Index of genera and species

Achatina fulica 197 Acmaea 133

digitalis 246, 247 pelta 246, 247 persona 246 scabra 247 testudinalis scutum 246, 247

Aeolidia papillosa 197 Algamorda newcombiana 3 Aplysia dactylomela 124

jubiana 123, 124 spp. 192

Arenaria interpres (turnstone) 107 Ascophyllum nodosum 120ff, 127ff, 140, 141, 144,244 Asterias 131 Austrocochlea concamerata 241, 249ff

constricta 241, 249ff

Batillaria sordida 245 Bembicium 207, 210

auratum 117, 130,207,208 melanostoma 208 vittatum 241, 249ff

Biomphalaria glabrata 124

Calidris maritima (purple sandpiper) 107 Cancer pagurus 155ff Carcinus maenas 63, 181 Cenchritis 207, 210

muricatus 208 Cepaea 217 Cerithidea ornata 246 Chama pellucida 205 Chondrus crispus 126, 127, 131 Cladophora rupestris 120, 127 Cominella cincta 245 Corallina 151

officinalis 120, 126 Corbicula jiuminea 245 Cremnoconchus 207, 210

syhadrensis 208 Crepidula fornicata 59

onyx 59

Dicathais aegrota 156 orbita 42

Drosophila pseudoobscura 53

Echinolittorina (subgenus) 3, 12, 13,208,211 Enteromorpha 119, 120, 125ff

intestinalis 132, 140, 151

Flustrellidra hispida 143 Fossarilittorina (subgenus) 3, 12, 13,208,211 Fucus 129ff, 151,244

ceranoides 120, 130 distichus 128, 129, 131 edentatus 130 serratus 120ff, 128, 139ff, 192, 194 spiralis 120, 128 spp. 126 vesiculosus 120, 127, 128, 192, 194

Halidrys siliquosa 140 Haliotis 211 Hemigrapsus nudus 43

oregonensis 43 Hildenbrandia rubra 126, 127, 131 Himanthalia elongata 140

Iridaea cornucopiae 43,48

Lacuna 205, 207, 210ff pallidula 144,208 spp. 143 vincta 130, 132,201,208

Laevilitorina 205, 207, 2100 antarctica 208 bennetti 207, 208 caliginosa 208

Laminaria digitata 140 saccharina 130

Laurencia pinnatifida 120, 127 Lepsiella albomarginata 42, 156

scobina 156 vinosa 241, 249ff

Liralittorina (subgenus) 3, 14,208 Lithothamnion 151 Littoraria 55,207,209,210

aberrans 208 albicans 208 angulifera 118 irrorata 118, 121, 124,208,209,267 pallescens 217ff pintado 208, 262, 268, 269 scabra 208, 262

275

276

sulculosa 208 Littorina acutispira 122

aestuarii (= obtusata) 62, 63, 272 aleutica 2ff, 208, 211 anguli/era ( = Littoraria anguli/era) 55ff, 62 angustior ( = N odilittorina angustior) 54ff arcana 2ff, 21ff, 29ff, 55ff, 73, 90, 91, 96, 109ff, 211, 223ff,

233ff, 271 aspersa 124 atkana 7 brevicula 3ff, 55, 208, 211, 212, 247 keenae Iff, 117ff, 130, 132,201, 207ff, 262, 267 kurila Iff, 42, 208, 211 lineolata (= Nodilittorina lineolata) 54ff littoralis ( = obtusata) 63 littorea Iff, 54ff, 99ff, 118ff, 139, 140, 191ff, 203, 205, 211,

244,248, 261ff mandshurica 3ff, 54, 55, 208, 211 mariae 2ff, 55ff, 100, 117ff, 139ff, 208, 211 nebulosa ( = Littoraria irrorata) 209 neglecta 2ff,21ff, 61, 63, 71ff, 79, 80, 84ff, 89ff, 100, 109ff,

118,130,132,211,212,233,271,272 neritoides ( = Melarhaphe neritoides) 55ff, 244, 248 nigrolineata 3ff, 21ff, 55ff, 109ff, 118, 124, 125, 133,208,

211,233,262,267,269,271 obtusata Iff, 54ff, 100, 118ff, 139ff, 181,208,211,244,272 patula (= Littorina saxatilis) 22, 61, 63, 90 picta 42, 262 planaxis ( = Littorina keenae) 3, 7, 117, 262 plena Iff, 55ff, 147,211,212 punctata (= Nodilittorina punctata) 55ff rhizophila see M ainwaringia rhizophila rudis (= Littorina saxatilis) 5, 61, 63, 72, 90,109,112,239,

272 saxatilis 2ff, 21ff, 29ff, 42, 49, 54ff, 71ff, 84ff, 89ff, 99ff,

109ff, 118, 122, 130, 133, 147,208,211,223ff,233ff, 244, 248,261ff, 271,272

scutulata 3ff, 43, 55ff, 118ff, 130, 140, 147ff, 208, 211, 212 sitkana 2ff, 42, 43, 47ff, 118, 128ff, 147ff, 208, 211 sookensis 2 sp. 42, 43, 47ff spp.210 squalida 2ff, 208, 211 striata Iff, 207ff subrotunda Iff, 208, 211 tenebrosa 22, 55, 61ff, 84, 90, 96, 110,272 uni/asciata ( = Nodilittorina antipodum) 42, 117 ziczac ( = Nodilittorina ziczac) 54ff, 119

Lunetla coronata 245, 247

Mainwaringia Iff, 207, 209, 212

lethii 3, 4, 208 rhizophila 3ff, 208, 211

Mastocarpus stellatus 120, 121, 126 Melarhaphe 55, 65, 207, 210

neritoides, see also Littorina neritoides 124, 130, 147,208, 229

Monodonta labio 245, 247 Morula musiva 245 Mytilus 66, 201

edulis 56, 61, 115, 193,214 galloprovincialis 59, 115

N ereocystis 151 Nerira atramentosa 241, 249ff

chamaeleon 245 Neritrema (subgenus) Iff, 14, 16, 208 Nodilittorina 3ff, Ilff, 55, 203, 207ff

acutispira 208

aJricana 208, 244, 245, 246 antipodum 117, 130 aspera 247 cincta 117 dilatata 3 exigua 245 hawaiiensis 262, 268, 269 interrupta 207, 208 meleagris 3, 6, 119,208 modesta 208, 247 peruvian a 121 pyramidalis 3, 5, 208, 245, 247 tuberculata 3, 119 uni/asciata 130, 208, 241, 249ff

Nucella 131 dubia 156 emarginata 42 lamellosa (= Thais lamellosa) 48, 49, 156, 173 lapillus 26, 42, 49, 155ff, 214, 218, 220

Oxystele sinensis 245 tigrina 245 variegata 245

Partula 63 Patella 132, 133, 135

vulgata 119, 124 Peasiella 207, 210

roepstorffiana 208 Pellilitorina 199, 209ff

setosa 203, 207, 208 Pelvetia canaliculata 120, 121, 127, 128, 192, 194 Pelvetiopsis 151

Petalonia fascia 129 Phyllospadix sp. 151 Planaxis sulcatus 245, 247 Polysiphonia lanosa 120 Pomatias 205, 210

elegans 201, 203, 207, 208, 211 Porphyra 119

umbilicalis 120, 191fT Purpura columellaris 42

Ralfsia verrucosa 126fT Rhizophora 217, 218 Risellopsis 199,210, 212

varia 207, 208

Saccorhiza polyschides 130 Scatophaga 262 Scytosiphon lomentaria 129 Semwalanus balanoides 157, 193 Skeneopsis spp. 143 Spartina 124, 130

Spirogyra 152 Synedra 153

Tectarius 207, 210 antonii 208 grandinatus 208 spinulosus 208 viviparus 208

Thais canaliculata 156 dubia 245 emarginata 156

277

lamellosa, see also Nucella lamellosa 156, 173, 177fT lima 156

Theba pisana 220

Ulva 151 lactuca 119fT, 127, 129, 191fT

Zostera 130 marina 151

General index

adaptation 15ff, 43, 46, 53, 59, 61, 85, 96,155,156,172,173, 179,181, 197, 199, 201, 223, 230,231, 241, 243, 247ff, 256,258,269

aestivation 241, 243, 248, 257, 258 Africa 30 air exposure 246 alarm response 181 Alaska 4 algae 117ff, 139, 143, 144, 183, 191,196,197,273 algal communities 130 algal defences 125 algal extract 191, 192, 195 alginate 193 alimentary tract 3 allele frequencies (see also gene frequencies) 29ff, 46, 58, 92,

95, 114 allometry 85, 162, 172 allopatric 24, 62, 111, 112, 228 allopatric speciation 2, 15 allozyme variation 53, 59, 65 allozymes 30, 61, 96, 113, 223, 271 America 141 amphipods 130 analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) 159, 195,227 analysis of variance (AN OVA) 74, 79, 82, 159, 165ff, 265 anatomical characters I, 2 annelids 150 Antarctic 212 antipredatory 155, 176 aperturallip 173, 185 apertural tooth 156ff, 166ff, 181 apomorphic 15, 16 aragonite 3, 5, 199ff archaeogastropoda 199 Arctic 2, 15 assimilation efficiency 121 assortative mating 50, 54, 270 Atlantic 1,2,14,15,25,30,42, 55ff, 71,111,133,135,147,

156, 214, 244, 272, 273 Australia 42, 241, 242, 248ff autapomorphy 6, 11, 12, 13 average linkage clustering (UPGMA) 29, 34, 37, 39, 64, 94,

95, 105

bacteria 118, 150 Bahamas 244 Baltic Sea 213 barnacle 22,101,107,132,140, 157ff, 174, 193, 196

barnacle consumption 155, 167 barnacle zone 71ff, 89ff barrier 25, 107, 111,239,241,242,256,258

279

behaviour 115, 122, 124, 174, 175, 180, 191, 196, 197,229,243ff, 261ff

avoidance behaviour 174 feeding behaviour 118, 120, 135, 191, 192 homing behaviour 132

behavioural adaptations 248, 256, 257 Belgium/Belgian 90, 99ff benthic egg capsules 183 biochemical genetics 271, 272 biogeographical regions 16 biogeography 1,2, 14,99,201,272 biological clock 124 biomass 144 biomechanical212 Bivalvia 199,201,212 black lichen 92 blue-green algae 153 body weight 155ff, 229 bottleneck 58, 99, 106, 107 breakwater 92, 99ff, 194, 196 British Columbia 4 Britain/British 60, 63, 64, 141, 196, 223, 224, 230, 244, 272 British Isles 72, 90 brood pouch 6, 7, 22, 23, 74, 225, 226 brood weight 223ff bryozoans 141, 143 Buccinidae 199 bursa copuiatrix 6, 267

caenogastropoda 199,205, 211, 212 calcite 3, 5, 14, 199ff calcium carbonate 199, 213 California 4, 57, 59 Canada/Canadian 2, 30, 104 canonical variate analysis 186,226,227,230,272 Caribbean 54, 55, 65 cellulose 193 Cenozoic 1 cercariae 184 Channel Islands 22, 30, 104 character displacement 24 chemical cues 117, 13 5, 180, 266 chemical defence 117, 13 5 chemical properties of algae 273 chemical stimuli 231

280

ciliary field 22 clades 199,201 cladistic analysis 1, 3, 10ff, 30, 31 cladogram 2, 12, 14, 15,207,211 classification 14 clinal variation 94 cluster analysis 30, 39 co-evolution 132 coefficient of variation 220 colonization 140, 142, 217 colonization rate 100, 106 colour 217ff colour of digestive gland 186 colour pattern of head 5, 10 colour pattern of shell 72 colour polymorphism 144 community structure 118, 139ff competition II 8, 131 constraints 140 copepods 150 copula duration 264ff copulation 261ff

intersexual copulation 261 ff interspecific copulation 262 intrasexual copulation 261ff

copulation time 261, 263 cryptic 239 cyanobacteria 118

desert land snails 247, 248 desiccation 42, 227, 229, 241ff detritus 142 development 1,3,9, 10, 180 developmental characters 16 developmental homeostasis 220 developmental types 2, 15 diatoms 118ff, 130, 132, 142, 150 differentiation (genetic) 34, 35,43,89, 113 digenean parasites 74, 184, 188, 190,263 dinoflagellates 150 direct development 57, 65, 96, 99, 100, 106,233 dislodgement 41, 43, 107, 156,223,239 dispersal 41, 53, 56ff, 96, 99, 106, 107,233 distribution (see also micro distribution) 21ff, 30, 100, 142, 143,

145,272 vertical distribution 244, 246, 249

dynamometer 236

ecomorph 271 ecophenotypic 156, 181 ecotype II, 63, 96

effluent of crabs 155 egg capsules 7, 8, 10, 14,262 egg mass 21, 24, 26, 60, 99, 109, 112, 142, 143, 184, 233

benthic egg mass 14, 16,272 pelagic egg mass 16

Eire (see also Irish) 30, 104 electrophoresis 15,29,31,39,42,53,61,63,72,90,100,109,

II 1, II3 emergence 246ff, 253, 254, 257 emergence periods 243, 245 endogenous rhythm 124, 125 energy consumption 242 England 21ff, 104, 233 environmental influence 273 environmental variance 41 enzyme variation 53 enzymes 30, 54, 60, 90, 92, 114, 115 ephemeral algae 131, 192 epilithic microalgae 117 epiphytes 139ff, 148, 153, 183,273 epiphytic algae 117, 129, 131 estuary 21, 23, 24, 130 eulittoral 131 EuropejEuropean21ff, 30, 55ff, 89, 90,101,104,1 II, 133, 135,

140,272 evaporative cooling 241ff evolution (rate of) 38, 39 evolutionary arms race 144 evolutionary clock 29, 35 evolutionary development 144 evolutionary divergence 29, 34, 35, 49 evolutionary history 29,31,37,38 evolutionary relationship 271, 273 evolutionary sequence 7 evolutionary time 65, 106 evolutionary trees 29, 35, 37, 53 exposed habitats etc. 23ff, 41ff, 73, 85,91,131,133,155,156,

158, 184,223,224,233,239,240,262 exposed shore phenotype 160ff exposure to infection 183 exudates 122ff

F statistic 227 faecal pellets 119 fecundity 261 feeding 151, 167, 173, 174, 180, 181, 191, 192,264,273 feeding apparatus 118, 125, 135 feeding behaviour see behaviour feeding habits 147, 153, 154 feeding mechanisms 118 feeding rate 125, 167, 168, 174

Fitch-Margoliash method 29, 34ff fitness 43ff, 53, 59, 96, 140, 141, 145, 261 Florida 57 fluorescence microscopy 147, 148, 154 food preference 197 food value 122 foot 241, 246ff foraging 117, 119, 124, 130, 174, 192, 241ff foraging behaviour 117, 122, 124 fossil record 2 founder effects/events 30, 34, 38, 53, 58, 100, 106, 272 France/French 22, 25, 26, 90, 57, 133 fucoid algae 263 fungi 118

gas exchange 243 gene diversity (see also genetic diversity) 94 gene flow 37, 56ff, 71, 89, 90, 94, 96, 102, 107,233 gene frequencies (see also allele frequencies) 29,30,39, 104,

234,240 gene pool 240 generalist 140, 142 genetic basis 156,217 genetic bottleneck 272 genetic component 231 genetic constraints 49 genetic distance

Nei's genetic distance 30, 31, 35, 62, 64, 105 Rogers's genetic distance 30

genetic distance/difference/differentiation 29ff, 37ff, 41ff, 53ff, 96,99, 106, 107,272

genetic diversity (see also gene diversity) 59, 92 genetic diversity (Nei's method) 57, 92 genetic drift 30, 38,46,50,57,61,89 genetic effects 231 genetic influence 273 genetic variation 53ff, 89ff, 103ff geographical isolation 49 geographical scale 224 germlings 117ff, 127, 131 gestation period III gland, jelly 6, 7, 10, 14,22,225 glands

adhesive glands 185 digestive glands 185 penial glands 5, 10, 14, 223 reproductive glands 185 salivary glands II

grazing 117ff, 139ff, 191ff, 273 growth 167,209,217,220 growth rate 42, 43, 61, 65,140,156,172,173,179,184,231

gut contents 147ff

habitat characteristics 272 Hardy-Weinberg deviation 53 Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 54, 56, 94 Hawaii 42 heat absorption 241, 242 heat coma 244ff Hennigian analysis 31 herbivory 117ff, 139ff, 147, 191, 192,273 heritability 43ff, 85 hermaphroditism 5, 10 heterozygosity 50, 54ff, 94, 102ff, 115 heterozygosity theory of Van Valen 60 heterozygote advantage 54 heterozygote deficiency 54, 56, 94 heterozygote excess 54 homoplasy 12 Hong Kong 59, 212, 244ff hybridisation 66, 96, 112ff hybridisation failure III hybrids 109ff

Iceland 71ff, 89ff, 104, 106, 107, 133 identification of species 21, 22, 223, 233, 250 immigration rates 272 inbreeding 106 inbreeding coefficient 104 India 4 Indo-Pacific 217 intermigration (see also migration) 41, 50 intertidal gradient 71, 72, 85,90, 105 Irish (see also Eire) 57 Isle of Man 24, 60, 71ff, 89ff, 104, 132, 134, 141 isoenzymes 2 isolating mechanisms 115 Israel 60 Italy 30, 58, 59, 104

Japan 4, 55, 244

kairomonic influence 192

laboratory breeding population 273 lichens 117,130,151,153 life cycle 142, 184, 217

281

life history 117, 135, 139ff, 180, 183, 184, 189, 190,272 life history traits 41 light microscopy 3, 147, 148, 154 limpets 117,119,203 lip thickness 159, 161, 166ff

282

location on the shore 21, 23 locomotion 250, 251

macro algae 107, 118, 130ff, 140, 142, 148ff, 183, 196,273 macrophytes 192, 193 Madeira 4 Mahalanobis distance 227 Maine 31 mangrove 117, 130,217,246,271 mantle cavity 6, 243, 248, 250 Massachusetts 133 mate identification 261, 262 mating (see also random mating) 45, 96, Ill, 261-263 mating behaviour 262 maximum likelihood estimate 29, 34ff mechanical stress 218 Mediterranean 30, 60 metabolic cost 121 metabolic rate 174, 243, 248 micro-environmental gradient 95 micro-epiphytes 183 micro-epiphytic grazer 139 micro-habitats 71,90, 94ff microalgae 121, 130ff, 140ff, 149ff, 192,273 microdistribution (see also distribution) 147 microflora 117, 130, 133, 147 microgeographic 115 micrograzers 140 microhabitats 124,267 microzonation 243 migration (see also intermigration) 2,15, 44ff, 85,94,96,239 mineralogy 199,201,211 Miocene 2 monophyletic 1,2, 14, 15,29,31 morphological adaptations 248 morphological characters 271 morphological data 42 morphological responses 173, 174, 180, 181 morphological traits 41, 159,273 morphological trajectories 171 morphological variation 71ff, 160 morphology 223 morphometrics 24, 73,84,90, 179, 189,272 mortality 184,220 mucus 243ff, 253, 258 mucus trails 267 multiple discriminant analysis 186 multivariate analysis 72, 186,272 Muricidae (see also Thaididae) 199 musselbed 192, 194, 196 mutation 268

mutation rate 107

nematodes 150 nerve ring 11 nervous function 250 nervous system 191 neutral loci 96 neutral theory 59 New Hampshire 31 New York 133 New Zealand 42, 212 niche 59, 60, 183 non-allopatric speciation 43 North AmericafNorth American 30, 57, 133,243,273 North Sea 213 Northern Ireland 30, 104, 143 NorwayfNorwegian 71ff, 89ff, 104, 132 Nova Scotia 84 nurse cells 1, 3, 6, 14 nutrition 121,268

omnivores 147, 153, 154 operculum 227ff, 243ff ophistobranches 191, 192 opportunists 118, 129 optimal foraging 257 optimal forgaging theory 192 optimal mating strategies 262 Orkney Islands 4 osmotic stress 124 Outer Hebrides 4 outgroup 3, 11-13,211,212 oviduct 3 oviparous 21, 25, 26, 60, 109, 112, 113, 147 ovipositor 183, 185, 186 ovoviviparous 7, 9, 10, 16, 21, 23, 56ff, 109, 112, 262 oxygen uptake rate 241ff

Pacific 1,2,3,14,15,42,65,66,147,156,179, 181,207,212, 272

palaeontology 2 pallial oviduct 1, 6, 7, 9, 22, 113 Papua New Guinea 218 paraphyletic 1, 14 parasites 183ff, 263 parasitic castration 183, 184, 189,269 parasitic gigantism 183, 184, 188, 189 parasitized 261, 265, 269 parental investment 223 parsimony 1, 3, 12ff, 30, 34 Pectinidae 213

pelagic egg capsules, see egg capsules pelagic larvae 56ff pelagic larval phase 217 peninsula 21, 23, 24 penis 3, 5, 72, 74, 90, 262, 263, 267 penis morphology 183ff, 269 periostracum 207 Peru 247 phagomodulatory agents 196 phagostimulant 193, 197 phenetic clustering 30, 35, 37, 39 phenotypic plasticity 44, 50, 155, 176ff phenotypic response 231 pheromones 267 photosynthesis 140 phylogenetic analysis 1,3, 11, 16, 199,212 phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (PAUP) 11ff, 34 phylogenetic character 7 phylogenetic constraints 15, 16 phylogenetic hypothesis 2, 15 phylogeny 29ff, 201, 272, 273 physical constraints 144, 269 physical properties 217, 220, 273 physiological adaptations 242, 256ff physiological barrier 256, 258 physiological responses 248, 255 physiology 189, 174 pigmentation 5, 185, 186 planktonic developer 106 planktonic larvae 60, 65, 99, 272 planktotrophic 7, 9, 15, 16, 100

non-planktotrophic 7, 9, 14ff plant-herbivore interaction 273 pleisomorphic 10, 13, 16,211 Pleistocene 2 Pliocene 2, 15, 65, 156 polluted 10 1 polygenic trait (see also quantitative trait) 41, 43, 49, 50 polymorphism 54, 58ff, 89, 92ff, 102, 104, 113, 199,217 polyphenol 117, 127ff, 135 polyphyletic 14 population densities 10 1, 102 population dynamics 272 population size 106 population structure 53, 59 precopulatory sex identification 267, 268, 270 precopulatory species identification 268, 270 predation 16,41,42,124, 140ff, 155, 156, 173, 177,223,230,

234,271 predators 43, 218, 220, 243 predatory (see also anti predatory ) 63

principal component analysis 71, 74ff, 272 promiscuous 262, 268, 269

283

protected habitats (see also sheltered habitats) 41ff, 155, 156, 158,249

protected shore phenotype 160ff protoconch 9 protozoa 118, 150 pulmonates 191, 192

quantitative trait (see also polygenic trait) 43, 49, 50

radula 3, 9, 117ff radular structure 147 rafting 99 random mating (see also mating) 95, 96 receptaculum seminis 268 reciprocal crosses 113 refuges 130 rehydration 248, 249, 255, 257 reproduction 189

postponing of reproduction 43 reproductive anatomy 3 reproductive barrier 85, 90, 94, 95 reproductive biology 65, 272 reproductive characters 16 reproductive isolation 37, 49,50,84,273 reproductive mode 41, 42, 272 reproductive morph 61, 109 reproductive organs 74 reproductive period 262 reproductive strategies 2, 15, 100 reproductive success 140, 144 reproductive system 15, 233 reproductive tract 114, 271 reproductive trait 61, 272 respiration rate 241, 243 respiratory tissue 248 retract ability 157, 162, 169, 171, 176ff Rhode Island 4 risk treatments 159ff rockpool (see also spray pool) 73, 79, 83, 188, 193,262

salinity 61, 130 salt marsh 21, 23, 30, 271 scanning electron microscopy 3, 201 Scilly Isles 22, 90 Scotland 21ff, 63, 104 seagrasses 117, 151 seaweed 117ff, 273 selection 35, 41ff, 60,61,85,89, 94ff, 102, 105, 107, 121, 141,

142, 144, 217ff, 223, 226, 242, 249, 261, 271, 272

284

stabilizing selection 217, 219, 240 selective agency 117 sex 261, 262, 267 sex ratio 183, 186,262,264 sexually mature 43 shape 240 shell Iff, 22, 199, 208,213, 214, 217ff, 247, 248, 255, 258, 263 shell banding pattern 71 shell breaking 175 shell characters 71ff, 223, 234, 271, 272 shell colour 183, 185, 186,225, 233ff, 271 shell construction 223 shell deposition 159, 163, 165ff, 173 shell dimensions 218, 226ff shell form 71,72,90,155,156, 172ff, 179 shell layer 199, 209ff shell length 156ff, 168ff, 178 shell measurements 225, 234 shell microstructure 3, 199,201,203, 208ff shell mineralogy 5, 10, 199ff shell morphology 42, 72, 160ff, 185, 186,223,234,248 shell ornamentation 72, 90 shell parameters 183 shell phenotypes 155 shell pigmentation 243, 248, 249, 256, 257 shell sculpture 5, 10, 23, 42, 156, 225, 271 shell shape 3, 10,41,60, 71ff, 113, 156, 172, 185, 217ff, 224ff,

240,271, 272 shell size 14 shell strength 218 shell thickness 73, 156, 172 shell trait 155, 175 shell weight 157ff sheltered habitats etc. (see also protected habitats) 23ff, 41,

91,123,131,140,142,143, 1 83ff, 223, 233, 239, 262 Shetlands 90 sibling groups 65 sibling species 2, 15,29,42,72,96, 110, 113 simulation model 41 size 71ff, 159,228,240,248,249,261,262 size at maturity 71, 72, 79, 84, 90, 111 size frequency distribution 234 size scaling 163, 172 size-dependence 160 solubility 213 South Africa 30, 34ff, 58, 59, 63, 244ff Spain 59 spawn 1,2,7, 15 spawning 267 specialist 142 speciation 41, 50, 51, 110

species recognition 22 specific status 84, 90, 96 sperm 262, 267, 268 sperm competition 269 sperm investment 269 sperm storage 268 spermatophores 269 spray pool (see also rockpool) 152 stabilising selection, see selection starvation 120, 173 sterile 261 stochastic processes 85 stress 241ff structural defence 117 subopercular pattern 71, 73, 79, 80 succession 132, 135 supralittoral 130, 147ff survivorship 194, 197 Sweden/Swedish 26, 57ff, 71ff, 89ff, 104, 106, 107, 141,223,

239, 262, 267 sympatric 15,23,24,29,35, 62ff, 96, 109ff, 224, 228, 240, 258,

268,272 sympatric speciation 50 synapomorphy 1,2, 7, 13,212 systematic study 201

temperature 16,26, 159, 201, 213, 244ff body temperature 248 lethal temperature 249 substratum temperature 252 tissue temperature 251ff

temperature tolerance 241, 242, 244 temporal 131, 163, 170, 173, 179 temporal cycles 145 temporal variation 85, 128 Thaididae 156,213 thermal tolerance 241ff, 257 thermoregulation 219, 256, 257 tide pool (see also rockpool) 131 transplantation 43ff

United Kingdom (UK) (see also British) 30, 59 UPGMA, see average linkage clustering USA 4,30,45,55,59,61,90, 104, 133, 140 USSR 189

vas deferens 5, 10 visual predation 219 visual predators 239

Wahlund effect 56

Wales (see also Welsh) 4, 21ff, 71ff, 104, 114, 141, 143, 156, 183, 185, 188, 192, 223ff, 239

Washington 4, 45 water loss 223ff, 241 ff wave force 236 weight (see also body weight) 159, 185,218,219,251 Welsh 90 White Sea 189

withdrawal into the shell 243, 248, 249, 257

X-ray analysis 3 X-ray diffraction 201

zonation 241ff, 256, 258 zonation pattern 142, 143

285