index of subjects - springer978-94-017-6059-1/1.pdf · -forms 559 - phenomena 766 ... index of...

INDEX OF SUBJECTS

a 132,411 abbreviate 679 abbreviation 615 - of a linguistic description 572 aberrant 572 - detail538 -forms 559 - phenomena 766 - situation 506 -able 456 absence of restriction 687 abstract 462, 464, 781 - algebra 610 accept 384 acceptability 537, 538, 553, 567, 569, 575,

689; see also type of acceptability, varying acceptability, weakened acceptability

- criterion 611 - difference 573 - order 573, 606 - ordering 539, 555, 615, 616, 617, 619,

620, 621, 655, 658, 659, 660, 679, 686 - ordering preserved 546, 573; see also

preserve acceptability-ordering acceptable 503, 526, 541, 611, 620, 625, 773 - sentence 557, 606, 613 acceptance 610; see also special acceptance - of co-occurrents 448 - of the population 767 accepted 559 accusative 546 acoustically similar 770 action independent 520 active 336, 790 - passive relation 791, 792 - to passive 794 actually occur 117 add constants 549 added morpheme 657 added phoneme 235 addition 443, 605 additional interval 345 additive sequence 80 address 466, 467, 468, 469, 667, 671, 679

addressable 663 addressee-object 249 addressing 666 adjective 93, 94, 95, 131, 141, 275, 484, 543,

561, 614, 621, 644,785, 794; see also partitive adjective A

- of manner 679 - phrase 397, 411, 421; see also A-phrase adjectivization 556, 675 adjectivizer 95 adjectivizing 659 - constant 674 adjoin 605 adjoinable 280 - interval 345 adjoined 255ff, 281, 296, 533 adjoining 258 adjunct 254, 258, 273, 275, 277, 278, 279,

281, 463, 464, 465, 467, 468, 469, 471, 490, 533, 541, 543, 546, 547, 550, 561, 569, 597, 602, 621, 641, 651, 681, 683, 684; see also disjoint adjunct, elementary adjunct, left adjunct, right adjunct, sentence adjunct, verb-adjunct

-form 597 - string 533 - structure 280, 281, 284 adjunction 278, 536; see also tensing ad-

junction adjuncts of kernel 465 adjuncts of noun 682 adjuncts of verb 682 adjusting 751 - individuals to society 756 administrator 752 adverb 131, 141, 275, 298, 308, 484, 485,

486, 491, 495, 502, 508, 528, 531, 551, 593, 601, 650, 651; see also comparative adverb, duration-adverb, locational adverb, prepositional adverb, time-adverb, time-duration adverb, time-location adverb, Aly, D

- of degree 491, 621, 650 - of manner 491, 622, 644, 680

808 STRUCTURAL AND TRANSFORMATIONAL LINGUISTICS

adverbial clause 309 adverbial insert 512, 544, 558 adverbial subordinate clause 308 affix 20, 79, 81, 82, 108, 110, 114, 141, 152,

183, 207, 239, 244, 496, 502, 529, 555, 556, 604, 615, 651, 673, 674, 801; see also unique affix, zero affix

affixation 525 affixing 398 affixless 497, 654 affixless form 656 after 624ff afterward(s) 623, 624, 643, 644, 647 agree 93, 97, 225, 237 agreement 42, 43, 60, 66, 91, 98, 99, 123,

223, 228, 393, 514, 536, 541, 575, 637, 673, 684; see also grammatical agreement

algebra of transformations 442, 460; see also simpler algebra of transformations

algebraic analysis 390 algebraic form 778 algebraic operation 603ff algebraic property 459 algebraic relation 449 algebraic structure 449 algebraic tools 535 Algonquian 245 algorithm 614 al/107, 110, 648, 650 allomorph 64, 150 allophone 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 22, 23, 24,

25, 26, 28, 29, 39, 40, 47, 51, 53, 58, 65, 66, 179, 182, 186, 190, 771

allophonic patterning 178 allophonic values 125 alphabet 27, 307, 604 alphabetic 800 already developed alternatives 797 altering sentences 802 altering substitution class 110 alternant(s) 41, 54, 56, 64, 79, 80ff, 81, 92,

235, 239, 242, 245; see also unique alternant, zero alternant

-form 403 - of morpheme 716, 782, 783 -pairs 245 - with different positions 249 alternate 79 alternation 78, 187, 203, 218 alternative 101, 146,253,267, 370, 599, 666,

796 - analysis 57, 63, 216, 254, 530 - classification 267, 269, 270 - distributional analysis 792 - formulation 226, 487

- methods 199 - order 434, 435 - path 268, 271 - possibilities 90 - reading 267, 268, 269, 270, 271 - representation 288 - segmentation 238 - sources 614 - statement 147 -values 269 alternatively 93, 123, 185, 243, 247, 487 alternatives available 804 always-occurring suffix 226 ambiguity 155, 253, 264, 270, 271, 470, 471,

541, 575, 576, 610, 611, 639, 675, 679, 680, 683; see also dictionary ambiguity, grammatical ambiguity, homonymous ambiguity, unresolved ambiguity

ambiguous 257, 268, 455, 564, 575, 606, 607, 609, 652, 666, 673, 686

amount 629 - of difference in environments 786 - of meaning difference 786 analog 243 analogic 208, 596 -change 700 - extension 493, 494, 495, 510, 518, 520,

526, 528; see also inverse of analogic extensions

- operation 494, 508, 525, 529 - regularization 762 -rule 567 -trend 532 analogically extended 508 analogized 189 analogy 494, 502, 508, 512, 527, 569 analysis 57, 63, 216, 254, 530, 605; see also

descriptive analysis, formal analysis, functor analysis, grammatical analysis, historical analysis, linguistic analysis

analyze structurally 701 and 132, 261, 380, 423, 427, 449, 492, 527,

547, 613, 614, 615, 641, 650, 662, 663, 670, 672, 673, 674, 675, 681, 683

answer 503, 790 antecedent 409, 410,412, 413, 414, 419, 421,

423, 425, 431, 453, 501, 518, 522, 523, 531, 563, 576, 691

antonym 576 any 83 apparent transform 640 applied anthropologist 764 apposition 134, 364, 427, 429, 577 appositional status 681 appropriate 132, 545, 552, 576

INDEX OF SUBJECTS 809

- verb 576, 580, 601 - verb-operator 580 - word 518, 526, 558, 559 appropriateness 560 approximating 770 approximation 68, 325, 388, 777 a priori structure 805 Arabic 105, 161 arbitrarily 775, 776 arbitrary 60, 787 - assemblage of sentences 609 -object 604 - symbol603 archiphoneme 5, 15 argument 575, 614, 616, 621, 624, 640, 641,

643, 647, 652, 656, 657, 659, 660, 663, 664, 665, 667, 670, 671, 672, 673, 675, 678, 679,681, 686, 687, 690, 691; see also extension of argument, fixed argument

- of argument 688, 691 - of passive 553 - -skipping 620, 647, 651, 652, 655, 656,

657, 658, 659, 660, 672, 675, 678, 682, 684, 685

- status 679 - variable 669 -word 615 article 93, 94, 101, 106, 131, 133, 141, 152,

298, 537; see also T, definite article articulation 24 as ... as 633 aspectual 543 aspiration 8 assertion 117, 132, 137, 411, 426, 433, 484,

564,642 assimilation 16, 86, 150, 179, 183, 185, 186,

187, 199, 207 associated behavior 761 association 780 associative 257, 443, 671 associativity 253, 256, 270 asyntactic 525, 541, 543, 571, 577 - operation 517, 528, 532 - permutations 513, 518 attention-directing 679f. audible 41 automatic 13, 31, 56, 168, 171, 175, 183,

187, 200, 202, 210, 211, 212, 226, 641, 650, 677

-be 639 - change 256, 637, 640 - feature 583 - morphophonemic alternations 203 - sequence 11, 28 - the 627

- variant641, 642,648,664 automaton 287, 609, 610 - -style grammar 289 auxiliary 135, 407, 408, 413, 414, 416, 417,

419, 422, 452, 456, 503, 535, 543, 563, 570, 642, 648, 651, 653, 654, 655, 656, 680

- language 797; see also use of auxiliary language

aware 790 awareness 743 axiomatic operations 557 axiomatic sentence forms 554 axiomatic transformational divisors 566 axiomatization 608

back-and-forth 255 back-formed 495 Bantu 94 base 198, 685 - form 88, 185, 186, 211, 212, 760 - formation 461 - set 443, 506 - set of sentence forms 387 - transformation 460, 596, 607 basic morpheme 211 basic word 211 battery of transformations 691 be 106, 131, 137, 384, 385, 386, 409, 433,

484, 491, 507, 515, 518, 530, 542, 554, 560, 561, 570, 614, 621, 660, 672

be-en 434 before 624ff beginning 61, 62, 67, 82 - of utterance 162ff, 168, 169 -word 68 behavior 68, 722 be-ing 419, 434, 456, 487, 489, 544, 620f,

625, 672, 691 belles-lettres 461 be-set 511, 570 binaries 552; see also binary transformation binary 555, 671 - operation 607, 608 - operator 465 - transformation 492, 546, 575, 578, 579 - verb 551, 575 biological process 766 bi-unique-correspondence 26, 244 hi-uniquely 165 bizarre effect 275 bizarreness 383 Bloomfield, Leonard 198, 533, 722, 760, 785 borrowed 25 -word 741


borrowing 150, 762, 781 bound 118, 409, 411, 413, 419, 453 - morpheme 46, 49, 51, 57, 61, 168 - pro-morpheme 423, 425, 436, 455 - zero pro-morpheme 413 boundary 32, 33, 34, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45,

46, 48, 49, 50, 61, 448; see also word boundary

boundedness 410 bracketing 264 briefer grammar 9 broken sequence 91 but 547 by 384, 435, 439, 455, 500, 510, 556, 569,

674,794

calculus 780 can 408, 419, 486, 655 cancel 287, 289, 291, 292, 293, 304, 307 cancellation 286, 295, 297, 298, 308 carrier 413 case 93, 98, 126, 152, 218 - -ending 205, 206, 221, 652 catalog of components 198 catalog of elements 200 category(-ies) 126, 253, 255, 484, 530, 567,

724; see also extended category - of perception 793 - of words 538; see also word category - sequence(s) 294, 485 causative 106, 510, 546; see also zero causa

tive center 275, 278, 284, 303, 463, 464, 465,

469, 471, 536, 543; see also sentence center

- -and-adjunct 278, 534 - -and-adjunct analysis 281, 283, 285 - -and-substring analysis 274 - string 253ff, 304, 533, 605, 683 - structure 284 - that includes (a) center 282 central kernel 273 central meaning 780 central problem of linguistics 604, 609 chain of circumstances 798 chain of elementary operations 506 chain of equivalences 319, 324, 345; see also

step in chain of equivalences chain of substitutions 353 chain property 531 change 259, 442, 529, 637, 680; see also

historical change, linguistic change, list of changes, meaning change

-form 681 - in language 731

- in meaning 125 - of phonemic sequence 613 - over whole sentence 482, 483 - status 682 changeable restriction 675 changed string relations 673 characteristic intonation 561 characteristic problem 613 characterizing of combination 604 characterizing what occurs in discourse 609 chart 117 Cherokee 781 choice 86, 98, 120, 238, 239, 242, 266, 297,

331, 332, 452, 785 - of constants 674 circumlocution 659, 792 clarifying of argument 803 clashes of interest 803 class 47, 48, 54, 57, 60, 85, 89, 93, 98, 116,

117, 141, 239, 253, 275, 281, 284, 318, 327, 332, 392, 604, 615, 691, 775, 787; see also distributional class, environmental class, word class

- -cleavage 124, 125 - construction 398, 418 - control 764 - environment 392 -marks 671 -meaning 95 - membership 468 - of allophones 14 - of elements 788 - of phonemes 5 - of positions 92 - of predicates 649 - of strings 605 - or schema 572 -order 333 - prefix 94ff - -structural term 409 - variable 675 classification 6, 123, 197, 267, 269, 572, 648,

660, 673, 760 - of experience 794 - of meaning 780 - of morphemes 673 - of structural types 139 classificatory linguistics 390 classificatory morpheme 670 classificatory noun 467 classified 610 classifier 501, 531, 545, 576, 577, 599, 601,

643, 647, 672; see also Nc1 - morpheme 676 - -noun 543, 559; see also Nc1


- relation 572, 655 classifiers of morphemes 97 classifiers of suffixes 205 classify occurrence 714 clause 94, 132, 138, 140, 143; see also wh-

clause - -final 141 - suffix 115 closed 614, 669 closure 456 closures of sequences 119 cluster 5, 6, 21, 25, 27, 28, 48, 56, 67, 70,

175, 180, 183, 186, 187, 191, 201 code 793 coding 676 cognate 150, 189 coherent string structure 685 coherent structure 615 collective 485, 663 -noun 663 -verb 662 color names 131 combinability 618, 649, 688 combination 3, 6, 9, 13, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25,

26, 31, 169, 173, 185, 221, 223, 239, 243, 254, 259, 260, 271, 383, 418, 421, 451, 668, 676,686,726,773, 779; see also limitations in range of combinations

- of components 130 - of meanings 451 combinations of elements 604, 613 combinatorial 778 combined distribution 81 combined environments 81, 89 combined phonemes 766 combined resultant 579 combiner 444, 445, 450 combining elements 449 combining sentences 802 combinings 649 comfortable 507, 519, 530, 616, 620, 621,

652 comma 260, 276, 405, 414, 415, 424, 427,

428, 492, 493, 517, 529, 530, 547, 577 - intonation 412, 433 command 80, 105 common distributions 143 common feature 84 common meaning 785 common selection 786 communication 182 commutative 443, 671 compact 675 - description 224 - formulation 217

- statement 100, 209, 391 comparability 120 - of morphologies 123 comparative 304, 387, 486, 506, 554, 602,

627ff, 641; see also special comparatives -adverb 491 - conjunction 486, 492, 547, 548, 552, 629,

691 - connective 564 - marker 552, 631 - morpheme 627 compared word 631 comparing of distribution 773 comparison 80, 467, 486, 725 - operation 465, 469 competing theories 535 complement 79 - set 538 complementary 6, 14, 23, 28, 29, 31, 52, 89,

91, 101, 165, 166, 167, 173, 179, 185, 193, 203, 212, 232, 241, 242, 243, 245, 250, 456, 637, 664

- alternants 786 - distribution 26, 81, 709 - environments 173, 240 - morphemes 93 - variants 199, 618, 619, 638, 654 complete distribution 122 completing of restriction-removal 667 complex description 666 complex relative distribution 250 complex sentence 446 complex string relation 615 complex structure 420ff complexity 675 complicated environment 237 complicated sentence 428 - structure 421f complicated statements, 9 component 4, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17,

18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 126ff, 180, 185, 186, 187, 202, 227, 233, 483, 788; see also catalog of components, long component, short component

- divisor transformation 557 - morpheme 250 - sentence 579, 580, 583, 584, 585, 591, 802 - sentences are simpler 450 - subconstruction 448 - transformation 483 componental breakdown 233 composition rule 555 compound 83 - noun 133, 275, 297, 386, 552, 559, 794


- tense 624, 653 - word 398, 446, 516 computability 649, 675 computable syntactic analysis 254ff computation 253ff, 275, 686 - of transformational decomposition 575 computer 68ff, 278, 458, 468, 610; see also

digital computer - processing of information 610 - program 254ff, 277, 572 concatenate 674 concatenated 691 -word 683 concatenation 256, 257, 275, 443, 447, 681 concepts of science 462 concessive meaning 661 concessive permutation 514 concord 101, 105, 106, 119, 123 concrete 781 -noun 555 conditional variants 506 conditioned 168 - upon change 505 configuration 192, 199, 764 configurational interpretation 191, 195, 196 configurational pressure 733, 745, 763 conflict 803 conflicting interests 803 conformity 750, 767 conjoin 662 conjoined 416, 428, 523, 543 -center 282 - sentence 429, 607, 649 conjugate 287, 295, 307 conjugation 637 conjunction 108, 114, 141, 275, 279, 282,

298, 304, 387, 412, 416, 423, 427, 428, 429, 431, 436, 491, 554, 558, 564, 576, 578, 580, 581, 587, 596, 597, 607, 609, 623, 624, 626, 627ff, 676; see also comparative conjunction, coordinate conjunction, coordinating conjunction, subordinate conjunction, subordinating conjunction, time-conjunction, time-order conjunction, wh-conjunction, C

conjunctional 546 - preposition 551 - sentence 588 - transform 653, 671 - transformation 273 -verb 583 connected 284, 416 - discourse 781, 790 -speech 313 connectedness 649

connective 483, 486, 497, 517, 519, 528, 531, 539, 547, 551, 556, 558, 564; see also inverse of connective, subordinate connective, time-connective, wh-connective

- verb 546, 580, 626 connector 411, 465, 468; see also strong

connector consecutive 92 consonant 5, 6, 8, 17, 18, 21, 38, 46, 47, 48,

52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 63, 64, 66, 70, 169, 170, 179

constant 482, 501, 509, 524, 525, 531, 535, 540, 541, 549, 555, 556, 557, 560, 567, 575, 606, 629, 671, 673, 674, 675, 678, 682, 683, 684, 685, 686; see also zeroing of constant

- -excision, 497, 499; see also inverse of constant-excision

-form 620 - of transformation 461, 518, 530 constants of form 537 constituent 152, 261, 263, 275, 276, 282,

304, 383, 388, 411, 423, 428, 433, 454, 609, 792

- analysis 285, 390, 448, 452, 534, 536 - property 605 constraint 604, 605 construct 100, 177, 777 constructing of sentence 671 construction 122, 123, 140, 152, 212, 215,

247, 383, 389, 393, 397, 411, 413, 418, 451, 452, 454, 459, 471, 648, 649, 675

- formulae 117 - of sentence 614 - of superior language 729 constructional equivalence 393 constructional features 447 constructional method 787 constructional process 447 constructional relation 415, 433 - status 392, 393, 394, 403, 404, 411, 418,

426, 429, 454, 456 constructionally included sentence 430 content 462 context class 375f contextual pattern 762 contiguous 280, 468, 788 - to string 537 continuous 236 - morphemes 91ff contour 4, 9, 11, 29, 30, 31, 34, 38, 40, 41,

58,61,65,91,168,169,174, 175,210,788 - phoneme 182 contraction 86 contrast 126, 182, 242, 637, 707


- -criterion 708 contrastive 4, 13, 554, 618 - stress 420, 426, 427, 433 control 751, 804 convenience of discourse 680 convention 677 convergent development 740 conversational narration 379 co-occurrence 275, 283, 390ff, 399f, 446,

451, 486, 526, 529, 536, 573, 574, 620, 646, 664,675, 690, 789; see also individual co-occurrence, restricted co-occurrence

-domain 448 - equivalences 454 - range 393, 399, 410, 414, 415, 416, 417,

419, 422, 428, 429, 454, 455; see also total co-occurrence range

- relation 421, 432 - restriction 405, 440, 528, 556 co-occurrent 391, 392ff, 409, 448, 451, 559,

787; see also sum of co-occurrents coordinate 433, 552, 554, 564 -clause 421 - conjunction 132, 492, 547 coordinated occurrence 482 coordinating 428 - conjunction 455 coordinations 113 core of language 686 corpus 772, 773, 791 correct reading 578 correlations of language with other behav-

ior 315 correspond 552 correspondence set 778 corresponding 141, 566 - constructional position 429 - differences 103 - environments 209 - phonemic statuses 147 - position 150, 631 - segment 504 - sound 147, 149 - string position 551 - structures 143 cost 667, 676 could655 count 34, 35, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 58, 59, 60,

63, 65, 68ff, 604, 784; see also predecessor count, successor count

- -noun 133, 284 countable 261 counting 33 cover all of language 776

covert 614 creature of culture pattern 751 criteria 78, 92, 104, 105, 494, 534, 537, 538,

539, 553, 618, 686, 784 - for division 254 - for phonemes 165 criterion for class membership 116 criterion for further transformation 464 criterion of co-occurrence 573, 574 criterion of preserved acceptability-

ordering 573 criticisms of culture 752 critique 341, 804 - of culture 763f - of text 313 cross reference 329, 330, 387, 414 cultural 249 - change 620, 739, 767 - change from reactions of individual 741 - conditioning 752 - context 625 - element 766 - form and individual activity 741 - patterning 735 - patterns 764 culturally unusual 773 culture 314, 346, 373, 679, 720, 734ff, 798 - -and-language 314, 315 - in personality 755 cumbersome 631 cuts 46 cycle 286, 297 cycling automaton 609 cycling device 291, 307

dare 656 data 451, 773, 778, 790 dative 93 -verb 484 decidable 469 decision 253ff, 265, 266, 269 - procedure 468 - variable 253, 266ff, 270ff, 271 decoding 676 decomposable 483, 507, 555 decompose 614 - sentence 607, 802 - sentence into sentences 278, 534 decomposed into elementary sentences, 605 decomposing transformation 557 decomposition 9, 285, 533, 555, 578, 597,

607, 610, 667; see also transformational decomposition

- of sentence 534, 578 - of transformations 541


decompositional direction 584 decompositional path 578 decrease monotonically 45 deductive 177 -system 200 deepest-nested 290 defective distribution 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 22, 28 definable 540 definite article 575, 691 definition 80, 619, 645 definitional statement 619 deformation 489, 490, 491, 492, 497, 499,

545, 546, 556, 557, 558, 646, 647, 656; see also verb deformation

deformed 488, 490, 496, 559 - operand 654 - second sentence 548 - sentence 545, 575 degeneracy 283, 387, 470, 651, 675f, 679,

686 degenerate 606, 639, 683 - transformation 617 degree 60, 486, 629 - of acceptability 555 - of dependence 788 - of freedom 522 - of independence 784, 785 Delaware 235, 249 delay 287, 288, 289, 297 deletion 543 demonstrative 95, 96 denominalization 497, 499, 508, 512 denumerable 603 -set 609 - set of sentences 253, 255, 273 dependence 43, 66, 99, 250, 275, 283, 331,

402, 457, 556, 613, 614, 643, 654, 788, 789, 792

dependent 13, 14, 97, 288, 623, 639, 640 - element 330, 401 -form 332 - in distribution 249 - occurrence 329 - order changes 456 - repetition 288 depending on discourse 575 depression years 767 derivable 118, 544, 594, 626, 633, 635 - facts 6 derivation 187,497, 527,532,567, 569, 570,

572, 580, 596, 599, 620, 631, 634, 636, 645, 647, 648, 649, 650, 654, 657, 658, 662, 663, 685, 687, 688, 776

- adds increment 687 - rule 557, 558, 566, 608

derive 119, 345, 577, 617, 669 - successive intervals 342 derived 117, 121, 485, 490, 507, 508, 614,

615, 621, 644, 656, 665 - by process operation 778 - by transformation 394 - form 502, 632 - sentence 555 -word 801 deriving all sentences 605 description of speech 777; see also

grammatical description descriptions, equivalent 199 descriptive 667, 776 - advantage 99, 238 - analysis 196, 785 - derivation 528 - efficiency 97 - linguistics 28, 29, 102, 131, 182, 190, 313,

314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 321, 326, 327, 328, 329, 346, 373, 447, 448, 533, 676, 713, 760, 766

detailed restrictions 276 determine 409 determining environment 644, 645 determining of elements 784 development 532, 677 deverbal adjective 621 device 291, 292, 295, 298, 306, 308 - to recognize sentence structure 286 diagnostic 104 - co-occurrent 391 - element 155 diagram 248, 250 dialect 317, 776 dialectal 786 dictionary 69, 88, 117, 258, 266, 267, 269,

277, 318, 349, 461, 468, 469, 801; see also grammatical lexicon

- ambiguity 575 - classification 269 - meaning 559, 575 -morphemes 152 - of morphemes 673 - paraphrase 688 -value 270 differ 661 - from sentences 529 - from sources 668 difference 79, 84, 86, 87, 90, 103, 126, 139,

140, 146, 192, 519, 554, 556, 606, 613 - between alternants 82, 89 - between languages 139, 149 - -counting 523 - in linguistic distribution 340


- in meaning 340, 613, 657, 787 - in selection 787 - of environment 103 - of meaning correlates with difference of

distribution 786 - -requiring conjunction 306 differences from system 527 different environments 789 different from language to language 150 different languages 603 different meanings 786 different neighbors 613 different readings 524 different representations 286 different structures 615 differentia of status 393 differentiating environment 127 differentiation 555 diffuse substitution 126 diffusion 740, 762 digital computer 264 direct-discourse 642 directed operation 527 directed path 527 directed transformational operator 617 direction 296, 297, 298, 506, 526 - of composition 591 - of decomposition 591 - of derivation 571 - of operation 495 directional operation 505, 525 disappearing from language 190 discontiguous 91; see also discontinuous

morphemic entity 618 discontinuous 222, 223, 329, 401, 402, 403,

405, 428, 531, 536 - extension 370 - matching introducer 454 - morpheme 58, 92, 206, 228, 231, 236,

237, 410, 417, 427, 452, 785 -parts 96 - repetition 453 - vowel227 discourse 373, 603, 604, 609, 610, 614, 663,

667, 671, 679, 787; see also type of discourse

- analysis 278, 313ff, 375, 415, 470, 471 - classification 606 - neighborhood 611 - structure 663 discover morphemes distributionally 782 discrete element 603, 787 discrimination of sound 788 disjoint 253, 289 - adjoining 286

- adjunct 287 disjunction 454, 485, 518, 558, 562, 564,

565, 576, 577, 581, 593, 596 - -zeroing 565 disregarding small differences 321 dissimilation 19 distance 295 - among language structures 157 distinct 618 distinctions among sounds 603 distinctive environment 427 distinguishable 800 distinguished position 558, 563 distribution 3, 9, 23, 24, 60, 67, 81, 89, 91,

97, 103, 116, 123, 167, 180, 181, 185, 186, 189, 212, 213, 221, 224, 230, 234, 319, 323, 669, 721, 765, 775, 784; see also limitation of distribution, limited distribution, restricted distribution, similarities of distribution, special distribution, unrestricted distribution

- of elements 190, 618, 776 - of equivalence classes 328 - of phonemes 189 - within sentence 322 distributional 68, 314 - analysis 23, 315, 787, 792 - basis 250 - characteristic 792 - class 227, 319, 785 - comparison 773 - contrasts 709 - difference 103, 143 -fact 777 - grounds 182 - interrelation of elements 763 - inverse 340 - investigation 787 - linguistics 619 - method 32, 316, 766 - regularity 784, 790, 792 - relation 32, 33, 217, 250, 318, 341, 344,

782, 785, 789, 790, 791 - relations as perceived 779 - restriction 27 - statement 175, 225, 250, 317, 715, 716,

760 - structure 775, 777, 779 - structure of language 781 - symbol26 distributionally equivalent 214 distributionary criterion 787 diverged 688 diversity of languages 798 divide sequence 254


divisor 557, 558, 568, 575 do 407, 408, 413, 419, 503, 504, 515, 516,

530, 531, 561 domain 61, 95, 180, 330, 396, 549, 554, 575,

606, 617, 619, 620, 625, 637, 638, 643, 649, 650, 672, 687, 691, 789

- of application 375 - of argument 659 - of construction 403 - of major restrictions of co-occurrence

446, 631 - of regularity 459 - of transformation 397, 553 - -restriction 617, 620, 623, 688 double array 322, 323, 327, 340, 341, 342,

344 double consonants 175 Dravidian 63, 209 drift 741, 753 dropping of constant 561 dropping of morpheme 528, 558 duration-adverb 660 dynamics766

each 576 each other 329, 330, 552, 560, 644, 645, 687 earlier-added insertion 521 echo words 83 economic factor 758 economic institutions 767 economic organization 737 economical description 647 economy 249 -ed 408, 413, 419, 452, 642, 654 effect of elements 421 effective procedure 254, 278 element 3, 8, 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 26, 34, 62,

89,100,101,104,110,116,126,421,603, 604, 613, 787, 789, 791

- of meaning 785 elementary adjunct 533 elementary change 442 elementary difference 529, 571 elementary form 502 elementary method 316 elementary operation 482, 483, 506, 534,

557; see also succession of elementary operations, theory of elementary operations

elementary sentence 444, 456, 461, 518, 529, 533, 534, 541, 551, 605, 606ff, 610, 643, 669, 691; see also set of elementary sentences

- -form 528, 541, 543, 552 - structure 461, 482, 517

elementary string 289, 290, 605 elementary transformation 441, 442, 449,

552, 557, 686 elements are arbitrary 603 elements for language 190 elements of meaning 196 elicit 409, 772 eliciting 38, 39, 40, 399, 471, 769, 771, 773,

791, 792 - transformations 772 eliminate restrictions 686 elimination of meaning primitive 680 emphasis 124, 181 emphatic 7, 162, 408 - consonants 172 - stress 407, 419, 485, 516 empirical 604 - discovery 777 employer 803 empty positions 421 encircling 286, 307 end 61, 62 - of utterance 162 -word 68 ending utterances 174 endocentric 119 endpoint 264 English 5, 6, 7, 8, 15, 21, 24, 25, 27, 48, 58,

61, 66, 69, 79, 88, 101, 105, 118, 119, 122, 131, 141ff, 253, 258ff, 298ff, 445, 541, 670ff, 677

enough 634 enumeration 610, 776 environing condition 782 environing morphemes 644 environing words 575 environment 10, 13, 15, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23,

24, 28, 31, 58, 61, 70, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 96, 99, 102, 103, 104, 116, 128, 151, 155, 161ff, 186, 187, 203, 212, 220, 236, 237, 240, 242, 324, 326, 340, 345, 369, 391, 392, 418, 419, 450, 471, 483, 533, 593, 637, 638, 644, 646, 650, 653, 654, 664, 667, 669, 676, 688, 773, 781, 789; see also distinctive environment, equivalent environment, identical environment, selected environment. sentence environment, syntactic environment, unique environment

- complementary 448, 613 environmental 716 - basis of morphemic definition 242 - class 104 - criteria 255 - regularity 782


- restriction 618 environmentally determined redundancy

559 equal320 - -sign 320 equated 108 equation 105, 109ff, 214, 230 231, 247, 258 equilibrium 766 equiprobability 776 equivalence 347, 525; see also grammatical

equivalence - class 320, 321, 323, 324, 326, 332, 333,

349 - classes recur 323 - of morpheme sequences 224, 230 - relation 383, 387, 448, 460, 482, 573,

574, 615 - relation among sentences 606 equivalent 320, 618, 619 - en~ronment319, 320,321,349, 350ff - sentence-form 334 erase 291 Eskimo 217, 249 every 576 evidence 397 exception 434, 455, 459 exceptional change 506 excised 307 excision 289, 496, 516, 527; see also wh

excision marker 308 of wh-is 569, 570

exclamatory intonation 456 excluded 632 exclusion 348 exist 621, 654, 665, 688 - for the speaker 783 existence 675 existing vocabulary 667 exocentric 119, 215, 286, 287 expanded form 621 expanded member 338 expansion 414, 438, 456 - of construction 448 expectability 679 expectable 680 expectancy 771 expectation of sentence 661 expected argument 679 explaining 763 explanation 785 explicit 6, 100, 120, 123, 131, 190, 238, 243,

287,766 ex post facto test 805 express 803

expressible in language 780 extend domain 553 - of argument 552 extended category 517, 520 extended natural language 668 extended text 345 extended well-formedness conditions 518 extending operation 494 extending substitution 100 extending transformational relation 506,

540, 568 extension 29, 483, 499, 500, 501, 513, 514,

526, 527, 529, 567, 572, 573, 574, 611, 720

- of analysis 7, 8 - of argument 549, 567 - of meaning 804 - of morphophonemics 613, 676, 783 - of selection 620 - of set of sentences 668 - of substitution classes 104 - of transformational analysis 615 external grammatical status 449 extract morphemes 783 extraction 501, 502, 540, 543, 566, 567, 596

facilitate 677 fact 461 factorization 387, 444; see also unique

factorization failure of well-formedness 270, 271 falsehood 805 falsification 804 families 540 - of structures 278 family of transformations 541 Fanti 30 farther neighbor 777 feminine 94, 101 few constructional rules 449; see also

simple description few elementary operations 483 few members 143 few morpheme classes 449 few morphemes 243 few types of structure 482 final 69, 70, 71 -base 687 - set 265 finitary system of arguments 606 finite 263, 448, 603 -memory 255 -number 280 - set of elements 776 - set of kernel structures 273


- set of operations 253 - set of processes 255 - set of transformations 273 - speaker 255 - -state device 253 - vocabulary 253, 255, 273 finitely long utterance 776 first language 603 first operand 683 first-order string 253 fixed-argument 615 fixed co-occurrence 394 fixed morpheme 605 fixed sequence 789 fixed word 606 flexibility 447, 457 flexible selectional co-occurrence 646 flow of speech 787 for 385, 386, 416, 438, 439, 489, 490 for-the-object 641 for ... to 521 foreign 151, 162 -names 6 form 383; see also reconstructed form,

restricted form, sentence form, short form - and meaning 723 - class 125 - similar to resultant 496 formal100, 249, 458, 534, 701 - analysis 317 - criteria 458 - element 190 - language 608, 610 -method 461 - narration 379 - procedure 313 - regularity 785 - restriction 785 - structure 458 - system 804 formalized procedure 100 formation-rules 614 former string relation 684 formula 100, 118f, 203, 320, 671 formulaic statement 320 formulate 604, 610f, 665, 686 formulation 505, 531, 539, 573, 574, 618,

641 - of grammar 643 Fourier analysis 29 frame of substitution 105, 106 free 168, 410, 411, 413, 419, 448, 453 - altemant 56 -form 168 - morpheme 61, 168

- pro-morpheme 412, 423, 439 - pronoun 410 - semi-group 610 - variant 25, 149, 186, 236, 618, 619, 620,

621, 622, 625ff, 631, 637, 638, 642, 643, 663, 668, 676, 678, 688, 689, 690, 771, 786, 788

- variants for transfer 151 - variation 161, 617, 618 -varying 14 freedom of occurrence 117, 175 freeze selection 620 freeze subdomain 680 French 55, 57, 90, 91 frequency 59, 122, 760 - of occurrence 773 frequent 395, 400 frozen 646 fullest environmental unit 787 functionalist anthropology 767 functionalists 736 functor analysis 254 fundamental problem of operator-syntax

672 fundamental relations of structural linguis-

tics 619 fundamental term 190 further increments 621 further operability 649 further transformability 632 future 624ft', 642, 654

gender 93, 98, 637 general form of unit 83 general method 117, 118 general operation 83 general procedure 253 general properties of string structure 685 general statement 83, 89, 200, 511, 793 general treatment 96 generalization 26, 100, 610 generalize 80, 91f, 99, 102, 294, 409 generalized phonemes 15, 28 generate 139, 149, 273 - language 449 - sentences 157, 253, 261, 448, 573 - sentences of language 140 - sentences out of sentences 157 - structure 143 - utterance 141, 790 generated utterance 791 generating device 263 generative grammar 573 generator 253, 276 - power263


German 18, 62 gesture 182, 728, 793, 799 goal of structural linguistics 686 Goldstein, Kurt 769, 781 government 798, 803 grammar 9, 43, 78, 79, 88, 123, 140, 147,

196, 200, 318, 347, 349, 367, 444, 447, 448, 449, 529, 573, 580, 648, 660, 662, 667, 669,686, 784, 790, 801, 802; see also briefer grammar, overt grammar, revised grammar, styles of grammar, sublanguage grammar, traditional grammar, transfer grammar, transformational grammar

- of discourse 375 - of language 613 - of transformational type 156 - of whole language 669, 680 - simpler 407 grammars 100 grammatical126, 286, 347, 772, 792 - agreement 222, 236, 785 - ambiguity 536, 555, 575, 614, 615 - analysis 533, 536, 556 - appendix 140, 156 - category 724 - character 645 - class 281, 284, 787 - classification 660 - conditions for second sentence 772 - construction 152, 649 - description 608, 672 - equivalence 316, 342, 346, 356 - exception 611 - form 721, 726 -idiom 287 - innovation 793 - instruction 139, 140 - lexicon 673 - meaning 120, 152, 607, 609, 683 -number 126 - process 533 - property 669 - reduction 663 - relation 254, 337, 338, 394, 403, 420, 430,

514, 565, 603, 604, 687 - restriction 620, 625, 636, 646, 648, 675 - rule 611, 620 - statement 619 - status 196, 396, 447; see also external

grammatical status - structure 61, 78, 81, 139, 151, 615 - subclass 790 - subsection 464 -subset 680

-system 613 - transformation 157, 317, 333ff, 341 grammatically excluded 625 grammatically independent 433 graph 607, 610 - of sentences 607 Greek 8, 20, 79, 83, 86, 92, 93 group 610 groupings of elements into sets 776

has 508 has to 656 have 106, 409, 507, 515 have-en 419, 434, 456, 487, 544, 653, 654 he 410, 411, 419, 453 head 119, 215, 273, 292, 307, 354, 355,

393, 397, 416, 430, 437, 533, 547, 554, 558, 567, 572, 597

- of construction 792 hearer 604, 613, 676, 678, 679, 680 - word by word 675 Hebrew 62, 79, 83, 85, 87, 88, 94, 101,

126ff, 141ff heuristic 781 Hidatsa 80, 114, 119, 122, 373 hierarchical operations 572 hierarchical subdivision 533, 534 hierarchy of trees 264 higher-level tree 271 higher-order tree 266 historical 532 - accident 677 - analysis 739 - antecedent 452 -chance 687 - change 27, 192, 195, 494, 714, 780 - derivation 776 - -descriptive interrelations 793 - reconstruction 763 - regularity 793 - statement 778 historically unnatural 527 history 688, 775 homomorphism 607 homonym 43, 56, 57, 59, 71, 78, 90, 101,

155, 435, 770 homonymity 387, 395, 403, 430, 431, 439,

452, 455, 461, 469, 470, 689, 780, 787; see also homonymy

- -marked sentence 388, 460 homonymous SO, 52, 53, 54, 55, 456,

555, 606, 783 - ambiguity 275 - morphemes 690 - sentence 387, 446


homonymy 51, 123, 437, 444; see also homonymity

horizontal and vertical axes 342 horizontal axis 322 host 605, 682, 683 - -adjunct relation 681 - string 281, 605 human 566, 576 - culture 798 - language 688 - -like 544, 680 -nature 751 - subject 599 hyphen 68

-ich 404, 410 ideal culture 737 ideals as forces 804 ideas as weapons 804 identical construction 406 identical difference 89 identical distribution 319 identical environment 89, 318, 321, 349,

352,786 identical portion 587 identical positions 618 identical referent 551 identical strings of words 683 identical structures 512, 632 identity 270, 293 - transform 461 - transformation 387, 443, 456, 606 idiom 131, 137, 155, 290, 306, 307,

528, 565, 572, 611, 636; see also grammatical idiom

idiomatic meaning 451 idiomatic sequence 637 idiomatic word-complex 307 if545 imbedding 411, 424 imitate 771, 778 imitation 769, 770 immediate constituent 117, 124, 131, 214,

339, 407, 451, 533, 572 immediate neighbor 59, 451 imperative 138, 237, 239, 241, 244, 245,

249, 276, 298, 528, 531, 542, 561, 562, 576, 596, 662

imperfective 624, 691 imperfectivity 654 implicit 243, 650 implied 345 impose ordering 616 impose partial ordering 690 imposition of social norms 767

impredicative sentence 608 in-between grammar 156 in-order to 416 in respect to text 313 in-respect-to-the-subject 647 included construction 431, 447 included sentence 278 incomplete paradigm 239 increase regularity 686 increment 483, 487, 490, 491,493, 514, 523,

525,527,528,531,543,549,552,574,575, 616, 619, 621, 622, 623, 643, 648, 653, 654, 656, 659, 661, 664, 666, 667, 669, 686, 687, 691; see also unrestricted increment

- -combination 667 - structure 485 -system 677 incremental 574, 616, 669 - operation 663 - operator 619 - transformation 616; see also unrestricted

incremental transformation -unary 546 indefinite 526, 630, 639, 647, 650; see

also article -object 565 - plural pronoun 638 - pronoun 558, 565, 576, 581, 596, 597;

see also zeroing of indefinite pronoun independence 43, 60, 784 independent 14, 329, 432, 503, 506, 541,

568, 623, 638, 639, 641, 642, 647, 653 - element 328, 445, 613, 637 - morpheme 108, 114, 672, 691 - sentence 420, 424, 434 - transformation 520 - variable 646, 686, 691 -verb 249 - word 615, 801 indeterminate 266 indeterminately bound 409, 410 index 464, 465, 467, 468 indicative 640 indirect grammar 140 indirect object 674 individual and cultural change 753 individual and culture 747 individual and society 750 individual co-occurrence 394, 403, 404,

409, 418, 420, 421, 451, 452 individual experience 603, 780 individual expression 761 individual inserts 487 individual member 306, 530


individual morpheme 317, 441, 537 - in structural statements 246 individual participation in social patterns

743 individual reaction to culture 767 individual reference 679 individual replacements 186 individual words 436, 559 inert 445 inertia of pattern 738 inflection 285 inflectional suffix 85 informal relation 610 informant 69, 189, 281, 335, 399, 452, 769,

772, 773, 774 - response 784 information 447, 457, 458, 558, 559, 564,

610, 614, 615, 649; see also objective information, objective-subjective information, subjective information, substantive information

- -bearing 613 - constancy under transformation 471 - content 397, 555 - loss 559, 561, 564 - processing structure 688 - -processing system 688 - represented by morpheme 668, 688 - research 463 - retrieval 458 informational burden 615 informational difference 613 informational kernels 462 informational status 464, 465 informationally unreasonable 581 informationally weak 530 informationless operator 562 informationlessness criterion for zeroing

645 -ing 386, 438, 482, 483, 545, 551, 556, 589,

621, 657, 672, 674, 691; see also be-ing, Ving

inherent relation 603 initial 6, 65, 69, 70, 71, 78, 83, 96 - language 687 - morphemes 205, 229 - state 258 innovation 774; see also grammatical in

novation insert 492, 493, 494, 498, 499, 501, 508,

516, 518, 522, 523, 530, 541, 543, 548, 552, 554, 558, 559, 560, 561, 575, 588, 589, 605; see also local insert, wh-insert

- -form 509, 530, 563, 564, 565, 577 - -like 496, 570

- position 494, 495, 531 inserted sequence 605 insertion 43, 483, 485, 486, 491, 517, 519,

521, 552; see also inverse of insertion instances of construction 384, 393 institutional apparatus 677 institutionalization 677 institutionalize 680 institutions of control 804 instruction 140, 149 instrument 499 instrumental 245, 246, 541, 542, 589 - prefix 114 intended meaning 610 intended reading 271, 578 interchange 551 - of two operands 678 inter-class relation 392 interdependence 181, 330 interests 804 interfering pattern 195 interjection 204 intermediate 370, 531 - common language 800 - derivational stages 687 - form 506, 511 - lacking 564 - operation 525, 530 - resultant 503 - sentence 631 - steps 507, 569 - structures 143 - transforms 659 - variable 269 internal change 716 internal sentence structure 420 internal structures of kernel 465 international communication 729 international language 795 international word 150, 800 interpersonal relation 764 interpretation 280, 613, 615, 667, 669, 671,

674, 678, 680, 681, 682, 683, 687 interpretationally-different properties 680 interrelated affixes 556 interrelated set of primitives 615 interrelated statements 776 interrelated variables 271 interrelation 284, 286, 287, 307, 775 - among morpheme classes 214, 226 - of morphemes of text 313 interrogation 4 interrogative 168, 204, 228 interrupt 306 interrupting operator 681


interruption 288 intersect 608 inter-sentence relation 315 inter-sentence verb 649 intertranslatability 800 intertwined restrictions on occurrence 238 interval 326, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 333,

341 intervals within discourse 790 intervening 295 intonation 4, 9, 11, 12, 27, 31, 38, 39, 40,

65, 91, 105, 108, 114, 118, 123, 124, 210, 425, 426, 432, 433, 531, 662; see also characteristic intonation, comma intonation, exclamatory intonation, question intonation, quote intonation, sentence intonation

- contour 181 intonationally-marked 542 intra-cultural explanation 737 introducer 423, 426, 434, 435, 445, 450, 454,

456, 515; see also matched introducer - of sentences 339 introductory word 420 invariant 672, 686 inventory 198 inverse 157, 253, 286, 287, 288, 292, 294,

296, 303, 304, 355, 443, 495, 496, 507, 510, 512, 520, 526, 528, 568, 570, 575, 609, 610, 676; see also left inverse

- of analogic extensions 502 - of connective 497, 561 - of constant-excision 508 - of insertion 496 - of inverse 499, 500, 502 - of operation 561 - of redundancy removers 501 - of sentence-operators 496 - operation 496, 497, 526 -order 307 - -representation 298, 304 - transformation 567 inversion 514 invert 772 inverted form 370 inverted order 791 inverted phrase 357, 358 invisible noun 565 irreducibility 687 irreducible element 777 irreducible number of phonemes 182 irregular 55, 459 -form, 635 - rnorphophonemics 150 - phenomena 54

- residues 543 - sentence structure 423 -source 676 -verb 637 irregularity 686, 687 is 273, 277, 498, 499, 516, 531, 551, 568 - -excision 498, 500, 501, 510 is going to 656 is + -ing 417 is to 570 isolate dependences 613 isomorphism 609 it 484, 550 - -extraction 596 iterate 272 iterative 256

jocularity 540 joke 529, 606 junctural allophone 58 juncture 18, 24, 28, 30, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41,

49, 53, 61, 64, 70, 85, 90, 118, 130, 149, 157, 162, 168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 175, 181, 210, 211, 212, 218, 249, 706, 707, 711; see also phrase juncture, stem juncture, syllable juncture, word juncture

- phoneme 179 justification 560 juxtaposed 575 juxtaposing of sentence with operator 558

kernel 255, 273, 387, 388, 444, 448, 456, 460ff, 483ff, 525, 529, 536, 554, 669; see also K, informational kernels, internal structures of kernel

- constructions 445 - grammar 447 - of mapping 606 - of set of sentences 461 - sentence 272ff, 444, 446, 447, 456, 458,

461, 555, 556, 578, 606, 670; see also set of kernel sentence forms

- sequence 468 - well-formedness 555 kernel-like 527; see also K-like - resultant 517 key word 324 kinds of regularity 791 kinds of relations 791 known argument 673 Korean 141ff Kota 83, 88, 209

language 47, 62, 149, 470, 603, 669, 720, 780; see also auxiliary language, formal


language, human language, intermediate common language, international language, logistic languages

-change 658 - classification 718 - description 190 - determines perception 793 - elements 686 - fixes recall 794 - -information 667 - is tool 785 - learning 139 - occurrence 315 - of science 610 - relation to meaning 780 - structure 59, 62, 120, 275, 388, 446, 449,

707,793 languages are similar 388, 457, 798 large phonemic difference 618 larger domain 789, 790 larger environment 789 larger neighborhood 266, 269 last operator 652 later operation 256 latest change 685 latest operator 670, 678, 682, 683 latest transformation 685 Latin 101 latter-added insertion 521 lattice 528, 607, 610; see also simpler lat-

tices laws of thought 799 learnability 800 learnable 799 learned 603 least upper bound 578 left 253, 279, 485, 516, 543, 552, 554, 561,

578,605 - adjunct 258ff, 682 - adjunct string 296 - inverse 286, 289, 292, 609 - -right orientation 596 - -to-right 254 length 3, 4, 9, 12, 15, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24,

25, 27, 28, 30, 59, 165, 174, 181, 314, 517, 788

- -permutation 516, 644, 653, 678 - phoneme 180 -values 10 less restricted 649 let, 656 level(s) 120 - of constituency 533 - of replacement 211 lexical shift 687

limitation(s) 125, 688 - in range of combinations 647 - of distribution 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15,

16, 18, 21, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 30, 64, 178, 180, 182, 186, 210, 234, 244, 772

- of occurrence 129, 175 - of order 21 - of selection 101f, 115, 117, 125 - upon use of morphemes 688 limited character 506 limited differences 552 limited distribution 23, 42, 57, 66, 169 limited extension 572 limited morpheme 66 limited phoneme 60 limiting case of morpheme classes 392 limits of sentence 314 linear 555 linearly ordered 603, 614, 671, 688 lingua franca 795 linguist 779 linguistic analysis 667 linguistic change 567 linguistic classifications 538 linguistic development 189 linguistic distance 146 linguistic environment 725 linguistic equivalent 648 linguistic form 4 linguistic history 189 linguistic joke 529 linguistic object 605, 609 linguistic status 116 linguistic structure 34, 89, 156, 390ff, 441,

447, 449, 538, 728 linguistic usage 762 linguistic utilization 688 linguistically acceptable 773 linguistics 60,68, 123, 182, 534; see also clas

sificatory linguistics, descriptive linguistics, distributional linguistics, structural linguistics, transformational linguistics

list 65, 83, 87, 90, 101, 117, 122, 125, 126, 140, 147, 150, 156, 179, 198, 240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 254, 290, 318, 399, 411, 434, 483, 485, 534, 645, 646, 676

- items and occurrences 778 - of changes 140, 141 - of transformations 468; see also trans-

formation list literary 513, 514 living subject 659 local 558 - adjunct 597 - ambiguity 680


-check 308 - insert 496, 543, 554 - morphological affixes 556 - semantic similarity 576 - synonymity 558, 559, 575 - tree 264, 265 - -tree network 277 localized substitution 126 locating linguistic elements within sen-

tences 317 location for tensing 678, 681, 682 locational adverb 484 logic 461, 470, 610, 726, 781, 794, 799, 805 logical 436 - analysis of ideas 702 - equivalence 467 - equivalent 462 - forms of grammar 537 - system 731 logistic languages 793 long 514, 516 - component 4, 9, 11, 27, 30, 31, 39, 66,

228,789 - consonant 170 - morpheme 437, 455 - vowel 170, 175 longer 549 - than one sentence 346 loop 263, 264 looping element 265 loose restrictions of co-occurrence 445 low acceptability 569 low semantic specificity 575 -ly 491, 499, 622

made 121 main co-occurrent 559 main transformations 538 main verb 254, 263 major sentence type 261 make 656, 674 manner 486, 493, 543, 549, 550, 640 - -adverb 622; see also Aly many members 143 many-one 150 - relation 156 - transformations 439 many-valued 449 map 529 mapped isomorphically 609 mapping(s) 449, 554, 610 - among subsets 604 - of sentences onto transformations 606 marginal 503, 563, 647 marginality 540

mark 89, 180, 181, 213, 218, 220, 244, 245, 253, 257, 267, 269, 270, 456, 466, 673, 674, 683, 686

marked 88 marker 282, 284, 287, 288, 289, 295; see

also comparative marker Marx, Karl 722 mass-noun 638 match 291, 308 matched environments 340 matched introducer 423, 424, 426, 427, 433,

436 matched sentences 285, 426, 427, 428, 432,

454 material environment 763 mathematical 123 - calculation 603 - characterization 676 - linguistics 603ff, 610 - logic 610 -method 793 -object 603 -search 777 -system 603 mathematics 470, 781, 793, 794, 799, 804 maximal grammatical domain 396 maximally independent 457 maximum regularity 788 maximum similarity 139 may 563, 655 mean 320 meaning 4, 14, 32, 33, 78, 79, 80, 81, 89, 92,

95, 96, 97, 101, 106, 120, 121, 122, 131, 196, 205, 206, 217, 221, 242, 257, 278, 280, 286, 313, 314, 318, 321, 325, 326, 329, 333, 345, 350, 389, 396, 415, 431, 433, 436, 438, 441, 449, 451, 452, 455, 458, 468, 471, 502, 514, 540, 564, 570, 581, 590, 603, 615, 620, 625, 655, 659, 668, 675, 678, 679, 680, 683, 684, 685, 686, 687, 703, 725, 761, 766, 770, 775, 784, 785, 786, 788; see also dictionary meaning, extension of meaning, grammatical meaning, intended meaning, quantitative meaning, restrictive meaning, structure of meaning

- analysis 244 - and distribution 784 - -carrying operations 562 -change 450 - difference 33, 785 - expressed in language 726 - in human activity 780 - masculine 91 - of classes 95, 188


- pattern 193 - perceived 151 - range 150, 557, 563, 688, 780, 801 - structure 780 -unit 783 meaningful expressions 677 meaningless 125 measurable distributional relation 785 measure 137, 550, 574, 575 - selections 786 medial6, 67 - morphemes 229 member of class 671 member of phoneme 5 memory 286, 457; see also finite memory ~enomini85,86, 88,186 metadiscourse 464, 466, 608, 671 metagrammar 669 metalanguage 572, 608, 669 metalinguistic 664, 668 - sentence 609, 619 metaphor 528, 530, 565, 606, 611. 637, 781 metasentence 664 metasentential 543 metastatement 619 metatheory 688 method 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 21, 25, 28, 32, 33, 34,

59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 78, 89, 91, 98, 99, 100ff, 117f, 122, 123, 124, 139, 191, 193, 196, 198, 206, 216, 254, 307, 313, 315, 316, 317, 320, 325, 340, 373, 410, 411, 458, 505, 533, 613, 617, 664, 689; see also formal method

methods of analysis 728 middle transformation 541, 542, 571 might 655 minima of restriction 64 minimal differences 547 minimal domains of co-occurrence restric-

tion 446 minimal sentence 280, 281 - constructions 446 - structure 278 minimizing of difference 139 minimum difference 139, 140 minimum independence 60 minimum parts 80 minimum utterance 122, 125, 168, 173,226,

232 minus98 - morpheme 80, 91 mirroring 508, 509, 510, 511, 514, 518, 531,

569 - operation 518, 542 missing form 507

missing intermediate 504 missing source 502 mistaken subject 514 mixed types of rules 691 mobile insert 530 mobility 495 modal507 model 200,211,212,255,526,529,714,778 - ofliving organism 192 - ofmovingsystem 192 modem grammar 200 modem society 758 modification 790 modified second sentence 546 modifier 133ff, 280, 348, 394, 437, 465, 528,

543; see also adjunct, verb modifier - contiguous 605 modify 98, 621 modulations 542,569,571 moment of application 644 mood 562, 648, 661, 662, 685 more 627ff ~oroccan Arabic 7, 8, 11, 16, 18, 20, 22,

102, 120, 16lff morph 32, 60, 64 morpheme 3, 4, 5, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,

25, 27, 31, 32, 33, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 60, 61, 64, 66, 67, 70,78,80,85,9lff,l00ff,117,118,123, 150, 152, 161, 167, 168, 171, 182, 185, 189, 190, 198, 199, 202, 204, 205, 206, 209, 211, 213, 214, 227, 228, 229, 235, 240, 317, 326, 441, 445, 458, 485, 487, 537, 605, 627, 638, 654, 670, 671, 676, 677, 678, 689, 690, 709, 724, 726, 766, 770, 771, 783; see also classificatory morpheme, discontinuous morpheme, extract morphemes, long morpheme, order of morphemes, petrified morpheme, reconstructed morpheme, restricted morpheme, special morpheme, subclass of morphemes, subset of morpheme occurrences, suprasegmental morpheme, unclassed morpheme, zero morpheme, zeroed morpheme

- alternants 58, 61, 80ff, 217,228, 240, 249 - boundary 53, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64,

65,66,67,68ff,102,157,226,228,235 - class 96, 100, 102, 103, 104, 105, 114, 118,

140, 152, 213, 219, 228, 246, 326, 336, 447,449, 680, 690, 784; see also sequence of morpheme classes

- -distribution class 116 - division 86 - junctures 13


-length 17 - -like 62 - sequences 100, 104, 114, 214, 246, 248,

280, 618, 672; see also equivalence of morpheme sequences

-unit 80 - variant 49, 232 - variations 204 morphemes and meaning 781 morphemes as values 117 morphemic analysis 783 morphemic component 221, 223, 238, 239 morphemic composition of word 781 morphemic elements 436 morphemic environment 204, 766 morphemic independence 60 morphemic long components 130 morphemic order 333 morphemic relation 60, 669 morphemic repetitions 93 morphemic segment 235, 240, 241, 643 morphemic segmentation 236, 238, 784 morphemic shape 672, 677 morphemic unit 93 morphemic variant 186 morphemically present 566 morphemically simple 689 morphemically tangible 565 morpholexical alternants 79 morpholexical variation 89 morphological 70, 71,487,507 - analysis 53, 60, 63, 64, 168,280, 482 - boundaries 69, 118 - category 504 - class 649, 675 - classification 451 -feature 87 -form 569 - leveling 189 - levels 100 - process 79,89 - properties 180 - regularity 672 - relations 118 - restrictions 572 - statement 237 - status 82 -structure 171,217,618 - translatability 151 morphologically complex form 491, 672 morphologically created 510 morphologically derived 555 morphologically limited 659 morphologically simple 649, 650 morphology 33, 40, 41, 42, 47, 62, 68, 82,

89,130,240,505,506,618,760,766, 784; see also primitives of morphology

morphophoneme 185, 211, 212, 217, 249, 515,531,766

morphophonemic alternants 46,201,716 morphophonemic alternation 18, 19, 20,

23,30,31,64,179,182,183,184,185 morphophonemic analysis 90, 181, 199 morphophonemic base 187 - forms 185 morphophonemic be 672 morphophonemic carrier 516 morphophonemic change 28, 514, 654, 659,

668 morphophonemic complexity 63, 676 morphophonemic constant 655, 671 morphophonemic cost 648 morphophonemic direction of assimilation

186, 187 morphophonemiceffect495,675 morphophonemic entity 619 morphophonemic form 42, 71, 641, 673 morphophonemic formula 79, 710 morphophonemic interrelation 182 morphophonemic juncture 218,227,233 morphophonemic limitations 70 morphophonemic moving 516 morphophonemic patterning 718 morphophonemic plural 485 morphophonemic properties 656 morphophonemic regularity 782 morphophonemic relation 232, 782 morphophonemic requirement 537,639 morphophonemic source 638, 664, 670; see

also unrestricted morphophonemic source - -sentence 668 morphophonemic statements 27, 183, 184,

187,211 morphophonemic symbol 79 morphophonemic system 616,649,676 morphophonemic tense 644, 653, 655, 675 morphophonemic transformation. 656, 677,

680; see also unique morphophonemic transformation

morphophonemic variant 619 morphophonemic variation 226 morphophonemic writing 31, 783 morphophonemic zeroing 483 morphophonemics 46, 89, 150, 212, 505,

513, 541, 575, 634, 636, 638, 651, 660, 669, 671, 673, 677, 684, 690, 760, 778; see also extension ofmorphophonemics

- ofsyntacticsequence 615 moving 516,530,677 - of restrictions 667


multiplication 443 music 793 must 655

name 6, 135, 347 naming 197 natural acceptability 395, 400 natural mapping 461 nature of elements 317 Navaho 177ff near neighbor 777 need 656 needs and capacities of people 767 negation 652 negative 237,246,651 - sequence 80 neighbor 8, 39, 55, 61, 151, 294, 464, 609;

see also farther neighbor, immediate neighbor, near neighbor

neighborhood 11, 267, 268, 269, 270, 410, 413,466,604,609

- of marks 253 neighboring alternants 84 neighboring boundary 67 neighboring element 256 neighboring part 766 neighboring phoneme 784 neighboring section 418, 421 neighboring sentence 610,614,787 neighboring word 468 - -choice 609 nesting 253, 257, 263, 286, 287, 289, 673 network of elementary differences 527 network of relations 778 network of transformational differences 529 network of trees 253 neutralization 5, 28, 637, 638, 639, 706, 709,

710 neutralized phonemic difference 766 new combination 345, 774, 779 new element 244 new formation 779, 780, 793, 794 new relation 511,513 new selectional relation 531 new social forms 797 new string relation 681, 682 new subclass 514 new transformational relation 528 new verb 546 newspeak 762 next-inserted string 308 next-member 293 next neighbor 69ff, 295 n-fold ambiguous 607 node 264,265,267,268,271,578,579

nominalization 433, 435, 444, 499, 508, 510, 512, 521, 526, 556, 583, 646, 655, 656, 657,672,675

- of sentence 431,436,555 nominalized kernel 488; see also Kn nominalized secondary sentence 433 nominalized sentence 386, 421, 424, 432,

435f, 444, 490, 501, 580, 586, 626, 639, 654, 660, 691; see also Sn

nominalized verb 574; see also Vn nominalizing affix 207, 674 nominalizing deformation 497 nominalizing operator 659 non-automatic rule 211, 212 non-cancellable sequence 287 nonce-form 400, 529 non-clause-final suffix 115 noncontiguity 536 noncontiguous constituent 276 non-discontiguous suffix 619 nonelementary unary 549 non-existent predicate 648 non-final element 265, 266 nonhuman noun 409 non-initial morpheme 205 non-initial stem 246, 250 nonkemel sentence 554 non-linear phoneme 175 non-linguistic sound 778 non-morphemic carrier 531 non-morphemic morphophoneme 515 non-occurrence 760 non-occurring utterance 125 non-paraphrastic material 665 non-paraphrastic transformation 597, 614 non-predicate 619 -forms 648 nonrandomness 59 non-recursive 274 non-repeating left operator 274 non-repeating operation 259 non-required event 506 non-reversible transformation 395 non-segmental 39, 58 nonsensical 606,611,616 non-sentential increment 543 non-sequential transformation 444 non-tensing 643, 655, 656 non-transformational grammar 660 nonunique analysis 172, 270 nonunique decomposition 572, 581 nonunique value 266 nonuniqueness 777 non-zeroed word 552 norm 750; see also imposition of social


norms normal acceptance 538 normal form 555, 556, 610 normal word-choice 616 normalcy 540 normalization of sentence 610 normalization of structure 528 normalize array 342 normalize sequence of sentences 450 normative rule of grammar 776 not 407, 419, 456, 485, 516, 543, 574, 575,

651, 654, 656 notation 287,294 noun 61, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 114, 131, 141,

238, 241, 246, 275, 297, 484, 543, 559, 614, 663, 670, 785; see also classificatory noun, classifier noun, mass noun, time noun,N

- -adjunct 648, 649, 650 - phrase 93, 95, 111, 112, 113, 119, 132,

134, 135, 141, 256, 421; see also subject noun phrase, suffix of noun phrase, N, N-phrase

novel structure 531 n-place form 537 n-tuple 383, 384, 394, 395, 398, 459, 483,

539,546,553,556,557,573,574,679 n-tuple of values 691 nuance 574, 620, 679 number 3, 93, 98, 110, 126, 218, 223, 249,

596, 629, 650, 663, 783; see also grammatical number

- of elements 9, 26 - of phonemes 5, 8, 12 - of successors 34, 37 numbers 107,556,629 numerals 213

object 113, 119, 131, 132ff, 135, 136, 237, 241, 243, 244, 246, 250, 254, 261, 263, 269, 275, 276, 277, 294, 297, 298, 308, 386, 411, 412, 416, 417, 419, 433, 438, 439, 465, 489, 490, 496, 542, 544, 548, 550, 554, 558, 574, 580, 643, 646, 647, 663, 670, 673, 674, 677, 682, 683, 684, 685,783, 792; see also linguistic object, Q

object forms 560 object range 415 objective grammatical meaning 686 objective information 476, 613, 614, 648,

667,671,676,678 objective report 679, 680 objective-subjective information 688 objectives of linguistics 603 obliterated substring 256

observables 23, 26, 177, 212, 452 observed co-occurrence 451 obtainable sentence set 483 obviate person 250 occur in discourse 604 occur separately 92 occur together 92, 96 occurred 563 occurrence 78, 200, 317, 373, 689; see also

limitations of occurrence, restriction of occurrence

- -dependence 789 - of equivalence classes 323 -of member 776 - of sentence 373 - relation 60, 292 occurring combination 783 odd sentence 539 of 437, 545, 674 - -nominalization 622, 644 off-glide 7 omission 393 omittability 135, 202, 389 one419 one-directional 435, 437, 444, 450, 460 - transformation 456, 471 one-many 156,609 one-one chart 156 one-one correspondence 10,273 one-one relation 780 one-one transfer 155 one order 649 onomatopoetic 761 open system 800 operand 519, 521, 546, 550, 552, 575, 615,

619, 622, 639, 641, 643, 654, 667, 684, 691; see also deformed operand, first operand, second operand, second operand tensing, untensed operand

- -domain 663 - interchange 625, 630 - of operand 683 - sentence 620, 623, 624, 646, 647, 678,

681,685,686,687 operate on resultant 549 operation 83, 101, 482, 517, 528, 534, 574,

603ff, see also elementary operation, finite set of operations, hierarchical operations, incremental operation, intermediate operation, inverse of operation, unary operation, zeroing operation

- of comparison 464 - on phonemes 235 - on word-selection 482 operational formulation 574


operator 253, 256ff, 483, 507, 556, 558, 559, 560, 563, 614, 617, 619, 643, 647, 663, 664, 669, 670, 672, 673, 674, 675, 682, 683, 691; see also incremental operator, informationless operator, interrupting operator, last operator, latest operator, performative operator, product of operators, right operator, sentence operator, time-operator, unary operator, unique operator, unrestricted operator, verb operator, zeroable operator

- -argument relation 673, 674, 675 - -combination 649 - -environment 662, 677 -form 614 - notation 643, 669, 673 - -operand relation 649 - or operand environments 689 - order 686, 687 - relation 673 - sentences 662 - -structured information 615 -system 672 --type 668 - -word 615 operators on verb 487 opposites 436 optative 542, 662 optimal divisors 557 optional 133,516,656 - zeroing 691 or 547, 613, 614, 615, 641, 662, 663, 670,

672,673,674,675,681,683 order 110, 114, 119, 123, 126, 226, 321,

338, 341, 417, 434, 435, 441, 443, 521, 586, 593,616, 775; see also limitations of order

- is reversed 508 - of application 257 - of morphemes 102,248,249 - of occurrence 321, 794 - ofrestrictions 775, 776 - of sentences 322 - of sequence 321 - ofsymbols 552 - of transformations 586 - ofwords 586 - relation 578 ordered295,296,553,610,665,685 - adjunction 278 -change 685 - morphemes 674 - n-tuples 537 - operator notation 685 - operators 687

- pair 490, 548 -set 265 - setofn-tuples 615,616 - set of statement 777 - transformation 685 - undoing of transformation 685 ordering 652,671, 673 - of acceptability 538 - of analyses 254 - ofsentences 323 - on operators 258 organization of transformations 617 organized set of instructions 149 ought 656 output 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268,271,277 outside questions 392 outside terms of given description 572 outside universe 609 overlap 10, 31, 55, 429, 430, 432, 446, 513 overlapping sentences 443 overlapping subclasses 414 overlapping subcultures 748 overshadow 621 over-specialized alternants 89 overt grammar 680

pair 78 - test 68, 788 paired sentence-forms 546 paired structures 518 pairing 527 - by translation 152 paradigm 126, 200, 640; see also incomplete

paradigm paradigmatic 799 - affix 398 - interrelations of morphemes 239 paradox 608 parallel 452, 789 - items 549 - positions 632 - repetitions 630 - sentences 432, 433, 436, 443, 444, 455 - strings 304 paraphrase 594, 610, 648, 667, 679, 680 paraphrastic 597,613,615,657,669 -change 622 - free variant 623, 624 - operation 668 - product 596 -system 677 - transform 619, 665 - transformation 461, 471, 601, 613, 614,

615, 616, 617, 619, 625ff, 631, 643, 662, 663,664,668,676,677


parentheses-less string 615 parenthesis-closing 675 part 676 partial dependence 238 partial difference 527 partial ordering 253, 553, 615 - of acceptability 672 - relation 471 partial overlapping 186 partial restriction-removal 668 partial sentence 607 partial similarity 790 partial transformation 456, 610 partially acceptable 541 partially different environments 788 partially ordered 537,606,607,686,688 - homomorphisms 573 - sets 610 - transformational decomposition 596 - transformations 555 partially similar 485, 788 participant observer 763 particle 193, 204, 219, 228, 246 particular instances 83 partition 456, 460 - of set of sentences 606 - range of occurrences 689 partitive 424 - adjective 427,432,433,457 passive 336, 343, 347, 390, 394, 396, 415,

417, 429, 430, 431, 434, 435, 438, 442, 452, 453, 456, 494, 511, 529, 540, 541, 542, 549, 552, 553, 556, 557, 569, 570, 571, 573,575,596,597, 678, 790; see also by:E

- -like 542, 583 - subject 417 past 79, 80, 81, 84, 88, 624ff, 640, 642, 653,

654 path264,265,266,267,268,271,510,525 - -selector 268, 270 - -selector variable 267 pattern 12, 13, 14, 104, 192, 199, 200, 323,

700,717,722,760,779,781, 784; see also inertia of pattern, interfering pattern

- of elements 191 - ofmeanings 192 - of recurrence 313 patterned behavior 764 patterned distribution 325 pause 118, 123, 210 peak 34, 35, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48,

52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68ff, 784

perceive partial similarity 779

perception 720, 749, 764 - of distributional structure 778 - of morphophonemic membership 778 perfective 624ff, 691 perfectivity 627,654 - restrictions 625 performative 528,531 - operator 561 period 644, 663, 671 periodicity 34, 58, 60 permanent ambiguities 271 permanent structures 449 permission 287,292 permit268,269,288,563 permitted 254, 255, 284, 307, 518 -point 290 permutability 650 permutation 284, 289, 483, 492, 495, 506,

513, 514, 515, 516, 517, 518, 519, 530, 531, 547, 548, 549, 554, 574, 575, 576, 577, 597, 605, 630, 635, 652, 675, 677, 683, 684; see also length permutation

permute 272, 287, 541, 549, 681, 682 permuted 308,540,546,552,561,628 permuting 504, 512, 551 persist 775 persistence 739 person218, 223,241,242,244,249,250,783 - class 95, 98 personal 240 - affix 243, 246 -names 573 -prefix 236 - systematization 767 personality 741ff - and culture 741, 768 -system 742 petrified expressions 531 petrified forms 529 petrified morpheme 189 petrify 677 phenomena 540 phoneme 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,

16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 54, 58, 59, 60, 61, 65, 67, 68ff, 78, 89, 130, 149, 165ff, 169, 170, 171, 175, 177ff, 180, 182, 184, 186, 190, 201, 204, 206, 209, 210, 235, 528, 531, 604, 650, 667, 677, 678, 690, 709, 760, 766, 770, 771, 784; see also number of phonemes, relation among phonemes, successive phonemes, suprasegmental phoneme, variety of phonemes

- combination 604


- distribution 62 -place 15 - sequence 65, 78, 80, 91, 101, 203, 671,

675, 783; see also sequential phonemes phonemes are relative 707 phonemes become zero 558 phonemic 690 - analysis 169, 175, 183 - carrier 408,419 - component80,180,184,210 - composition 618,716,781 - composition of morpheme 227 - difference 78, 166,618 - distinction 7, 769,770 - distribution 25, 65, 86, 178, 203 - form 101 - hearing 720 - history 716 - long component 130, 619 -mark 173 - method 186 - overlapping 210 - portions 638 - representation 65, 66, 690 - segment 782 - sequence 43, 68ff, 79, 92, 157, 175, 237 - shape 649, 676, 690 - similarity 81, 146, 149,217,240 - solution 777, 778 - status 147, 149 - structure 84, 122 - symbols 169 - system 28, 169, 706 - theory 769,770 - writing 6, 10, 31, 39, 40, 41, 61, 65, 117,

165,173,175,180 phonemically distinct 170 -pairs 778 phonemically perceived 760 phonemically simple 689 phonemically zero 166 phonemics 102,506 phonetic 4, 6, 9, 24, 67 - characteristics 178 - composition 9 - contrast 6, 709 - correspondence 146, 150 - feature 777 - process 194 - properties 766 -range 161 - series 184 - similarity 6, 7, 23, 26, 150 - structure 31, 117 - value 9, 10, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26,

27,28,30,31,170,175,199,210 phonetically simple 650 phonologic 70, 71 phonologization 741 phonology 47, 62, 86,130,618,667,706,784 phrase 4, 12, 125, 140, 181, 789; see also

noun phrase, verb phrase - boundaries 61 - -final 202, 210 - -infix 101 - juncture 168, 210 - prefix 119 - stress 202 physical character 8 physical content 670 physical elements 9 physical event 59, 62, 667 physical occurrence 39 physical similarity 19 physically describable parts 458 pitch 4, 5, 8, 11, 12, 13, 24, 29, 165 place 493, 543, 549 please 516 pleonastic 541, 571 - repetition 501 - subject 509 plural 79, 81, 86, 91, 94, 95, 101, 111, 126,

133, 222, 236, 238, 240, 241, 242, 243, 246, 250, 485, 527, 528, 530, 531, 556, 560, 580, 581, 594, 596, 618, 638, 673

point of application 253, 256, 257 point of entry 254 points in string 605 points of greater freedom 604 policy 505 popular semantics 804 portmanteau blends 535 position 5, 6, 8, 60, 61, 87, 92, 102, 104,

106, 116, 117, 122, 123, 129, 132, 168, 174, 249, 279, 386, 410, 421, 485, 516, 520, 530, 632, 649, 670, 671, 673, 674, 675, 683, 684, 685, 775

- analysis 116 positional alternant 47, 228, 402 positional distribution 709 positional relation 674, 676 positional variant 3, 6, 8, 27, 31, 89, 92, 101,

147ff, 161, 169, 173, 185, 209, 212, 213, 218, 228, 236, 237, 240, 410, 443, 448, 456, 709, 771

positional variants of the transfer 151 positionally bound 420 positionings 615 positions 5, 83, 95, 103, 114, 120, 163, 236,

521, 525, 535, 672


possibilities and needs 804 possibility 624 post-verb 678 post-wh-pro-morpheme 411f Prague Circle 5, 29 precise set of sentences 540 precise set of transformations 540 predecessor 42, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 62, 64,

67, 68ff -count 41 - variety 49, 54 predicate 528, 614, 615, 641, 648, 649, 651,

662, 664, 673, 674, 683, 691; see also timelocation predicate, time-predicate

- form 619, 621, 622, 648, 654, 660 - morpheme class 672, 675 - of manner 644 - operator 641 - source 648, 653, 655, 657, 658 - status 678, 682 -system 669 - transforms 650 - variant 658 predict meaning 680 predict new data 780 predict new formation 780 predict new utterances 779 prefer 525 preferred analysis 268 preferred order 794 preferred values 253 prefix 71, 83, 94, 95, 104, 114, 118, 168,782,

783; see also phrase prefix, verb prefix, zero prefix

preposition 94, 107, 132, 141, 151, 152,484, 614, 652; see alsoP

prepositional adverb 484 prepositional predicate 652 present 639, 642 preserve acceptability-ordering 55, 539,

540, 625, 631, 637, 645, 651 preverb 153ff, 156, 157 primary sentence 420, 428, 429, 430, 431,

432, 433, 434, 437, 438, 455, 456, 492, 623, 640

primitive argument 665, 670, 687 primitive element 388 primitive operand 670 primitive sentence type 255 primitives of morphology 689 primitives of syntax 689 prior language 603 prior science 464 prior subject 685 privilege of occurrence 116

pro-adjective 581, 601; see also pro-A pro-adjunct 594 probability 760 procedure 32, 33, 38, 39, 41, 43, 58, 79, 89,

104, 109, 118, 123, 253, 578, 784 procedures for discovery 255 procedures for generating sentences 255 process 78, 198, 199, 209, 713, 714, 760 -model 715 - of suffixation 192 - through configuration 192 - yields one form out of another 192 processing of information 614 product 443, 460, 483, 505, 529, 593, 617 - of operations 54, 503, 506, 527 - of operators 671 - of transformations 272, 606 productive 69, 440, 510, 526, 541, 793 productivity 448, 451, 525, 779, 793 program for computer 572 programming language 610 pro-morpheme 409, 410, 411, 412, 419, 420,

421, 422, 423, 424, 426, 427, 431, 432, 433, 439, 453, 454, 456, 518, 561; see also wh-pro-morpheme

pronominal element 792 pronominalized sentence 282 pronoun 94, 95, 135, 141, 204, 213, 248,

329, 330, 337, 390, 409, 410, 415, 423, 437, 439, 453, 466, 467, 493, 503, 508, 518, 526, 530, 531, 542, 546, 548, 554, 556, 561, 566, 577, 581, 593, 594, 610, 614, 663, 787; see also pro-N

pronounable 565 pronounce 778 pronounceable 515, 516 pronouned 565, 631 pronouning 549, 564, 567, 571, 677, 678 pronunciation 638, 667, 769, 770, 771, 800 proof 596, 781, 794 propaganda 803 proper part of string 296 proper subset 617, 619 properties, inherent 676 properties of sentences 533 property 679 prosodemes 209 prosodic feature 172 prosodic pattern 181, 182 protective feature 203 protective mechanism 766 pro-verb 141, 157, 413, 503; see also pro-V proverb form 634 pro-word 542 - substitution 576


pseudo-hierarchical features 534 pseudo-insert 496, 498 pseudo-object 569; see also pseudo-.Q psychiatry 755, 767 psychology 744, 767 psychological 532 - explanation 702, 703, 746 public statement 804 punctuation 304 pure paraphrase 680 pure unary 546, 552

quantified 631, 632 -word 632 quantifier 131, 445, 485, 581, 638, 643, 648,

650; see also Q quantitative meaning 543 quantity 631 quasi-linguistic system 785 - for science 470 quasi-transformation 439, 448, 456 question 31, 39, 91, 276, 307, 390, 396,419,

423, 425, 426, 433, 436, 454, 456, 503, 528, 529, 542, 554, 561, 564, 596, 662, 665, 790; see also wh-question, yes-no question

- -answer pair 557 - intonation 407, 411, 419, 420 -marker 433 quotation 438, 573 --form 542 quote 113, 386 - intonation 410 -marker 456 quoted material 562 quoted sentence 456 quotient set 388, 456, 461

raised number 109, 125 raised numbering 119 raised numeral 225 random occurrence 59 range of co-occurrents 410 range of environments 81, 83, 87, 89, 345 range of meaning 150, 575, 780, 801 range of occurrence 689 range of positions 495 range of sentence structures 494 rapid speech 185, 187, 202 rare 55, 56, 67, 131, 135, 225, 261,268, 287,

290,293,300,307,336,502,512,514,577 - intermediates 503 rarity 184 ratio 69 reaction of individual 754

read as sentence 614 reading, intended 271, 578 reallocation 182 rearrange words 543, 582 reasonable 625 reasonableness 620 recallable 794 receptacle 543 reciprocal 560 - verb 552, 644, 662, 663, 687 recognition 295 recognizability 675 recognizing structure 254ff recomposing of sentence 579 reconstruct 500, 526, 559 reconstructed 454 -form 688 - from environment 558 - morpheme 639, 679 - sentence 428 -word 560 reconstruction 189; see also historical

reconstruction recoverable word 483 recurrent process 68 recurrent word 426 recurring morpheme 422 recurring sequence 47, 61, 63 recursion 610 - of kernel structure 272ff recursive 253ff, 256, 277 - formulation 459 - left operator 273 - operation 272, 273, 275, 276 - rules 461 redefine 690 reduce number of elements 182, 186 reduced by transformation 461 reduced distributionally 223 reduced main stress 420 reduced phonemic stock 180, 182, 184, 186 reduced stress 426, 427, 433 reduction 663 -of data 686 - of domain 687 - of text 458, 463 redundancy 462, 558, 575, 603, 604 - operation 518, 525 - -removal 493, 509, 519, 525, 558, 559,

561, 563; see also inverse of redundancy removers

redundant 483, 496, 528, 531; see also zeroing of redundant material

reduplicate 245 reduplication 79, 81, 82, 83, 84, 86, 204,


228, 716 - suffix 206 refer 410 - to individual 412 reference 663 referent 550, 551 - -repeating 564, 576 referential 614 refined word subcategory 555 reflection of operand 625 reformulate 666 - restrictions 647 reformulation 619 regular 60, 62, 78, 89, 171, 173, 174, 185,

675,776 - alternation 186 - distribution 239, 788 - grammar 676 - sequence of sentence types 373 regularity 169, 233, 609, 789, 791; see also

formal regularity, historical regularity, increase regularity, maximum regularity

- of combination 791 - of occurrence 238, 776, 787 regularization 609, 668 regularize 648 - text 345 regularly occur together 775 relate sentence to others 536 related subcategories 511 relation 198, 610, 672, 674, 700 - among alternants 82, 84 - among constructions 420 - among elements 190, 784 - among morpheme classes 118 - among morphemes 91 - among phonemes 5, 15, 180 - among sentence-forms 540 - among sentences 539, 540, 553 - among words 462 - at a distance 536 - between active verb and passive verb 792 - between equivalence classes 327 - between sentence and sentence 605 - is extended 509 - of morpheme to utterance 716 - of operator to argument 673 - of phoneme to morpheme 716 - of phoneme to utterance 716 - of set with sets 240 - on non-ordered sentence pairs 505 - to neighboring sentence 680 - to report 613 relational 543 - behavior 760

-verb 467 relative acceptability 400 relative center 253 relative distribution of elements 315 relative frequency 786 relative occurrence 59, 62,318,458,686,776 - of elements 316, 776 - of morphemes 783 - of parts 774, 775 - of phoneme sequences 783 - of physical entities 468 - of sets 776 relative order 248 relative position 428, 614, 671, 677, 681 relative positioning 649, 673 relevant environment 123 relevant information 461 relevant to discourse 790 remembering 388 removal of dependences 445 removal of restrictions 667, 669 removal of transformational paraphrase 688 repeat 549 - cyclically 273 - utterances 778 repeatability 446, 629, 671 repeatable 133, 134, 264, 279 - operator 259 - without limit 255 repeated 132, 202 - class 333 - morpheme 92ff, 101, 123 - phoneme 171 - phonemic forms 236 - subject 657 - substitution 102 - substitution tests 120 -word 324 - word category 540 repeating of operation 522 repeating of sentence 610 repeating of subject 550 repeating of word 610 repetition 25, 114, 161, 276, 523, 543, 598,

604, 650, 769, 770, 771, 788; see also pleonastic repetition

- in text 333 repetitive 581, 647 - material563; see also zeroing of repetitive

material - morpheme 94ff - structure 596 -word 558 replace 100, 253, 677 replaceability 784


replaced 183, 201, 561, 647 replacement 91, 211, 542 replacing 184, 574, 619 report 613, 614, 615; see also speaker's

relation to report, structure and report - -sublanguage 614, 615 represent 140, 161 representation of utterance 791 representational method 799 reproduce utterance 778 require 261, 263, 266, 269, 284, 295, 296,

307, 308, 412, 525, 563, 626 required afterwards 643, 644 required article 133 required change 505, 677 required morph 60 required morphophonemic form 641 required neighbor 268 required operation 506 required permutation 513, 516 required product 506 required transformation 505, 506 required variant 640 required zeroing 691 requirement 287, 292, 751 re-run of computation 255 residual sentence 607, 609 residual structure 564 residue 275, 280, 281, 286, 296, 298, 411,

504, 512, 516, 525, 538, 543, 617, 687 resistance of individual 752 respectively 287, 288, 307, 644, 645 restatement 217, 235 restrict 398 restricted altemant 83 restricted comparative 628 restricted co-occurrence 393, 394, 454 restricted distribution 115, 775 restricted domain 620, 637 restricted environment 61 restricted form 503 restricted increment 619, 623 restricted meaning 679 restricted member 530 restricted morpheme 250 restricted morphophonemics 638 restricted occurrence 373 restricted operator 619, 643 restricted paraphrastic transformation 617,

664 restricted permission 288 restricted permutation 577 restricted position 54 restricted selection 112 restricted sentence 614

restricted sequence 67 restricted source 662 restricted subdomain 680 restricted tense 642 restricted transformation 387,471, 633, 656,

679 restricted variant 625, 675 restricted verb-operator 656 restricted vocabulary 636 restricted word-combination 614 restriction 27, 58, 61, 63, 65, 129, 408, 410,

485, 510, 551, 552, 556, 576, 622, 624, 627, 628, 632, 636, 637, 643, 649, 658, 659, 661, 663, 667, 675, 678, 686, 790; see also grammatical restriction, special restrictions, structural restriction, wellformedness restrictions

- across sentence boundary 314 -domain 680 - in domain 631 - of co-occurrence 440, 445 - of co-occurrence range 422 - of individual co-occurrence 421 - of occurrence 65, 238, 314, 317, 456 - of substitutability 228 - on combinability 690 - on element-combination 613 - on randomness 238 - on relative occurrence 776 - on selection 689 - on string structure 535 - -removal 661 ; see also removal of

restrictions restrictionless source 648 restrictionless transform 614 restrictive meaning 515 restrictive statement 92 resultant 258, 275, 276, 482, 496, 497, 517,

519, 520, 521, 522, 525, 528, 546, 552, 553, 557, 558, 575, 614, 665, 674, 677, 679, 683, 685, 686; see also intermediate resultant

- sentence 527, 535, 546, 579,587,617,686 - sequence 674 - string 675 - two systems 613 reverse 140, 143, 156 - order 384, 394, 396, 428, 433, 452, 792 reversible 149, 151, 406, 433 -order 455 - transformation 394, 395 reversing 156 revised grammar 156, 157 revised structure 157 right 253, 279, 485, 516, 543, 552, 554, 561,


578, 605, 609 - adjunct 259ff, 548, 630 - inverse 286, 292 - operator 273 rigorous procedure 79 root 104, 105, 207, 229; see also stem rule 567, 675, 776, 790; see also grammatical

rule ruling group 798

-'s 674 -s 408, 413, 452, 642 -s 'plural' 417, 437, 445, 455 -s 'third person singular' 452 safeguard 319, 325, 396 - in grammatical equivalence 335 safeguarded chain of equivalences 321 sample 448, 471 sampling 151 sandhi 89, 90, 211, 212; see also alternation Sapir, Edward 533, 712ff, 765ff satisfaction 459, 483, 539, 540; see also

similarities among satisfactions - list 471 satisfied 383, 393, 394, 418, 482, 546 satisfier 537 - -set 573 satisfy 384, 395, 398, 405, 420, 430, 431,

434, 451, 455, 456, 459, 559 sayable 675 scale 601 - of naturalness 537 - of satisfiers 573 scan 286, 287, 297, 298, 306; see also single

scan scanning 253 school pronunciation 176 science 461, 470, 540, 559, 793, 799 - -sublanguage 599 -subset 608 scientific article 610 scientific discourse 781 scientific language 731 scientific report 462 scientific text 458, 470, 578 scientific writing 462, 467, 470, 608, 796;

see also structure of scientific writing scientist 796 scope 175 - of agreement 637 - of operation 663 search 468 second argument 681, 682 second dimension 117 second language 795

second-level substring 268 second operand 683 - tensing 627, 629, 631, 682 second-order disturbance 766 second-order local trees 265 second-order string 253 second-order substring 269 second sentence 426, 427, 429, 430, 492;

see also deformed second sentence, grammatical conditions for second sentence

second well-formed reading 271 secondary members of sequence 558 secondary operator on verb 507 secondary sentence 425, 428, 431, 432, 435,

436, 438, 454, 587 - operator 491 secondary status 715 secondary well-formedness 554 section 64 sectional homonyms 42, 58 sectional synonymity 689 segment 8, 18, 25, 30, 34, 68, 129, 174, 484,

485, 504, 620, 671, 787; see also verbal segment

- of sentence 533 segmental element 9 segmental morpheme 5, 67 segmental phoneme 11, 12, 27, 38, 39, 65,

201,210 segmentation 10, 28, 32, 33, 35, 38, 40, 41,

42, 43, 49, 52, 53, 55, 58, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 71,238,280,326,327,604

segmenting of utterance 787 selected environment (frame) 116 selecting utterances 773 selection 50, 61, 101, 103, 110, 112, 114,

119, 121, 123, 124, 536, 556, 620, 636, 664, 675, 676, 680, 687, 775, 785, 786, 787; see also extension of selection, limitation(s) of selection, weak selection

- of co-occurrents 646 - -ordering 686 - restriction 531, 689 selectional dependence 622 selectional difference 791 selectional flexibility 689 selectional property 684 selectional similarity 792 selectional subclass 787 selectionally restrict 625 self 415, 453, 518 self-contained 766 semantic 32, 100, 113, 155, 436, 456, 528,

632, 651, 659, 701; see also local semantic


similarity, low semantic specificity - camouflage 803 - clarification 804 - confusion 803 - correlation 556 - information 610 - interpretation 534, 794 - interpretation of syntax 668 -name 792 -need 776 - overlapping 668 - relation 647, 772 semantically corresponding 150 semantically determined equivalence 631 semantically equivalent 447 semantically inclusive 576 semantically weak verb 542 semantics 321, 761, 803; see also popular

semantics semi-group 610 semi-lattice 578 Semitic 94, 104, 207 sense 308 senser 295 sensing 296 sentence 4, 43, 68, 132, 143, 152, 253, 273,

275, 278, 280, 281, 283, 314, 409, 410, 431, 436, 451, 459, 533, 554, 555, 571, 604, 607, 609, 610, 614, 618, 619, 664, 667, 668, 670, 671, 675, 691, 784, 789, 790, 802; see also component sentence, conjoined sentence, conjunctional sentence, deformed sentence, derived sentence, elementary sentence, impredicative sentence, kernel sentence, limits of sentence, matched sentences, operand sentence, operator sentence, order of sentences, ordering of sentences, overlapping sentences, parallel sentences, primary sentence, quoted sentence, reconstructed sentence, relation among sentences, resultant sentence, second sentence, sequential sentences, set of sentences, source sentence, subset of sentences, subsidiary sentence, successive sentences, untensed sentence, well-formed sentence, S

- -adjunct 486, 494, 496, 530, 678 - boundary 448 - -center 253, 263, 272, 273, 274, 275, 277 -change 555 - combination 422, 423, 425, 430 - combiner 436 - construction 451, 613 - -decomposing algorithm 614

- -decomposing program 278 - derived from sentences 255 - difference 524 - environment 452, 625, 781, 786 - -final141 - -form 289, 290, 291, 292, 298, 304, 566,

606, 607, 610, 615, 617, 691; see also elementary sentence-form, paired sentence-forms, special sentence form

- generated by increment 670 - insert 543, 554 - intonation 427, 641, 671 - introducer 411 - -like internal structure 423f - modifier 136 - nominalization 646 - nominalized 444 - of connected discourse 315 - of major type 272 - -operator 487, 490, 491, 492, 493, 495,

496, 497, 502, 517, 519, 531, 543, 545, 565, 576, 583, 623, 646, 656, 657; see also inverse of sentence-operators

-order 321 - -overlap 430, 444, 448 - -pair-operator 656 --part 649 - -position 664 - -predicate 530 - section 420 - sequence 397, 420, 421, 422, 431, 432,

790 - structure 100, 110, 137, 254, 391, 411,

413, 428, 449, 453, 455, 461, 471, 483, 513, 533; see also elementary sentence structure, internal sentence structure, irregular sentence structure, simple sentence structure

- type 117, 153, 273, 418; see also major sentence type, primitive sentence type, unusual sentence types

- which includes all sentences 608 sentences of metalanguage 608 sentential position 618 sentential residue 587 sentential string 671 separately acting granunatical system 613 sequence 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 18,

22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 31, 32, 34, 37, 42, 44, 47, 48, 52, 53, 54, 56, 59, 62, 65, 66, 67, 80, 166, 267, 275, 284, 414, 517; see also inserted sequence, well-formed sequence

- classification 267 -marker 436 - of arguments 674


- of classes 784 - of clauses 143 - of constructions 397 - of marks 253 - of morpheme classes 459 - of morphemes 100, 114, 214, 248, 280,

672 -of one 104 - of phonemes 78, 80, 91, 671 - of symbols 567 - of tenses 771 - of variables and constants 691 - of word-categories 286, 291 - of word classes 459, 605 - of words 555 sequential composition 534 sequential distinctions 604 sequential phonemes 619 sequential sentences 434, 456, 457 sequential transformations 444 serial dependence 788 serial relation 794 seriate discourse 787 set 609 - of elementary sentences 552 - of elements 26, 28; see also finite set of

elements - of kernel sentence forms 388; see also

finite set of kernel structures - of n-tuples 538 - of sentences 456, 461, 525, 534, 540, 554,

571, 615; see also extension of set of sentences

- of symbols 609 - of transformations 388, 456, 461, 534,

540, 552, 556, 607, 669; see also finite set of transformations

sets at successive levels 777 sha/1655 shared word 412, 429, 433, 435 - sequence 455 sharing of words 471 sharing transformation 561 short component 23 short form 632 short transform 621 should 489, 490, 570, 655 side remark 464 sign language 793 significant features of speech 190 similar combinability 689 similar distribution 116 similar elements grouped 788 similar experiences 751 similar hierarchical complexities 536

similar problems 751 similar talking 769 similarities among languages 146, 156 similarities among satisfactions 460 similarities of distribution 143 similarity 96, 103, 146, 527, 531, 547, 554,

567, 613, 788; see also maximum similarity

- grouping 788 - grouping of segments 787 - of co-occurrents 391 - of meaning 196 - to environment 84, 86 similarly deformed sentence 545 simple description 389 simple sentence structure 419, 802 simpler algebra of transformations 597 simpler description 170 simpler grammar 9 simpler lattices 597 simpler morphology 89 simpler statement 9, 171, 186 simpler system 249 simplest observables 100 simplicity, 388; see also economical

description, vocabulary simplicity - condition 275 - consideration 277 - of device 307 - of structure 687 simplified writing 667 simplify array 341 simplify linguistic form 461 simplify statements 182 simultaneous combinations 184 simultaneous components 3ff, 13, 15, 17,

20, 22, 23, 25, 28, 29, 38, 174, 181, 182, 183, 201, 210, 788

simultaneous string relations 685 simultaneous syntactic relations 683 since 624 single alternant 89 - morpheme unit 81 -unit 83 single element 504, 788 single entity 674 single-letter morpheme 70 single meaning 782, 783 single morpheme 100, 102, 104, 213, 214,

240, 485, 677 single operator-type 649 single phoneme 170 single positional relation 669, 673 single scan 610 single string structure 623


single syntactic element 689 singular 94, 95, 98, 126, 560, 650 Siouan 120, 373 site 677 size of class 394 sl96, 91 slip 779 small number of sentence structures 449 small phonemic difference 618 small segments of speech 173 small set of transformations 534 small subcategory 550 small subclass 416 smallest part 89, 275 smallest sequence 79 so 0 0 0 that 633ff social basis of use 795 social behavior 767 social conflict 804 social control 798 social environment 763 social forces 767 social function 737 social institutions 572, 677, 767, 797 social instrument 798 social need 797 social organization 737 social pattern 762 social preparation 797 social sciences 190 social scientist 764 social structure 797 socially available 722 socially fixed 603 society 763f, 795; see also modem society sociology of knowledge 803f solution 660 some 83,453 someone 516 sometimes 119 sometimes-occurring suffix 226 sound 7, 23, 25, 33, 59, 62, 603, 667, 775,

776, 800 -change 780 - -differences 763 - -distinction 603, 604, 800 - -environment 765 -segment 7 -sequence 4 - type 147, 161ff, 173 -wave 8, 29 source 507, 526, 570, 594, 614, 621, 626f,

630, 636, 648, 649, 650, 656, 659, 660, 662, 663, 665, 677, 678, 679, 686, 687, 688; see also transformational source

- environment 646 - form 643, 646, 654 - -increment 664 - predicate 658 - regular 676 - -sentence 614, 631, 664, 669, 673 speaker 604, 679, 779, 783, 790, 791 - -addressee 239 speaker's relation to report 613 speakers differ in distributional perception

779 speaking habits 779, 780, 790 special acceptance 539 special case 65, 84, 97, 104, 202, 206, 231,

264, 339, 341, 418, 429, 430, 434, 436, 452, 507, 634, 660

- of general statement 200 special class 608 special comparatives 633ff special deformations 646 special details 459 special distribution 89, 317 special domains 119 special form 81, 82, 420 special instructions 151 special limitation 102 - of distribution 234 special morphophonemic statement 184 special morphophonemics 634 special property 631 special relation 78, 79 special restrictions 133, 213, 340 special sentence form 420, 608 special situation 295 special statement 93, 180 special transformational type 483 special variants 218 specialized distribution 89 specifiable limit 511 specific morpheme 647 speech 25, 165, 707; see also significant

features of speech, small segments of speech

spelling 68, 150, 800 state 13, 99, 118, 451, 619, 624, 776 - diagram 264 stateable class 410 stateable distance 788 stateable subclass 440 stated 26, 117, 238, 604 - environment 240 - operation 238, 483 - position 409, 494 statement 5, 6, 8, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 25, 30,

79, 82, 84, 88, 89, 92, 115, 119, 121, 122,


123, 124, 163, 167, 168, 170, 171, 177, 181, 183, 186, 197, 202, 203, 205, 212, 214, 217, 392, 534, 536, 667, 776, 777, 791

- of selection 101 stating relation 197 statistical regularity 44 status 220, 253, 411, 415, 656, 681 - as argument 681 - of element 194 stem 82, 93, 105, 108, 114, 119, 179, 219,

245, 246, 604, 782, 789; see also root -juncture 179, 185, 186 step in chain of equivalences 320 stilted 620 stochastic process 610 storage 286, 298, 462, 465, 467 stress 4, 5, 8, 13, 14, 23, 24, 29, 31, 38, 40,

65, 85, 87, 88, 112, 123, 124, 133, 165, 205, 236, 574; see also emphatic stress, phrase stress, reduced main stress, reduced stress, word stress, zero stress

- pattem210 --unit 248 stretch 11, 12 - of co-occurrence 391 string, 255ff, 286, 605, 610; see also ele

mentary string, first-order string, host string

- -analysis 131,278,291,297,304,533,534 - -analysis relation 286 - -category 256, 258, 272 - change 631, 673, 677, 678, 681, 686 --class 605 - complexity 673 -form 557 - -head 293, 294, 295, 296, 303, 308 - occurrence 292 - of words 644, 673, 685 - position 308 - property 535, 604, 669, 683 - relation 291,292,296,298, 307,609,673,

677, 678, 681, 683, 684, 685, 686, 687; see also unique string relation

- relation constant 673 - representation 286ff - restriction on transformations 535 - shape 672, 673 -status 682 - structure 254, 272, 536, 572, 609, 623,

674, 686; see also general properties of string structure

-term 555 - theory 286, 292, 609 strings are partially similar 572

strong connector 468 structural analysis 471, 667 -of text 323 structural compactness 667 structural difference 525, 546 structural element 33 structural feature 189 structural formula 393 structural limitations 688 structural linguistics 126, 284, 285, 388,

391, 392, 420, 445, 449, 604, 613, 617, 618, 664, 678, 680; see also fundamental relations of structural linguistics, goal of structural linguistics

structural method 410 structural model 283, 458 structural restriction 447 structural statement 196 structural theory 447 structurally equivalent 618 structurally identical 256 structure 59, 155, 417, 495, 530, 559, 567,

615, 660, 669, 677, 683, 700; see also grammatical structure

- and report 688 - exists in speaker 780 - for each text 320 - is identical517 - of human response 780 - of language 445, 468, 536, 780 - of meaning 196, 781 - of objective experience 780 - of physical world 780 - of scientific writing 805 - of sentence 254 - of sequence 284 - of string 254 - of subjective experience 780 - of text 313, 367 structures added 483 style 151, 373, 396, 444, 454, 529 styles of grammar 533 stylistic differences 155 stylistic variation 447 stylistically acceptable 370 stylistically clumsy 792 stylistically indifferent 334 stylistics 117, 314 subcategory 294, 484, 485, 491, 493, 495,

496, 503, 506, 507, 513, 517, 519, 520, 521, 525, 528, 536, 541, 545, 550, 552, 564, 566, 569, 515; see also time subcategories, word subcategory

subclass 103, 106, 115, 128, 132, 135, 140, 153, 155, 156, 213, 245, 393, 394, 403,


410, 416, 417, 419, 428, 436, 438, 440, 483, 493, 506, 597, 601, 604, 619, 785; see also grammatical subclass, overlapping subclasses

- of morphemes 622 - properties 619 - relation 469 subclassification 131 subconstruction 407, 418 subculture 755; see also overlapping sub

cultures subdivision of sentence 330 subdomain 619, 623, 625, 633, 651, 661,

663, 664 - restriction 667 subgrammar 669 subject 13L 132, 135, 237, 242, 243, 244,

254, 263, 276, 386, 411, 412, 415, 416, 417, 419, 433, 438, 455, 484, 490, 496, 542, 548, 550, 554, 556, 558, 559, 574, 580, 605, 643, 646, 647, 663, 670, 673, 674, 675, 683, 684, 685, 783, 792; see also human subject, pleonastic subject, E

- matter 559, 606, 611, 651, 679 - matter classification 672 - matter language 576 - noun phrase 465 - -object relation 678 subjectability to transformations 558 subjective 529, 637, 658, 676, 679, 686, 783 - discrimination 680 - information 688 - semantic character 615 -tense 680 subjunctive 622, 623, 624, 640, 643, 646,

647, 656, 676, 678, 691 sublanguage 614, 615, 651, 667, 669 - grammar 686 - of particular science 688 - of science 689 subordinate 421 - conjunction 132, 490, 524, 547, 589, 648,

649, 660, 661, 682; see also C, - connective 495 subordinating 428, 433 - conjunction 411, 493 subordination 113 subordinative 108 subscript 112 subsequently 623, 624, 643, 676 subset 647, 668, 680 - list 676 - of domain 679 - of English 638 - of morpheme occurrences 690

- of sentences 482, 536, 615; see also un-restricted subset of sentences

- of words 645 subsidiary 605 - correction 777 - sentence 430, 431 substandard speech 776 substantive 507, 540 - information 529 substituent 321 substitutability 105, 114, 247, 345, 455, 789,

792 - relation 794 substitutable 100, 104, 108, 152, 248, 447,

781 substitute 214, 410, 448, 786 substitution 43, 101, 105, 116, 117, 118,

124, 353, 391, 542; see also extending substitution, localized substitution

- -class 102f, 103, 110, 122, 123, 321; see also extension of substitution-classes

- set 789, 790 substring 253 - -adjoining operation 255 - analysis 272ff substructure 143, 153 succession of adjectives 794 succession of elementary operations 571 succession of transformations 557 successive 9, 11, 12, 39, 40, 57, 174 - application 442, 519 - phonemes 52 - sentences 426 432, 663 -sounds 604 - words 604, 610 successively included constituents 152 successor 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42,

43, 44, 45, 46, 49, 51, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 64,65,66,67,68ff, 784

- -count 40, 53, 61, 66 - variety 38, 39, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 55 sufficiency-comparison 634 sufficient and necessary for information 615 sufficient and necessary to characterize

language 603 suffix 67, 71, 79, 82, 92, 104, 115, 118, 119,

122, 171, 192, 198, 199, 204, 226, 245, 408, 419, 486, 515, 516, 619, 789; see also inflectional suffix, process of suffixation, reduplication suffix, utterance suffix, verbalizing suffix, zero suffix

- of noun phrase 93 - of verb phrase 119 suffixed to sequence 222 sum of all string-relations 293


sum of co-occurrents 775 sum of positions 81 superclass 530 superposing 673, 675, 676 superscript 119; see also raised numbering suppletion 79, 89, 150, 766 suppletive 81, 228 supposed to 656 suprasegmental 3, 7, 39, 40, 202, 210 - component, 203 - feature 118 - morpheme 27, 123 - phoneme 201 Swahili 6, 17, 18, 31, 94, 96, 97 syllabic 58, 60, 61, 65 syllable 179, 202 - initial 179 -juncture 179, 181, 183, 185, 187 symbol 68, 79, 109, 117, 120, 121, 123, 161,

166, 199, 226, 258, 260, 264, 269, 277, 283, 286, 291, 295, 298, 306, 307, 322, 485, 517, 530, 537, 541, 543, 549, 552, 553, 554, 574, 575, 603, 608, 609, 691

symbolic character of language 723 symbolism 761 synchronic structure 780, 793 synonym 90, 347, 467, 468, 469, 576, 624,

636, 637, 650, 655, 656, 659, 688, 689, 690,786

- set 689 synonymity 551, 558, 575, 689; see also

local synonymity synonymous 462, 549, 559 - morpheme sets 688 syntactic activity 556 syntactic analysis 100, 254, 272, 278 syntactic character 541 syntactic characterization 690 syntactic class 649 syntactic construction 96 syntactic description 118 syntactic domain 93, 94f, 96 syntactic element 668, 677, 689 syntactic entity 681 syntactic environment 677 syntactic equation 123 syntactic form 668 syntactic method 680 syntactic pitch 27 syntactic position 95 syntactic primitive 649 syntactic realignment 514 syntactic regularity 672 syntactic relation 615, 648, 649, 669, 670,

673, 675, 676, 683, 686

syntactic relevance 618 syntactic source 649, 672, 675 syntactic statement 123 syntactic status 224, 558, 618, 675 syntactic structure 649 syntactically associative 257 syntactically dependent 613 syntactically environing morphemes 689 syntactically identical 93 syntactically zero 118 syntax 68, 100, 131, 505, 506, 649, 690; see

also primitives of syntax syntaxomorphemic 677 system of concepts 799 system of free variation 618 system of habits 793 system of outlook 804 system of predicates 613 systematized differences 89 systemic relation 199 systems of language 688 systems of statements adequate 777 systems, simpler 777

talking 722; see also similar talking teaching of language 139 technical term 608 technique 78 tense 135, 138, 152, 153ff, 156, 157, 298,

413, 414, 419, 422, 456, 484, 515, 531, 535, 549, 563, 624, 625, 638, 641, 651, 653, 654, 675, 771; see also subjective tense, t, W

- dependences 639 - insert 543 --pair 625 - -transplacing 627, 629, 631, 633, 640,

652, 653, 661, 678, 682 - -transplacing transformation 641 tensed 653 - free variant 641 -source 639 tenseless 653; see also untensed operand,

untensed sentence - transform 644 tensing 641, 642, 644, 656, 671, 673, 678;

see also location for tensing - adjunction 677 tentative segmentation 65 test 788; see also ex post facto test testing co-occurrence 399f text 313, 350, 367, 398, 461, 469, 772; see

also extended text - critique 344, 368 - expansion 345


textlet 772 - eliciting 772 textual environment 452 textual structure 345 Thai 58 than 633, 691 that 386, 438, 488, 489, 490, 521, 545, 561,

566, 655, 678 - -operand 656 the lOS, 106, 132, 411, 556, 577, 598, 599,

634, 648, 650, 677 theory 255, 485; see also competing theories - of elementary operations 571 - of language 537, 648 - of language structure 388 - of sentence pairs 609 there 385, 435, 484, 681 this 410, 414, 419 thought 457 time 137, 486, 493, 543, 549, 625 - -adverb 622, 643 - -conjunction 624, 679 - -connective 627 - dependence 643 - -duration adverb 659 - -location adverb 623, 625, 626f, 639, 640 - -location dependence 624 - -location predicate 639 - -noun 626, 631 - -operator 654, 656 --order 624 - -order conjunction 624ff, 631 - -predicate 627, 640, 656 - -segmentation 679 -stretch 8 - -subcategories 484 timeless source sentence 639 title 467 to 385, 386, 438, 490, 570, 656, 657 tone 65, 165, 180, 181, 183, 788 - language 65 - succession 168, 174 toneme 181 too 633f tool 761, 798 tools of analysis 572 total co-occurrence range 453 total range of structures 529 total restriction 776 total restrictions on occurrence 776 trace 519, 520, 521, 575, 581, 597, 605, 606,

664,665,687 traditional grammar 533 transfer 139ff, 141 - grammar 140

- instruction 140, 143, 150, 153 transference 780 transform 316, 384, 538, 606, 621, 640, 659,

665; see also identity transform, tenseless transform

transformation 157, 317, 321, 322f, 332, 333ff, 341, 342, 390ff, 394, 395, 414, 418, 421, 425, 426, 439, 444, 456, 458, 459, 483, 536, 538, 541, 557, 606, 609, 610, 615, 616, 623, 656, 680, 791f; see also base transformation, binary transformation, degenerate transformation, elementary transformation, identity transformation, incremental transformation, inverse transformation, many-one transformations, non-paraphrastic transformation, one-directional transformation, order of transformations, paraphrastic transformation, partially ordered transformations, product of transformations, quasi-transformation, required transformation, restricted transformation, reversible transformation, sequential transformations, set of transformations, sharing transformation, unary transformation, uncertain transformation, undoing of transformation, unique morphophonemic transformation, unique transformation, ......

- equivalence 509 - from subset of sentences to another 670 - indicator 426 - list 336ff, 384ff, 434, 468 - -occurrence 578 - on resultant 521 - once established 553 - -succession 610 - which iterates 272 transformational 568, 570; see also special

transformational type - analysis 131, 254, 255, 272ff, 278, 445,

533, 534, 572, 619, 660, 691; see also extension of transformational analysis

- basis of language 798 - criterion 284, 454 - decomposition 578 - degeneracy 614 - divisor 558 - equivalence 354, 356ff, 454 - equivalent 524 - extension 487 - grammar 553 - lattice 609 - linguistics 663, 664 -method 614


- product 606 - property 605 - relation 578; see also extending transfor-

mational relation - representation 673, 685 - sentence-pair 609 -source 636 - structure 537 -term 555 - theory 482, 533, 578, 609, 669, 672 transformationally derived 448, 614 transformationally equivalent 332, 486 transformationally intermediate 579 transformed verb 346 transitional probability 59 translation 139, 150, 151, 152, 153, 155,

157, 388, 457, 781, 796, 801; see also pairing by translation, vocabulary translation

- between reduced languages 803 - correspondences 153 tree network 264; see also hierarchy of

trees, higher-level tree, higher-order tree, local tree, local tree network

truth table 610 truth-value 799 Ttibatulabal 82, 86 two-dimensional array 341 two-dimensional diagram 119, 122 two grammatical sources 575; see also

ambiguity two interpretations 204 two-morpheme verb 653 two-word sequence 484 type of acceptability 400, 606 type of discourse 606 typology, linguistic 449

unacceptable 557, 654, 659 unambiguous 597, 607, 609 unaries on increments and binaries 548 unary 571, 578; see also incremental unary - operation 492, 607 - operator 465 - transformation 540, 543, 579 unboundedly many 448 unboundedly repeatable 534 unboundedness449 unbroken segment 504 uncertain 41, 611 - transformation 541 - whether sentence 606 unchanging grammatical fact 680 unclassed morpheme 326 uncomfortable 400, 514, 526, 530, 531, 541,

580, 621, 647, 648, 652, 687 unconscious status 743 undecidability 253 undecidable 270, 418 - as to sentencehood 539 undergo 646 underlying elementary sentences 551 understood 559, 603 - socially 610 undividable sequence 55 undoing of operation 495 undoing of transformation 579 unevenly distributed redundancy 604 unexpected alternation 184 unextendable 545 ungrammatical473, 555 unified pattern 736 unimorphemic word 536, 555 unique 87, 88, 151, 155, 402, 403, 505, 527,

562, 607, 610, 631 - affix 510 - altemant 90 - analysis 390 - combination 782 - construction 418 - decision 268, 275 - enviromnent 787 - factorization 387 - member of class 505 - morphophonemic transformation 655 - operator 562 - segmentation 238 - set of co-occurrents 391, 392 - string relation 681, 682 - transformation 562 -word 572 - zeroing 628 uniquely decidable analysis 270 uniquely decomposable resultant 256 universal point 579 universal quantifiers 650 unmasking camouflage 804 unordered 597 - set of transformations 578 unpronounceable 66 unreasonable 625 unresolved ambiguity 680 unrestricted 614, 619, 621, 664, 676 - distribution 244 - free variants 619, 636, 637, 664 - increment 643 - incremental transformation 617 - morphophonemic source 619, 637, 664 - operator 621 - source 631, 637


- subset of sentences 664 - variant 663 unsayable 688 unspecified 642 untensed operand 641, 642, 657 untensed sentence 663 unti/624 unused data 779 unused productivity 687 unusual sentence-types 508 unusual structure 285 upper bound 578 use 59 - -activities 677 - of auxiliary language 795 - of language vehicle 461 used to 656 useful in analyzing utterance 103 useful results 105 usefulness 123 usual order 110 utterance 4, 12, 31, 32, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45,

52, 53, 54, 55, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 67, 100, 114, 117, 118, 139, 161, 179, 181, 235, 603,771,775,784, 790;seealsominimum utterance, non-occurring utterance, selecting utterances

- boundaries 60 -end 65 - -final 210, 214 - -initial 34, 47, 48, 65, 107 - structure 104, 226, 232 - suffix 115 -type 212

validation of eliciting 769 validity 772, 773 value 117, 125, 275, 393, 398, 484, 529,

554, 671, 672, 675, 689, 690 variability of environment 97 variable 269, 270, 529, 606, 615, 616, 617,

647,663,664,668,671,689,690 - for permuted repetition 288 -output 268 variables characterized 690 variant 6, 81, 93, 94, 95, 96, 99, 170, 183,

281, 383, 408, 419, 425, 432, 448, 453, 648, 658, 661, 677; see also automatic variant, free variant, positional variant, special variants, unrestricted variant, zero variant

- form 119, 203, 690 - forms of sentences 420 - of -ed 654 -of form 648

- of morpheme 232 - primary 212 - -s 419 variation 692 variety 43, 46, 48, 53, 55, 57, 59, 61, 64, 65,

66, 525 - of phonemes 34, 35 -type 62 various positions 618 vary freely 166, 193 varying acceptability 544 verb 61, 80, 94, 95, 104f, 105, 106, 114, 131,

141, 151, 157, 237, 238, 241, 246, 250, 254, 263, 275, 297, 298, 484, 549, 574, 605, 614, 621, 624, 625ff, 637, 643, 648, 649, 651, 662, 675, 783; see also appropriate verb, binary verb, reciprocal verb, relational verb, semantically weak verb, transformed verb, two-morpheme verb, V

- -adjunct 650, 677 -base 229 - construction 141 - -deformation 657 - -modifier 136 - -operator 517, 519, 531, 543, 544, 583,

648, 653, 656, 657, 658, 672 - -pair predicate 660 - phrase 106, 111, 119, 135, 141, 465; see

also suffix of verb-phrase, V-phrase - prefix 781 - structure 452 -system 207 verbal segment 670 verbalizing suffix 542 vertical axis 322 very 621 vocabulary 25, 150, 314, 465, 555, 608, 614,

619, 636, 667, 690, 721, 762, 780, 800; see also existing vocabulary, finite vocabulary

- simplicity 689 - translation 155 vocal organs 8, 9 voiceless 5 voicelessness 8 vowelS, 6, 8, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 27, 38, 48,

52, 53, 55, 56, 57, 58, 63, 65, 66, 67, 70, 79, 82, 162ff, 169, 170, 175, 179, 205; see also discontinuous vowel

- change 89, 205, 206, 227 - consonant differences 46 - harmony 197, 201, 205, 227, 233

weak selection 556 weakened acceptability 541


weakening of rules 572 weighting 787 well-defined set of sentences 539 well-formed 271, 290, 291, 292, 296, 298,

669 - sentence 268, 286, 555 - sequence 608 well-formedness 255, 261, 269, 270, 271,

276, 289, 307; see also failure of wellformedness

- check 267, 268 - conditions 507; see also extended well-

formedness conditions - requirement 554 - restrictions 531 wh- 134, 138, 284, 285, 289, 301, 307, 337,

385, 411, 412, 413, 419, 423, 424, 426, 431, 432, 433, 435, 444, 453, 492, 500, 504, 516, 519, 521, 522, 523, 524, 539, 547, 548, 551, 554, 559, 561, 563, 569, 588, 589, 596, 597, 601, 627, 631, 635ff, 650, 662, 663, 677

- -clause 135 - -conjunction 626 - -connective 570, 629 - -excision 501 - -insert 501, 564, 565, 577 - on sentence 681 - -pro-morpheme 411 - -question 138 - -word 503, 561, 576, 580 what 530 whatever 511 where 412 whether 488, 489, 515, 521, 545, 561, 574 which 404, 409, 411 while 505, 624 wh-is excision 570 who 418,792 why 411,414 wil/408, 419, 486, 642, 654, 655 with 381 word 5, 13, 22, 30, 32, 33, 38, 45, 46, 49, 61,

63, 66, 68, 71, 82, 115, 140, 150, 174,205, 253, 254, 468, 483, 562, 603, 615, 671, 675, 726, 789; see also appropriate word, derived word, recoverable word, relation among words, repeated word, sequence of words, successive words, unique word, wh-word

- boundary 57, 59, 60, 67, 68, 85, 169, 212, 604

- -by-word 152 - category 237, 240, 256, 272, 275, 307,

575

- choice 418, 482, 604, 606, 609, 616, 798; see also selection

- -class 151, 212, 254, 280, 496 - -class sequence 605; see also sequence of

word-classes - -combination 614 - -complex 267, 270 - co-occurrence 446, 529 - -initial 78 - juncture 180, 210 - -length 789 - -omission 605 --order 285 - -phrase 205 - recurrence 465 - -repeating 609 - -selection 482, 486, 525, 527, 529 - -selection acceptance 525 - -sequence 256, 280, 604, 609, 614, 641,

652, 673 - -sharing 428, 430, 431, 432, 435, 439, 444,

446 - -sharing transformation 273; see also

sharing transformation - stress 202 - -string 651, 675, 691; see also string of

words - -structure 516 - sub-category 493; see also subset of

words - sub-sequence 683 --value 620 words are repeated 608 worker 803 would 655 writing 667 -system 5

Yawelmani 188, 204, 227 yes-no 425, 426, 454, 561, 662 - question 138 Yokuts 92, 188 you 576

zero 17, 22, 39, 80, 81, 86, 107, 130, 132, 156, 157, 170, 183, 197, 199, 201, 204, 206, 213, 214, 216, 226, 228, 233, 236, 238, 239, 241, 243, 245, 249, 250, 269, 270, 276, 289, 296, 297, 389, 402, 406, 411, 414, 416, 419, 423, 424, 426, 427, 432, 433, 444, 452, 455, 456, 484, 488, 501, 504, 505, 506, 515, 516, 528, 531, 545, 546, 549, 554, 576, 642, 655, 661, 664, 674, 681, 707, 716

- affix 497, 544


- altemant 239, 243, 249 - -causative 510 -form 681 - morpheme 80, 249, 421, 452, 453 -prefix 96 - recurrence 416, 419, 421, 425, 436, 442,

456 - stress 168 - suffix 408 - variant 135, 285, 402, 413, 420, 422, 426,

428, 429, 438 zeroable 562, 565, 576, 620, 623, 631, 632,

642,644,645,646,679 - operator 664 zeroed 306, 428, 429, 454, 520, 523, 546,

550, 554, 563, 565, 597, 598, 613, 639,

645, 650, 653, 660, 682, 691 - morpheme 766 zeroing 195, 531, 541, 547, 548, 564, 573,

574, 575, 576, 580, 581, 587, 589, 601, 614, 619, 620, 627, 629ff, 633, 635, 638, 645, 647, 655, 657, 659, 663, 665, 671, 675, 677, 678, 679, 680, 681, 683, 691; see also disjunction-zeroing, unique zeroing

- of constant 518 - of indefinite pronoun 543, 564 - of redundant material 558 - of repeated material 551 - of repetitive material 576 - of repetitive subject 567 - operation 522, 574

INDEX OF SYMBOLS AND TERMS

= 451 - 574, 615, 617; see also transformation - S-N434,436 - s - s 384, 434, 436 _,. 574,617

A 106, 131ff, 141, 258, 275, 385, 417, 484, 486, 491; see also adjective

- descriptive 432 - pro-_ 414,419, 426; see also pro-adjec-

tive A-phrase 412, 433; see also adjective phrase Aly 494, 544; see also adverb, manner ad

verb

c 132ff, 141, 260, 275, 406, 407, 412, 418, 419, 427, 428, 454, 455, 486, 492, 521, 546; see also conjunction

-zero 439 CK 487, 559, 581, 594 CS424 - pro-_414 Ca 490, 491, 515, 564; see also subordinate

conjunction c.,.,670

D 106, 13lff, 141, 258, 275, 404, 418, 427, 435, 484, 485, 486, 491, 514, 525, 544, 550; see also adverb

F~& 258

K 272ff, 483, 486, 487, 488, 494, 496, 534, 669; see also kernel

- deformed 576 - operator on 487, 488,490 - primary 531, 563 - restrictions of intra-_ 486 - secondary 559, 563 - similar to 558 K-form 528 K-like 517, 520, 525, 528, 570; see also

kernel-like K-structure 485, 527

K-type, special 483 Kn 489, 491; see also nominalized kernel Kn° 489,491 Kn' 489,491

N lOS, 13lff, 141, 258, 275, 384, 484, 485; see also noun, noun phrase

- class 410 - concrete _ class 672 - countable 259 - countable subset of 259 - of measure 553 - operator 672 - pro-object 426 - pro-subject 426 - required 292 -shared 597 - zero 565, 566 - pro-_ 385,411,419, 453; see also pro-

noun - zero pro-_ 411 N+na4Sl - P +pro-_ 426 - zero pro-_ 411 N-phrase 411, 415, 421, 427, 434, 436; see

also noun phrase - appositional 433 - bound-pro-_ 412 - class 410 - construction 451 - internal structure of 434 - pro-_ 410, 411, 419 - structure 437 N-replacer 263, 269, 274, 276, 277, 303 N-string, first order 259, 260 N-string, second-order 260 NP4l8 NPN405 N t V381 Nt V.Q 521,554 NV114 NWVHt215 NcJ 577; see also classifier, classifier

noun


P 107, 131ff, 141, 259, 418, 484, 516; see also preposition

- zeroing of 550 P+pro-N 426 PN 404, 417, 418, 427, 435, 485, 486, 491,

494,498,514,544 - wh-+_412 PNP406, 418 P P404, 418 PQ488

Q 131f, 259; see also quantifier

S 255, 263, 275; see also sentence - deformation of 550 - nominalized 414 - primary 597 - pro-_ 414, 419, 454 - secondary 424, 455, 515, 597 -·that_ 681 sl difference between- and s2 492 Sn 545, 549, 550, 554, 557, 568, 571, 574,

577, 586, 646, 691; see also nominalized sentence

Sn'545, 549,550,554,563,574 Sn° 545, 549, 550, 554 - deformation 571 S,.(XU) 506

t 384, 484, 486, 515, 516, 543; see also tense T 106, 131f, 141, 259, 410, 453; see also

article

v 106, 131ff, 141, 260, 275, 384, 484, 485, 487, 554, 556, 672; see also verb

- connective 548 - derived 509 - nonmeasure 553 - operating on _ 504 - operator on _ 528 - to _ 414, 416, 454, 455 - two-_415 - two-_ construction 414, 419 - pro-_ 412ff, 415, 419; see also pro-verb -zero pro-_ 413 V+PN405 V N N construction 417, 419

VP413, 434 VP+N405 V.Q 564 V.Q-operator 519 V.Q, operator on 487, 488 V-phrase 415, 416, 419, 427, 432, 451; see

also verb phrase -pro-_ 413, 419, 426 -two- 416 Vn 514, 670; see also nominalized verb Vnn 670,676 Vnnn 670 Vnnv 670 Vnv 670 Vnvv 670 Vv 670 Vvv 660, 670, 676, 682, 683 Ving 132ff, 259, 260, 386, 414, 416, 417,

431, 437, 454, 456, 488, 549; see also -ing

W 275; see also tense

X' 106 X11 109 -X11 101 %11-107, 108

Y,.,' 258

E 255, 263, 275, 484, 487, 488, 496, 521, 530; see also subject

- by _; see also passive -of K509 - of operator 509 - redundant 509 E t V.Q 517, 527, 529 E t V .!21 .!22 484

<p 272ff, 534

wK483

.Q 484, 486, 487, 488, 496, 503, 521, 530, 554, 558, 559, 564; see also object

-pseudo-_ 511; see also pseudo-object

index of subjects - springer978-94-017-6059-1/1.pdf · -forms 559 - phenomena 766 ... index of...

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