escen ce .]

Iv e s t e r , M . S. 1977. N em ato cy s t d iffe ren tia tio n in th e an th o zo an R en illa re n ifo rm is (P a llas). T ran sac tio n s o f the A m erican M ic ro sco p ica l S o c ie ty 9 6 (2 ):238—247.

Iv e s t e r , S. a n d D. D u n k e l b e r g e r . 1971. U ltrastru c tu re o f th e au to zo o id o f th e sea p ansy , R en illa re n ifo rm ia (P a lla s). A m erican Z o o lo g is t 11:6 9 5 -6 9 6 .

J a h n , W . 1970. U m b ellu lid ae d istrib u tio n in the A tlan tic . N a tu re , L ondon 225 :1 0 6 8 —1069. [ U m b ellu la .] J a w o r s k i , E . 1939. G eo g rap h isc h e R a sse n u n d S tan d o rtsm o d ifik a tio n en bei S eefed em . T h a lass ia 3 (7): 1 -2 4 .

[P enna tu la p h o sp h o re a var. ru b e lla , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a var. varieg a ta fo rm a typ ica , P e n n a tu la p h o sp h o re a var. ca n d id a , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a v a r. ca lifo rn ica , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o r e a var. lo n g isp in o s a .]

J e n k in s , R. J. F . 1 9 8 5 . T h e en ig m atic E d iacaran (P reca m b rian ) gen u s R a n g ea an d re la ted fo rm s. P a leo b io lo g y 1 1 (3 ) :3 3 6 —3 5 5 . [T ax o n o m ic p o sitio n o f P re cam b rian fo ss ils that re sem b le se a p en s , p la c e d in o rd er R a n g eo m o rp h a .]

------------. 1992. F u n c tio n a l an d eco lo g ica l a sp ec ts o f E d iacaran assem b lag es . In L ipps , O rig in and ea rly ev o lu tio no f the M e tazo a , V ol. 10: T o p ics in G eo b io lo g y , J. H. and P. W . S ignor, eds. P lenum P ress , N ew Y ork . 570 pp. [P reca m b rian V en d ian fossils resem b lin g pen n a tu lacean s.]

J e n k in s , R . J. F . a n d J. G .G e h l in g . 1978. A r e v ie w o f th e fro n d -lik e fo s s ils o f th e E d iacara a ssem b lag e . R e co rd s o f th e S ou th A u stra lian M u seu m 17 :3 4 7 -3 5 9 . [P recam b rian V end ian fo ss ils resem b lin g p en n a tu lacean s.]

J o h n s o n , M . E. a n d H. J. S n o o k . 1935. S eash o re an im als o f th e Pacific C oast. M a cM illan C o ., N ew Y ork , 659 pp. [P en n a tu lacea , p p . 89—94; P tilo sa rcu s q u a d ra n g u la r is , R en illa a m e th ys tin a , S ty la tu la e lo n g a ta , S ty la tu la g ra c ile .]

J o h n s t o n , G . 1847. A h is to ry o f th e B ritish zo o p h y tes , 2nd ed . 2 vols. Jo h n v an V o o rst, P a te rn o ste r R ow , L o n d o n . 4 8 8 pp . [V irgu laria m ira b ilis , P a vo n a ria q u a d ra n g u la r is , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a , V irgu laria m ira b ilis , P a vo n a ria q u a d ra n g u la r is .]

JO N ES, S. 1960. N o te on an im al associa tions . I. A p o rce llan id crab on the sea p en , P te ro e id es e sp e r i H erk lo ts. Jo u rn a l o f th e M a rin e B io lo g ica l A sso c ia tio n o f In d ia l(2 ) :( fo r 1959): 178—179. [E co log ica l in terac tion : d e cap o d c ru stace an an d se a pen .]

J o n e s , H. P ., J. C . M a t t h e w s , a n d M . J. C o r m ie r . 1979. Iso la tion and ch a rac te riza tio n o f C a ++ -d ep en d en t m o d u la to r p ro te in fro m th e m arin e in v e rteb ra te R en illa ren ifo rm is. B io ch e m is try 18 ( 1 ):55—60. [Renilla-, en zy m es; ac tiv a to r; m o d u la to r p ro te in .]

J u n g e r s e n , H . F . E . 18 8 8 a. O m B y g n in g en og U d v ik lin g en a f K o lo n ien h o s P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a . V id en sk a- b e lig e M e d d e le lse r fra den N atu rh is to risk e fo ren in g i K ja b en h av n fo r A are t 1888, 4 0 :154—181.

------------. 1888b. Ü b e r B au u n d E n tw ic k lu n g d er K o lon ie v o n P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a L. Z e itsch rift fü r w issen sc h a ftlich e Z o o lo g ie 4 7 :6 2 6 -6 4 9 .

------------. 1904. P en n a tu lid a . D an ish In g o lf-E x p ed itio n 5 (1):1—95. [T ax o n o m ie d escrip tio n s: H a lip te r is ch r is tiip. 45 F aro e Islands, P a vo n a ria fin m a r c h ic a p. 39 Ice land , P ro to p tilu m d en ticu la tu m p. 59, P ro to p tilu m c a rp e n te r i p . 51, P ro to p tilu m th o m so n i p. 55, P en n a tu la acu lea ta p. 1 1, P e n n a tu la p ro life r a p. 18 , V irgu laria c la d isc u s p . 79 , V irgu laria tu b ercu la ta p. 33 , U m bellu la lin d a h lii p. 75, U m b ellu la en crin u s p . 79.]

------------. 1905. S om e re su lts fro m th e In g o lf E x p ed itio n s . O v ers ig t o v e r d e t K o n g e lig h D an sk e v id e n sk a b e m e sS elsk ab fo rh an d lin g e r 2 :1 2 7 -1 3 5 . [P ennatu la acu lea ta .]

------------. 1907. P en n a tu lid a . E x p ed itio n A n tarc tiq u e B elge , R ap p o rts S cien tifiques: Z oo lo g ie . 12 pp . [U m bellu lacarpen teri.]

. 1915. A lcy o n aria , A n tip a th a ria o g M a d rep o ra ria . C o n sp ec tu s F au n ae G ro en lan d icae . M e d d e le lse r omG rö n lan d 2 3 :1 1 5 6 -1 2 1 2 .

. 1917. T h e A lcy o n aria o f E ast G reen land . M edd . G rfn l. 4 3 (1 8):485—503. (a lso p u b lish ed se p a ra te ly asD an m ark E xp . til G rö n lan d s N o rd ö s tk y s t 1906—1908 3( 18):487—503). [U m bellu la en crin u s, V irgu laria a ffin is.]

K a p l a n , E. N. 1982 . A fie ld g u id e to co ra l ree fs , C a rib b ean and F lo rid a— P eterso n fie ld g u id e se ries . H o u g h to n M ifflin C o m p an y , B oston . 2 8 9 pp. [O ctoco ra ls, pp . 8 6 -9 5 inc lu d in g R enilla .]

------------. 1988. A field gu id e to so u th easte rn and C a rib b ean seashores— C ap e H atte ras to the G u lf C o ast, F lo rida ,a n d th e C a rib b ean — P ete rso n fie ld gu id e se ries . H o u g h to n M ifflin C o m p an y , B oston . 4 2 5 pp . [O ctoco ra ls, pp . 2 1 0 -2 1 1 inc lu d in g R en illa ren ifo rm is an d R en illa m uelleri.]


K a r k h a n is , Y . D. AND M. J. C o r m ie r . 1971. Iso la tion and p ro p erties o f R en illa re n ifo rm is lu c ife rase , a low m o lecu la r w e ig h t e n e rg y co n v ersio n en zy m e. B io ch em istry 10:317—326.

K a s t e n d i e k , J. 1975a. T he b eh av io r, d istrib u tio n , an d p red a to ry -p rey in te rac tio n s o f R en illa ko lliker i. P h . D. d isse rta tio n , Z o o lo g y , U n iv e rsity o f C a lifo rn ia , L os A ngeles, 235 pp.

------------. 19 75b. T h e ro le o f b eh av io u r and in terspecific in terac to n s in d e te rm in in g the d is trib u tio n an d ab u n d an ceo f R en illa ko llike r i P fe ffer, a m em b er o f a sub tida l sand b o tto m com m unity . D isse rta tio n A b strac ts In te rn a tio n a l (B )3 6 (6 ):2 6 0 4 —2605 [A bstrac t only .]

------------. 1976. B e h av io r o f th e se a p a n sy R en illa ko lliker i P fe ffe r (C oe len te ra ta : P en n a tu lacea ) and its in flu e n ceon the d is trib u tio n and b io lo g ica l in te rac tio n s o f the species. B io lo g ica l B u lle tin o f the M arin e B io lo g ica l L ab o ra to ry W o o d s H ole 151 (3 ) :5 18—537.

------------. 1982. F acto rs d e te rm in in g the d is trib u tio n o f the sea p an sy R en illa ko llik e r i, in a sub tida l sa n d -b o tto mhabita t. O eco lo g ia 5 2 (3 ):3 4 0 -3 4 7 . [P opu la tion d en sity and v ertica l d is trib u tio n ; in flu e n c in g b io lo g ica l an d p h y sica l fac to rs , n o rth ern Pacific]

K e if e r , P. A ., K . L . R in e h a r t J r ., a n d I. R. H o o p e r . 1986. R en illa fo u lin s, an tifo u lin g d ite rp en es fro m th e sea p an sy R en illa ren ifo rm is (O cto co ra llia ). Jo u rn a l o f O rg an ic C h em istry 51 (2 3 ):4 4 5 0 -4 4 5 4 .

K e l l e r , N . B ., F. A . P a s t e r n a k , a n d D. V . N a u m o v . 1975. B o tto m d eep -se a C o e le n te ra ta fro m th e C a rib b ean S ea an d G u lf o f M e x ico (from m ateria l from th e 14 th ex p ed itio n o f the ‘A k ad em ik K u rc h a to v ’). In S c ien tific s tu d ies C a rib b ean Sea, G u lf o f M ex ico an d ad jacen t w aters. T ran sac tio n s o f th e P. P . S h irsh o v In stitu te o f O cea n o lo g y (T ru d y In stitu ía o k ean o lo g ii im . P .P . S h irshova) 100:147—159. [In R u ssian w ith E n g lish su m m ary .]

K e r s t it c h , A. 1989. S ea o f C o rtez m arin e in v erteb ra tes— a gu ide fo r the Pacific C oast, M ex ico to E cuador. Sea C h a llen g e rs , M on te rey . 114 pp. [O ctoco ra ls, pp . 29—30; P tilo sa rcu s u n d u la tu s , S ty la tu la e longata .}

K il ia s , R . 1993. S tam m C n id aria— N esseltie re . Pp. 115—2 1 9 in U ran ia T ie rre ich . W irb e llo se 1 (P ro to z o a b is E ch iu rida). U ran ia , L eipzig . 6 6 6 pp. [U m b e llu la .]

K in o s h it a , K . 1912 . H assh asan g o -ru i no k e ito h asse i oyobi sono bunru i (P h y lo g e n y and c lassifica tio n o f A lcy o n aria ). D o b u tsu g a k u zassh i, T o k y o 24 :433—441.

K it t r e d g e , J . S., D . G. S im o n s o n , E. R o b e r t s , a n d B. J e l in e k . 1962. F ree am ino ac id s o f m arin e inv erteb ra tes . Pp. 1 7 6 -1 8 6 in A m in o ac id poo ls: d istrib u tio n , fo rm ation an d function o f free am ino ac ids , J. T. H olden , ed. E lsev ier, A m ste rd am . 815 pp. [Renilla.]

K n e r , R. 1858. Ü b e r V irgu laria m u ltiflo ra , n. sp. au s d e r F am ilie d e r S ee fed em , P en n a tu lin a . V erh an d lu n g en d e r K aise rlich -K ö n ig lich en Z o o lo g isch -B o tan isch e n G ese llsch aft 1858:295—298.

K o c h , G. V o n . 1878. N o tiz ü b e r d ie Z o o id e von P en n a tu la . Z o o lo g isch e r A n ze ig e r 1:103—104.------------. 1889. K le in ere M itth e ilu n g en ü b e r A n thozoen . 1. Z w ei E n tw ic k lu n g sstad ien v o n P te ro id es sp in u lo su s.

M o rp h o lo g isc h es Ja h rb u ch 15: 6 4 6 -6 4 9 .------------. 1890. K le in e re M itth e ilu n g en ü b e r A n thozoen . 2. T erm in a lp o ly p u n d zoo id b e i P en n a tu la und

P tero id es . -3 . E in s tü lp u n g d er T en takel be i R h izo xen ia rosea u n d A ste ro id e s .ca lycu lar is. M o rp h o lo g isc h es Ja h rb u ch 16: 3 9 6 -4 0 0 .

K ö LLIKER, R. A . V o n . 1865. Ico n es h is tio lo g icae o d e r A tla s d er v erg le ich en d en G ew eb e leh re . Z w e ite A b th e ilung . D e r fe in ere B au d e r h ö h eren T hie re . E rs tes H eft. D ie B in d esu b stan z d er C o e le n te ra ten . L e ip z ig , V erlag vo n W ilh e lm E ngelm ann : 87—181. [R ev iew ed by V errili, 1866.]

------------. 1 8 6 9 -7 2 . A n ato m isc h -S y s te m a tisch e B e sch re ib u n g d e r A lcyo n ararien . E rs te A b th e ilu n g . D ie P en-n a tu lid en . A b h an d lu n g en vo n d er S en ck en b erg isc h en n a tu rfo rsc h en d en G ese llsch a ft 7 :111—255; 4 8 7 -6 0 2 ; 8:85—275 [A lso issu ed in 1872 w ith co n secu tiv e p ag in a tio n , 1 -4 8 5 ; A ca n th o p tilu m p o u r ta le s i, A c a n th o p tilum a g a ss iz i, A rg en te lla , B a th y p tilu m ca rp en teri, C a vern u la r ia obesa , C a vern u la r ia d e filip p ii, C a v ern u la ria e leg a n s , C a v ern u la r ia g la n s . C a vern u la r ia h a im ii, C a vern u la r ia lu e tken i, C a vern u la r ia v a len c ien n es i, C lave lla a u stra la sia e , C rin illum se id en b u rg i, C risp e lla , G o d e ffro y ia gen . nov . e leg a n s sp. no v ., p. 116 S iam ; K o p h o b e le m n o n bu rg eri, K o p h o b e le m n o n c la va tu m , K o p h o b e le m n o n leu cka rti, K o p h o b e le m n o n s te llife ru m , L e io p tilu m G ray , char, em en d ., p. 139; L eio p tilu m u n d u la tu m = P tilo sa rcu s sin u o su s , L itu a ria p h a llo id e s , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a var. lancifo lia , P en n a tu la m o llis, P en n a tu la ta rg io n ii, P o lice lla m a n illen sis , P o lice lla austra lis , P ro to p tilu m ca rp en teri, P ro to p tilu m sm ith i, P ro to p tilu m th o m so n i, L e io p tilu m g ra y i, P te ro e id es sp ec io su m , p. 54 lo ca lity u n k n o w n ; P te ro e id es n ig ru m ,p. 56 lo ca lity u n k n o w n ; P te ro e id es hartin g ii, p. 58 locality unknow n; P te ro e id es la ca zii sp in o su m ; p. 60 A u stra lia ; P te ro e id es la ca z ii m o lle , p. 60 S um atra ; P te ro e id es m u ltira d ia tu m , p. 63 P enang ; P te ro e id es sc h le g e lii , p. 65 Japan ; P tero e id es h ys tr ix , p. 72 lo ca lity unk n o w n ; P te ro e id es lo n g ep in n a tu m , p . 74 lo ca lity unkn o w n ;


P te ro e id es ca led o n ica n , p. 75 N e w C a led o n ia ; P te ro e id es d ü b e n ii, p. 77 M o zam b iq u e ; P te ro e id es g ra c ile , p. 77 P h ilipp ines; P te ro e id es b ra ch yca u lo n , p .78 P h ilipp ines; P te ro e id es b re ve , p. 78 P h ilipp ines; P te ro e id e s p e llu c id u m , p. 80 P h ilip p in es; P te ro e id es m artíllense, p . 81 P h ilipp ines; P te ro e id es b re v ira d ia tu m , p . 82 In d ian O cean ; P te ro e id es ten eru m , p. 84 lo ca lity unk n o w n ; P te ro e id es fla v id u m , p. 85 Java; P te ro e id e s fe r ru g in e u m , p. 8 6 Java; P te ro e id es herk lo tsii, p. 87 locality u n k n o w n ; P te ro e id es sp a rm a n n ii, p . 89 locality u n k n o w n ; P tero e id es im brica tum , p. 89 S ingapore ; P tero e id es a cu m in a tu m , p. 91 T uran?; P te ro e id e s lugubre , p. 94 N e w H olland ; P te ro e id es cra ssu m , p. 95 S ingapore ; P te ro e id es w e ste rm a n n ii, p. 96 lo ca lity u n k n o w n ; P te ro e id es b leekerii, p. 96 locality unk n o w n ; P te ro e id e s fu sc o -n o ta tu m , p. 99 C h in ese S ea; P te ro e id es la tiss im um , p. 102 C h ina; P te ro e id es m a ca n d rew i, P te ro e id es d u ru m , P te ro e id es g ra y i, P te ro e id e s vog ti. P te ro e id es co rn a lia e , P te ro e id es c la u s i, P te ro e id es g r iseu m , P te ro e id es s te en stru p i, P te ro e id e s ju kes i, P te ro e id es o b lo n g u m , P te ro e id es lacazii, P te ro e id es p a n c e r ii , P te ro e id es sc h leg e li. P te ro e id e s cr isp u m , P te ro e id es sp in o su m , P te ro m o rp h a , P tilo sa rcu s G ray , char, em end , p. 144; R en illa ed w a rd si, R en illa d esh a yesi, R en illa m ueller i, R en illa a m e th ystin a . R e n illa p a tu la , R en illa p e lta ta , R en illa s in u a ta , R en illa a u stra la sia e , R en illa a fr ica n a , R en illa ren ifo rm is, R en illa m o llis , S a rc o p h y llu m gen . nov ., p. 116 a u stra le sp . nov ., p. 121 A ustra lia ; S a rc o p tilu s g ra n d is , S c lero b e lem n o n sc h m e ltz i, S cy ta liu m m erten si, S ty la tu la lecazii, S ty la tu la k in b erg i, S ty la tu la d a rw in i = V irgu laria p a ta c h o n ic a , S ty la tu la a n tilla ru m , S ty lo b e llem n o n p u s illu m , V eretillum cyn o m o riu m var. a sty la , V eretillum s tim p so n i, V eretillum b a cu la tu m , V irgu laria lyungm an ii, V irgu laria s tru p i, V irgu laria loven i, V irgu laria rum phii.]

------------. 1871b. U eb er den B au d er R en illen . V erh an d lu n g en d er P h y sik a lisch -m ed ic in isch en G ese llsch a ft inW ü rzb u rg 2 :1 0 8 -1 1 1 . [A lso p rin te d in A nnals and M a g az in e o f N a tu ra l H isto ry (4 )7 :3 0 7 -3 0 9 ; R e n illa .]

------------. 1872. M o rp h o lo g ie u n d E n tw ic k e lu n g sg esch ich te d es P en n a tu lid en stam m es n eb s t a llg em e in en B e trach tu n g en zu D escen d en z leh re . C h ris tian W in ter, F ra n k fu rt am M ain . 87 pp. [A sep ara te p rin tin g from K ölliker, 1 8 6 9 -7 2 .]

------------. 1874. Ü b er d en B au u n d d ie sy s tem a tisch e S te llu n g d e r G attu n g U m bellu laria ; e in e v o rläu fig eM itth e ilu n g . V erh an d lu n g en d er P h y sik a lisch -m ed iz in isch en G ese llsch aft zu W ü rzb u rg 8 :1 3 -1 8 (o r 9 2 -9 5 ? ).

------------. 1875. D ie P en n a tu lid e U m bellu la u n d zw e i n eu e T y p en d er A lcy o n arien . In F es tsch rift z u r F e ie r d esfü n fu n d zw a n z ig jäh rig en B estehens d er P h y sik a lisch -m ed iz in isch en G ese llsch aft in W ü rzb u rg . 23 pp. [U m bellu la tho m so n i, U m bellu la en crin u s an d U m bellu la .Jindahli.]

. 1880. R ep o rt on the P en natu lida d red g ed b y H . M. S. C h a llen g e r d u rin g th e y ea rs 1 8 7 3 -1 8 7 6 . R eporto f th e S cien tific R esu lts o f th e V o y ag e o f H . M . S .C h a lle n g e r d u rin g the y ea rs 1 8 7 3 -7 6 . Z o o lo g y 1 (2 ):1 -4 1 . [T ax o n o m ic descrip tions: P te ro e id es esperi, P te ro e id es b rev ira d ia tu m . P en n a tu la naresi, P en n a tu la p e a r cey i, P en n a tu la m u rra y i, V irg u la r ia jiro m le y i, Scy ta liu m sa rsi, S ta ch yp tilu m gen . nov. m a c le a r i sp . nov ., A n th o p tilu m gen. nov. th o m so n i sp. nov ., A n th o p tilu m m urra y i, K o p h o b e le m n o n fe r ru g in e u m , U m bellu la d u rissim a , U m b ellu la g ü n th er i, U m bellu la tho m so n i, U m bellu la lep to ca u lis , U m bellu la s im p le x . U m bellu la h u x ley i, U m bellu la ca rp en teri, U m bellu la m a g n iflo ra , P ro to ca u lo n gen . nov . m o lle sp . no v ., M icro p tilu m gen nov. w illem o es i sp. nov ., L ep to p tilu m gen . nov. g ra c ile . P ro to p tilu m a b erra n s , P ro to p tilu m sp., T richop tilum gen . nov. b ru n n eu m sp . nov ., S c lero p tilu m gen . nov. g ra n d iflo ru m sp . nov ., S c lero p tilu m d u riss im u m , R en illa m ü ller i, C a vern u la ria o b esa , L itu a ria p o h a llo id e s , C la ve lla a ustra lasiae .]

K o l o s v a r y , G . 1949. T he E o cene co ra ls o f th e H u n g arian tran sd an u b ian p ro v in ce . B u lle tin o f the H un g arian G eo lo g ica l S ocie ty 7 9 (5 -8 ) : 14 1 -2 4 2 . (In H u n g arian w ith E ng lish su m m ary ) [E x tinct sea p en G ra p h u la ria sp . f ro m th e E o cen e o f H ung ary .]

K o o , S. Y . 1935. O n a n ew p en n a tu lid (L itu a ria ) fro m A m oy . N atu ra l S cience B ulletin o f the U n iv e rsity o f A m o y 1 (2): 157—164. [O rig inal d escrip tio n o f L itu a ria am oyensis.]

. 1940. S o m e se a p e n s (P e n n a tu lacea) fro m A m o y Island . C h in a Jou rnal 32(3): 113—118. [T ax o n o m icd escrip tio n s: C avern u la r ia hab ereri, L itu a ria a m o yen s is , P te ro e id es ch in en se . P te ro e id es d o fle in i, V irgula ria g u sta v ia n a , V irgu laria re inw ard ti.]

K o r e n , J. a n d D . C . D a n ie l s s e n . 1847. V irgu laria ch ristii, n. sp. N y t M a g az in fo r n a tu rv id e n sk a b e m e s 5 (3 ):2 6 9 —271 [A lso p u b lish ed in O k e n ’sTsw 1 8 4 8 :2 0 8 -2 0 9 .]

. 1856. V irgu laria C hristii K . an d D . In F au n a L itto ra lis N o rv eg iae , M . Sars, J. K o ren , an d D . C.D an ie lssen , eds. 2 :91—93.

------------. 1874. B id rag til de v ed d en n o rsk e K yst levende P en n a tu lid ers N a tu rh isto rie . N y t M a g az in fo rN a tu rv id e n sk a b e m e s 1 2 :4 2 2 -4 2 7 . [T ax o n o m ic descrip tio n s: C lad iscus g ra c ilis , L yg o m o rp h a sa rsi, B a te a a b y ss ic o la var. sm a ra g d in a , B a tea (S ty la tu la ) e leg a n s , V irgularia a ffin is = V irgularia g la c ia lis an d Virgu-


¡aria ste en stru p i K oll., P en n a tu la acu lea ta var. rosea , P en n a tu la d is to rta , P tile lla g ra n d is (E h rb g ) = P en n a tu la b o re a lis Sars.]

------------. 1877. C o n trib u tio n to th e natu ra l h is to ry o f the P en n a tu lid ae liv ing on th e N o rw eg ian coast. In F aunaL itto ra lis N o rv eg iae , M . Sars, J. K oren , an d D . C. D an ie lssen , eds. 3:82—102. [P tile lla g ra n d is , P en n a tu la a cu lea ta var. rosea , P en n a tu la d is to rta , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a var. va rieg a ta , V irgularia a ffin is , D u b en ia (= B atea o lim ) a b yssico la var. sm a ra g d in a , D u b en ia e le g a n s , L yg o m o rp h a sarsi, C la d iscu s g ra c ilis , U m b ellu la r ia g ro e n la n d ic a ]

------------. 1883. N y e A lcy o n id er, G o rg o n id e r og P en n a tu lid er tilh o ren d e N o rg es Fauna. B e rg en s M useum .B erg en , Jo h n G rieg s B og trykkeri. 38 pp. (N ew A lcy o n arian s, G o rg o n id s and P en n a tu lid s o f the N o rw eg ian Seas. B e rg en .) [A b strac t in: Jo u rn a l o f the R oyal M ic ro sco p ica l S ocie ty (2 )4 :2 3 9 ; G o en d u l n ew genus, G o en d u leae n ew fam ily .]

. 1884. P ennatu lida . T he N o rw eg ian N o rth -A tlan tic E xped itio n , 1 8 7 6 -1 8 7 8 4 :1 ,83 .K o r o t n e f f , A . 1887. Z u r A n ato m ie u n d H isto lo g ie d es V eretillum . Z o o lo g isch e r A n ze ig e r 1 0 :3 8 7 -3 9 0 .

[A n ato m y , p h y sio lo g y , ce ll b io logy : Veretillum — d iffe ren tia ted n erv o u s sy s tem , specia l cell e lem en ts cau s in g p h o sp h o rescen ce , sexual an d sex less po lyps.]

K o r s c h e l t , E. 1936. V erg le ich en d e E n tw ic k lu n g s-g esch ich te d e r T ie re , v o lu m e 1:158—220. Jena. [R en illa sp.] K o z l o f f , E. N . 1974. K ey s to th e m arin e in v erteb ra tes o f P ug e t S ound , the S an Ju an A rch ip e lag o , an d ad jacen t

reg ions. U n iv ersity o f W ash in g to n P ress, S eattle an d L ondon: 1—226.------------. 1983. S eash o re life o f the no rth ern P acific C oast— A n illu stra ted g u ide to n o rth ern C a lifo rn ia , O reg o n ,

W ash in g to n , an d B ritish C o lu m b ia . U n iv e rsity o f W ash in g to n P ress, S eattle an d L ondon: 1—370. [P tilo sa rc u s g u rn e y i.]

------------. 1987. M arine in v e rteb ra tes o f the Pacific no rth w est. U n iv e rsity o f W ash in g to n P ress, S eattle andL ondon . 511 p p .[P e n n a tu lacea , k ey to the species from B .C ., W ash ., and O re ., pp. 7 0 -7 1 .]

------------. 1990. Inverteb ra tes . S aunders C o lleg e P u b lish ing , P h iladelph ia . 8 6 6 pp. [P ennatu laceans , pp . 145—149;V eretillum cyn o m o riu m , R en illa , P tilo sa rcu s g u rn e y i, V irgularia.]

K ra m p , P. L. 1932. T h e G o d th aab E x p ed itio n , 1928. A lcyonaria , A n tip a th aria , an d M ad rep o raria . M e d d e le lse r om G rö n lan d 79(1 ): 1—20. [A nthoptilum g ra n d iflo ru m , P e n n a tu la g ra n d is , U m bellu la en crin u s, V irgu laria tubercu la ta .]

------------. 1933. T he S co resb y S ound C o m m ittee ’s 2 n d E ast G reen lan d E x p ed itio n in 1932 to K in g C h rs t ia n IX 'sL and . C o e le n te ra ta , C ten o p h o ra an d C hae to g n a th a . M e d d e le lse r o m G rö n lan d 104(11 ): 1—20. [V irgu laria tubercu la ta .]

. 1950. Po lydyr. Pp. 5 0 0 -5 1 7 in B raestrup , F. W . V ort L an d s D y re , L iv 2. G y ld en d a lsk e B o g h an d e l,K o b en h av n . [P ennatu la p h o sp h o re a .]

KREISS, P. AND M . J. CORMIER. 1967. Inh ib ition o f R en illa ren ifo rm is b io lu m in escen c e b y light: E ffec t on lu c ife rase an d its substra tes . B io ch im ica e t B io p h y s ica A c ta 141:181—183.

K r u k e n b e r g , C. F. W . 1887. D ie p h y sio lo g isch en E ig e n th u m lich k e iten des L eu ch tv e rm o g en s bei P te ro id es g riseu m L. In V erg le ich en d -P h y sio lo g isch e S tud ien . C ari W in te r’s U n iv ersitä ts -B u ch h an d lu n g , H eid e lb erg (2 R e ih e ) 4 :8 3 -1 0 5 . [B io lu m in escen ce in P teroeides.]

------------. 1888. D as L eu ch ten des R o tes M eeres. In V erg le ich en d -P h y sio lo g isch e S tud ien . C ari W in te r’s U n iv e rsitä ts -B u ch h an d lu n g , H eid e lb erg (2 R e ih e ) 4 :117—142, fron tisp iece .

K u h n , O . 1949. L eh rb u ch d er P aläozo o lo g ie . S tu ttgart: 1 -326 . [C oe len te ra ta , pp. 2 5 -5 0 ; ex tin c t sea pen G ra p h u la ria desertorum .]

K ü k e n t h a l , W . 1902a. D iag n o sen n eu er A lcy o n arien aus d er A u sb eu te d er D eu tsch en T ie fsee-E x p ed itio n . 2. E ine n eu e F am ilie d er P en a tu lid en . Z o o lo g isch e r A n ze ig er 2 5 (6 6 8 ):2 9 9 —303. [A m ph ian thus a b ysso ru m , C hu n e lla g ra c illim a , C h u n e llid ae , p. 302.]

------------. 1902b. D iag n o sen n e u e r U m b ellu lid en au s d e r A u sb eu te r d er d eu tsch en T ie fsee-E x p ed itio n . Z o o lo g is c h e r A n ze ig e r 25 (6 7 9 ):5 9 3 —597. [U m bellu la en crin u s var. a n ta rc tica (B o v e t Island ), U m bellu la p e llu c id a , U m bellu la sp ic a ta , U m bellu la va ld iv ia e , U m bellu la r ig ida , U m bellu la ko lliker i (E as t A frica ).]

------------. 1903. Ü b er e in e neu e N ep h th y id en g a ttu n g aus dem sü d a tla n tisch en O cean . Z o o lo g isc h e r A n ze ig e r26 :272—275 . [A m p h ia c m e .]

------------. 1910. P en n a tu lid en d e r D eu tsch en T ie fsee-E x p ed itio n . Z o o lo g isch e r A n ze ig e r 36 (2 /3 ):5 1 —58. [Acti-nop tilo n . K o p h o b e le m n o n h e tero sp in o su m . P en n a tu la in fla ta , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a var. a n ta rc ticu m . P ro to p tilu m cya n eu m , V irgularia schu ltzei.]


------------. 1911. A lcy o n arien v o n der A ru- u n d K ei-In se ln nach den S am m lu n g en vo n D r. H. M erton . A b h a n d lu n g en d e r S en ck en b erg isch en N atu rfo rsc h en d en G ese llsch aft 33; 3 0 7 -3 4 6 .

. 1912a. D ie A lcy o n aria d er d eu tsch en S ü d p o la r-E x p ed itio n 1901—1903. In D eu tsch e S ü d p o la r E x p ed itio n 1901—1903, E rich von D ryg a lsk i, ed. 13 Z o o lo g ie 5 (3 ):2 8 9 -3 4 9 .

------------. 1912b. D er S tam m b au m d e r S eefed em . V erh an d lu n g en d er in te rn a tio n a l Z o o lo g isch en K o n g ress Jena8 :5 6 3 -5 7 0 .

------------. 1913a. Ü b er d ie A lc y o n arien fau n a C a lifo rn ie n s un d ih re tie rg eo g rap h isch en B ezieh u n g en . Z o o lo g isch eJa h rb ü c h e r (S y stem atik ) 3 5 (2 ):2 1 9 -2 7 0 . [F unicu lina p a rk e r i, P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a var. ca lifo rn ica , L e io p tilu m q u a d ra n g u la re , V irgu laria b ro m ely i, S ty la tu la e lo n g a ta , ?A ca n th o p tilu m g ra c ile , ?A c a n th o p tilum p o u r ta le s ii , A ca n th o p tilu m a lb u m , A ca n th o p tilu m sc a lp e llifo liu m , A ca n th o p tilu m a n n u la tu m , P a v o n aria ca lifo rn ica , P a vo n a ria w illem o esi, P a vo n a ria sp. ju v ., P a vo n a ria sp . ju v ., S ta ch yp tilu m su p e rb u m , S ta ch yp tilu m do fle in i, A n th o p tilu m g ra n d iflo ru m , U m bellu la m a g n iflo ra , U m bellu la h u x ley i. U m bellu la lo m a , R en illa am ethystina .}

. 1913b. A lcy o n aria des R o ten M eeres. In E x p ed itio n en S. M . S c h iff “ P o la” in d as R ote M eer. Z o o lo g isch e E rg eb n isse 29 . D enk sch riften d er K a ise rlich en A k ad em ie d er W issen sch aften M a th em a tisch -N a tu rw issen sch a ftlich e K lasse 8 9 :1 -3 1 .

. 1914. Z u r System atik d er U m bellu liden . Z o o lo g isch e r A n ze ig e r 4 3 ( 13):630—632. [U m bellu la spp.tabu la ted .]

. 1915a. D a s S ystem d er S eefed em . Z o o lo g isch e r A n ze ig er 45 (6):284—287.------------. 1915b. P ennatu laria . D as T ie rre ich . V erlag von R. F ried län d er u n d S ohn , B erlin . 43 :1—132.------------. 1921. V ersu ch e in es n a tü rlich en S y stem s d e r O ctokora llen . S itzu n g b eric h te d e r p reu ss isch en A k ad em ie

d e r W issen sch a fte n M a th em atisch -N atu rw isse n sch aftlich e K lasse 1 9 2 1(4):82—102. . 1 9 2 3 -2 5 . O cto co ra llia . In H an d b u ch d er Z o o lo g ie , T h ilo K ru m b ach , ed . 1:6 9 0 -7 6 9 .K ü k e n t h a l , W . a n d H. B r o c h . 1910. S ystem u n d S tam m esg esch ich te d e r S eefed em . Z o o lo g isc h e r A n ze ig e r

36 :222—230 . [C lassifica tio n and p h y lo g en y o f P ennatu lacea .] . 1911. P enn a tu lacea . W issen sch aftlich e E rg eb n isse der deu tsch en T ie fsee-E x p ed itio n “ V a ld iv ia” 13(1)

L ie fe ru n g 2 :1 1 3 —576. [A ctinop tilum m olle , A m p h ia c m e ab ysso ru m , A n th o p tilu m g ra n d iflo ru m , C a v ern u la ria ch u n i, C avern u la r ia c lava ta . C a vern u la ria e leg a n s , C avern u la r ia g la n s , C a vern u la r ia hab ereri, C a vern u la r ia L ü tken i, C avern u la r ia o b esa , C a v ern u la r ia p u s illa , C avernu lina cy lin d rica , C hu n e lla g ra c illim a , C hu n e lla qua d riflo ra , E ch in o p tilu m ech in a tu m , F u n icu lin a a rm a ta , F u n ic u lin a q u a d ra n g u la r is , K o p h o b e le m n o n a ffine , K o p h o b e le m n o n h e tero sp in o su m , L eiop tilum s in u o su m , L e io p tilu m Verrilli, P a vo n a r ia fin m a rc h ic a , P en n a tu la a cu lea ta , P en n a tu la fim b r ia ta , P en n a tu la in fla ta , P e n n a tu la M u rra y i, P e n n a tu la n a resi, P en n a tu la p e a rc e y i, P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a fo rm a ca n d id a , P e n n a tu la p h o sp h o re a fo rm a variega ta , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a fo rm a reb e lla , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a fo rm a a n ta rc tica , P en n a tu la ru b ra , P en n a tu la sp ., P ro to p tilu m cya n eu m , P te ro e id es b a n ka n en se , P te ro e id e s b re v ira d ia tu m , P te ro e id es durum . P te ro e id es esperi, P te ro e id es g r ise u m , P te ro e id es J u n g e rsen i, P te ro e id es L a ca ze i, P te ro e id es la tiss im um , P te ro e id es lu s ita n icu m , P te ro e id es sa g a m ie n se , P te ro e id es S p a rm a n n i, P te ro e id es sp. aff. D ü b en i, P te ro e id es tenerum , R en illa a m e th ys tin a , R en illa ed w a rd si, R en illa M u lle ri, R en illa ren ifo rm is, S a rco p h y llu m g ra n d e , S c le ro b e lem n o n sch m e ltz i, S c le ro p tilum g ra n d iflo ru m , S cy ta liu m M a rten si, S cy ta liu m sa rsi, S ta ch yp tilu m su p e rb u m , S tru th io p tero n ca led o n i- can , S ty la tu la e leg a n s , S ty la tu la e lo n g a ta , S ty la tu la sp. aff. d a k i n i , U m bellu la H u xley i, U m bellu la a n ta rc tica , U m bellu la p e llu c id a , U m bellu la rig ida , U m bellu la spec., U m bellu la sp ic a ta , U m bellu la va ld iviae, U m bellu la K o llikeri, V eretillum cyn o m o riu m , V irgularia a ffin is, V irgu laria g u sta v ia n a , V irgularia h a ls ice p tru m , V irgu laria ju n c e a , V irgu laria m ira b ilis , V irgu laria R e in w a rd ti, V irgu laria R u m p h ii, V irgula ria S cu ltze i, V irgu laria sp. aff. Bromleyi-, p la te s 13—17 a re p erh ap s the m o s t accu ra te , b eau tifu lly de ta iled , an d rea lis tic o f any p u b lish ed co lo r ren d e rin g s o f se a p en s ev e r p ro d u ced .]

K u m a n o , M . 1937. Ja p an isch e P ennatu liden . H ak u b u tsu g ak u zassh i 35 :246 . [In Japan ese .]K u m a r , S., M . H a r r y l o c k , K. A . W a l s h , M . J. C o r m ie r , a n d H. C h a r b o n n e a u . 1990. A m in o ac id seq u en ce

o f th e C a2+-trig g ered lu c ife ran b in d in g p ro te in o f R en illa ren ifo rm is. F E B S (F ed era tio n o f E uropean B io ch e m ica l S ocie ties) L ette rs 268(1 ) :2 8 7 -2 9 0 .

L a c a z e -D u t h ie r s , H . D e . 1865. D es sexes ch ez les A lcy o n a ires. C o m p tes ren d u s h eb d o m ad a ire s d es S éances de l ’A cad é m ie des sc ien ces 6 0 :8 4 0 -8 4 3 . [Sexual rep ro d u c tio n in P ennatu la .}


------------. 1887. S u r le d év e lo p p em en t des P en n a tu les (P en n a tu la g r is e a ) e t les b o n n es co n d itio n s b io lo g iq u esque p résen te le lab o ra to ire A rag o p o u r les é tu d es zo o lo g iq u es . C o m p tes ren d u s h eb d o m ad a ire s d es S éan ces de l ’A cad é m ie des sc iences, P aris 10 4 (8 ):463—469.

------------. 1891. N o te su r la p résen c e du K o p h o b e le m n o n dan s les eaux de B anyu ls . C o m p tes re n d u s h e b d o m ad a ire s d es S éances de l ’A cad é m ie des sc iences, P aris 112(23): 1294—1297.

L a m , C. N . H ., J. O . T. J e n s e n , a n d D. F. A l d e r d ic e . 1982. P re lim in ary stu d y o f lo w g am ete v iab ility in ad u lt ch u m sa lm on (O b co rh yn cu s ke ta ) he ld in sea p en s a t D eserted C reek , H isn it In let, B. C . C a n ad ian T ech n ica l R e p o rt o f F ish eries and A q u atic S c iences (no . 1133): 1—49.

L a m a r c k , J. B. P. A . 1801. S ystèm e des an im au x sans v e rtèb re s 432 pp . A u tho r, Paris.------------. 1816. H isto ire n a tu re lle d es an im au x sans vertèb res. V erd iè re , Paris. 568 pp.----------- . 1836. H isto ire n a tu re lle des an im aux sans v e rteb re s . . . D eu x ièm e éd ition . R ev u e et au g m en tée . . . p a r

M M . G. P. D e s h a y e s e t H . M iln e E d w a rd s . T o m e d e u x iè m e . H is to ire d es p o ly p e s . J. B . B a illiè re , P a ris . 684 pp.

L a n c a s t e r , C a p t . 1601. In A g en era l h isto ry an d co llec tio n o f v o y ag es an d trav e ls a rra n g ed in sy s tem atic o rd er, fo rm in g a co m p le te h isto ry o f the o rig in an d p ro g ress o f n av ig a tio n , d isco v ery , and co m m erce , by sea and land , fro m the ea rliest ag es to the p re sen t tim e , 18 vo l., R. K err, ed. 1824. W . B lack w o o d , E d in b u rg h . [In v o lu m e 8 , p. 119, is a d escrip tio n o f b eh av io r in in tertida l sea p en s a t S om brero Island , In d o n esia— p ro b ab ly a sp ec ies o f th e gen u s V irgu laria ; D arw in (1 8 6 0 :1 0 1 ) q u o tes L an caste r (in K err) as fo llo w s, “ fo u n d a sm all tw ig g ro w in g up like a y o u n g tree, an d on o ffe rin g to p lu ck it up it sh rinks d o w n to the g ro u n d , and sinks, u n less h e ld v e ry hard . O n bein g p lu ck ed up, a g rea t w o rm is found to be its ro o t, an d as th e tree g ro w eth in g rea tn ess , so do th the w o rm d im in ish ; an d as soon as the w o rm is en tire ly tu rn ed in to a tree it ro o te th in the earth , an d so b eco m es grea t. T h is tran sfo rm a tio n is o n e o f the s tran g est w o n d ers th a t I saw in all m y travels: fo r i f th is tree is p lu ck ed up , w h ile y o u n g , an d the leav es an d bark stripped o ff, it b eco m es a hard stone w h en d ry , m u ch like w h ite cora l: th u s is th is w o rm tw ice tran sfo rm ed in to d iffe ren t na tu res. O f th ese w e g a th ered an d b ro u g h t ho m e m an y .” ]

L a n g t o n , R. W ., E. W . L a n g t o n , R. B. T h e r o u x , a n d J. R. U z m a n n . 1990. D istrib u tio n , b e h a v io r and ab u n d an ce o f sea pens, P en n a tu la a c u le a ta , in th e G u lf o f M aine . M arin e B io lo g y 107(3 ):4 6 3 —469. [P ennatu la a c u le a ta .]

L a u b ie r , L. 1972. L a m ip p e (L a m ip p e ) b o u lig a n d i sp. nov ., co p ép o d e p arasite d ’o c to co ra llia ire de la m e r du L abrad o r. C ru sta cean a 22 (3 ):2 8 5 —293. [A n th o p tilu m g ra n d iflo ru m .]

L e d g e r , P. W . a n d S. F r a n c . 1978. C a lc ifica tio n o f the co llag en o u s ax ia l ske le ton o f V eretillum cyn o m o riu m P ali (C n id aria : P en n a tu lacea). C e ll an d T issu e R e search 19 2(2 ):249—266.

L e n h o f f , H. M ., L. M u s c a t in e , a n d L. V. D a v i s . 1971. E x p erim en ta l co e len te ra te b io lo g y . U n iv e rs ity o f H aw aii P ress. [P ennatu lacea: ca lc ite ske leton o f sp icu le s w ith an ax ia l sk e le to n in so m e sp ec ies, p. 228.]

L e p e c h in , I. 1781 . N o v ae P en n a tu lae e t S ertu la riae species descrip tae . A cta A cad e m iae sc ien tia rum im p eria lis p e tro p o litan a e , p ro A n n o 1778, P ars p o ste rio r 2 :2 3 6 -2 3 8 .

L e u c k a r t , F. S. 1841. E in ige B em e rk u n g en ü b e r d ie F am ilie d er H a lo p te rid en o d e r S ee fed em , in sb e so n d e re ü b e r d es gen u s V eretillum , und eine v o n m ir V eretillum ca lva tu m ben an n te A rt. In Z o o lo g isch e B ru ch s tü ck e , p a rt 2. R iege r, S tu ttgart. 130 pp.

L e u n is , J. 1886. S y n o p sis d er T h ie rk u n d e (Z w eite r B and). H an n o v er. [P e nnatu laceans , pp . 1 0 5 7 -1 0 6 0 .]L e w in , R . 1 9 8 4 . A lien b e ings h ere on E arth . Science (6 Jan . 1 9 8 4 ):3 9 . [T he tax o n o m ic sta tu s o f P re cam b rian

p en n a tu lacea n -lik e fossils .]L i g h t , S. F. 1921. N o tes on P h ilip p in e A lcy o n aria , P art V I: N ew P h ilip p in e P en n a tu la ria (sea pens) o f the gen u s

L itu a ria . P h ilip p in e Jo u rn a l o f S cience 19(2):247—255. [L ituaria ku k e n th a li , L itu a ria p h ilip p in e n s is , L itu a ria m o lle , L itu a ria breve.]

LlGHTBOWN, C . M . 1918. T he d o rsa l m esen te ric filam en ts in the sip h o n o z o o id s o f P en n a tu lacea . M e m o irs and P ro c eed in g s o f th e M an ch este r L ite ra ry and P h ilo soph ical S ocie ty 6 2 ( l) :(N o .4 ): 1—20.

L i n d a h l , J. 1874a. O m P en n a tu lid -S läg te t U m bellu la C uv. K u n g lig a S v en sk a v e ten sk ap sak a d em ie n s h an d lin g a r 13(3): 1—22. (P re lim in ary acco u n ts are g iv en in A n n a ls an d M a g az in e o f N a tu ra l H is to ry (4 )1 3 :2 5 8 , and S k an d in av isk e N a tu rfo rsk e res M oede, F o rh a n d lin g a r 11:377—379). [C rin illum se id en b u rg i, U m bellu la m in ia cea pa llid a .]

------------. 1874b. O m tw än n e p o ly p sto ck a r a f s läg te t U m bellu la C uv . S k an d in av isk e N a tu rfo rsk e re s M oede,F o rh a n d lin g a r 11:377—379.

. 1874c. U m bellu la from G reen lan d . A n n a ls and M ag az in e o fN a tu ra l H is to ry (4 )13 :258 .


L i n n a e u s , C. 1758. S y stem a natu rae . E d itio d ec im a, re fo rm a ta 1:1—824. Salv ii, H olm iae . . 1767. S y stem a natu rae . E d itio d u o d éc im a, re fo rm ata 1 (2 ):533—1327. H olm iae .L iu , X . 1981. M e ta z o a fo ssils fro m M a sh an g roup n ea r Jix i, H eilong jiang . B u lle tin o f the C h in ese A cad e m y o f

G eo lo g ica l S c ien ces 3 (1):71—83. [In C h in ese w ith E n g lish su m m ary ; M a sh a n ia n ew g en u s o f p en n a tu - lacean -lik e fo ss il fro m the P ro te ro zo ic o f C hina.]

------------. 1983. S om e n ew m a teria ls o f m e tazo an fo ss ils fro m M ash an G roup , H e ilo n g jan g P ro v in ce . B u lle tin o fth e S h en y an g In stitite o f G eo lo g y an d M ine ra l R e so u rces (N o. 7): 1—8. [P recam b rian fo ss ils re sem b lin g sea pens.]

L ó p e z -G o n z á l e z , P. J., J .-M . G il i , a n d G. C . W il l ia m s . In p ress. O n so m e v e re tillid p en n a tu lacea n s fro m the eas te rn A tlan tic an d w es te rn P acific O cea n s (A n thozoa: O c to co ra llia ), w ith a rev iew o f the g en u s C a v ern u la r ia V a len c ien n e s an d d escrip tio n s o f the n ew taxa. Jo u rn a l o f Z oo lo g y .

L o r e n z , W . W ., R . O . M c C a n n , M . L o n g ia r u , a n d M . J. C o r m ie r . 1 9 9 1 . Iso la tio n an d e x p ress io n o f a cD N A en c o d in g R en illa re n ifo rm is lu c iferase . P ro c eed in g s o f th e N a tio n a l A cad e m y o f S c ien ces o f th e U n ited S ta tes o f A m erica 8 8 (1 0 ):4 4 3 8 -4 4 4 2 .

L u t h e r , W . a n d K. F i e d l e r . 1961. D ie U n te rw a sse r fau n a d e r M itte lm eerk ö sten . E in T asch en b u ch fü r B io lo g en u n d N a tu rfreu n d e . V erlag P au l P arey , H am b u rg an d B erlin . 251 pp. [C oe len te ra ta , pp . 203—222; P te ro e id es g r ise u m (a sy n o n y m o f P te ro e id es sp in o su m ), an d V eretillum c y n o m o r iu m .]

L u t z , P .E . 1 9 8 6 . In v e rteb ra te zo o lo g y . A d d iso n W esley P u b lish in g C o m p an y , R e ad in g , M ass. 7 3 4 pp. [P tilo sarcus, p. 137]

L y d e k k e r , R . n .d . T he n ew n a tu ra l h is to ry , P a rt 6 . M errill an d B aker, N e w Y ork . [O cto co ra ls , pp . 511—517; U m b ellu la .]

L y k e , E. B . 1965. T h e h is to lo g y o f the sea p an s ie s , R en illa re n ifo rm is (P a lla s) an d R en illa ko llike r i (P fe ffe r), w ith a no te o n the fin e stru c tu re o f the la tte r species. P h .D . d isse rta tio n , Z o o lo g y , U n iv e rs ity o f W isco n so n , M a d iso n . 247 pp .

M a c G in it ie , G . E . 1 9 3 8 . N o tes on the n a tu ra l h is to ry o f som e m arin e an im als. T h e A m erican M id lan d N a tu ra lis t 1 9 :2 0 7 —2 1 9 [S ty la tu la e lo n g a ta , R en illa k o e llik e r i.]

M a c G in it ie , G. E . a n d N . M a c G in it ie . 19 6 8 . N atu ra l h is to ry o f m arin e an im als , 2 n d ed. M c G raw -H ill, N e w Y ork . 523 pp . [L eiop tilu s g u ern ey i, L e io p tilu s q u a d ra n g u la r is , L eo io p tilu s u n d u la tu s, R en illa ko lliker i, S ty la tu la e lo n g a ta , P te ro e id es sp.]

M a c k ie , A . M . 1987. P re lim in a ry stud ies o n th e ch em ica l d efen se s o f the B ritish o c to co ra ls A lc yo n iu m d ig ita tu m an d P e n n a tu la p h o sp h o re a . C o m p ara tiv e B io ch e m is try and P h y sio lo g y (A ) 8 6 (4 ):6 2 9 -6 3 2 .

M a d s e n , F. J. 1948. T he z o o lo g y o f E ast G reen land . O ctoco ra llia . M e d d e le lse r o m G rö n lan d 122(2): 1—22.[A n thop tilum g ra n d iflo ru m , U m bellu la encrin u s, V irgu laria g la c ia lis , V irgu laria tu b e rc u la ta .]

M a g n u s , D. B. D. 1966. Z u r Ö k o lo g ie e in e r nach tak tiv en F lach w asse r S eefed er (O c to co ra llia , P en n a tu la ria ) im R o ten M e er. V erö ffen tlich u n g en In stitu ts fu r M e ere sfo rsch u n g in B rem erh av en , S o n d erb an d 2 :3 6 9 -3 8 0 .

M a l a r o d a , R . 1951. II L a tto rfian o del M o n te cc io di C o s to zza (C olli B eric i) . P arte P rim a: I m a c ro fossili. M e m o rie del M u seo c iv ico di S to ria n a tu ra le di V ero n a 2 (fo r 1949—50): 147—210. [E x tin c t sea pens: P a v o n a r ia ? s in g u la r is , G ra p h u la ria incerta , G ra p h u la ria n igra fro m th e O lig o cen e o f Ita ly .]

M a l e c k i , J. 1982 (1983). B a ses o f U p p e r C re taceo u s o c to co ra ls fro m P o land . A c ta p a la e o n to lo g ic a p o lo n ic a 2 7 (1 —4):65—75. [O ctobasis; new gen u s o f ex tin c t V irg u la riid ae fro m th e U p p e r C re taceo u s o f P o lan d .]

M a n g o l d , E. 1910. D ie P ro d u k tio n v o n L ich t. Pp. 225—392 in H an d b u ch d er v e rg le ich en d e P h y sio lo g ie 3 (2nd half), H . w in te rste in , ed . Jena. [B io lu m in escen ce .]

M a n u e l , R. L. 1981. B ritish A n th o zo a . S yn o p ses o f the B ritish fau n a (n ew series) 18:1—241. [P en n a tu lacea ;k ey to sp ec ies from B ritish Isles.]

M a r io n , A . F. 1 9 0 6 . E tu d e d es C o e le n té ré s a tlan tiq u es recu e illis p a r la C o m m issio n des d ra g a g e s de l ’av iso L e T ra v a ille u r d ru an t les c am p ag n es 1 8 8 0 -1 8 8 1 . Pp. 103—151 in E x p éd itio n sc ien tif iq u e du T ra va illeu r e t du T a lism an . M a rso n , P aris. [B a thypenna e leg a n s , U m bellu la a m b ig u a .]

M a r i s c a l , R. N . 1974. N em ato cy s ts . Pp . 1 2 9 -1 7 8 in C o e le n te ra te B io logy , R e v ie w s an d n ew p e rsp ec tiy es , L. M u sca tin e an d H . M . L en h o ff, eds. A cad e m ic P ress , N ew Y ork.

. 1979. T h e sp in ed n em ato cy sts o f oc toco ra ls . A m erican Z o o lo g is t 19(3):784.M a r i s c a l , R. N . a n d C. H . B ig g e r . 1977. P o ss ib le eco lo g ica l s ig n ifican ce o f o c to co ra l ep ith e lia l u ltra stru c tu re .

P re ceed in g s T h ird In te rn a tio n a l C o ra l R e e f S ym p o siu m , R o sen stie l S chool o f M a rin e and A tm o p h eric S c ien ce , U n iv e rs ity o f M iam i 1 9 7 7 :1 2 7 -1 3 3 . [R enilla m ulleri.}


M a r k s , M . H ., R. S. B e a r , a n d C. H. B l a k e . 1949. X -ray d iffrac tio n ev id en ce o f co llag en -ty p e p ro te in fib ers in the E ch in o d e rm a ta , C o e le n te ra ta and P o rifera . Jo u rn a l o f E x p erim en ta l Z o o lo g y , P h ilad e lp h ia 3( 1 ):55—78. [Balticina', p ro te in fibres.]

M a r s h a l l , A . M . 1883a. O n the p o ly m o rp h ism o f the A lcyonaria . R ep o rt o f the B ritish A sso c ia tio n fo r the A d v an ce m e n t o f S cience 1883:529. [A b strac t in the Jou rnal o f th e R oya l M ic ro sco p ica l S ocie ty (2 )3 (6 ):8 5 5 and N atu re 2 9 :580 ; P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a an d U m bellu la grac ilis: zo o id s b ea rin g one ten tac le .]

------------. 1883b. R e p o rt on th e P en n a tu lid a d red g ed b y H . M. S. T riton . T ran sac tio n s o f the R o y a l S o c ie ty o fE d in b u rg h 32( 1 ): 1 1 9 -1 5 2 . [ V irgu laria tubercu la ta p. 129; U m bellu la g ra c ilis p. 142; listed as M arsh a ll, 1887 b y B ay er (1 9 8 1 a ,1996) an d W illiam s (1990 , 1993b, 1997c); pp . 148—150, a d isc u ss io n o f the p h y lo g en y an d affin ities o f d eep -w a te r sea pens.]

M a r s h a l l , A . M . a n d G. H . F o w l e r . 1887. R eport on the P en n a tu lid a d red g ed b y H . M . S. ‘P o rc u p in e .’ T ran sac tio n s o f th e R oya l S ocie ty o f E d in b u rg h 3 3 (2 ):4 5 3 ^1 6 4 . [P ennatu la p h o sp h o re a var. c a n d id a from the F aero e C han n e l, p. 456 ; D eu to ca u lo n hys tric is, fro m the F aeroe C han n e l, p. 461.]

------------. 1888. R ep o rt on the P en n a tu lid a o f the M ergui A rch ip e lag o , co llec ted fo r the T ru stees o f th e Ind ianM u seu m , C a lcu tta , by D r. Jo h n A nd erso n , F. R. S., S u p e rin te n d en t o f th e M u seu m . Jo u rn a l o f th e L in n ean S ocie ty o f L on d o n , Z o o lo g y 2 1 (1 3 2):267—286 . [A bstrac t in J. R. M ic ro sco p ica l S ocie ty 1889(4):529 ; V irgu laria p ro life ra , P o lice lla tenu is, P te ro e id es e leg a n s . P te ro e id es lacazii, P te ro e id es ch in en se . P tero e id es e sp eri, V irgularia rum ph ii, V irgularia p ro life ra , C avern u la r ia obesa , L itu a ria p h a llo id e s , P o lice lla manillensis.']

M a r s h a l l , A . M . a n d W . P. M a r s h a l l . 1882. R ep o rt on th e P en n a tu lid a co llec ted in the O b an d red g in g ex cu rs io n o f the B irm in g h am N atu ra l H isto ry an d M icro sco p ica l S ocie ty , Ju ly 1881. T h e H era ld P ress, B irm in g h am . 81 pp.

M a r s h a l l , N .B . 19 7 9 . D ev e lo p m en ts in d eep -se a b io logy . B lan d fo rd P ress, P oo le and D orse t. 5 6 6 p p . [O cto co ra ls , pp. 1 7 9 -1 8 3 ; U m bellu la , C hune lla , K o p h o b e le m n o n , P a vo n a ria , F uniculina ', th e fo llo w in g p assag e is no tew o rth y , “ U m bellu la is one o f the classic an im al typ es o f the d e e p -se a floor, an d so are the sta lk ed sea-lilie s (crin o id s), bo th co n v erg in g in th e ir p a lm -lik e fo rm s— fo rm s that lo o k w ell d es ig n ed fo r p ass iv e su sp en s io n feed ing . B e n t ov e r b y cu rren ts , th ey look like p a lm s in a b reeze , th o u g h . . . th e sea-lilie s a re no t a lto g e th e r p l i a n t . . . .S e a -p e n s lu m in esce w h en stim u la ted , the ligh t (b lu e-g reen , ye llo w ish o r v io le t) sp read in g o v e r the co lo n y from the site o f the stim u lu s .” ]

M a r s h a l l , W . P. 1895. V irgu laria m irab ilis . Jou rnal o f the M arine B io lo g ica l A sso c ia tio n o f the U n ited K in g d o m (n ew series) 3 (4 ):335—336.

M a r s ig l i , L. F. 1725. H isto ire p h y siq u e de la M er. A m ste rdam . [F rench tran sla tio n b y L ec le rc o f th e 1711 w o rk firs t p u b lish ed in Ita lian .]

M a t e r n , U . 1984. G esch ich te u n d M e ch an ism u s d e r B io lu m in eszen z . B io lo g ie in u n se re r Z e it 14(5): 140—149.[R enilla ren ifo rm is, h is to ry an d m ech an ism s o f b io lu m in escen ce .]

M a t h e r , P. a n d I. B e n n e t , eds. 1993. A coral r e e f han d b o o k — a gu id e to the geo lo g y , flo ra and fa u n a o f the G rea t B a rrie r R eef, 3 rd ed . S u rrey B e a tty an d Sons P ty L im ited , N e w S outh W ales . 264 pp. [O ctoco ra ls, pp. 74—79; C avernu laria .]

MATTHEWS, J . C ., K . HORI, AND M . J. C o r m ie r . 1977 . P u rifica tio n an d p ro p e rtie s o f R en illa re n ifo rm is luc ife rase . B io ch em istry (A m erica n C h em ica l S oc ie ty ) 1 6 (1 ) :8 5 —9 1 . [B io lu m in escen ce .]

M a y , W . 1899. A lcy o n arien . In H am b u rg e r M a g alh aen sisch e S am m elre ise 4 :1—22. [V irgu laria kopham eli.] . 1900. D ie ark tische , su b a rk tisch e u n d su b an ta rk tisch e A lcy o n aceen -fau n a . F auna A rtica 1:381—408.M c C o y , F. 1890. P ro d ro m u s o f th e Z o o lo g y o f V ic to ria , Z ooph ites . P u b lica tio n o f the G o v ern m en t o f V ic to ria ,

M e lb o u rn e . [S arcop tilu s g randis .]M c D o n a l d , G. R. a n d J. W . N y b a k k e n . 1978. A dd itio n a l no tes on the food o f so m e C a lifo rn ia n u d ib ran ch s

w ith a su m m ary o f k n o w n food hab its o f C a lifo rn ia species. T he V e lig e r 21 (1 ): 110—119. [E co log ica l a sso c ia tio n s , p rey /p red a to r in terac tions: V irgularia , L eiop tilu s , and R en illa — as food o f the n u d ib ran ch s A rm in a , Triton ia , Tochuina , and H erm issenda .]

M e g l it s c h , P. A . 1972. In v erteb ra te Z o o lo g y , 2n d ed . O xfo rd U n iv e rs ity Press, N e w Y ork . 834 p p . [O cto co ra ls , pp . 1 2 9 -1 4 0 ; R en illa , R en illa ren iform is.]

M il n e , L. a n d M . M i l n e , n.d . In v e rteb ra tes o f N o rth A m erica . A C h a n tic lee r P ress E d itio n , D o u b led ay and C o ., N e w Y ork. 2 4 9 pp . [A n th o zo a pp. 49—61; Sty la tu la , R en illa ko lliker i, L e io p tilu s g uerneyi.]


M il n e E d w a r d s , H. a n d J. H a im e . 1850. A m o n o g rap h o f the B ritish fossil co ra ls, P art 1 : In tro d u c tio n ; co ra ls fro m th e T e rtia ry and C re taceo u s fo rm ations . P a laeo n to g rap h ica l S ocie ty , L ondon . [N ew g en u s an d species G ra p h u la ria w e th e re lli .]

------------. 1857. H isto ire na tu re lle des co ra llia ires ou p o ly p es p ro p rem en t d its. A la L ib ra irie E n cy c lo p éd iq u e deR oret, P aris. 1 :1 -3 2 6 .

M i n g , C. L . 1 9 9 3 . A g uide to the d an g ero u s m arin e an im a ls o f S ingapore . S ing ap o re S c ien ce C en te r, S ingap o re .160 pp . [Pp . 6 1 -6 3 , c o lo r p h o to g rap h s o f V irgularia sp. an d P te ro e id es sp.]

M i y a j im a , K. 1897. U m i shab o ten ( V eretillum ) no se ita itek i kansatsu . D o b u tsu g a k u zassh i 9 (1 0 7 ):3 6 7 —371. [E co lo g ica l o b se rv a tio n s on V eretillum .]

. 1900. U m i sh a b o ten ( C avern u la r ia o b esa V al.). D o b u tsu g ak u zassh i 12( 142):280—287.M o d e e r , A . 1786. S läg te t S jö p en n a (P en n a tu la ). K ong i. V e ten sk ap s A cad e m ien s n y a h an d lin g a r, S to ck h o lm

7 :267.M o l a n d e r , A. R. 1929. S outh and W est A frica n O ctac tin iae in the G o th en b u rg N atu ra l H isto ry M useum .

G ö teb o rg s K u n g lig a v e ten sk ap s- o ch v itte rh e tssä m h a lle s h an d lin g ar (B ) 1(7): 1—16.M o o r e , A . R. 1926. O n th e n a tu re o f inh ib itio n in P enna tu la . A m erican Jo u rn a l o f P h y sio lo g y 7 6 :112—115. M o o r e , H . B. 1937. M arine fauna o f the Isle o f M an . P ro c eed in g s and T ran sac tio n s o f the L ive rp o o l B io log ica l

S o c ie ty 50:38—57. [V irgu laria m ira b ilis .]M o o r e , R . C ., ed . 1956. T rea tise on In v e rteb ra te P a leo n to lo g y , P art F: G eo lo g ica l S o c ie ty o f A m e ric a and

U n v ers ity o f K an sas P ress , L aw ren ce , K ansas. 498 pp . [P en n a tu lacea by F. M . B ayer, pp. 224—230.] M o r i , S. 1943a. D aily rh y th m ic ac tiv ity o f the sea-pen , C avern u la r ia o besa V a len c ien n es. 1. O b se rv a tio n s in

n a tu re . D o b u tsu g a k u zassh i 55:285—291 . [In Japanese .] . 1943b. D a ily rh y th m ic ac tiv ities o f the sea-pen , C avern u la r ia o b esa V a len c ien n es. 2. A c tiv itie s u n d e r

co n s tan t d a rk n e ss an d co n stan t illum ina tion . D o b u tsu g a k u zassh i 55:247—253 . [In Japan ese .] ......... . 1944a. D aily rh y th m ic ac tiv ities o f the sea-pen , C avern u la r ia obesa V alen c ien n es. 3. C o n tro llin g o f

th e a c tiv ity b y light. D o b u tsu g a k u zassh i 56:81—85. [In Japanese .]------------. 1944b. D a ily rh y th m ic ac tiv ities o f the sea-p en , C avern u la r ia o b esa V a len c ien n es. 4 . O b v erv a tio n s o f

th e ac tiv ity in w in ter. D o b u tsu g ak u zassh i 5 6 :8 6 -9 0 . [In Japanese .] . 1944c. D aily rh y th m ic ac tiv itie s o f the sea-pen , C avernu lar ia o b esa V alen c ien n es. 5. A c tiv ities u n d e r

co n s tan t illu m in a tio n an d con stan t d ark n ess in w in te r and in flu en ce o f w a te r tem p era tu re . D o b u tsu g a k u zassh i 56 :91—95. [In Japanese .]

------------. 1944d. D aily rh y th m ic ac tiv ities o f th e sea-pen , C avern u la r ia o besa V alen c ien n es. 6 . A n a ly s is o f thee n d o g e n o u s rhy thm . D o b u tsu g ak u zassh i 56:96—100. [In Japanese .]

------------. 1944e. D a ily rh y th m ic ac tiv ities o f the sea-pen , C avern u la r ia o b esa V alen c ien n es. 7. O v e rn ig h t ch an g eo f reac tio n to light. D o b u tsu g ak u zassh i 56:21—24. [In Japanese .]

------------. 1945. D aily rh y th m ic ac tiv ities o f th e sea-p en , C avern u la r ia o b esa V a len c ien n es. 8 . E n d o g en o u s dailyrh y th m ic ac tiv ity . K yodai Seiri Seita i 19 :1 -2 1 . [In Japanese .]

------------. 1947. D aily rh y th m ic ac tiv ities o f the sea-pen , C avern u la r ia obesa . 9. A ctiv ities w h en kep t lo n g u n d erco n s ta n t d a rk n ess . P h y sio lo g y an d E co lo g y , U n iv e rsity o f K yo to 1:8—14. [In Japan ese .]

------------. 1948. D aily rh y th m ic ac tiv ities o f th e sea-pen , C a vern u la r ia obesa . 10. T w o k in d s o f stim u lu s w h ichco n tro l the activ ities. P h y sio lo g y an d E co lo g y , U n iv e rsity o f K yo to 2:34—38. [In Japanese .]

------------. 1949. D aily rh y th m ic ac tiv ities o f the sea-pen , C avern u la r ia obesa . 11. C o n tro llin g o f the a c tiv ity bylig h t (2 ). P h y sio lo g y an d E co lo g y , U n iv e rsity o f K yo to 3 :32—37 [In Japanese .]

----------- . 1950. D a ily rh y th m ic ac tiv ities o f the sea-pen , C avern u la r ia obesa . 12. C o n c lu sio n s— p ro b le m s onre la tio n s am o n g en v iro n m en ts , b eh av io rs an d in ternal physio lo g ica l cond itio n s. P h y sio lo g y an d E co lo g y , U n iv e rs ity o f K y o to 4:14—20. [In Japanese .]

------------. 1960. In flu en ce o f en v iro n m en ta l and p h y sio lo g ica l fac to rs on the daily rh y th m ic ac tiv ity o f a sea-pen .C o ld S p rin g H arb o r S ym p o sia on Q u an tita tiv e B io lo g y 2 5 :3 3 3 -3 4 4 .

------------. 1994. D a ily rh y th m ic ac tiv ities o f the sea-pen , C avern u la r ia o besa V alen c ien n es. 19. F u rth e r co n s id e ra tio n s on the m ech an ism o f th e c ircad ian rh y th m ic ac tiv ity . P u b lica tio n s o f th e Seto M arin e B io lo g ica l L ab o ra to ry 36 (4 ):2 6 7 —276.

M o r i , S. AND Y . O n d o . 1957. D aily rh y thm ic ac tiv ity o f the sea-pen , C a vern u la r ia o besa V a len c ien n es. 15. C o n tro llin g the a c tiv ity by ligh t (3). P ub lica tio n s o f the Seto M arine B io lo g ica l L ab o ra to ry 6 :7 9 -9 8 .


M o r i , S. a n d H, T a ñ a s e . 1973. S tud ies on th e daily rh y th m ic ac tiv ity o f the sea-pen , C a v ern u la r ia o besa V a len c ien n es. X V III. O n to g en e tic d ev e lo p m en t o f the daily rh y th m ic activ itiy . P ub lica tio n s o f the Seto M a rin e B io lo g ica l L ab o ra to ry 2 0 :4 5 5 -4 6 7 .

M o r i n , J. G . 1974. C o e le n te ra te b io lu m in escen c e , Pp. 3 9 7 -4 3 8 in C o e le n te ra te b io logy : rev iew s an d new p e rsp ec tiv es , L. M usca tin e an d H. M . L enhoff, eds. A cad e m ic P ress, N ew Y ork . 501 pp . [B io lu m in escen c e in R enilla .]

------------. 1976. P ro b ab le fun c tio n s o f b io lu m in escen c e in the P en n a tu lacea (C n id aria , A n th o zo a), pp . 6 2 9 -6 3 8 ,In M ack ie , G . O. (ed .), C o e le n te ra te eco lo g y an d behav io r. N ew Y ork: P lenum . 744 pp. [S ty la tu la e lo n g a ta . R en illa ko lliker i, P tilo sa rcu s g u rn e y i, A ca n th o p tilu m g ra c ile ; p en n a tu lacea n s; b io lu m in escen c e ; fu n c tio n an d k inetics.]

. 1998. L iv ing ligh t fro m cn idarians. W ings 21(2): 14—17.M o r o f f , T. 1902a. A us d er M ü n c h en e r S am m lung . 3. E in ige neu e P en n a tu lid en aus d er M ü n c h en e r S am m lung .

Z o o lo g isch e A n ze ig e r 2 5 (6 7 8 ):5 7 9 -5 8 2 . [P teroeides sa g a m ie n se , P te ro e id es rh o m b o id a le , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a var. long isp in o sa , P en n a tu la m u rra y i var. ja p o n ic a , P en n a tu la am erica n a . P tilo sa rc u s q u a d ra n g u la ris , C avern u la r ia hab ereri, V irgularia r ig ida P h ilipp ines.]

------------. 1902b. S tud ien ü b e r O cto co ra llien . I. U eb er d ie P en n a tu laceen d es M ü n c h en er M useu m s; II. U eb e re in ig e neu e G o rg o n aceen aus Japan . Z o o lo g isch e Ja h rb ü ch e r (A b te ilu n g fü r S ystem atik ) 17:363—410. [P teroeides sa g a m ie n se , P te ro e id es rhom b o id a le , P te ro e id es g r iseu m . P te ro e id es m a n illen se . P te ro e id es b re v ira d ia tu m . P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a . P enn a tu la p h o sp h o re a var. long isp in o sa , P en n a tu la a m er ica n a . P en n a tu la m u rra y i var. ja p o n ic a , P en n a tu la fim b r ia ta . P tilo sa rcu s q u a d ra n g u la ris , V irgularia m ira b ilis . V irgu laria rig ida , P a vo n a ria do fle in i. P a vo n a ria fin m a rc h ic a , P a vo n a ria ca lifo rn ica , A ca n th o p tilu m sca lp e lifo liu m , F u n icu lin a qu a d ra n g u la r is , K o p h o b e le m n o n ste lliferu m , K o p h o b e le m n o n leu ch a rti, R en illa re n ifo rm is, V eretillum cyn o m o riu m . C avern u la r ia h a b e re r i.]

M o r t o n , S. G . 1830. S y n o p sis o f the o rgan ic rem a in s o f th e fe rru g in o u s sand fo rm a tio n o f th e U n ited S tates; w ith g eo lo g ica l rem ark s . A m erican Jo u rn a l o f Sciences, F irs t Series 17:274—295. [B rie f an d u n fig u red o rig in a l d escrip tio n o f B elem n ite s a m b ig u u s , co n s id e red by R o e m e r (1880) to be a m em b er o f the ex tin c t sea p en gen u s G ra p h u la r ia ; see S hap iro and R am sdell (1965).]

------------. 1834. S y n o p sis o f the o rgan ic rem a in s o f the C re taceo u s g ro u p o f the U n ited S tates. I llu s tra te d byn in e teen p la tes . T o w h ich is ad d ed an appen d ix , co n ta in in g a tab u la r v iew o f th e T ertia ry fo ss ils h ith erto d isc o v e red in N orth A m erica . K ey and B idd le , P h iladelph ia . 88 pp. [A m o re com p le te and illu stra ted d escrip tio n o f B elem n ite s? a m b ig u u s , so desig n a ted by M o rto n sin ce he w as at th a t tim e u n certa in o f its g en eric p lacem en t; R o e m e r (1880) co n sid ered th is taxon to be a m em b er o f the ex tin c t sea p en gen u s G raphularia ', see S hap iro and R am sd e ll (1965).]

M o s e l e y , H. N . 1872. O n th e sub stan ce exh ib ited a t the B ritish A sso c ia tio n , B rig h to n , b y M r. P . L. S cla ter, and sta te d to be th e oss ified n o to ch o rd o f a fish. N atu re 6 :432. [A xis o f H a lip te r is w illem oesi.]

------------. 1877. O n the co lo rin g m a tte r o f v a rio u s an im als and e sp ec ia lly o f d eep -se a fo rm s d red g ed b y H . M . S.C h a llen g e r. Q u a rte rly Jo u rn a l o f M ic ro sco p ica l S cience 17:1—23. [A lcy o n arian b io lu m in escen c e ; a quo te fro m th is w o rk is as fo llow s: “ A ll o f th e A lcy o n arian s d red g ed b y th e C h a llen g er in deep w a te r w ere found to be b rillian tly p h o sp h o rescen t w h en b ro u g h t to the su rface an d th e ir p h o sp h o rescen ce w as fo u n d to ag ree in the m an n e r o f ex h ib itio n w ith the sam e co n d itio n s as are ob se rv ed in th e case o f sh a llo w w a te r re la tiv e s .’"]

M o s s , E. L. 1873. D escrip tio n o f a v irg u la rían ac tin o zo o n , from B u rra rd ’s In let, B ritish C o lu m b ia . P ro c eed in g s o f th e Z o o lo g ica l S o c ie ty o f L o n d o n 1873:730—732. [P avonaria blakei.]

----------- . 1878. O n sp ec im en s o f O steocella se p ten trio n a lis . Jou rnal o f the R oya l D ub lin S ocie ty 1875:241.M ü l l e r , F. 1866. E in W o rt ü b e r d ie G attu n g H erk lo tsia , J. E. G ray. A rch iv fü r N a tu rg esc h ic h te 30 :352—358.

[H erklo tsia , R en illa edw ardsii.]M ü l l e r , O. F. 1776. Z o o lo g iae D an icae P ro d ro m u s, seu an im aliu m D an iae e t N o rv eg iae in d ig en a ru m ch arae -

te res , no m in a , e t Synonym a im p rim is p opu larium . H av n iae-V erm es, C e llu lana .M u s g r a v e , E. M . 1909. E x p erim en ta l ob se rv a tio n s on the o rgans o f c ircu la tio n and the p o w ers o f lo co m o tio n

in P ennatu lid s. Q u arte rly Jo u rn a l o f M ic ro sco p ica l Science , L o n d o n 54 :4 4 3 ^4 8 1 . [P teroeides, A n th o p tilu m , c ircu la tio n , ex p erim en ta l observations .]

M y l e u s , C. 1753. B e sch re ib u n g e in e r neu en G rö n län d isch en T h ie rp flan ze . In e inem S en d sc h re ib en an . . . H rn, A lb rech t v o n H alle r . . . . A n d reas L inde , L ondon . 27 pp. [A n early acco u n t o f U m bellu la .]


------------. 1755. A n a c co u n t o f a n ew zo o p h y te , o r an im al p lan t, fro m G roen land . In a le tte r to D r. A lb e rt H aller,P re s id en t o f th e R oya l S o c ie ty o f S c ien ces a t G o ttin g en . . . no w tran sla ted in to E nglish . L ondon : A n d reas L in d e , 27 pp . [A n early acco u n t o f U m bellu la .]

N a k a s o n e , Y . a n d H .-P . Y u . 1987. N o te on th e P o rce lla n e lla triloba W hite (C ru stacea : D ecap o d a : P o rc e lla n id ae) fro m T aiw an . B ulle tin o f th e Institu te o f Z o o lo g y , A cad e m ia S in ica 26( 1 ): 1 0 7 -1 1 1 . [P teroeides esperi, c o m m en sa lism w ith the crab P o rce lla n e lla triloba , co m m en sa l descrip tio n , T aiw an .]

N a u m o v , D . V . 1955. T ip K ish e tsn o p o lo stn ie - C o e len te ra ta , U sh ak o v , P. V . an d o thers. In A tlas B e sp o z- v o n o tsn ix d a l’ n ev o sto tsn ix m orei S. S. S .R . A cad e m iia N a u k S S S R , Z o o lo g ich e sk ii In stitu t, T ru d y , L en in g rad 1 9 5 5 :5 1 -6 8 . [P a vo n a r ia fin m a rch ica ]

N e a l s o n , K. H ., A . C . A r n e s o n , a n d M . E. H u b e r . 1986. Iden tifica tion o f m arin e o rg an ism s u sin g k inetic and spectra l p ro p erties o f th e ir b io lu m in escen c e . M arin e B io lo g y (B erlin ) 91(1 ):77—83. [R enilla m yriaster, S ty la tu la e lo n g a ta , lu m in escen ce , k in e tic an d spectra l p ro p e rtie s u se in iden tifica tion .]

N e l l i , B . 1903. F o ssili m io cen ic i d e l M acig n o di P o rre tta . B o lle ttin o d e lla S o c ie tà g eo ló g ica Ita lian a 2 2 :1 8 1 —25 2 . [E x inct se a p en P en n a tu lite s m a n zo n ii fro m the M io c en e o f Ita ly .]

N ic o l , J. A . C . 1955a. O b serv a tio n s on lum in escen ce in R en illa (P en n a tu lacea). Jou rnal o f E x perim en ta l B io lo g y 3 2 :2 9 9 -3 2 0 .

------------. 1955b . N erv o u s reg u la tio n o f lu m in esce n ce in the sea p ansy R en illa ko lliker i. Jo u rn a l o f E x p erim en ta lB io lo g y 3 2 :6 1 9 -6 3 5 .

------------. 1955c. P h y sio lo g ica l con tro l o f lu m in escen ce in an im als. In T h e lu m in escen ce o f b io lo g ica l sy s tem s,F. H . Jo h n so n , ed. A m erican A sso c ia tio n fo r th e A d v an ce m e n t o f S c ien ce , W ash in g to n , D. C.

----------- . 1958. O b se rv a tio n s o n the lu m in escen ce o f P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a , w ith a no te on the lu m in esce n ce o fV irgu laria m ira b ilis . Jo u rn a l o f the M arine B io log ica l A sso c ia tio n o f the U n ited K in g d o m 3 7 :551—563.

N i e d e r m e y e r , A. 1 9 1 1 . S tud ien ü b e r den B au vo n P te ro id es g r iseu m (B o h ad sch ). A rb e iten aus den zo o lo g isc h en In stitu t d e r U n iv ersitä t W ien u n d d er zo o lo g isch en S ta tion in T ries t 19(1 ):99—164. [P teroeides griseu m .]

------------. 1912. U b e r den V ersch lu ssm ec h an ism u s d e r S tie lp o ren b e i P en n a tu la u n d P tero e id es . Z o o lo g isch e rA n z e ig e r 39 :190 .

------------. 1913. Ü b e r e in ig e h isto lo g isch e B e fu n d e an V eretillum cyn o m o riu m . Z o o lo g isc h e r A n ze ig e r4 3 :2 6 3 —2 7 0 . [V eretillum cynom orium .]

. 1914. B e iträg e zu r K en n tn is des H isto lo g isch en B aues von V eretillum cyn o m o riu m (Pa li.). Z e itsch riftfü r w isse n sc h a ftlic h e Z o o lo g ie 1 0 9 :5 3 1 —5 9 0 . [V eretillum cynom orium .]

N ie l s e n , K. 1914. M o ltk ia isis , S teen stru p o g and re O c to co ra llia fra D an m ark s K rid ttid sa fle jrin g er. (M o ltk ia isis an d so m e o th e r O cto co ra llia in th e D an ish C re taceo u s depo sits ) . M in d e sk rift i an led n in g a f h u n d red aa re t fo r Jap e tu s S teen stru p s fodsel, K o b en h av n 18:1—20. [E x tinct sea pen s , G ra p h u la ria g ro e n w a lli, G ra p h u la ria su lc a ta , G ra p h u la ria irregu laris , from the C re taceo u s o f D enm ark .]

N is h im u r a , S. 19 9 2 . G u id e to seashore an im als o f Ja p an w ith co lo r p ic tu re s an d keys , vol. 7. H o ik u sh a P u b lish in g , O sak a , Japan . 4 2 4 pp . [C o lo r p h o to g rap h s o f liv in g an im als: C a v ern u la r ia obesa , C avern u lin a orien ta lis , E ch in o p tilu m m a cin tosh i, S c lero b e lem n o n burgeri, S cy ta liu m m artensii, V irgu laria g u sta v ia n a , V irgu laria ha lsicep trum , V irgu laria rum ph ii, V irgu laria brochi, S tru th io p te ro n ca led o n ica n , P te ro e id es sa g a m ie n se . P te ro e id es sparm ann ii.]

N o b r e , A . 1931. C o n tr ib u ïço es p a ra o es tu d o d o s C o e le n te rad o s de P o rtuga l. In stitu to de Z o o lo g ía da U n iv e rs id ad e do P orto 1931:1—82. [F u n icu lin a q u a d ra n g u la r is , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a , V eretillum c y n o m o r iu m , S ty lo b e lem n o n p u s illu m , P e n n a tu la g ra n u lo sa , P te ro e id es g r iseu m , K o p h o b e le m n o n ste llife ru m , U m b ellu la th o m so n i, U m bellu la am bigua .]

N o r d g a a r d , O. 1 9 0 5 . H y d ro g rap h ic a l an d b io lo g ica l in v estig a tio n s in N o rw eg ian F iords. B e rg en s M u seu m s a a rb o g 1 5 6 - 1 5 9 , 2 4 0 -2 4 4 . [K ophobelem non ste llife ru m , P en n a tu la acu lea ta .]

N o r m a n , A . M . 1 8 6 7 . R ep o rt o f the co m m ittee ap p o in ted fo r the p u rp o se o f ex p lo rin g the co asts o f th e H eb rid es b y m ean s o f th e d red g e , P a rt II: O n th e C ru stacea , E ch in o d erm ata , P o ly zo a , A ctin o zo a , an d H y d ro zo a . R e p o rt o f the B ritish A sso c ia tio n fo r th e A d v an ce m e n t o f S cience (N o ttin g h a m , 1 8 6 6 ) P art 1 :1 9 3 —2 0 6 . [R ep o rt o f P en n a tu la m o llis A ld er, 1 8 6 7 , fro m S co tland ; c o n s id e red a ju n io r sy n o n y m o f P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a b y C o rn e liu s and G arfa th , 1 9 8 0 :2 7 4 .]

N u t t in g , C . C . 1 9 0 8 . D escrip tio n s o f the A lcy o n aria co llec ted b y the U . S. B u reau o f F ish eries s te am er A lb a tro ss in the v ic in ity o f the H aw aiian Islands in 19 0 2 . P ro ceed in g s o f the U n ited S ta tes N a tio n a l M u seu m 3 4 ( 1 6 2 4 ) :5 4 3 - 6 0 1 . [C a libelem non sy m m etricu m , C la d iscu s stu d e ri, P e n n a tu la sa n g u in e a , P en n a tu la

WILLIAMS: INDEX PENNATULACEA 8 7

f la v a , P en n a tu la p a llid a , P ro to p tilu m w righ ti, T richop tilum a tten u a tu m , U m bellu la jo rd a n i, U m bellu la g ilb e r ti .]

------------. 1909. A lcy o n aria o f the C a lifo rn ia C oast. P ro c eed in g s o f the U n ited S ta tes N a tio n a l M u seu m35 :681—727. [A can thop tilum a lbum , A ca n th o p tilu m a n n u la tu m , B a ltic in a p a c ific a . H a lip te r is con to r ta , H a lisc ep tru m cystife ru m , P tilo sa rcu s q u a d ra n g u la r is . S ta ch yp tilu m q u a d rid e n ta tu m , U m bellu la lom a.]

------------. 1912. D escrip tio n s o f the A lcy o n aria co llec ted by the U. S. B ureau o f F ish eries s te am er “ A lb a tro ss .”m a in ly in Ja p an ese w aters, d u rin g 1906. P ro ceed ings o f the U n ited S ta tes N a tio n a l M u seu m 4 3 (1 9 2 3 ): 1—104. [H aliscep trum a lb u m , H e lico p tilu m rig id u m , K o p h o b e le m n o n h isp id u m , P en n a tu la lo n g isty la , P en n a tu la ru b escen s , P en n a tu la brev ip en n a , P en n a tu la in erm is, P ro to p tilu m o rie n ta le , P tilo sa rcu s b re v ica u lis , T richop tilum sp in o su m , U m bellu la elo isa .]

O k u ta n i , T. 1969. S yn o p sis o f ba th y a l an d ab y ssa l m eg a lo -in v e rteb ra te s from S agam i B ay an d th e so u th o f f B o so P en in su la traw led b y th e R /V So yo -M a ru . B u lle tin o f T okai R eg io n a l F ish eries R e sea rch L ab o ra to ry N o . 5 7 :1 -6 1 . [ U m b ellu la .]

O m o ri, M . 1991. S tu d ies on som e re lic t an im als. 6 - P enna tu la . A q u ab io lo g y (T o k y o ) 13 (5 ):3 4 5 —347. [In Japan ese .]

P a l l a s , P. S. 1766. E le n ch u s zo o p h y to ru m sis tens g en eru m ad u m b ra tio n es g en era lio re s et sp ec ie ru m cogn i- ta ru m su cc in c tas d escrip tio n es cum se lec tis au c to ru m synonym is . H ag ae C om itum .

------------. 1787. C h a rak te ris tik d er T h ie rp flan zen . . . aus d em L a te in isch en überse tz t, u n d m it A n m erk u n g env erseh e n , v o n C . F. W ilk en s , und n ach se in em T od e h erau sg e g eb en vo n Jo h an n W ilh e lm H erb st. N ü n b erg , V erleg t v o n d e r R a sp isc h en B u ch h an d lu n g . Z w eite r T heil.

Pa n c e r i, P. 1870. In to m o ad u n a fo rm a n o n p e r an co n o ta ta neg li zoo id i de lle p en n a tu le . R e n d ic o n to d e lT A ccad em ia d e lia sc ienze , N ap o li 2 :1—5.

------------. 1871a. In to m o a due p en n a tu la rii, T uno n o n p e r an co tro v a to nel M e d ite rrán eo , T altro n u o v o nel n o stroG olfo . R en d ic o n to d e lT A ccad em ia delia sc ienze , N ap o li 10(6): 113—115.

------------. 1871b. G li o rg an i lum inosi e la luce de lle penn a tu le . R en d ico n to d e lT A ccad em ia de lia sc ien ze , N apo li10( 10):204—2 11. [A lso p u b lish ed in A rch iv es de zo o lo g ie ex p érim en ta le e t gén éra le 1 :xxv—xxvi; an d b elow as P an ceri, 1872a.]

—. 1871c. G li o rgan i lum inosi e la luce de lle p ennatu le . A tti d e lT A ccad em ia delia sc ienze , N apo li 5 (10): 1^16. [P en n a tu lacean b io lu m in escen ce .]

. 1872a. T he lum in o u s o rg an s an d light o f th e P ennatu lae . Q u arte rly Jo u rn a l o f M ic ro sco p ica l Science ,L o n d o n (n ew series) 12:248—254 . [E ng lish tran sla tio n o f P anceri, 1871b.]

. 1872b. É tu d es su r la P h o sp h o rescen ce d es A n im au x M arins. II. D u siège du m o u v e m e n t lu m in eu x dan sles M éd u ses; III. O rg an es lu m in eu x et lu m iè re des P en n a tu les ; V I. S u r un P en n a tu la ire p h o sp h o re sc e n t en co re in co n n u d an s les e n v iro n s de N a p le s ( C avern u la r ia pusilla )', IX . D es o rg an es lu m in eu x e t de la lu m ière d es B éro id ien s . A n n a les des S c ien ces N a tu re lles , sér. 5 (Z o o lo g ie ) 16 ( 8 ): 1 -6 6 . [B io lu m in escen c e in P e n n a tu la p h o sp h o re a an d C avern u la ria p u s il la .]

------------. 1872c. In to m o ad u n p en n a tu la rio fo sfo rescen te non p e r an co r in v en u to p re sso N ap o li. R e n d ic o n tode lT A ccad em ia d e lia sc ienze , N apo li 11 (4):88—90. [Penn a tu lacean b ilu m in escen ce .]

P a n i, A. K . a n d M . A n c t i l . 1994. E v id e n ce fo r b io sy n th es is and ca tab o lism o f m o n o am in es in the sea p ansy R en illa ko e llike r i (C n id aria ). N eu ro ch em istry In ternational 2 5 (5 ):4 6 5 -4 7 4 .

P a n t in , C . F. A . 1950. B e h av io u r p a tte rn s in lo w er inverteb ra tes . S ym p o sia o f the S ociety fo r E x p erim en ta l B io lo g y 4 :1 7 5 -1 9 5 .

P a r k e r , G . H . 1919. T h e o rg an iza tio n o f R en illa . Jo u rn a l o f E x p erim en ta l Z o o lo g y 2 7 :499—507.------------. 1920a. A ctiv itie s o f co lon ia l an im als. 1. C ircu la tio n o f w a te r in R en illa . Jo u rn a l o f E x p erim en ta l

Z o o lo g y 3 1 :3 4 3 -3 6 7 .------------. 1920b. A c tiv itie s o f co lo n ia l an im als. 2. N eu ro m u scu la r m o v em en ts an d p h o sp h o rescen ce o f R en illa .

Jo u rn a l o f E x p erim en ta l Z o o lo g y 3 1 :475—515.------------. 1920c. T he p h o sp h o rescen ce o f R enilla . P ro ceed in g s o f the A m erican P h ilo so p h ica l S ocie ty

1 9 :1 7 1 -1 7 5 .P a s t e r n a k , F. A . 1960. T h e d eep -se a P en n a tu la ria from the B erin g Sea an d K u ril-K am tsch a tk a T rench . T ru d y

Institu ta okean o lo g ii, A k ad em iy a nauk S S S R 34 :329—335. [In R ussian .]------------. 1961 a. S om e n ew da ta on the specific com p o sitio n and the d is trib u tio n o f d eep -se a P en n a tu la ria , genus

K o p h o b e le m n o n , in N o rth ern -P ac ific . T ru d y In stitu ta ok ean o lo g ii, A k ad em iy a n au k S S S R 4 5 :2 4 0 -2 5 8 . [In R u ssian w ith E n g lish su m m ary .]


------------. 1961b. P en n a tu la ria (O cto co ra llia ) an d A n tip a th a ria (H ex aco ra llia ) o b ta in ed b y th e S o v ie t A n ta rc ticE x p ed itio n in 1955—1958. T rudy In stitu ta o k ean o lo g ii, A k ad em iy a n au k S S S R 4 6 :2 1 7 -2 3 0 . [In R ussian .]

. 1962. P en n a tu la ria o f the g en u s U m bellu la C u v ie r (C o e len te ra ta , O c to co ra llia ) from A n ta rc tic andS u b an ta rc tic W aters. Iss led o v an iy a F auny M orei 1:105—128 (In R ussian ). T ran s la ted in to E n g lish in B io lo g ica l rep o rts o f the S ov ie t A n ta rc tic E x p ed itio n (1 9 5 5 -1 9 5 8 ) , A . P A n d riy ash ev an d P. V. U sh ak o v , eds. V ol. 1:107—130. P u b lish ed fo r th e N a tio n a l S cience F o u n d a tio n , W ash in g to n , D. C. by th e Israel P ro g ram fo r S cien tific T ransla tions. [ U m bellu la tho m so n i, U m bellu la lin d a h li, U m bellu la m a g n iflo ra .]

------------. 1964. T h e d eep -se a p en n a tu la rian s and an tip a th a rian s o b ta in ed by R /S ‘V itja z ’ in th e In d ian O cea n andth e re se m b la n c e b e tw een the fau n as o f th e p e n n a tu la rian s o f th e Ind ian O cean an d th e Pacific . T ru d y In stitu ta o k ean o lo g ii, A k ad em iy a nau k S S S R 6 9 :183—21 5 . [In R u ssian w ith E n g lish su m m ary .]

------------. 1966. O n the f in d in g o f K o p h o b e le m n o n (E u c o p h o b e le m n o n ) s te llife ru m (O . F. M ü lle r) in th e w a te rso f so u th -eas te rn A ustra lia . T ru d y In stitu ta ok ean o lo g ii, A k ad em iy a n au k S S S R 8 1 :1 7 6 -1 7 8 . [In R u ssian w ith E n g lish sum m ary .]

------------. 1970. S ea p e n s (O cto co ra llia , P en n a tu la ria ) o f th e had a i zo n e o f th e K u rile -K a m tasch a tk a T rench . T ru d yIn stitu ta ok ean o lo g ii. A k ad em iy a nau k S S S R 86 :236—248. (In R ussian ). A lso in: Israe l P ro g ram for S cien tific T ran sla tio n s, Je ru sa lem N o. 6 0 0 4 9 6 :2 5 0 -2 6 3 ; tran s la ted from F auna o f the K u rile -K a m c h a tk a tren ch an d its en v iro n m en t, V . G . B og o ro v , ed. A k ad em iy a N au k SSSr. T ru d y In stitu ta O k ean o lo g ii, P. P. S h irsh o v a , I z d a te l’stvo ‘N a u k a ’, M oskva, 1970.

. 1975a. D eep -se a p en n a tu la rian g en u s U m bellu la from th e C arib b ean S ea an d P u e rto -R ic an T rench . InS cien tific s tu d ies C a rib b ean Sea, G u lf o f M e x ico and ad jacen t w aters. T ran sac tio n s o f the P. P. S h irsov In stitu te o f O cea n o lo g y 1 0 0 :1 6 0 -1 7 3 . [In R u ssian w ith E ng lish su m m ary ; U m bellu la .]

------------. 1975b. N e w d a ta o n th e specific co m p o sitio n an d d is trib u tio n o f th e d eep -se a p e n n a tu la rian s (O c to c o ra llia , P en n a tu la ria ) o f the P eru -C h ile reg io n an d S ou th A tlan tic . T ru d y In s titu ta o k ean o lo g ii, A k ad em iy a n au k S S S R 103:101—118. [In R ussian w ith E n g lish su m m ary .]

------------. 1980. P en n a tu la ria U m bellu la en cr in u s (L .) fro m th e C a n ad ian B a sin o f the n o rth e rn A rctic O cean . Pp.236—2 3 9 in T he b io lo g y o f the C en tra l A rctic B asin , M . E. V in o g rad o v an d I. A . M e l’n ikov , eds. N au k a , M o sco w . 251 pp.

. 1989. O n the v ariab ility o f sea-p en s (O cto co ra llia : P en n a tu lacea) co n n ec ted w ith the tran sitio n to thed e ep -w a te r ex istence . T rudy Institu ta O k ean o lo g ii, A k ad em ii N au k S S S R 124:165—173. [In R ussian w ith E n g lish S u m m ary .]

------------. 1993. P en n a tu la rian s , g o rg o n ian s an d an tip a th a rian s co llec ted in 43 cru ises o f R /V “D im itri M e n d e lev ”in A rg en tin e B asin , O rk n ey T ren ch an d in the w es te rn p a rt o f A frica n -A n ta rc tic B asin . T ru d y In stitu ta O k ean o lo g ii, A k ad em ii N au k S S S R 127:82—88.

P a t t e r s o n , G . L . J . 1986. A sp ec ts o f th e zo o g eo g rap h y o f so m e b en th ic an im a ls in th e R o ck a ll T ro u g h . P ro c eed in g s o f th e R oya l S o c ie ty o f E d in b u rg h (B ) 8 8 :316—318. [U m bellu la lin d a h li, d is tr ib u tio n and h ab ita t, o cean tro u g h b en th ic zo n e , n o rth eas te rn A tlan tic O cean .]

P a v a n s D e C e c c a t t y , M . a n d B. B u is s o n . 1964a. L e sy s tèm e nerv eu x in tra -m éso g léen d an s les co lo n ie s de Veretillum c yn o m o riu m Pali. (C n id a ire , P enna tu lid ae). C o m p tes R en d u s h eb d o m ad a ire s des séan ces de l ’A cad é m ie d es sc ien ces, P aris 2 5 9 (2 0 ):3 6 1 1 -3 6 1 3 .

------------. 1964b . Q u elq u es stru c tu res de type n erv eu x du sa rco so m e des oc to co ra llia ires : A lc yo n iu m d ig ita tu m L.e t V eretillum cyn o m o riu m Pali. V ie e t M ilieu 1 4 (4 ):6 5 9 -6 6 7 .

------------. 1965. R ec ip ro ca l b eh av io r o f the rach is an d p ed u n c le in co lo n ie s o f V eretillum cyn o m o riu m Pali.A m erican Z o o lo g is t 5 :531—535.

P a v a n s D e C e c c a t t y , M ., B. B u is s o n , a n d Y . M . G a r g o u il . 1963. R y th m es n a tu re ls e t réac tio n s m o trice s c h ez A lc yo n iu m d ig ita tu m L inn . e t V eretillum cyn o m o riu m C uv . C o m p tes R e n d u s d es sé an ces d e la S ocié té d e b io lo g ie , P a ris 15 7 (3 ) :6 16—618.

P a x , F . 1936. A n th o zo a (T eil II: A c tin ia ria , O cto co ra llia ). G rim p e u n d W ag ler. D ie T ie rw e lt d e r N o rd - u n d O stsee 3 0 (3 e ) :8 1—317. L eipzig . [F unicu lina qu a d ra n g u la r is , K o p h o b e le m n o n ste llife ru m , P a v o n a ria c h r is tii, P a v o n a ria fin m a rc h ic a , P en n a tu la g ra n d is , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a subsp . varieg a ta , P e n n a tu la p h o s p h o re a subsp . can d id a , P en n a tu la a cu lea ta , P ro to p tilu m tho m so n i, S ty la tu la e leg a n s v a r. ca rn ea , S ty la tu la e leg a n s var. sm a ra g d in a , V irgularia tu b ercu la ta , V irgu laria m irabilis .]

P a x , F . a n d I. M ü l l e r . 1 9 5 3 . D ie A n th o zo en fau n a von d e r B u c h t von K aste la be i Split. A c ta ad ria tica 5 ( 1 ): 1 -3 5 [In G erm an w ith S erb ian sum m ary ; P te ro e id es sp inosum .]


—. 1954. V eretillum cyn o m o riu m an d er K ü ste von A n g o la . A n n a le s du M u sée du C o n g o b e lg e , Z o o lo g ie1 :2 3 1 -2 3 7 .

. 1955a. G li an tozo i de l G o lfo di T rieste . I. L o S tato a ttu a le de lia R ice rca e il M a te ria le d i in d ag in eE sisten te . A tti de l M u seo c iv ico di sto ria na tu re lle di T ries te 2 0 ,2 (6 ):4 9 -1 0 2 . [V eretillum c y n o m o r iu m .]

------------. 1955b. G li A n tozo i de l M u seo C iv ico di S to ria N a tu ra le di T rieste . I. P arte: A n tip a th a ria , C e rian th e ria ,Z o an th a ria , A c tin ia ria , A lcy o n aria e P enn a tu la ria . A tti del M u seo c iv ico d i s to ria n a tu re lle di T ries te 2 0 ,3 (7 -8 ) : 103—129. [C a v e rn u la r ia p u s illa , F u n ic u lin a q u a d ra n g u la r is , K o p h o b e le m n o n ste llife ru m , P e n n a tu la p h o sp h o re a varieg a ta , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a ru b e lla , P te ro e id e s sp in o su m , V irgu laria m ira b ilis m ira b ilis .]

. 1955c. D ie K o ra llen tie re d e r A dria . D ie A q u arien - u n d T e rra rien Z e itsc h rift 8 :1 0 -1 2 . 3 9 -4 0 , 6 7 -6 9 .[F un icu lina q u a d ra n g u la r is , P te ro e id es sp in o su m var. bre v isp in o sa , P te ro e id es sp in o su m v a r. lo n g esp i- nosa .]

------------. 1959. T h e ro le o f th e W ro c la w Z o o lo g ica l In stitu te and M u seu m in th e stu d y o f th e fau n a o f A n th o z o ain th e A d ria tic Sea. P rz eg lad zo o lo g iczn y 3(1): 4 4 -5 3 [In P o lish w ith E n g lish su m m ary ; P te ro e id es sp in o su m .]

. 1962. D ie A n th o zo en fauna d er A dria . F au n a e t F lo ra A d ria tica 3 :1 -3 4 3 . [In G erm an w ith S erb ianresu m e.]

P e a r s e , V ., J. P e a r s e , M . B u c h s b a u m , a n d R. B u c h s b a u m . 1987. L iv in g In v erteb ra tes . B lack w ell S cien tific P ub lica tio n s, P a lo A lto . 848 pp . [P en n a tu lacean s , pp. 184, 186; P tilo sa rcu s , R en illa .]

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PÉ R O N , M . 1804. P récis, d ’u n M é m o ire lu à l ’In stitu t n a tio n a l, su r à tem p éra tu re de la m e r so it à sa su rface , so it à d iv erse p ro fo n d eu rs. A n n a le s du M u séu m D ’Ffistoire N atu re lle , P aris 5 :123—148. [C o n ta in s a b r ie f d esc rip tio n o f oc to co ra l b io lu m in escen c e ; th e fo llo w in g p a ssag e is q u o ted fro m p. 133, “ E h b ien ! ch aq u e fo is que no u s re tirio n s no tre d rag u e de la p ro fo n d eu r de 90 à 100 b rasses, p a r laquelle no u s n av ig u io n s a lo rs , e lle é to it e n co m b rée de zo o p h ite s de d iv erse esp èces , p a rticu liè rem en t de ré tip o res , de se rtu la ires , d ’isis , de g o rg o n es, d ’a lcy o n s e t d ’épo n g es , m ê lés to u s en sem b le av ec d es fucu s et des u lv as en g ran d nom b re . P re sq u e to u s ces o b je ts é to ien t p h o sp h o riq u es , e t ce sp e c tac le fut d ’au tan t p lu s ag réab le , q u e no tre p êch e se fa iso it au m ilieu d es ténèb res; . . . .” ]

P e r r ie r , R . 1936. L a F au n a d e la F ra n ce 1 A : 8 -6 4 , 118, 229 . P aris. [P e n n a tu la p h o sp h o re a , P en n a tu la ru b ra , P te ro e id e s g r ise u m , V eretillum cynom orium .]

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. 1915b. Ü b e r d as S y stem d er A n th o zo a u n d e in ig e a llg em e in e F rag en d e r zo o lo g isc h en S y stem atik .Z o o lo g isc h e r A n ze ig e r 4 6 (1 ): 6 -2 6 .

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R a m e s h , A ., B . L o g a n a t h a n , a n d V . K . V e n u g o p a l a n . 1985. C o m m en sa l lu m in o u s b ac te ria o f the c o e len te ra te , P te ro e id es sp. C u rren t S cience 54(12): 582—583. [E co log ica l in terac tion : V ibrio h a rv e y i , b ac te ria c o m m e n sa l in P te ro e id es sp ., B a y o f B engal.]

R a p p , M . W . 1 8 2 7 . U n te rsu ch u n g e n u b e r den B au e in ig e r P o ly p en d es m itte llan d isceh n M eeres. N o v a A cta P h y sico -M e d ico A cad . C aesa reae L eo p o ld in o -C a ro lin ae nat. cu rio so ru m 1 4 ( 2 ) :6 4 3 -6 5 8 . [B io lu m in es- cence .]

R h o , B .-O . a n d J .- I . S o n g . 1976 . A stu d y o n the c la ssif ica tio n o f the K o rean A n th o zo a 1. G o rg o n a c e a and P en n a tu lacea . Jo u rn a l o f th e K o rean R e sea rch In stitu te fo r B e tte r L iv in g 1 7 :7 1 —9 2 .

------------. 1977. A stu d y on the c lassifica tio n o f the K o rean A n th o zo a 3. A lcy o n ace a an d P en n a tu lacea . Jo u rn a lo f th e K o rean R e sea rch In stitu te fo r B e tte r L iv in g 1 9 :8 1 -1 0 0 .

R ic e , A . L ., P . A . T y l e r , a n d G . J. L . P a t e r s o n . 1 9 9 2 . T h e p en n a tu lid K o p h o b e le m n o n ste llife ru m (C n id aria , O c to co ra llia ) in the P o rcu p in e S eab igh t (N o rth -E a st A tlan tic O cean ). Jo u rn a l o f the M arin e B io lo g ica l A sso c ia tio n o f th e U n ited K in g d o m 7 2 (2 ) :4 1 7 - 4 3 4 .

R i c h i a r d i , S. 1869. M o n o g rafía de lla fam ig lia dei P en n a tu la rii. A rch iv io p e r la zoo lo g ía , l ’an a to m ia e la f is io lo g ía (T u rin ) (2 )1 :1 -1 5 0 . [R ev iew ed b y A. E . V errili, A m erican Jo u rn a l o f S cience (2 )4 9 :4 2 6 -4 2 7 ; P e n n a tu la ta rg o n ii, p. 34 u n k n o w n locality ; P te ro e id es g ra y i, p. 54; P te ro e id e s vo g tii , p. 55 M e d ite rran ean ; P te ro e id e s co rn a lia e , p. 57 A dria tic ; P te ro e id e s c lausii, p. 58 M ed ite rran ean ; P te ro e id e s p a n c e r ii , p. 59 lo ca lity u n k n o w n ; V irgularia leucka rtii, p. 82 N o rth Sea; V irgu laria koelliker i, p. 83 M o z am b iq u e ; C a v ern u la r ia ha im eii, p. 119 u n k n o w n locality ; C a vern u la ria d e filip p ii, p . 121 M e d ite rran ean ; S cep to n i- d iu m n ew genus , p. 63 ; S cep to n id iu m m o za m b ica n u m sp. n o v ., p. 63 M o zam b iq u e .]

R i c k e t t s , E. F ., J. C a l v i n , J. W . H e d g p e t h , a n d D. W . P h i l l i p s . 1985. B e tw een Pacific tides, 5 th ed . S tan fo rd U n iv e rs ity P ress , S tan fo rd . 652 pp . [Sea pens: pp. 3 2 0 -3 2 1 ; 324; 365—366 ; 513—514; 529; A ca n th o p tilu m g ra c ile , P tilo sa rcu s g u rn e y i, R en illa a m e th ys tin a , R en illa ko lliker i, S ty la tu la e longata .]

R ic h m o n d , M. D ., ed. 1997. A gu id e to th e seash o res o f eas te rn A frica an d th e w este rn In d ian O cean islands. S id a /D ep artm en t fo r R esearch C o o p e ra tio n , S A R E , S tockho lm , Sw eden . 4 4 8 pp . [W aterco lo r illu stra tio n o f P te ro e id e s sp. m islab e led as V irgu laria g u sta v ia n a , p. 133.]

R ic h t e r , R . 1 9 5 5 . D ie ältes ten F o ss ilien S ü d -A frikas. S en ck en b erg ian a L e th aea 3 6 (3 —4 ) :2 4 3 —2 8 9 . [P reca m b rian fo ss ils th a t re sem b le sea pens: P te rid in iu m s im p le x an d R a n g ea schn e id erh o eh n i.]

R lD L E Y , S. O . 1883. T h e co ra l fau n a o f C ey lon , w ith desc rip tio n s o f n ew species. A n n a ls an d M a g az in e o fN a tu ra l H isto ry (5 )1 1 :2 5 0 . [P a v o n a r ia p e rc a r in a ta fro m G alle , p. 258.]

R i e d l , R . 1963. F au n a u n d F lo ra d er A dria . V erlag P au l P arey , H a m b u rg u n d B erlin . 6 4 0 pp . [S e a p en s , pp. 1 6 6 -1 6 8 .]

------------. 1983. F au n a und F lo ra d es M itte lm eeres: e in sy s tem a tisch e r M e ere sfü h re r fü r B io lo g en und N a tu rfre u n d e , 3 rd ed . P. P arey , H am b u rg . 836 pp.

R it t s c h o f , D ., I. R . H o o p e r , a n d J. D . C o s t l o w . 1 9 8 6 . B a rn ac le se ttlem en t in h ib ito rs fro m sea p an s ie s , R en illa re n ifo rm is. B u lle tin o f M arin e S cience 3 9 (2 ) :3 7 6 —3 8 2 . [E co log ica l in terac tion : B a la n u s a m p h itr ite , la rval se ttlem en t an d in h ib ito rs characte riza tio n .]

------------. 1988. S e ttlem en t inh ib itio n o f m arin e in v erteb ra te larvae: co m p ariso n o f se n sitiv itie s o f b ry o zo an andb a rn ac le la rvae . Pp. 5 9 9 -6 0 8 in M arin e b io d e te rio ra tio n . A d v an ce d tech n iq u es ap p licab le to th e In d ian O cean , M .-F . T h o m p so n , R. S aro jin i, an d R. N ag ab h u sh an am , eds. A . A. B a lk em a , R o tte rd am . [R enilla re n ifo rm is , ch em ica l co m p o sitio n , inh ib ito rs o f b ry o zo an an d c ru stace an larval se ttlem en t, ch a rac te ris tics .]

R i v e r o s Z u n i c a , F. 1948. N u e v o s d a to s y red esc rip c ió n de R en illa ch ilen s is P h ilip p i. R e v is ta d e B io lo g ía M a rin e , V a lp a ra iso 1(1 ):32—45.

R o b e r t s o n , D. 1887. Jo ttin g s fro m m y n o teb o o k . O n the local d is trib u tio n o f P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a , L in ., V irgu laria m ira b ilis , L am ., an d P a vo n a ria q u a d ra n g u la r is , P ali. P ro c eed in g s an d T ra n sa c tio n s o f the N a tu ra l H is to ry S o c ie ty o f G lasg o w 2 :211—212.

R o e m e r , F. 1880. N o tiz ü b e r B elem n ite s a m b ig u u s M o rto n aus d e r K re id e v o n N e w Je rsey . N e u e s Ja h rb u c h fu r M in e ra lo g ie , G eo lo g ie un d P a laeo n to lo g ie , ja h rg a n g 1 8 8 0 ,2 :1 1 5 —117. [B elem n ites a m b ig u u s is reco g n ized b y R o e m e r as a m e m b e r o f the ex tin c t sea p en g en u s G raphularia ', see S h ap iro an d R a m sd e ll (1965 :2 ).]


R o n d e l e t , G . 1554—1555. L ibri de p isc ib u s m arin is , in q u ib u s v e ra e p isc iu m effig ie s e x p ressae sun i. L u g d u n i, ap u d M a tth iam B o n h o m m e. [T ran sla ted fro m the L a tin o f 1554 - L ugdun i, ap u d M a tth iam B o n h o m m e (1 5 5 8 ) in tw o vo lu m es.]

R o ss i, L. 1971. G u id a a cn idari e c teno fo ri de lla fau n a ita liana. Q u ad em i della c iv ica staz io n e id ro b io lo g ica di M ilan o (N o. 2): 1 -1 0 1 . [Pennatula-, k ey to the species; k ey to g en e ra o f P en n a tu lacea o f Ita ly .]

R o u l e , L. 1905. N o tice p ré lim in a ire su r les p en n a tu lid és recu e illis p a r le “T rav a illeu r” e t le “ T a lism a n ,” d an s l ’O céan A tlan tiq u e , au larg e du M aroc . B u lle tin du M u séu m n a tio n a l d ’h is to ire na tu re lle , P aris 11:4 5 4 -4 5 8 . [K op h o b e lem n o n b a th yp tilo id es, P te ro e id es ech in a tu m , S tep h a n o p tilu m gen . nov . in term ed iu m sp . no v ., U m bellu la crassiflora .]

----------- . 1906. U ne nou v e lle fam lie d ’A n th o zo a ires . B ulletin du M u séu m national d ’h is to ire n a tu re lle , P aris12:120. [S tep h an o p tilid ae fam . nov.]

. 1907. S ur la m o rp h o lo g ie co m p arée des co lo n ies d ’A lcy o n a ires . C o m p tes ren d u s h eb d o m ad a ire s d essé an ces de l ’A cad é m ie des sc ien ces, P aris 145:946—947. [Svavopsis gen . no v ., S. e leg a n s , m o rp h o lo g y o f co lon ies.]

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R o y a l S o c i e t y (G rea t B rita in ). 1870. P re lim in ary rep o rt o f the sc ien tific ex p lo ra tio n o f the d eep se a in H . M. su rv ey in g -v esse l ‘P o rcu p in e , ’ d u rin g the su m m er o f 1869, co n d u c ted by D r. C a rp en te r . . . J. G w y n Je ffre y s . . . and P rof. W y v ille T ho m so n . P ro c eed in g s o f th e R oya l S o c ie ty 121:492. [O b se rv a tio n s reg a rd in g sea p en b io lu m in escen c e]

R u m p h iu s , G. E . 170 5 ( rec o rd ed as 1 7 4 0 o r 1741 by m o st au th o rs). D ’A m b o in sc h e R a rite itk am er, b eh e lzen d e een e B esch ry v in g e v an a lle rh an d e zo o w eek e a is h a rd e sc h aa lv issch en , te w ee te raa re K rab b en , K reeften , en d ie rg e ly k e Z eed ie ren , a is m ed e a lle rh an d e H o o rn tjes en S chu lp en , d ie m en in d ’A m b o in sc h e Z ee v ind t: D aa r b en ev en s zo m m ig e M ineraa len , G esteen ten , en soo rten v an A ard e , d ie in d ’A m b o in sc h e , en zo m m ig e o m leg g en d e E ilan d en g ev o n d en w orden . T ’A m ste rd am , by Jan R o m an de Jonge . 3 4 0 pp.

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S a n k o l l i , K. N . a n d B. N e e l a k a n t a n . 1971. A n im al asso c ia tio n s a lo n g th e w e s t co a s t o f Ind ia , 2: A po rce llan id c rab (D ecap o d a , A n o m u ra ) o n the coe len te ra te , P en n a tu la sp. R e co rd s o f the Z o o lo g ica l S u rv e ry o f Ind ia 2 :51—55. [E co log ica l in teraction : d ecap o d and sea pen.]

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S im p s o n , J. J. 1905. A n ew cav e rn u la rid fro m C ey lo n . A n n a ls an d M a g az in e o f N a tu ra l H is to ry (7 )1 5 (9 0 ) :5 6 1—565. [F usticu laria herdm ani.]

S l o a n e , H . 1 7 0 7 . A v o y a g e to the is lan d s M ad era , B a rb ad o s , N iev es , S. C h ris to p h e rs a n d Ja m a ica , w ith the n a tu ra l h is to ry o f th e herb s and trees, fo u r fo o ted beas ts, fishes , b ird s, in sects, rep tile s o f th e la s t o f th o se i s la n d s ; . . . V ol. 1, 1—2 6 4 + 156 pis. L ondon .

S m i t , P. 1979. H u b rech t, A m b ro siu s A rn o ld W illem . In B io g rafisch W o o rd en b o ek v an N ed erlan d , J. C ha rité . M a rtin u s N ijh o ff, G rav en h ag e . 1:256—258. [B io g rap h ica l ske tch o f A . A . W . H u brech t.]


S m it h , R . I., ed. 1 9 6 4 . K ey s to m arin e in v e rteb ra tes o f the W o o d s H o le reg io n - a m anual fo r th e id en tifica tio n o f th e m o re co m m o n m arin e inverteb ra tes , co m p iled by R a lph I. S m ith w ith the a ssis tan ce o f m an y o th er con trib u to rs . C o n trib u tio n N o. 11 S y stem atics-E co lo g y P ro g ram , M arin e B io lo g ica l L ab o ra to ry W o o d s H o le , M ass. 2 0 8 pp. [O ctoco ra ls, pp . 25—28; P enn a tu la a c u le a ta .]

S m it h , R. I. a n d J. T . C a r l t o n . 1975. L ig h t 's M anual: In te rtid a l In v e rteb ra te s o f the C en tra l C a lifo rn ia C oast. U n iv e rs ity o f C a lifo rn ia P ress , B erkeley . 716 pp . [P en n a tu lacean s , pp . 91 an d 93; A ca n th o p tilu m g ra c ile , P tilo sa rcu s g u rn e y i , S ty la tu la e lo n g a ta .]

SOARES, A . M . V. AND P. S a w a ia . 1975. B io lu m in escên ce de R en illa a m e th ystin a V errili (C o e len te ra ta - A n th o zo a). In flu ên c ia do ion M g. C iên c ia s C ult., S. P aulo 23 (supp l.):392 .

S p a l l a n z a n i , L. 1784. D isse rtaz io n i di fís ica an im a le e vegetab ile . E nglish : D isse rta tio n s re la tiv e to th e natura l h is to ry o f an im als an d v egetab les , tran la ted from the Ita lian o f the A b b e S p allanzan i; to w h ich are ad d ed tw o le tte rs fro m M r. B onne t to the au thor, tw o vo lu m es. Jo h n M u rray , L ondon .

------------. 1796. C h im ico e sam e deg ii esperim en ti de l sig. G ottling : p ro fe sso re a Jena , so p ra la lu ce del fo sfo ro diK u n k e l o sse rv a ta n e ll’a ria co m m u n e , ed in d iversi flu id i ae rifo rm i p e rm an en ti, ne lla qu a l o ccas io n e si e sam in an o altri fo sfo ri p o sti den tro ai m ed esim i flu id i, e si ce rc a se la luce so la re guasti il g az oss ig en o , sicco m e p re ten d e q u esto ch im co /, de l c ittad in o L azzaro S p allanzan i. P resso la S ocie tá tip o g rá fica , In M o d en a . 171 pp . [Penn a tu lacean b io lu m in escen ce .]

S p h o n , G. 19 6 4 . S ea pansies. M u seu m T alk , S an ta B arb a ra M u seu m o f N atu ra l H is to ry 3 9 ( 1 ): 1—3. [R enilla ko llik e r i .]

S p r u n g , J. a n d J. C. D e l b e e k . 1997. T he r e e f aqu ariu m , vol. 2: a c o m p reh en siv e g u id e to th e id en tifica tio n and care o f tro p ica l m arin e inverteb ra tes . R ico rd ea P u b lish ing , F lo rida . 546 pp. [P. 15, co lo r p h o to g ra p h o f V irgu laria sp.; p. 25 6 , co lo r p h o to g rap h o f a zo o x an th e lla te v e re tillid iden tified as C a vern u la r ia obesa .]

S p u r l o c k , B. O. a n d M . J. C o r m ie r . 1975. A fine stru c tu re stu d y o f the an th o co d iu m in R en illa m uelleri. E v id en ce fo r th e ex is te n ce o f a b io lu m in escen t o rgan e lle , th e lu m inelle . Jo u rn a l o f C ell B io lo g y 6 4 (1 ): 1 5 -2 8 .

S q u ir e s , D . F. 1958. T he C re taceo u s an d T ertia ry co ra ls o fN e w Z ealand . P a leo n to lo g ica l B u lle tin , N e w Z ea lan d 2 9 :1—107. [E x tinct se a p e n G raphu laria lo n g iss im a fro m N ew Z ealand .]

S t a n d in g , J. D ., I. R. H o o p e r , a n d J. D . C o s t l o w . 1984. In h ib itio n an d ind u c tio n o f b a rn ac le se ttlem en t by n a tu ra l p ro d u c ts p re sen t in oc toco ra ls . Jo u rn a l o f C h em ica l E co lo g y 10(6):823—834. [R enilla re n ifo rm is , ch em ica l co m p o sitio n , inh ib ito rs and in duces o f c ru stacean larval se ttlem ent.]

S t e a r n s , R . E . C. 1873a. R e m a rk s on a n ew a lcy o n o id po lyp , f ro m B u rra rd ’s In le t .P ro c e e d in g s o f th e C a lifo rn ia A cad e m y o f S c ien ces 5:7—12. [A b strac t in A m erican N atu ra lis t 7 :488, 633; p e n n a tu lacea n axis.]

------------. 1873b. D escrip tio n o f a n ew species o f a lcy o n o id po lyp . M in in g an d S cien tific P ress , San F ran c isco27(6 ):8 8 . [P avonaria blakei.]

------------. 1873c. D escrip tion o f a n ew gen u s an d species o f a lcy o n o id p o lyp . P ro c eed in g s o f the C a lifo rn iaA cad e m y o f S c ien ces 5 :147—149. [V errillia b la ke i n ew g en u s an d species.]

------------. 1874. R em ark s su g g e sted b y D r. J. E. G ra y ’s p a p e r on the “ S tick F ish ,” in “ N a tu re ,” N ov . 6 th , 1873.P ro c eed in g s o f the C a lifo rn ia A cad e m y o f S ciences 5 :283—285. [P ro b ab ly ax is o f H a lip te r is w illem oesi.]

. 1882. V errillia b la ke i or H a lip te r is b lakei. A m erican N atu ra lis t 16:55—56.------------. 1883. D escrip tio n o f a n ew gen u s and species o f alcy o n id p o ly p from Ja p an ese w ate rs , w ith rem ark s

on th e stru c tu re and h ab its o f re la ted fo rm s, e tc. P ro ceed in g s o f th e U n ited S tates N a tio n a l M u seu m 6:96. [A b strac t in A m erican N a tu ra lis t 17:1292; Verrillia.]

S t e p h e n s , J. 1909. A lcy o n a rian an d m ad rep o ra rian co ra ls o f the Irish coasts, by . . . , w ith d esc rip tio n o f a n ew sp ec ies o f S ta ch yo d es b y P ro fesso r S. J. H ickson , F. R. S. D ep artm en t o f A g ricu ltu re and T ech n ica l In stru c tio n fo r Ire land ; F ish eries B ranch . S cien tific In v estig a tio n s 1907(5): 1 -2 8 . [B en thop tilum sertum .]

S t ia s n y , G. 1937. C a ta lo g u e ra iso n n é des a lcy o n id es , go rg o n id es, z o an th id es e t p en n a tu lid és . R é v is io n des C o llec tio n s H. M ichelin . B u lle tin du M u séu m na tio n a l d ’h is to ire n a tu re lle , P aris (2 )9 :391—397.

. 1938. C a ta lo g u e ra iso n n é des a lcy o n id es , g o rg o n id es, zo an th id es e t p en n a tu lid és . R év is io n d es C o lle c tio n s H. M ichelin . B u lle tin d u M u séu m national d ’h isto ire na tu re lle , P aris (2) 1 0 :9 3 -1 0 8 . [P ennatu la ru b ra , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a c a n d id a .]

S t im p s o n , W . 1855. D escrip tio n s o f so m e o f th e n ew m arin e in v erteb ra ta fro m the C h in ese an d Ja p an ese Seas.P ro c eed in g s o f th e A cad e m y o f N atu ra l S ciences, P h ilad e lp h ia 7 :3 7 5 —3 8 4 . [ V eretillum clava tum .]

S t r a n d , E. 19 2 8 . M isce llan ea n o m en c la to rica zo o lo g ica e t p a laeo n to lo g ica . A rch iv fü r N atu rg esc h ic h te , B erlin 9 2 A .8 :3 1 —3 6 . [E x tin c t sea pen G raphu laria badenia .]


S t r a t h m a n n , M . F . 1988. R e p ro d u c tio n an d d ev e lo p m en t o f m arin e in v e rteb ra tes o f th e n o rth e rn P acific C o a st— D ata an d m e th o d s o f the stu d y o f eggs, em b ry o s, and larvae . U n iv e rs ity o f W ash in g to n P ress, S eattle . [P tilo sarcus g u rn e y i, rep ro d u c tio n an d larval d ev e lo p m en t, pp . 87, 9 0 -9 1 .]

S t u d e r , T. 1878. Ü b e r d ie m it d em S ch lep p n e tz an g este llte n U n tersu ch u n g e n an d e r W estk ü ste v o n A frika w äh ren d d e r R e ise S. M . S. G azelle . S itzu n g sb erich te d er G ese llsch aft n a tu rfo rsc h en d e r F re u n d e zu B erlin 1 8 7 8 :1 3 5 -1 3 9 .

. 1879. Ü b ers ich t d e r A n th o zo a A lcy o n aria , w e lch e w äh ren d d e r R e ise S. M . S. G aze lle u m d ie E rdeg esam m elt w u rd en . M o n a tsb e rich t d e r K ö n ig lich en P re u ss isch en A k a d e m ie d er W issen sch a fte n zu B e rlin 1878:632—68 8 . [P avonaria a frica n a , V eretillum cyn o m o riu m , C a vern u la r ia m a d e iren sis , R en illa m uelleri.]

. 1887a. V e rsu c h e in es S y stèm es d e r A lcy o n arien . A rc h iv fü r N a tu rg esc h ic h te , B e rlin 53:1—74. [C lassif ica tio n o f o c to co ra ls; V e r r i l f s 1865 su b o rd in a l n am e P en n a tu lacea is h e re co rre c ted to o rd in a l sta tu s by S tuder.]

. 1887b. S ystèm e des A lcyonaires. A rch iv es d es S c ien ces p h y siq u e s e t n a tu re lles , G en èv e1 8 (1 1):431—432.

------------. 1887c. U eb e r d as System d e r A lcy o n arien . V erh an d lu n g en d er sch w e ize risch en N a tu rfo rsc h en d enG ese llsc h a ft A c te s d e la S ocié té h e lv e tiq u e des sc ien ces natu re lles . A tti d e lia S o c ie ta e lv e tiv a di sc ienze na tu ra li. Pp . 51—53.

. 1887d . U eb er B au u n d S ystem d e r ach ts trah lig en K orallen . M itte ilu n g en n a tu rfo rsc h en d en G ese llsch aft,B e rn 1886:x iii—xiv.

----------. 1891. N o te p ré lim in a ire sur les A lcy o n a ires p ro v e n a n td e s cam p ag n es du ya c h t l ’H iro n d e lle 1 8 8 6 ,1 8 8 7 ,1888, P a rt 2: A lcy o n ace a an d P en n a tu lacea . M é m o ires d e la S ocié té Z o o lo g iq u e d e F ra n c e 4 (2 ):8 6 —95. [G yro p o h y llu m h iro n d e lli new g en u s an d sp ec ies , p . 94; a t 1266 m d ep th b e tw een P ico an d Sao Jo rg es , A zo res.]

------------. 1894. R e p o rts on th e d red g in g o p era tio n s o f f th e w es t coas t o f C e n tra l A m e ric a to th e G alap ag o s , toth e w e s t c o as t o f M ex ico , and the G u lf o f C a lifo rn ia , in c h a rg e o f A le x a n d e r A g ass iz , ca rried on by the U .S . F ish C o m m issio n s te am er ‘A lb a tro ss ,’ d u rin g 1891. L ieut. C o m m an er Z. L. T an n er, U . S. N ., co m m an d in g . X . N o te p ré lim in a ire su r les a lcyon a ires. B u lle tin o f th e M u seu m o f C o m p ara tiv e Z o o lo g y a t H arv ard C o lleg e 2 5 (5 ):5 3 -6 9 . [A b strac ts in Jo u rn a l o f th e R oyal M ic ro sco p ica l S ocie ty 1894:350 , 351; an d Z o o lo g isch es C e n tra lb la tt i: 314; C la d iscu s a g a ss iz ii, D istich o p tilu m verrillii, K o p h o b e le m n o n a ffine , P e n n a tu la a la ta , P en n a tu la ko ellikeri, S ta ch yp tilu m su p e rb u m , U m bellu la g en icu la ta .]

------------. 1901. A lcy o n a ire s p ro v en an t de cam p ag n es de l ’H iro n d e lle (1 8 8 6 -1 8 8 8 ) . R é su lta ts d es C a m p a g n essc ien tif iq u es du P rin ce de M o n a co 2 0 :1 -6 4 .

T a k a d a , N . a n d S. M o r i . 1956. D aily rh y th m ic ac tiv itie s o f th e sea-pen , C a vern u la r ia o besa V a len c ien n e s. 13. R h y th m ic ch an g e o f am m o n iu m co n ten t in b o d y f lu id (1). D o b u tsu g a k u zassh i 6 5 :3 5 9 -3 6 1 . [In Jap an ese .]

------------. 1957. D aily rh y th m ic ac tiv ities o f th e sea -p en , C avern u la r ia o besa V alen c ien n es. 14. R h y th m ic ch angeo f am m o n iu m co n ten t in bod y flu id (2). D o b u tsu g a k u zassh i 66 :284—288. [In Japan ese .]

T a r d e n t , P. a n d R. T a r d e n t . 1980. D ev e lo p m en ta l and ce llu la r b io lo g y o f co e len te ra te s - P ro c eed in g s o f the 4 th In te rn a tio n a l C o e le n te ra te C o n fe ren ce h e ld in In te rlak en , S w itzerlan d , 4—8 S ep tem b er, 1979. El- se v ie r/N o rth -H o llan d B io m ed ica l P ress, A m ste rdam . 4 9 9 pp. [P e n n a tu lacaean s , pp. 43 , 4 7 ; P en n a tu la ru b ra , V eretillum cynom orium .]

T h o m p s o n , D ’a r c y W . 1885. A b ib lio g rap h y o f P ro to zo a , sp o n g es, C o e le n te ra ta , an d w o rm s, in c lu d in g also th e P o ly zo a , B rach io p o d a an d T u n ica ta , fo r the years 1861—1883. U n iv ersity P ress , C a m b rid g e . 284 pp.

T h o m p s o n , M .-F ., R. S a r o j i n i , a n d R. N a g a b h u s h a n a m , eds. 1988. M arin e b io d e te rio ra tio n . A d v an ce d te c h n iq u e s ap p licab le to th e Ind ian O cean . A . A . B a lk e m a , R o tte rd am . [R enilla re n ifo rm is : ch em ica l c o m p o s itio n , in h ib ito rs o f b ry o zo an an d c ru stace an larval se ttlem en t, characte ris tics .]

T h o m s o n , J. A . 1905. A p p en d ix to th e rep o rt on th e A lcy o n a ria co llec ted b y P ro fe sso r H erd m an , a t C e y lo n , in 1902. In R e p o rt to th e G o v ern m en t o f C e y lo n o n th e P earl O y s te r F ish eries o f th e G u lf o f M a n aar. P art 4, su p p le m e n ta ry rep o rt 2 8 :1 6 7 -1 8 6 . [V irgu laria loven i, V irgu laria e leg a n s , V irgu laria ca lyc in a , V irgu laria ind ica .]

. 1927. A lcy o n a ire s p ro v en an t des c am p ag n es sc ien tifiq u es du P rince A lbert 1er de M o n aceo . R é su lta tsd es cam p a g n e s sc ien tifiq u es acco m p lies p a r le P rince A lbert I 7 3 :1 -7 7 . [F u n ic u lin a q u a d ra n g u la r is , K o p h o b e le m n o n m a cro sp in o su m , K o p h o b e le m n o n s te lliferu m . P en n a tu la acu lea ta , P ro to p tilu m ca rp e n teri, P te ro e id es g r iseu m , V eretillum cyn o m o riu m , V irgu laria c lad iscus.]

WILLIAMS: INDEX PENNATULACEA 9 5

T h o m s o n , J. A. a n d G. C r a n e . 1909a. A lcy o n arian s o f th e G u lf o f C u tch . A n n a ls an d M a g az in e o f N atu ra l H isto ry (8 )3 :3 6 2 -3 6 6 .

------------. 1909b. T h e A lcy o n arian s o f O k ham andal. Pp. 125—135 in R e p o rt G o v ern m en t B a ro d a M a rin e Z o o lo g yo f O k h am an d a l in K attiaw ar, p a rt 1, J. H o m ell, ed . L ondon . [V irgu laria ru m p h ii from India .]

T h o m s o n , J. A. a n d W . D. H e n d e r s o n . 1905a. R ep o rt on the A lcy o n aria co llec ted b y P ro fesso r H erd m an , a t C ey lo n , in 1902. In R e p o rt to th e G o v ern m en t o f C e y lo n on th e P earl O y s te r F ish eries o f th e G u lf o f M anaar. P art 3, su p p le m e n ta ry rep o rt 2 0 :2 6 9 —328. [H a lisc e p tru m p e r iy e n se , H a lisc ep tru m gu sta v ia n u m , P te ro e id es la ca ze i var. sp in o su m , C avern u la r ia obesa , S ty /o b e lem n o id es h erd m a n i, V irgu laria m u ltiflo ra , V irgu laria tu bercu la ta .]

------------. 1905b. P re lim in ary n o tice o f the d eep -se a A lcy o n aria co lle c te d in th e Ind ian O cean . A n n a ls an dM a g az in e o f N a tu ra l H isto ry (7 )1 5 (9 0 ):5 4 7 —557. [Ju n ceo p tilu m a lc o c k i p. 555 , K o p h o b e le m n o n bu rg eri, M icro p tilu m w illem o esi A n d am an Sea p. 555, P en n a tu la m u rra y i p. 557, P ro to ca u lo n in d ic u m , p. 554, P ro to p tilu m m ed iu m p. 555 , S ta ch yp tilu m fu o c u m p. 557.]

------------. 1906a. T h e m arin e fa u n a o f Z an z ib a r B ritish E ast A frica , fro m co llec tio n s m ad e b y C y ril C ro ss lan d ,M . A ., V .S c ., F. Z .S ., in the y ea rs 1901 an d 1902. A lcy o n aria . P ro c eed in g s o f the Z o o lo g ica l S o c ie ty o f L o n d o n 19 06( 1 ):393—443. [P te ro e id es b rac liyca u lo n , P te ro e id es r ig id u m , P te ro e id es p u lc h e llu m , V irgula ria m ira b ilis var. p e d u n c u la ta , V irgu laria UI.]

------------. 1906b. A n acco u n t o f th e a lcy o n a rian s co llec ted b y the R o y a l In d ian M a rin e S u rv ey S h ip In v e stig a to rin the Ind ian O cean , P art I: T h e a lcy o n a rian s o f the deep sea. T ru s tees o f th e In d ian M u seu m , C a lcu tta . 132 pp. [A n th o p tilu m d ec ip ien s , B a th y p tilu m ind icum , D istich o p tilu m g ra c ile , F u n ic u lin a g ra c ilis , K o p h o b e le m n o n b u rg e ri var. ind ica , P en n a tu la ind ica , P en n a tu la veneris, P en n a tu la sp le n d en s , P en n a tu la p e n d u la , P ro to ca u lo n ind icum , P ro to p tilu m m ed iu m , P te ro e id es trirad ia ta , S c le ro b e lem n o n ko lliker i, S ta ch yp tilu m m a cu la tu m , T hesio ides inerm is, U m bellu la dura , U m bellu la in term ed ia , U m bellu la rosea , U m bellu la p u rp u re a , U m bellu la e lo n g a ta , U m bellu la ko lliker i, U m bellu la ra d ia ta , U m bellu la p e n d u la , U m bellu la indica]

T h o m s o n , J. A . a n d D . L . M a c k i n n o n . 1911. T h e a lcy o n arian s o f th e “ T h e tis” E x p ed itio n . A u s tra lian M u seu m M e m o irs 4 :6 6 1 -6 9 5 .

T h o m s o n , J. A . AND N . I. r e n n e t . 1927. R ep o rt on Ja p an ese pen n a tu lid s. Jo u rn a l o f th e F acu lty o f Science , Im p eria l U n iv e rs ity o f T o k y o 182(4, Z o o lo g y ) 1 (2): 115—143. [P ennatu la p h o sp h o re a co n stric ta , V irgu laria ku ken tha li.]

----------- . 1931. A lcy o n aria , M a d rep o raria an d A n tip a th aria . S cien tific R eports , A u s tra la s ian A n ta rc tic E x p ed ition , 1 9 1 1 -1 9 1 4 , Series C (Z o o lo g y an d B o tan y ) 9 (3): 1 -4 6 . [U m bellu la carpen teri.]

T h o m s o n , J. A . a n d J . R i t c h i e . 1906. T he A lcy o n a rian s o f th e S co ttish N atio n a l A n ta rc tic E x p ed itio n . T ran sac tio n s o f the R oya l S ocie ty o f E d in b u rg h 41 (3 ):8 5 1 —860.

T h o m s o n , J. A. AND J. J. S im p so n . 1909. A n acco u n t o f the a lcy o n arian s co llec ted b y the R oya l Ind ian M arin e S urvey S h ip In v estig a to r in the Ind ian O cean , II: T h e a lcy o n arian s o f the litto ral area. T ru s tees o f the Ind ian M u seu m , C a lcu tta . 319 p p . [C avernu laria o rien ta lis , C avern u la r ia a n d a m a n en s is , K o p h o b e le m n o n in te r m ed iu m , L itu a ria h ickso n i, L itu a ria p h a llo id e s , P a ra b e lem n o n ind icu m , P te ro e id es ilic ifo lium , P te ro e id e s in term ed iu m , P te ro e id es ro b u stu m , P te ro e id es a n d a m a n en se . P te ro e id es ind icu m , P te ro e id e s p u n c ta tu m , V irgu laria o rn a ta , V irgu laria fu sc a .]

T h o m s o n , J. S. 1915. T h e P en n a tu laceae o f the C ap e o f G o o d H o p e an d N ata l. M e m o irs an d P ro c eed in g s o f the M a n ch este r L ite ra ry an d P h ilo so p h ica l S o c ie ty 59(1): 1—26. [A ctinop tilum m o lle , P te ro e id es isco sce les , U m bellu la a c ic u life ra .]

------------. 1917. T h e o ccu rren ce o f C avern u la r ia L ü tk e n ii K öll. in th e S eas o f N ata l. M e m o irs an d P ro c eed in g so f th e M an ch este r L ite ra ry a n d P h ilo so p h ica l S ocie ty 62(7): 1—5. [C avernu laria luetkenii.]

------------. 1924. C h a rts an d co m p ariso n s o f the d istribu tion o f S ou th A frica n A lcy o n aria . T ran sac tio n s o f th e R oya lS o c ie ty o f South A frica 11(1 ):45—84.

T h u r s t o n , E ., 1890. (R em ark s as to the m o d e o f life o f the p en n a tu lid s, in a le tte r fro m . . . ). P ro c eed in g s o f the Z o o lo g ica l S o c ie ty o f L o n d o n 1 8 9 0 :4 6 2 -4 6 3 .

T i l e s i u s , A . V o n . 1826. N a tu rh is to risch e ab h an d lu n g en und e rlau te ru n g e n b eso n d e rs d ie p te tre fac te n k u n d e , b e tre ffen d v o n D r. A . v o n T ilesiu s. B ei Jo h an n C h ristian K rieg e r u n d C o m p ag n ie , C asse l. 154 pp. [P. 85, a re fe re n c e to “ S eech am p ag n o n ” as a p o ss ib le sy n o n y m o f R en illa m ueller i, acco rd in g to Z am p o n i and P erez , 1995b :23 , c ite d as T iles iu s, 1812.]


T il e siu s V o n T il e n a u , W . G. 1819. L eu ch ten des M eers . G ilb e r t’s A nn. d. P hys. 6 1 :3 6 -4 4 ,1 4 2 —1 6 0 ,1 6 1 —176.[Pennatu lacea!! b io lu m in escen ce .]

T i l l e t - B a r r e t , E., J.-M . F r a n c , S. F r a n c , a n d R. G a r r o n e . 1992. C h a rac te riza tio n o f h e te ro trim eric co llag en m o lecu le s in a sea-p en (C n id aria , O cto co ra llia ). E u ro p ean Jo u rn a l o f B io ch e m is try 2 03(1—2): 1 7 9 -1 8 4 . [ V eretillum c y n o m o r iu m . ]

T it s c h a c k , H. 1965. U n te rsu ch u n g e n u b e r d as L euch ten d er S eefed er V eretillum cyn o m o riu m (P a llas). V ie et M ilieu 1 5 :5 4 7 -5 6 3 .

------------. 1966. Ü b e r d ie L u m in eszen z und ih re L ok a lisa tio n bei S eefed em . Z o o lo g isch e r A n ze ig er, S u p p lem en tb an d 29, 1965( 1966): 1 2 0 -1 3 1 . [P teroeides g r ise u m , d is trib u tio n o f lu m in escen t cells ; P e n n a tu la rubra and P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a , cy to lo g y o f lu m in esce n t cells.]

------------. 1968. Ü b er d as N erv en sy s tem d e r S eefed er V eretillum cyn o m o riu m (Pa llas). Z e itsch rift fü r Z e llfo rsc h u n g u n d m ik ro sk o p isch e A n ato m ie 90:347—371.

------------. 1970. H isto lo g isch e U n te rsu ch u n g des M eso g lo ea len N erv en p lex u s d e r se e fe d em P en n a tu la rubra(E llis) u n d P te ro id es g r iseu m (B o h ad sch ). V ie et M ilieu (A )2 1 :95 -1 0 2 .

T ix i e r - D u r i v a u l t , A . 1954. L es o c to co ra llia ires d ’A friq u e du sud (II: G o rg o n acea ; III: P en n a tu lacea). B u lle tin du M u séu m national d ’h isto ire na tu re lle , P aris (2 )26 (5 ):624—631. [A ctin o p tilu m m o lle , A n th o p tilu m g ra n d i

f lo r u m , F u n ic u lin a a rm a ta , V irgu laria sc h u ltze i, V irgularia g u sta v ia n a , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a . P te ro e id es sp ., p lu s th e o rig ina l d escrip tio n o f C a v ern u la ria dayi.}

------------. 1960. L es o c to co ra llia ires de I ’Ue Inhaca . B u lle tin du M u séu m n a tio n a l d ’h isto ire n a tu re lle , Paris(2 )3 2 (4 ):3 5 9 —367. [V eretillum cyn o m o riu m , V eretillum le loup i, A c tin o p tilu m m o lle , V irgu laria g u s ta v iana.}

------------. 1961a. C ra sso p h y llu m cris ta tu m n. gen . e t n. sp ., ty p e d ’un g en re de P te ro e id id ae (P e n n a tu lacea).B u lle tin du M u séu m national d ’h is to ire n a tu re lle , P aris (2 )3 3 (4 ):4 2 8 -4 3 3 . [O rig inal d esc rip tio n s o f a new g en u s an d species in the fam ily P teroeid idae .]

------------. 1961b. L es o c to co ra llia ire s du G olfe d e G u in ée e t d es Iles du C a p -V ert (A lcy o n acea , P en n a tu lacea).C a m p a g n e de la ‘C a ly p so ’: G o lfe de G u inée . A n n a les de l ’In stitu t O céa n o g rap h iq u e , M o n a co 3 9 (5 ):2 3 7 —262. [V eretillum cyn o m o riu m , C avern u la r ia e leg a n s , C a vern u la r ia p u s illa , V irgu laria m ira b ilis, V irgu laria tu b ercu la ta , P en n a tu la rubra , p lu s th e o rig in a l descrip tio n o f P te ro e id es m o rb o su s .]

------------. 1963. A lc y o n a c e a et P en n a tu lacea de l ’A friq u e occiden ta le . A tlan tid e R eport. S cien tific R esu lts o f theD an ish E x p ed itio n to th e C o a sts o f T ro p ica l W es t A frica , 1945—1946 7:63—76. [V eretillum cyno m o riu m , C a v ern u la r ia p u silla . F u n ic u lin a qua d ra n g u la ris , V irgu laria m irab ilis , V irgu laria tu bercu la ta , P en n a tu la rubra , C ra sso p h y llu m cr is ta tu m , p lu s the o rig in a l d esc rip tio n s o f C a vern u la r ia m irifica an d P te ro e id es h irsu tus}

------------. 1965. Q u e lq u es o c to co ra llia ires au stra liens. B u lle tin du M u séu m na tio n a l d ’h isto ire n a tu re lle , P aris(2 )3 7 (4 ):7 0 5 —716. [V eretillum au stra le , L itu a ria a u stra la sia e . C a vern u la r ia o b esa , S c lero b e lem n o n sc h m e ltz i. V irgu laria g ra c illim a , V irgu laria g u sta v ia n a , V irgularia ru m p h i, P te ro e id e s b a nkanense . P te ro e id e s o b lo n g u m , S a rc o p tilu s g ra n d is , p lu s the o rig in a l d esc rip tio n o f a n ew g en u s and sp ec ies in the fam ily K o p h o b e lem n id ae - M a la co b e lem n o n stephenson i.}

------------. 1966. O c to co ra llia ire s de M a d ag asc a r e t des Iles avo is inan te s. F aune de M a d ag asc a r 21 :1 —456.[O rig in a l d esc rip tio n s o f V irgularia densa, P en n a tu la delica ta , P te ro e id es crosn ieri, P te ro e id e s acu tum . P te ro e id es hum esi. P te ro e id es den su m , an d P te ro e id es f le x u o s u m .]

------------. 1970a. O cto co ra llia ire s . C am p a g n e de la “C a ly p so ” au larg e d es cô te s a tlan tiq u es de l ’A m ériq u e duSud (1961—1962). A n n a le s de l ’In stitu t o céan o g rap h iq u e , M o n aco 47 :145—169. [R enilla m u eller i, R en illa re n ifo rm is, S ty la tu la d iadem a.}

------------. 1970b. L es o c to co ra llia ire s de N o u v e lle -C a léd o n ie . L ’E x p éd itio n fran ça ise sur les ré c ifs co ra llien s dela N o u v e lle -C a léd o n ie 4 :171—350.

------------. 1972. N o u v e l rap p o rt d ’o c to co ra llia ire s de M a d ag asc a r e t des Iles av o is in an te s. T éthys, su p p lé m e n t3 :11—68. [A m p h ia cm e a byssorum , S cy ta liu m m artensii, V irgu laria densa , V irgu laria h e lisc e p tru m , and V irgu laria ju n c e a , p lu s the o rig in a l d esc rip tio n s o f P te ro e id es carnosum , P te ro e id e s sp ic a tu m , and P te ro e id e s tr ia n g u lu m .]

. 1987. S o u s-C lasse des O cto co ra llia ire s . Pp. 3—185 in T ra ité de Z oo lo g ie , A n a to m ie , S ystém atiq u e ,B io lo g ie , P .-P . G rassé , ed. M asso n , P aris. 3 (3): 1—859. [P ennatu la p h o sp h o re a , U m bellu la a n ta rc tica , A n th o p tilu m g ra n d iflo ru m , V eretillum cyn o m o riu m , C avern u lia ria su b tilis , E ch in o p tilu m ech in a tu m .


R en illa ren ifo rm is, K o p h o b e le m n o n s te lliferu m , C hune lla g ra c illim a , F u n ic u lin a q u a d ra n g u la r is , V irgularia m ira b ilis , P en n a tu la ru b ra , P te ro e id es m o rb o sa s , D is tich o p tilu m g ra c ile .]

T i x i e r - D u r i v a u l t , A . a n d M .-J. D ’h o n d t . 1974a. N o u v e lle s réco lte s d ’o c to co ra llia ires à M ad ag ascar. T é th y s 5(2—3 ) :2 5 1—266. [A ctinop tilon m olle, A n th o p tilu m g ra n d iflo ru m . F u n ic u lin a qu a d ra n g u la ris . A m p h ia c m e a b yssorum , U m bellu la p e llu c id a , V irgularia densa , V irgu laria h a lsicep trum , V irgularia ju n c e a . V irgu laria m irabilis , V irgu laria m u ltica lyc ina , Scy ta liu m m artensii, P en n a tu la indica , P en n a tu la m ose ley i, P e n n a tu la p ea rc e y i, P te ro e id es sp ., an d G yrophyllum s ib o g a e .]

------------. 1974b. L es o c to co ra llia ires de la cam p ag n e B iaço res. B ulle tin d u M u séu m n a tio n a l d ’h is to ire n a tu re lleB u lle tin , P aris (Z oo l.) no. 174:1361—1433. [A nthoptilum m urrayi, F u n ic u lin a qu a d ra n g u la ris , P ro to p tilu m ca rpen teri, U m bellu la guen th er i, U m bellu la lindhali, P en n a tu la acu lea ta . P en n a tu la g ra n d is , P en n a tu la p h o sp h o re a , a n d G yro p h y llu m hirondellei.}

T i x i e r - D u r i v a u l t , A . a n d F. L a f a r g u e . 1968. Q u elq u es o c to co ra llia ires des cô te s fran ça ises . B u lle tin du M u séu m n a tio n a l d ’H isto ire N a tu re lle , P aris (2 )4 0 :6 2 1 -6 2 9 . [O rig in a l d esc rip tio n o f C a v ern u la r ia s u b tilis.}

T i z a r d , T. H ., H. N . M o s e l e y , H. Y . B u c h a n a n , a n d J. M a r r a y . 1885. N arra tiv e o f the c ru ise o f H. M . S. C h a llen g e r w ith a genera l acco u n t o f the sc ien tific re su lts o f th e exped itio n . R ep o rt on the S cien tific R esu lts o f th e V o y ag e o f th e H. M . S. C h a llen g e r d u rin g the y ea rs 1 8 7 3 -7 6 , N arra tiv e , V ol. 1, (firs t p a rt): 1—509. [Pp. 4 9 -5 1 on p en n a tu lacea n s , in c lu d in g an illu stra tion o f U m bellu la tho m so n i. T h e fo llo w in g p assag e is w o rth y o f q u o ta tio n , “ M a n y o f th e P en n a tu lid a a re k n o w n to be p h o sp h o rescen t, an d in th is sp e c im en o f U m bellu la , w h e n tak en fro m th e traw l, th e p o ly p s an d the m em b ran e co v erin g the ax is o f th e stem ex h ib ited a m o st b rillian t p h o sp h o rescen ce . A like p h en o m en o n w as o b se rv ed in th e case o f m an y o th e r A lcy o n arian s o b ta in ed fro m the d eep s e a , . . . U m bellu la w as long one o f th e ra re st o f zo o lo g ica l cu rio sities . T he firs t sp ec im en s e v e r d esc rib ed w ere o b ta in ed on the co as t o f G reen lan d , ea rly in the las t cen tu ry , by C ap ta in A d riaan z , c o m m an d er o f th e ‘B rita n n ia ,’ w h ile on a w h a le -f ish in g ex ped ition ; o n th is o ccas io n tw o sp e c im en s w ere found ad h e rin g to the so u n d in g line a t a d ep th o f 2 3 6 fa thom s. T h ese w e re d e sc rib e d by M . C h ristlo b M y liu s , an d one o f th em w as aga in describ ed in the P h ilo so p h ica l T ran sac tio n s fo r 1754, in a le tte r from M r. Jo h n E llis to M r. P ete r C o llin so n , ‘C o n c e rn in g a c lu s te r-p o ly p found in the sea n e a r the co as t o f G re e n la n d .’ M r. E llis co m p ared it to the 'E n c rin o s o r L ilium lap id eu m . . .’ and in deed the re sem b lan ce to a C rin o id is n o t a little strik ing . F o r m o re than a cen tu ry th e an im al w as n o t seen again , and it is o n ly a few y e a rs sin ce tw o spec im en s w ere d red g ed in d eep w a te r d u rin g th e c ru ise o f th e S w ed ish sh ip s ‘In g e g e rd ’ an d ‘G la d a n ,’ in th e A rctic O cean . T h ese w ere d esc rib ed in 1874 b y J. L indah l a s tw o new species,— U m bellu la m in a cea and U m bellu la pa llid a .}

T o m m a s i , L. R ., M . R. B io , a n d M . F u e t a . 1972. S ôbre a d is trib u içao de R en illa m u eller i K o llik er, 1872 na p la ta fo rm a co n tin en ta l do R io G ran d e do Sul (A n th o zo a , P en n a tu lacea). R ev is ta B ras ile ira d e B io lo g ía 32 (1 ):5 5 —58.

T o r r e y , H . B. 1901. S o m e fac ts co n ce rn in g reg en era tio n an d reg u la tio n in R en illa . B io log ica l B u lle tin (W o o d s F io le , M ass., M a rin e B io lo g ica l L ab o ra to ry ), B oston 2 (6 ):355—356. [R e n illa : reg en e ra tio n o f co lon ies .]

T r a u b , F. 1938. G eo lo g isch e und p a läo n to lo g isch e B earb e itu n g d er K re id e und des T ertiä rs im östlich en R u p e rtu w in k e l, n ö rd lic h v o n Salzburg . P a laeo n to g rap h ica S tu ttg art 8 8 A ( 1—3): 1—114. [E x tin c t sea pen G ra p h u la ria sa lisb u rg en s is fro m the P aleo cen e o f A ustria .]

T r e m b l e y , A . 1744. M é m o ires p o u r se rv ir à l ’h isto ire d ’un gen re de P o ly p es d ’eau d o u ce , à b ra s en fo rm e de co m es . A b b é T rem b ley , L eiden .

T r e m b l e y , P. 1941. M o rp h o lo g ie ex te rn e d ’un fo ss ile no u v eau . L e N atu ra lis te C an ad ien , Q u éb ec 6 8 (1 2 ):2 7 2 . [P o ssib le fossil p en n a tu lacea n fro m Q uebec .]

. 1942. M o rp h o lo g ie ex te rn e d ’un fossile nouveau . A nn. A cfas, M o n trea l 8 :85—86. [P o ssib le fossiip e n n a tu lacea n fro m th e D ev o n ian o f C anada.]

T y l e r , P . A ., S . K . B r o n s d o n , C . M . Y o u n g , a n d A . L. R ic e . 1 9 9 5 . E co lo g y and g am e to g en ic b io lo g y o f the g en u s U m b ellu la (P en n a tu lacea ) in th e n o rth A tlan tic O cean . In te rn a tio n a le R e v u e d er G esam ten H y d ro b io lo g ie 8 0 (2 ) : 1 8 7 - 1 99 .

T y l e r , P. A . a n d H. Z i b r o w iu s . 1992. S u b m ersib le o b se rv a tio n s o f th e in v erteb ra te fauna o n the co n tin en ta l slo p e so u th w est o f Ire lan d (N E A tlan tic O cean). O cean o lo g ica A c ta 15 (2 ) :2 1 1 -2 2 6 . [A n th o p tilu m g r a n d i

flo ru m .}U m b r i a c o , D ., M . A n c t i l , a n d L . D e s c a r r i e s . 1990. S ero to n in -im m u n o rea c tiv e n eu ro n s in the cn id arian

R e n illa koelliker i. Jo u rn a l o f C o m p ara tiv e N eu ro lo g y 291(2 ): 167—178. [R enilla koellikeri.}


U tin o m i , H . 1956a. C o lo u red illu stra tio n s o f se a -sh o re an im a ls o f Japan . F au n a an d F lo ra o f Ja p an , N o . 8 (2): 1 -6 7 . [In Ja p an ese ; co e len te ra tes , pp. 3—28; C a vern u la r ia obesa , E ch in o p tilu m m a c in to sh i, P en n a tu la f im b r ia ta , P te ro e id es b re v ira d ia tu m , P te ro e id es esperi. S c lero b e lem n o n burgeri, S cy ta liu m sp le n d en s, V irgu laria g u s ta v ia n a .]

. 1956b. O n som e a lcy o n arian s fro m the W est-P ac ific islan d s (Pa lau , P anape and B o n in s). P u b lica tio n so f the Seto m arin e b io lo g ica l L ab o ra to ry 5 (2 ):2 2 1 -2 4 2 . [P ennatu la f im b r ia ta .]

------------. 1958. O n so m e o c to co ra ls fro m deep w a te rs o f P rov . T osa , S ikoku . P u b lica tio n s o f the S eto m arin eb io lo g ica l L ab o ra to ry 7( 1 ):89—110. [K o p h o b e le m n o n s te lliferu m , P en n a tu la m u rra y i, S cy ta liu m sp le n dens.]

------------. 1961. N o tew o rth y o c to co ra ls co llec ted o f f th e so u th w e st coas t o f K ii P en in su la , M id d le Jap an . P art 2.T e le s tacea , G o rg o n acea and P enn a tu lacea . P u b lica tio n s o f the S eto M a rin e L ab o ra to ry 9( 1): 197—228.

. 1964. C o lo u red illu stra tio n s o f se ash o re an im a ls o f Japan . H o ik u sh a , O saka. 168 pp . [P teroeidessp a rm a n n i, P te ro e id es esperi, S cy ta liu m sp le n d en s, V irgu laria g u sta v ia n a , S c le ro b e lem n o n b u rg e ri, E c h inop tilu m m a cin to sh i, C a vern u la r ia obesa , L e io p tilu s fim b r ia tu s , S ta ch yp tilu m d o fle in i .]

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U t in o m i ,, H . a n d S. A . S h e p h e r d . 1982 . S eap en s (o rd er P en n a tu lacea). Pp. 2 0 7 —211 in H an d b o o k o f the F lo ra an d F au n a o f S ou th A ustra lia . M arine in v e rteb ra tes o f so u th e rn A ustra lia . P art 1, S. A . S hep h erd an d I. M . T h o m a s, eds. H an d b o o k s C o m m ittee , S ou th A u stra lian G overn m en t, A dela ide . 49 1 pp.

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V a l e n c i e n n e s , A . 1850. In A m o n o g rap h o f th e B ritish fossil co ra ls, P art I: In tro d u c tio n ; co ra ls from the T e rtia ry a n d C re taceo u s fo rm atio n s , H . M ilne E d w ard s an d J. H aim e, eds. P a laeo n to g rap h ica l S ociety , L ondon .

V a n d e r a h , D. J. a n d C. D j e r a s s i . 1977. N o v e l m arin e s te ro ls w ith m od ified b ile ac id ch a in fro m the se a pen P tilo sa rcu s g u rn e y i. T e trah ed ro n L ette rs 1977(8 ):683—686. [S te ro id co n ten t; nov e l s te ro ls , iso la tio n and stru c tu ra l de term in a tio n .]

V a n S o e s t , R. W . M . 1977. A ca ta lo g u e o f th e co e len te ra te ty p e sp ec im en s o f th e Z o o lo g ica l M u seu m o f A m ste rd am . III. A n tip a th aria , P en n a tu lacaea , S to lon ifera , T e lestacea , A lcy o n ace a . B e au fo rtia 2 6 (3 3 2 ):7 7 —98. [V eretillum m a la yen se , E ch in o p tilu m a sp eru m , E ch in o p tilu m e lo n g a tu m , E ch in o p tilu m m in im u m , E ch in o p tilu m ro seu m , K o p h o b e le m n o n p a u c iflo ru m , S c le ro b e lem n o n e lo n g a tu m , S c le ro b e le m n o n g ra v ie r i, S c lero b e lem n o n m a g n iflo ru m , A n th o p tilu m m a la yen se , P ro to p tilu m ce leb en se , C hu n e lla b iflo ra , U m bellu la w eberi, H a lisc ep tru m g u sta v ia n u m var. p a rv iflo ra , H a lisc ep tru m g u s ta v ia n u m var. m a g n ifo lia , V irgu laria rubra , Scy ta liu m ba lss i, P te ro e id es a rg en teu m var. typ icu m , P te ro e id e s a rg e n teu m var. d u r is s im u m , P te ro e id es fla v id u m , P te ro e id es g r iseu m var. lo n g esp in o su m , P te ro e id es h y s tr ix var. a n g u stifo liu m , P te ro e id es h ys tr ix var. la tifo lium , P te ro e id es la ca zii var. sp in o su m , P te ro e id es m a la yen se , P te ro e id e s tim orense , P te ro e id es sp e c io su m . P te ro e id es ten eru m , P te ro e id es w e sterm a n n i. G yro p h y llu m sibo g a e .]

V e r r il l , A . E. 1 8 6 4 . L ist o f the p o ly p s an d co ra ls sen t by th e M u seu m o f C o m p ara tiv e Z o o lo g y to o th e r in stitu tio n s in ex ch an g e , w ith an n o ta tio n s. B u lle tin o f the M u seu m o f C o m p ara tiv e Z o o lo g y a t H arv a rd C o lleg e l ( 3 ) :2 9 - 6 0 .

. 1865. S y n o p sis o f th e p o ly p s and c o ra ls o f th e N o rth P ac ific E x p lo rin g E x p ed itio n , u n d e r C o m m o d o reC . R in g g o ld an d C a p ta in Jo h n R ogers , U . S. N ., fro m 1853 to 1856. C o llec ted b y D r. W . S tim p so n , n a tu ra lis t o f th e E x p ed itio n . W ith d esc rip tio n s o f so m e ad d itio n a l species from the w e s t co as t o f N o rth A m erica . P ro c eed in g s o f th e E ssex In stitu te , S alem , M ass ., P arts 2 an d 3, V ol. 4 :1 8 1 -1 9 6 , V ol. 5 :1 7 -5 0 ; P art 4 , V ol. 5 :315—333. [P teroeides p u tn a m i, F u n ic u lin a fo r b e s i i = P a vo n a ria qu a d ra n g u la r is , R en illa d a n a e = R en illa a m e r ic a n a , R en illa p e lta ta , R en illa p a tu la , R en illa a m e th ystin a , P tilo sa rcu s g u rn e y i. V eretillum s tim p so n i, K o p h o b e le m n o n c la va tu m , V eretillum b a cu la tu m , S ty la tu la g ra c ilis , P te ro m o rp h a exp a n sa , L e io p tilu m u n d u la tu m , V irgu laria p u s illa , V irgu laria g ra c ilis , V irgu laria e lo n g a ta ; in tro d u c tio n o f th e n am e P e n n a tu lacea a s a su b o rd e r, w ith su b seq u en t co rre c tio n b y S tu d er (1 8 8 7 a) as the o rd in a l nam e.]


------------. 1866. R ev iew : Ico n es h is tio lo g icae , o d e r A tla s d e r v e rg le ich en d en G ew eb e leh re ; zw eite A b th e ilu n g .D e r fe in ere B a u d er h ö h eren T h ie re . E rs tes H eft. D ie B in d esu b stan z d er C o e len te ra ten . . . . A m erican Jo u rn a l o f Science an d A rts (2 )4 2 :2 8 3 —284.

. 1868—1870. N o tes on R ad ia ta in the M u seu m o fY a le C o llege . N o. 6. R ev iew o f the co ra ls an d p o ly p so f th e w es t c o as t o f A m erica . T ran sac tio n s o f th e C o n n e c tic u t A cad e m y o f A rts and S ciences 1:3 7 7 -4 2 2 (A pril 1 8 6 8 :3 7 7 -3 9 0 ; Ju n e 1 8 6 8 :3 9 1 -3 9 8 ; Ju ly 1 8 6 8 :3 9 9 -4 1 4 ; D ece m b e r 1 868 :415^122); 4 2 3 -5 0 2 (1 8 6 9 ); 5 0 3 -5 5 8 (1870). [R enilla am eth ystin a , S ty la tu la gracilis', B ay er (1996) rem ark s u n d e r h is c ita tio n o f V errili (1868—1870): “T h e re g u la r ed ition up to p. 502 w as d es tro y ed by fire a f te r d is tr ib u tio n o f the a u th o r ’s ed ition o f 150 cop ies ; the rep rin ted ed ition issued in 1869 co n ta in s nom en c la tu ra l ch an g es m ark ed ‘R e p rin t’ and thus co n stitu tes a separa te p u b lica tio n .” ]

------------. 1878. N o tice o f recen t ad d itio n s to th e m arin e fau n a o f th e eas te rn coast o f N o rth A m erica , N o . 2.A m erican Jo u rn a l o f S cience an d A rts (3 )1 6 :3 7 1 —378.

. 1879. N o tice o f recen t add itio n s to th e m arin é fau n a o f the eas te rn co as t o f N o rth A m erica , N o . 3 an d5. A m erican Jou rnal o f S cience an d A rts (3 )1 7 :2 3 9 -2 4 3 ,4 7 4 . [V irgu laria (?) g ra n d iflo ra p. 23 9 , F u n icu lin a a rm a ta p. 240.]

------------. 1882a. N o tice o f the rem ark ab le m arin e fauna o ccu p y in g the o u te r ban k s o f f the so u th e rn co as t o f N ewE n g la n d , N o . 5. B r ie f co n trib u tio n s to zo o lo g y from the M u su em o fY a le C o llege: N o. 5 1 . A m erican Jou rnal o f S cience and A rts (3 )2 3 :2 2 2 —225, 3 0 9 -3 1 6 . [P ennatu la acu lea ta v a r. a lb a , p. 310.]

------------. 1882b. N o tice o f the rem ark a b le m arin e fau n a o ccu p y in g th e o u te r ban k s o f f th e so u th e rn co as t o f N e wE ng lan d , N o. 7, an d o f som e add itio n s o f the fauna o f V in ey ard S ound. A m erican Jo u rn a l o f S c ien ce and A rts (3 )2 4 :3 6 0 —364. [D istichop tilum g ra c ile , p. 362.]

. 1883. R ep o rt on the A n th o zo a , and on so m e add itio n a l sp ec ies d red g ed by the “ B lak e” in 1 8 7 7 -1 8 7 9 ,an d by the U. S. F ish C o m m issio n s te am er “ F ish H aw k ” in 1 8 8 0 -8 2 . B u lle tin o f th e M u se u m o f C o m p ara tiv e Z o o lo g y , H arv ard 11:1—72.

------------. 18 84a. N o tice o f th e rem ark a b le m arin e fau n a o ccu p y in g th e o u te r b an k s o f f th e so u th e rn co as t o f N ewE n g la n d , an d o f som e ad d itio n s to the fau n a o f V in ey a rd S ound . A n n u a l R e p o rt o f th e U n ited S ta tes C o m m is io n e r o f F ish eries fo r 1882:641—669. [D istichop tilum g ra c ile .]

------------. 18 84b. N o tice o f the rem ark a b le m arin e fauna o ccu p y in g the o u te r ban k s o f f the so u th e rn co as t o f N ewE ng lan d , N o . 9. B r ie f co n trib u tio n s to zo o lo g y from the M u seu m o fY a le C o lleg e , N o. 55. A m erican Jo u rn a l o f S c ien ce and A rts (3 )2 8 :2 1 3 —220. [U m bellu la b a ird ii, K o p h o b e le m n o n tenue, S c lero p tilu m gra c ile .]

------------. 1885a. N o tice o f th e rem ark a b le m arin e fau n a o ccu p y in g th e o u te r b an k s o f th e so u th e rn co as t o f N ewE ng lan d , N o . 11. B r ie f co n tr ib u tio n s to zo o lo g y fro m the M u seu m o f Y a le C o lleg e , 57 . A m erican Jou rnal o f S c ience and A rts (3 )2 9 :1 4 9 —157. [B enthoptilum sertu m . S ty la tu la sp.]

----------- . 1885b. R esu lts o f the ex p lo ra tio n s m ad e by the s te am er A lb a tro ss o f f the n o rth ern co as t o f the U n itedS ta tes in 1883. A n n u a l R e p o rt o f the U n ited S tates C o m m iss io n e r o f F ish eries fo r 1 8 8 3 :5 0 3 -6 9 9 .

. 1922. T h e A lcy o n aria o f the C an ad ian A rctic ex p ed itio n , 1913—1918, w ith a rev isio n o f so m e o th e rC a n ad ian g en e ra and species. R e p o rt o f the C a n ad ian A rctic E x p ed itio n , O ttaw a 8G :1—87. [P enna tu la a cu lea ta , P tilo sa rcu s g u rn e y i. S ty la tu la co lu m b ia n a , V errillia b la k e i .]

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W a r d , W . W . 1 9 7 9 . E n e rg y t r a n s fe r p ro c e s s e s in b io lu m in e s c e n c e . P h o to c h e m ic a l a n d p h o to b io lo g ic a l re v ie w s 4 :1 —5 7 . [Renilla .]

W a r d , W . W . a n d C o r m i e r , M . J. 1978a. E n erg y tran sfe r v ia p ro te in p ro te in in terac tio n in R en illa b io lu m in e scence . P h o to ch em istry and P h o to b io lo g y 2 7 (4 ):3 8 9 —396. [R enilla re n ifo rm is : lu m in escen ce ; b io lu m in escen ce , energy tran sfe r v ia p ro te in p ro te in in terac tions.]

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W il l e m o e s - S u h m , R . V o n . 1875a. N o tes on so m e y o u n g stag es o f U m bellu lar ia , an d on its g eo g rap h ica l d is trib u tio n . A n n a ls and M a g az in e o f N a tu ra l H isto ry (4 )1 5 :3 1 2 -3 1 6 . [U m b ellu la .]

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------------. 1987. S y stem atics an d zo o g eo g rap h y o f so u th e rn A frican octoco ra l cn idarian s. Ph. D. d isse rta tio n .U n iv e rs ity o f C a p e T ow n , C ap e T ow n , S ou th A frica . 469 pp. [P en n a tu lacea o f so u th e rn A frica , in c lu d in g N am ib ia , S ou th A frica , an d sou th e rn M ozam b iq u e .]


— . 19 89a. A p ro v is io n a l an n o ta ted list o f o c to co ra llian co e len te ra te s occu rrin g on th e su b litto ra l co ra l ree fs a t S o d w an a B a y an d K osi B ay , n o rth ern N ata l, w ith a k ey to th e genera . S ou th A frica n Jo u rn a l o f S cience 85(3): 141—144. [B rie f d escrip tion : C avern u la r ia dayi.]

— . 1989b. T he p en n a tu lacea n g en u s C avern u la r ia V a len c ien n e s (O cto co ra llia : V ere tillid ae). Z o o lo g ica l Jo u rn a l o f the L innean S o c ie ty 95 (4 ):2 8 5 —310 [S ynopsis o f the genus, k ey to the sp ec ies , o rig in a l d esc rip tio n s o f C avern u la r ia ca p ita ta an d C a vernu lar ia dedeckeri.]

— . 1990. T h e P en n a tu lacea o f sou thern A frica (C o e len te ra ta , A n th o zo a). A n n a ls o f th e S ou th A frica n M u seu m 9 9 (4 ) :3 1—119 [R eg io n a l fauna, sy n o n y m y , d escrip tio n s , k ey to the fam ilie s and sp ec ies , in c lu d es illu stra ted d esc rip tio n s o f C avern u la r ia dayi, C avern u la r ia elegans, E ch in o p tilu m m acin tosh ii, E c h in o p tilum ech ina tum , A c tin o p tilu m m olle, K o p h o b e le m n o n ste lliferum , A n th o p tilu m g ra n d iflo ru m , D is tic h o p tilum grac ile , H a lip te r is a fricana , C hu n e lla g rac illim a , A m p h ia c m e a byssorum , U m bellu la thom soni, U m bellu la lindahli, V irgu laria schu ltze i, V irgularia m irab ilis , V irgu laria g u sta v ia n a , S cy ta lio p sis d jib o u tiensis, P en n a tu la in fla ta , an d P te ro e id es isosceles', in c lu d ed are co lo r p h o to g rap h s o f liv in g an im als: A ctin o p tilu m m olle , V irgu laria schu ltze i, E ch in o p tilu m ech ina tum , and E ch in o p tilu m m acintoshi', firs t reco rd o f b io lu m in escen c e in A ctin o p tilu m m olle , p. 63.]

— . 1992. B io g eo g rap h y o f the o c to co ra llian co e len te ra te fau n a o f so u th e rn A frica . B io lo g ica l Jo u rn a l o f the L in n e an S ocie ty 4 6 (4 ) :3 5 1 -4 0 1 . [B io g eo g rap h ic a ffin itie s an d b a th y m etry o f so u th e rn A frica n o c to c o ra ls in c lu d in g pen n a tu lacean s.]

— . 1993a. C ora l r e e f o c to co ra ls— an illu stra ted g u id e to th e so ft co ra ls , sea fan s an d sea p en s in h ab itin g th e co ra l ree fs o f n o rth ern N ata l. D u rb an N a tu ra l Science M useum . 64 pp . [Illu s tra ted tax o n o m ic d e sc rip tion: C avern u la r ia dayi.]

— . 19 93b. B io tic d iversity , b io g eo g rap h y , and p h y lo g en y o f p en n a tu lacea n oc to co ra ls a sso c ia ted w ith co ra l ree fs in th e Ind o -P ac ific . P ro ceed in g s o f the S even th In te rn a tio n a l C ora l R e e f S y m p o siu m 2 :7 2 9 —735. [B io g eo g rap h ic affin ities o f a ll p e n n a tu lacea n g en era an d In d o -P ac ific tax a in p a rticu la r; p h y lo g e n y an d clad is tics . T h e fo llo w in g p assag e fro m p. 734 on p e n n a tu lacea n ev o lu tio n is q u o ted here : “T h e V ere tillid a e an d th e E ch in o p tilid ae are the lea s t d eriv ed o f the ex tan t sea pens. T h ey are . . . co n cen tra ted in th e re la tiv e ly sh a llo w w a te rs o f th e Ind o -P ac ific , w h ile a varie ty o f m ore d e riv ed fo rm s are p re sen t w o rld w id e and sh o w v as t b a th y m etric ran g es . . . . It is th e re fo re p o stu la ted th a t the se a p en s as a g roup in itia lly d iffe ren tia ted in th e sh a llo w w a te rs o f tro p ic a l o cean s and h av e sub seq u en tly d iv e rs if ied and d isp e rsed to all d ep th s o f th e tem p era te an d p o la r reg io n s , as w ell as th e tro p ic s.” .]

— . 1993c. [See B ran ch an d W illiam s (1993).]— . 1995a. L iv in g g en e ra o f sea p en s (C oe len te ra ta : O ctoco ra llia : P en n a tu lacea): illu stra ted k ey and syno p ses . Z o o lo g ica l Jou rnal o f th e L in n ean S ocie ty 1 1 3 :9 3 -1 4 0 . [G eneric m o n o g rap h , sy n o n y m y , d iag n o ses, d istrib u tio n s, k ey to the fam ilies and genera , d iscu ssio n o f c lassifica tio n an d p h y lo g en y ; illu s tra ted g en eric d iag n o ses inc lude L ituaria , C avernu lina , C avernu laria , Veretillum , A c tin o p tilu m , E c h inop tilum , R en illa , K o p h o b e lem n o n , Sc lerobelem non , M a la co b e lem n o n , F u n icu lin a , D istich o p tilu m , P ro top tilum , S tach yp tilu m , Sclero p tilu m , C a libelem non , A m p h ia cm e, C hunella , U m bellu la , A n th o p tilu m , H a lip teris , S tyla tu la , A ca n th o p tilu m , Scyta lium , V irgularia, Scyta liopsis , P enna tu la , P tilo sa rcu s , G yro p h y llu m , S arcop tilu s , C rasso p h y llu m , and P teroeides.]— . 1995b. P re lim in ary a ssessm en t o f the o rig in an d p h y lo g en e tic s o f p en n a tu lacea n octoco ra ls . S ixth In te rn a tio n a l C o n fe ren ce on C o e le n te ra te B io logy: P ro g ram m e an d A bstrac ts . P. 102. [P h y lo g en e tic aspects o f th e P en n a tu lacea an d réév a lu a tio n o f the V en d ian fro n d lik e fossils]

— . 1995c. R e v is io n o f the p en n a tu lacea n g en u s S a rco p tilu s (C o e len te ra ta : O c to co ra llia ) fro m so u th e rn A u s tra lia an d N ew Z ea lan d , w ith d escrip tio n s o f th ree new species. R e co rd s o f th e S ou th A ustra lian M u seu m 28(1 ): 1 3 -3 2 [T ax o n o m ic rev isio n inc lu d in g th ree o rig ina l d escrip tio n s; fo u r sp ec ies a re co n s id ered valid : S a rc o p tilu s g ra n d is , S a rc o p tilu s sh a n e p a rker i, S a rc o p tilu s n u llisp icu la tu s, an d S a rc o p tilu s rigidus', w ith a d isc u ss io n o f the sta tu s o f S a rc o p tilu s roseum an d S a rc o p tilu s bo llonsi.]

— . 19 95d . T h e en ig m atic sea pen gen u s G yrophyllum — a p h y lo g en e tic reassessm en t an d d esc rip tio n o f G. s ib o g a e fro m T asm an ian w a te rs (C oe len te ra ta : O ctoco ra llia ). P ro c eed in g s o f th e C a lifo rn ia A cad e m y o f S c ien ces 48( 15): 1—13. [D escrip tion , c lassifica tio n , c lad istics: G yro p h y llu m sibogae', fam ily P te ro e id id ae co n s id e red sy n o n y m o u s w ith P ennatu lidae .]

— . 1996. [See G o s lin e r e t al.( 1996); pp . 5 6 -6 0 .]— . 1997a. A n ew g en u s an d species o f n ep th th e id so ft co ra l (O cto co ra llia : A lcy o n acea) fro m th e w es te rn P ac ific O cea n , an d a d isc u ssio n o f c o n v e rg en ce w ith severa l d eep -se a b en th ic o rg an ism s. P ro c eed in g s o f

1 0 2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCESVolume 51, No. 2

the C a lifo rn ia A cad e m y o f S ciences 4 9 (1 2 ):4 2 3 -4 3 7 . [U m b e llu la : m o rp h o lo g ica l c o n v e rg en ce w ith th ree o th e r u n re la ted deep sea o rgan ism s.]

------------. 1997b. D iv ersity an d ev o lu tio n o f d eep -se a p e n n a tu lacea n octoco ra ls. E ig h th D eep -S ea B io lo g yS y m p o siu m , A bstrac ts . P. 138. [E v o lu tio n ary asp ec ts o f deep -sea pen n a tu lacean s.]

------------. 1997c. P re lim in ary assessm en t o f the p h y lo g en y o f P en n tu lacaea (A n th o zo a : O c to co ra llia ), w ith areev a lu ta tio n o f E d iacaran fro n d -lik e fossils , an d a sy n o p s is o f th e h is to ry o f e v o lu tio n a ry th o u g h t reg a rd in g th e sea pen s . P ro c eed in g s o f th e S ix th In te rn a tio n a l C o n feren ce on C o e le n te ra te B io lo g y . P p . 497—509. [P re lim in a ry p h y lo g en y o f the P enn a tu lacea , a ssessm en t o f the V en d ian fo ss ils th a t re sem b le sea pens , and h isto rica l a sp ec ts o f ph y lo g en y .]

. 19 97d . O cto co ra l sy s tem atics an d the P recam b rian V en d ian b io ta . W es te rn S ocie ty o f N a tu ra lis ts (78 than n u a l m ee tin g ), P ro g ram and A bstrac ts . P . 57. [C om p ariso n and c o n tra s t o f m o rp h o lo g y , liv in g sea p en s vs. th e V en d ian fro n d lik e fossils.]

. 1997e. O cto co ra llia . In T ree o f L ife W orld W id e W eb P ro jec t, D av id an d W ay n e M a d d iso n , eds.U n iv e rs ity o f A rizo n a , T u cso n W E B S IT E (h ttp ://a g .a rizo n a .ed u /tree /p h y lo g en y .h tm l). [Illu s tra ted sy n o p sis o f th e m a jo r tax a o f O cto co ra llia , in c lu d in g th e sea pens.]

. 1997f. P en n a tu lacea . In C o e le n te ra ta (C n id aria ), J. van d er L and , ed. U n esco -IO C R e g is te r o f M arineO rg an ism s (U N E S C O W E B S IT E ) (h ttp ://w w w eti.e ti.b io .u v a .n l/d a tab ase /u rm o /d e fa u lt.sh tm l). [C o m p re h e n s iv e an n o ta ted listing o f the sp ec ies o f P en n a tu lacea co n s id e red a s valid .]

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