Index

Abache,Sanni, 129-30, 142, 147-50 Abascal, Carlos, 233 Abdullah 11, King of Jordan, 198 Abida, Mashood, 129, 131, 137,

146-7, 150 AB IM see Islamic Youth Movement

Malaysia ABM see Mexican Association of

Banks Abubakar, General, 129, 150 Academic Staff Union of Nigerian

University, 142 ACC see Amman Chamber of

Commerce Gordan) ACI see Amman Chamber of Industry

Oordan) AD see Alliance for Democracy

(Nigeria) ADGGN see Association for

Democracy, Good Governance in Nigeria

AFL-CIO (United States), 38 Agbakoba, Olisa, 140 Ajibola, Bola, 143 Aka-Bashorun, Alao, 142 Akatiga (Indonesia), 36 AIeman, Arnaldo, 280 AIeman, Miguel, 237 Alfonsin, Raul, 248-53, 257 ALG see Alternative Law Groups

(Philippines) All People's Party (Nigeria), 129 Alliance for Democracy (Nigeria),

129 Alliance Party (Malaysia), 67-8 Allianza (Mexico), 220, 232-3 Alliallza Para Bien Estar (Mexico), 234 All-Indonesian Labor Federation,

34-5 AII-Indonesia Workers Union, 34-5,

41 Alternative Law Groups (Philippines),

49

Amman Chamber of Commerce Oordan), 183, 185, 187-9, 194-5

Amman Chamber of Industry Oordan), 185, 194-5

Amman Economic Summit of 1995 Oordan), 191-4, 195

Amman Financial Market Oordan), 190

Amnesty International, 52 AMNLAE see Nicaraguan Association

of Women Luisa Amanda Espinoza

APEC see Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation

APP see All People's Party (Nigeria) Aquino, Benigno, 45, 49, 51 Aquino, Corazon, 45-7, 50-5, 58 Arab Common Market, 183 Argentina

civilian governments, 246, 248 Constitution, 244, 253 corporatism, 10, 13-14,242,245,

248-52,256,258-9 democratization, 10, 17,241-2,

247,249-52,257,259 economic reform, 10, 11, 13, 241-2,

247,249,253-9 elections, 244, 246-7, 249-52,

254-7 labor, "orthodox", 242, 246-8,

250-1 labor, "renewal", 251 military in, 244, 246-9, 252, 257 negotiations, 248-51 Peronism in, 10, 11, 241-59, 297 professional associations, 248 strikes, 244, 248-50, 254 violence, 245-8

Asfour, Mohammed, 189 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,

44 ASN see Permodalan Amanah Saham

Association (Malaysia)

303

304 Illdex

Association for Democracy, Good Governance in Nigeria, 141

Association of University Students (Kenya), 99, 102

ASUU see Academic Staff Union of Nigeria University

Ateneo Law School, 49

Babangida, lbrahim, 129-30, 132, 135-6, 138-41, 143, 145-7, 149-50

Bafyau, Paschal, 142 Bagong Alyansang Makabayan

(Philippines), 50 Bank Bumiputera, 81 Barisan Nasional/National Front

(Malaysia), 67-8, 70, 77-9,81-5 Barng'etuny, Ezekiel, 101 BAYAN, New Patriot Alliance

(Philippines) see Bagon Alyansang Makabayan

Bello, Silvestre, 50 Better Life for Rural Women (Nigeria),

135 Bina Desa (lndonesia), 32 Biwott, Nicholas, 93, 101 Blanco, Herminio, 229 BMF see Bumiputera Malaysia Finance BN see Barisan Nasional (Malaysia) Bolvinik, Julio, 234-5 Broadcasting Act (Malaysia), 78 Buhari, Mohammed, 132 bumiputera trust agencies, 69 Bumiputera Malaysia Finance, 75 Bumiputera Malaysia Finance

Investigative Committee, 75-6

"Cacique Democracy", 47 CAlNTRA see Chamber of

Manufacturing Industries Cairo Conference on Population and

Development, 278 CALABARZON, 57-8 Calles, Plutarco Elias, 221, 222 Campaign for Democracy (Nigeria),

141, 147 CANACINTRA see Chamber of

Transformation Industries (Mexico)

CANACO, 231 Canadian Embassy, 192-3 CAP see Consumers' Association of

Penang (Malaysia) Cardenas, Chautemoc, 237 Cardenas, Lazaro, 221, 222-3 Carranza, Venustiano, 221 Casablanca Conference, 192 Catholic Church, 11, 100-1, 163,

179-80,271-2,279-80,263 CD see Campaign for Democracy

(Nigeria) CEMAI,228 Center for Indonesian Workers'

Struggle, 40 Central Bank of Jordan, 184 CEOSS see Coptic Evangelical

Organization for Social Services (Egypt)

Certificates of Land Ownership Award (Philippines), 58

CGT see General Confederation of Labor (Argentina)

CGT-Azopardo, 255 CGT-San Martin, 255 Chamber of Manufacturing Industries

(Mexico), 230 Chamber of Transformation

Industries (Mexico), 231 Chamorro, Violeta, 263, 268-5,

280-1 CHR see Commission on Human

Rights (Philippines) Church of the Province of Kenya, 99 Church-Military Liaison Committee

(Philippines), 48 Citizens Councils for ]ustice and

Peace (Philippines), 48 Civil Liberty Organization (Nigeria),

140-1 Civil Liberty Union (Nigeria), 147 Civil Society

theoretical discussion of, 1-5, 60-1, 96-9, 110, 181-2, 197-8, 202-3

CLO see Civil Liberty Organization (Nigeria)

CLOAs see Certificates of Land Ownership Award (Philippines)

CNC see National Peasant Confederation (Mexico)

Code of Conduct Bureau (Nigeria), 136

Code of Conduct Tribunal (Nigeria), 136

COECE see Coordinating Council for the Free Trade Agreement (Mexico)

Command for the Restoration of Order and Security (Indonesia), 30

Commission on Human Rights (Philippines), 53

Commission of Patrimony and Industrial Promotion of the Deputy Chambers (Mexico), 230

Committee for Solidarity for Marsinah (Indonesia), 39

Committee of Concerned Citizens (Nigeria), 140

Communist Party of the Philippines, 51-2, 54, 56

community development organizations (Indonesia), 26

CONApRO H-M see Women's Secretariat of the Confederation of the Nicaraguan Professionals, Heros and Martyrs

CONCAMIN see Confederation of Chambers of Industry (Mexico)

CONCANACO see Confederation of Chambers of Commerce

"concertacion" (Argentina). 249-51 Confederation of Chambers of

Commerce (Mexico), 221, 223-4 Confederation of Chambers of

Industry (Mexico), 221, 223 Confederation of Mexican Workers,

223 Congress of Argentinian Workers,

255 CONOSUpO, 225 Conservativc Party (Uganda), 113 Constituent Assembly (Nigeria), 136 Constitutional Liberal Party

(Nicaragua), 280 Constitutional Rights Project

(Nigeria), 141

Illdex 305

Consultative Council for Indonesian Labor, 34

Consumers Association of Penang (Malaysia), 74, 76

"Convertibility Law" (Argentina), 253 Coordinating Council for the Free

Trade Agreement (Mexico), 228-9 COpARMEX see Employers

Confederation of the Republic of Mexico

Coptic Evangelical Organization for Social Services (Egypt), 169

Cordillera People's Liberation Army (philippinesl,45

corporatism, 10, 13-14, 18, 158, 176, 186,219,221,223-8,235,236, 238,242,245,248-52,256, 258-9, 301

Cl' see Conscrvativc Party (Uganda) CpK see Church of the Province of

Kenya CPLA see Cordillera People's

Liberation Army (Philippinesl Crown Prince (Jordanl, 188, 196 CRP see Constitutional Rights Project

(Nigeria) CTA see Congress of Argentinean

Workers CTM see Mexican Workers

Confederation

Dabibi, Milton, 148 Dada, Idi Amin (Uganda). 111-12,

120 DAP see Democratic Action Party

(Malaysia) Death Penalty l'rogram (Philippines),

57 democracy see democratization democratization, 1-20,286-302

in Argentina, 10, 17,241-2,247, 249-52,257,259

"Cacique", 47 in Egypt, 157-9, 174-6 in Indonesia, 26-7, 42 in Jordan, 180, 188, 197-8 in Kenya, 7-8, 91-2, 93-6, 96-104,

105,106 "guided",27

306 Index

democratization (cont'd) in Malaysia, 7, 12, 15, 66--7, 73, 77,

84-5 in Mexico, 14, 15, 18,219,236,238 in Nicaragua, 267, 268, 281-2 in Nigeria, 130-1, 136-43, 145-7,

149-51 in the Philippines, 45, 47-8, 53-4 in Tunisia, 201-3, 212-13 in Uganda, 8, 109, 113-16, 125-6

Democratic Action Party (Malaysia), 74, 76

Democratic Constitutional Rally (Tunisia), 203

Democratic Party (Kenya), 95, 104 Democratic Party (Uganda), 113, 115,

120, 124 "development aggression", 45, 58-60 DFRRI see Directorate for Food, Roads

and Rural Infrastructure (Nigeria) Dimaranin, Sr Mariani, 51 Directorate for Food, Roads and Rural

Infrastructure (Nigeria), 135 Directorate of Mass Mobilization for

Social Justice, Self-Reliance and Economic Recovery (Nigeria), 136

DP see Democratic Party

ECC see Economic Consultative CounciJ Oordan)

Echeverria, 237 Economic Consultative CounciJ

Oordan), 186 Economic Emergency Laws

(Argentina), 253 Economic Liberalization and Reform,

1-20, 286-302 Argentina, 10, 11, 13,241-2,247,

249,253-9 Egypt, 9,14,157-8,160-4,174,

175-6 Indonesia, 6, 15, 25-33, 42 Jordan, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 180-2,

186-94, 196--8, 289 Kenya, 104-6 Malaysia, 12, 17, 65, 69-71, 80 Mexico, 10, 13, 14, 15, 18,219-20,

224-5,229-30,236-7,288, 290,297,301

Nicaragua, 263-4, 268-70, 273, 279,281-2

Nigeria, 9, 13, 130, 132-5, 139 Philippines, 45-8 Tunisia, 10, 12, 17,201-2,204-5,

212-13,289,291 Uganda, 8, 109-10, 113, 115-18,

125-6,293 Economic Recovery Program

(Uganda), 116 Economic Reform and Structural

Adjustment Program (Egypt), 160-2

Economic Security CounciJ Oordan), 186

Economic, Social and CulturaI Rights Program (Philippines), 57

EFF see Extended Fund Facility (Mexico)

Egypt, corporatism, 13, 158, 176 Community Development

Associations, 164, 166--70 democratization, 157-9, 174-6 economic liberalization and reform,

9, 14, 157-8, 160-4, 174-6 economic performance, 160-2 economic reform, 9, 14, 157-8,

160-2,164,175-6 elections, 159, 163, 165, 176 foreign aid to, 9, 169, 173-4,292 foreign debt, 160-1 Islamic activism, 12, 159, 163-6,

174,291,301 NGOs,9, 12, 13, 17, 18, 157-9, 162,

166--76,287-8,290-1,300, 301

politicaI liberalization, 9, 157, 159, 291

poverty, 161, 164 privatization,9, 157-8, 160-2, 176 structural adjustment, 12, 13,

160-2,287-8,301 syndicates, 158-9, 163, 165, 176

Egyptian Society for Population and Development, 173

elections: Argentina, 244, 246-7, 249-52,

254-7

Egypt, 159, 163, 165, 176 Indonesia, 25 Jordan, 180, 187, 189 Kenya,95-6, 101, 105 Malaysia, 67, 78-80, 293 Mexico, 236-7 Nicaragua, 267-8, 280 Nigeria, 129-30, 137-8, 144-6, 147,

150 Philippines, 45-6, 51, 53, Tunisia, 203 Uganda, 114, 121,295,299

Employees Provident Fund (Malaysia), 75

Employers Confederation of the Republic of Mexico, 222, 233

Enahoro, Anthony, 141 Enhanced Structural Adjustment

Facility (Nicaragua), 280 Environmental Litigation and

Advocacy Program (Philippines), 57

Environmental Protection Society Malaysia, 74

EPR see People's Revolutionary Army (Mexico)

EPSM see Environmental Protection Society Malaysia

ERP see Economic Recovery Program (Uganda)

ERSAP see Economic Reform and Structural Adjustment Program (Egypt)

ESAF II see Enhanced Structural Adjustment Facility (Nicaragua)

Extended Fund Facility (Mexico), 224

EZLN see Zapatista Army of National Liberalization (Mexico)

Fact Finding Committee on Involuntary Missing Persons (Philippines), 52, 54

Falae, Olu, 129 Families of Victims of Involuntary

Disappearances (Philippines), 52 Fawehinmi, Gani, 141 FBSI see All-Indonesian Labor

Federation

Index 307

Federal Labor Law (Mexico), 222, 233 Federal Road Safety Corps (Nigeria),

144 Federation of Malaysian Consumers'

Association, 82 Finance Committee Oordan), 188 FIND see Families of Victims of

Involuntary Disappearances (Philippines)

FLAG see Free Legal Assistance Group (Philippines)

FNV (Dutch federation), 38 FOMCA see Federation of Malaysian

Consumers' Association FORD - Kenya see Forum for the

Restoration of Democracy -Kenya

Foreign Investment Committee (Malaysia), 69

Forum Demokrasi, 37 Forum for the Restoration of

Democracy - Asali, 95, 100-4 Forum for the Restoration of

Democracy - Kenya, 95, 100-4 Forum on Indonesian Development,

41 Freedom of Information Act

(Malaysia), 76 Free Legal Assistance Group

(Philippines),48-57 FRSC see Federal Road Safety Corps

(Nigeria) FSLN see Sandinista Front for National

Liberation (Nicaragua)

GABRIELA see General Assembly Binding Women for Reform, Integrity, Equality, Leadership and Action (Philippines)

Gagasan Rakyat (Malaysia), 79 GATT see General Agreement on

Tariff and Trade GDP see Gross Domestic Product General Assembly Binding Women

for Reform, Integrity, Equality, Leadership and Action (Philippines),50

General Agreement on Tariff and Trade,225

308 Index

General Confederation of Labor (Argentina), 245-51, 255, 257-9

Generalized System of Preferences, 38,73

Giwa, Dele, 144 GNP see Grass National Praduct Graduates Pragram (EgyptJ, 162 Grass Domestic Praduct,

of Argentina, 243, 247 of Egypt, 162 of Indonesia, 29 of Jordan, 198 of Malaysia, 70-1, 82 of Mexico, 227 of Nicaragua, 269, 270

Grass National Praduct, of Indonesia, 30 of the Philippines, 46

Graup of 25 (Argentina), 251 Graup of 50 (lndonesia), 31 GSP see Generalized System of

Preferences "guided democracy" see democracy

Habibie, B. L 33, 41 Hashemite, 182-3 Hausa-Fulani, 131 Horta, Jose Ramos, 44 House of Representatives

(Philippines), 46 Hussein, Emir Abdullah Ibn, 182-3 Hussein I, King of Jordan, 186, 196-7 Hussein, Prime Minister (Malaysia),

65

Ibrahim, Anwar, 74 ICA see Industrial Coordination Act

(Malaysia) ICFTU see International

Confederation of Free Trade Unions (Indonesia)

Idehen, CharIes, 142 Igbo, 131 IGG see Inspector General of

Government (Uganda) IMF see International Monetary

Fund import de-substitution (ArgentinaJ,

254

import substitution industrialization (Mexico),224-5

Indah Water Konsortium (Malaysia), 82

Indonesia, Bina Desa, 32 Communism, 27-8, 29, 34 cronyism, 29 economic development/grawth, 26,

28-32 economic restructuring, 6, 15, 25-6,

31-3, 42 ethnic Chinese, 15,25-7,29-31,

33, 39 "guided democracy", 27 Islam, 28 labor movement, 6, 26-7, 33-42 Muslims, 26, 29, 30-1, 37, 39 "New Order", 28, 31, 34-5 NGOs, 6, 26, 30-2, 36-9, 41-2, 287,

295 Pancasila, 31 Petrus, 31 Pribumi,29 student activism, 29, 34, 295 "social jealousies", 33

Indonesian Communist Party, 27-8, 34

Indonesian Democratic Party, 37,41 Indoncsian Enviranmental Forum, 30 Indonesian Human Rights

Commission,37 Indonesian People's Council, 41 Indonesian Worker's Party, 41 Industrial Coordination Act

(Malaysia), 69, 71-2 INFID see Forum on Indonesian

Development Internal Security Act (Malaysia), 77,

79,84 International Covenant on Economic,

Social and Cultural Rights 1966 (Philippines), 55, 57, 61

International Monetary Fund, 2, 3, 5, 8,292

and Argentina, 257 and Egypt, 157, 160-1, 164 and Indonesia, 25 andJordan, 189-90

and Kenya, 101 and Mexieo, 224-5 and Nigeria, 130, 132-3, 135 and Tunisia, 213 and Uganda, 109, 116-18

Inspeetor General of Government (Uganda), 115, 123

Institute for the Defense of Human Rights (lndonesia), 36

Instituto Proposieiones Estrategieas (Mexico),230-1

International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (Indonesia), 38

International Covenant on Civil and PoIitical Rights (Egypt), 175

Interparty Politieal Forees Committee (Uganda), 115

IPE see Instituto Proposiciones Estrategieas (Mexieo)

IPK see Islamie Party of Kenya ISA see Internal Seeurity Aet

(Malaysia) ISI see import substitution

industrialization (Mexieo) Islamie Aetivism (Egyptl, 12, 159,

163-6, 174,291,301 Islamie Brotherhood Uordan), 187 Islamie Party of Malaysia, 74, 76 Islamie Party of Kenya, 102 Islamie Youth Movement Malaysia,

74 IWK see Indah Water Konsortium

(Malaysia) Ixehen (women's health dinic), 267,

275

JABOTABEK,36-7 Jordan,

business assoeiations, 9, 15, 181, 188-9, 193, 196-7

business-state relations, 180-2, 184-7, 190-2, 194-5, 197

eooptation, 182, 184 corporatism, 186 demoeratization, 180, 188, 197-8 East Bank, 15, 184, 191 eeonomic liberalization and reform,

9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 180, 182, 186, 189, 191, 193-4, 196-8,289

eleetions, 180, 187, 189 external debt, 186

Index 309

foreign aid and investment to, 181, 184-5, 189, 192, 198

Islamists, 187-9 Israel, 189, 192, 194-6,295 Palestine, 182, 193 Palestinian Authority, 195 Palestinians, 15, 183-4, 191, 195-6 parliament, 187, 189, 196 patronage, 182, 184-5 peaeeproeess, 181, 189, 192, 194,

197,295 press, 187, 189, 196 professional assoeiations, 194, 196 politieaI liberalization, 9, 180-2,

186-7,189,191,197-8 privatization, 9-10, 15, 188-91 remittanees, 184-6 rentierism, 181-2, 185, 197 taxation, 181, 183, 185,289 tribes, 188 West Bank, 15, 191, 195

Jordan Investment Corporation, 184, 190

Jordanian Businessmen's Assoeiation, 194-5

Judicial Reorganization Committee (Philippines),51

KADU see Kenya People's Democratic Union

Kakwa peopIe (Uganda), 112 Kalenjin, 103, 105 KANU see Kenya Afriea National

Union KARAPATAN,56 Kenya,

ehureh, 7,99,296,300 demoeratization, 7-8, 91-2,93-6,

96-104 eeonomie reform, 104-6 eleetions, 95-6, 101, 105 ethnicity, 7-8, 15,92-3,95-6, 101,

103-4 Islam, 102 multi-partyism, 91-6, 99-104 NGOs, 98-9, 102, 105, 300 one-party system, 91-4, 99

310 Index

Kenya (cont'd) politicalliberalization, 7, 91-6,

103 rents, 104-5, 106 structural adjustment, 100, 104-5 students, 7, 99, 102 women's organizations, 99

Kenya Africa National Union, 93-4, 96,99-101, 103

Kenya Law Society, 95 Kenya People's Democratic Union,

93-4, 103 Kenya People's Union, 94 Kenyatta, President Jomo (Kenya), 92 Kibaki, Mwai, 95 Kikuyu, 95, 103 Kiliku, Kennedy, 101 Kilusang Magbubukidng Pilipinas

(Philippines), 50 Kilusang Mayo Uno/KMU/The

May first Movement/ (Philippines), 50

KLIA see Kuala Lumpur National Airport (Malaysia)

KMP, Philippine Peasants Movement see Kilusang Magbubukidng Pilipinas (Philippines)

Kobia, SanlUe/, 101 Kokori, Frank, 142, 148 KPU see Kenya People's Union Kuria, Manases, 99

Labor Party (Egypt), 163 land reform program (Philippines),

47,52,54,58 Law 32 (Egypt), 170-6 Law 150 (Nicaragua), 271 Law for Democratic Guarantees in

Professional Syndicatcs (Egypt), 165

Leakey, Richard, 95 Legal Aid Institute (Indonesia), 30,

35, 41 Ley ele Reorelenamiento Sindical

(Argentina), 248 Liberal Party (EgyptL 163 "Liberating Revolution, The"

(Argentina), 244 loans see World Bank

Local Councils (Uganda), 113, 124 Lord's Resistance Army (Uganda), 117 LRA see Lord's Resistance Army

(Uganda) Lubgara people (Uganda), 112 Luhya, 95, 103 Luo, 95,103

Maasai,103 Madrid, Miguel de la, 220 Malaysia,

bumiputeras, 65-6, 68-70, 72, 81 Chinese, 65-6, 68-9, 72, 75,81 constitution, 67, 76,289 corporatization, 81 Dayaks,80 democratization, 7, 12, 15, 66-7,

73,77,84-5 demonstrations, 75-6, 78 "developmentalism", 7, 66, 83-4 economic liberalization, 12, 17, 65,

69-71, 80 elections, 67, 78-80, 293 Emergency, 67 ethnicity, 7, 65-8, 70, 72, 74, 76,

78-9 free trade zones, 71 Indian, 66, 68 Islam, 68 Kadazans, 78, 80 mass consumerism, 7, 17, 83-5 middle classes, 7,66, 73,80-1,83,

85 Muslims, 66, 78 NGOs, 7, 12, 15, 73-7, 79-80, 82,

85,289 patronage, 7, 12, 15,80-1 politicalliberalization, 7, 12, 66,

85 privatization, 17,65,70, 72,80-2,

289 riots, 67, 78 state-owned enterprises, 69 trade unions, 79

Malaysian Chinese Association, 67, 75

Malaysian Indian Congress, 67 MAMSER see Dircctoratc of Mass

Mobilizatioll for Social Justice,

Self-Reliance and Economic Recovery (Nigeria)

Manila People's Forum on APEC (Philippines), 44

Marcos, Ferdinand, 45-6, 48-51, 60-1

Marsinah, 38-9 MARTYR see Mothers and Relatives

against Tyranny and Repression (Philippines)

Matiba, Kenneth, 95, 100 MCA see Malaysian Chinese

Association Medium Term Development Plan of

1993-8 (Philippines), 57, 59 Mejelis Rakyat Indonesia see

lndonesian People's Counci! Menem, President Carlos (Argentina),

241-2,251-8 Mexican Workers' Confederation, 233 Mexico,

Allianza, 10, 220, 232-3 "big business", 10, 14, 15, 18,

225-9,235,238,291 business chambers, 221, 223, 228,

230-1 business-state relations, 14,219-21,

223-4,235,237 caciques, 236 constitution, 221, 233 cooptation, 219, 222, 235, corporatism, 10, 13, 14, 18,219,

221,223-4,235-8,297 democratization, 14, 15, 18,219,

236,238,301 economic liberalization and reform,

10, 13, 14, 15, 18,219-20, 224-5,230,236-7,288,290, 297, 301

elections, 236--7 import substitution

industrialization, 224-5 inequalities, 10,219-20,231,233,

235 labor, 14,219,221-3,232-3,238 "new federalism", 236 North American Free Trade

Agreement (NAFfA). 10,220, 228-9,235,237,290

Pacto, 10,220,232 patron--dient, 223, 236 patronage, 223

Illdex 311

"people's organizations", 235 politicalliberalization, 15,219-21,

235, 238 poverty, 232-5, 238, 301 privatization, 219, 225, 229 small business, 10, ] 5, 230-3, 237,

291 "social pact", 10,219,221

Mexican Association of Banks, 227 Mexican Workers' Confederation,

223 MHRC see Moro Human Rights

Center MIC see Malaysian Indian Congress Minister of Commerce and Industry

(Jordan), 192-4, 195 Ministry of Commerce and Industrial

Promotion (Mexico), 228-9 Ministry of Social Affairs (Egypt),

166-7,169,170-4,175 Ministry of Supplies (Jordan), 185 MNLF see Moro National Liberation

Front (Philippines) Mohamed, Prime Minister Mahathir

bin, 77, 79 Moi, President Daniei arap (Kenyal,

92-6,99, 101, 105 Moro Human Rights Center

(Philippines), 49, 52, S9 Moro National Liberation Front

(Philippines), 45 Moros of Muslim Mindanao, 49, S0,

52 MOS see Ministry of Supplies

(Jordan) MOSA see Ministry of Social Affairs

(Egypt) Mothers and Relatives against

Tyranny and Repression (Philippines), 52

Movement for National Reform (Nigeria), 14]

Movement of Argentinean Workers, 255

MPFA see Manila People's Forum on APEC (Philippines)

312 Index

MT A see Movement of Argentinean Workers

Muge, Alexander, 99 Muite, Paul, 95 Mubarak, Hosni, 159, 164-5, 167 Museveni's Departed Asians Property

Custodian Board (Uganda), 116 Museveni, Yoweri, 112-16, 119, 121,

125 Mwakenya, 102

Nacional Financiera (Mexico), 224, 230-1

NADECO see National Democratic Coalition (Nigeria)

"Nadlatul Ulama", 37 NAFINSA see Nacional Financiera

(Mexico) NAFT A see North American Free Trade

Agreement Nasser, lamal Abdel, 158, 170 National Assel11bly (Nigeria), 13 7 National Bureau of Investigation

(Philippines), 53 National Council of Churches of

Kenya, 100-2 National Cultural Policy (Malaysia),

68 National Democratic Coalition

(Nigeria), 148 National Democratic Front

(Philippines), SO-I, 56, 58 National Del110cratic Party (Egypt),

159 National Developl11ent Policy

(Malaysia), 80 National Directorate of El11ployment

(Nigeria), 135 National Educational Policy

(Malaysia), 68 National Electoral Commission

(Nigeria), 136 National Language Policy (Malaysia),

68 National NGO Committee for

Population Developl11ent (Egypt), 173

National Operations Council (Malaysia), 67

National Organization for Civic Education and Election Monitoring (Uganda), 114, 124-6

National Organization of Churches in the Philippines, 49

National Peasant Confederation (Mexico), 223

National Population Commission (Nigeria), 130

National Republican Convention (Nigeria), 131, 136

National Resistance Arl11Y (Uganda), 112,116

National Resistance Council (Uganda), 113, 117-18, 122

National Resistance Movement (Uganda), 109, 112-16, 118, 120-6

National Revenue Mobilization Commission (Nigeria), 136

National Revolutionary Party (Mexico), 223

National Secretariat for Social Action (Philippines), 49

National Security Organization, 144 National Solidarity (Mexico), 234 National Union of University

Students (Nigeria), 136 National United Opposition

(Nicaragua), 268 "National Workers Meeting"

(Indonesia), 37 NBI see National Bureau of

Investigation (Philippines) NCR see National Republican

Convention (Nigeria) NCCK see National Council of

Churches of Kenya NCPD see National NGO Committee

for Population Development (Egypt)

NDE see National Directorate of Employment (Nigeria)

NDF see National Democratic Front (Phili ppin es)

NDP see National Democratic Party (Egypt)

NDP see National Development Policy (Malaysia)

NEC see National EJectoral Commission (Nigeria)

NEP see New Economic Policy (Malaysia)

New Economic Policy, 1971-90 (Malaysia), 65-6, 68-72, 80-1

New Law of Professional Associations (Argentina), 246, 248

"New Order" (lndonesia), 28, 31, 34-5

New People's Army (Philippines), 47, 51,56

New UMNO (Malaysia), 79 NFPE see Non-financial public

enterprises (Malaysia) NGOs see Non-Governmental

Organizations Nicaragua,

Catholic Church, 11,263,271-2, 179-80

economic liberalization, 11, 14, 15, 263-4,268-70,273,279, 281-2

elections, 267-8, 280 foreign aid, 269, 275 health care, 264-6, 269, 272-3, 275 privatization, 263, 268-70 revolution, 263, 265, 266 structural adjustment, 11, 269-70 unemployment, 269-70 women's movement, 10-11, 14,

163-8,273-81,292,296, 299-300

women's movement networks, 274-80,290,293-4,296

Nicaraguan Association of Women Luisa Amanda Espinoza, 263-4, 266-8,273-6,279

Nigeria, cartoons, 146-7,291 civil war, 132 democratization, 130-1, 136-8,

139-43, 145-6, 147, 149-51 economic liberalization and reform,

9, 13, 130, 132-5, 139 elections, 129-30, 137-8, 144-6,

147, 150 ethnicity, 130-1, 136, 151 external debt of, 9, 132-3

II/dex 313

healthcare, 134, 146 media, 9, 143-6,291,294 military rule, 129-30, 132, 135-6,

138, 140, 147-9 Muslims, 129, 131 politicalliberalization, 136-7 pro-democracy groups, 8, 139-43,

147, 149 riots, 135, 138, 146 structural adjustment, 13, 130,

132-3,135-6,139,143,287 traditional rulers, 138-9, 148

Nigerian Bar Association, 142-3 Nigerian Labor Congress, 142 Nigerian Medical Association, 136,

141-2 NOCEM see National Organization for

Civic Education and EJection Monitoring (Uganda)

Non-financial public enterprises (Malaysia), 69

Non-Governmental Organizations, 1-20,286-302

Egypt, 157-9, 162, 166-76 Indonesia, 6, 26, 30-2, 36-9, 41-2,

287,295 Jordan, 188-9, 194-7 Kenya,98,99, 102, 105,300 Malaysia, 7, 12, 15, 73-7, 79-80,

82,289 Nicaragua, 275-8 Philippines, 48-61 Tunisia, 203 Uganda, 8, 109, 113, 123, 124-5,

126,287,293,295 North American Free Trade

Agreement, 220, 228-9, 235, 237 NPA see New People's Army

(Philippines) NRA see National Resistance Army

(Uganda) NRC see National Resistance CounciI

(Uganda) NRM see National Resistance

Movement (Uganda) NSO see National Security

Organization (Nigeria) Ntimama, WiJliam oie, 101 Nwanko, Clement, 140-1

314 Index

Obasanjo, Olusegun, 129, 137, 141, 148, 150-1

Obregon, Alvaro, 221 Odinga, Oginga, 94-5 Official Secrets Act (Malaysia), 76 Okullu, Henry, 99-100 Onabule, Duro, 143 Onagoruwa, Olu, 141 "Operation Lallang" (Malaysia), 77 Orgallizaciolles 62 (Argentina), 251 Organization of Islamic Conference

(Nigeria), 139 OSA see Official Secrets Act

(Malaysia) OXFAM,173 Oyugi, Hezekiah, 93

PAHRA see Philippine Alliance of Human Rights Advocates (Phili ppines)

Pakpahan, Muchtar, 37-41 Pancasila, 31 Papan Support Group, 75, 77 PARC see Perak Anti-Radioactivity

Committee (Malaysia) Partai Demokrasi Indonesia see

Indonesian Democratic Party Partai Komunis Indonesia see

Indonesian Communist Party Parti Bersatu Sabah (Malaysia),

778-9 Partido justicialista see Peronist Party

(Argentina) Partido RevolutiollClrio

Illstituciollal/lnstitutional Revolutionary Party (Mexico), 220,223,234-5,237-8

PAS see Islamic Party of Malaysia patronage,

in lndonesia, 26 in jordan, 182, 184-5 in Malaysia, 7, 12, 15,80-1 in Mexico, 223 in Philippines, 47, 58 in Tunisia, 201, 209, 291

Party of the Democratic Revolution (Mexico),237

Party of the Mexican Revolution, 223

PBS see Parti Bersatu Sabah (Malaysia)

PCHR see Presidential Commission on Human Rights (Philippines)

PDI see Indonesian Democratic Party

"People Power" revolt 1986 (Philippines), 60

People's Bank (Nigeria), 144 People's Democratic Alliance

(Indonesia), 40 People's Democratic Party (Nigeria),

129 People's Organizations (PhiJippines),

49,52 People's Revolutionary Army

(Mexico), 235 Perak Anti-Radioactivity Committee

(Malaysia), 75, 77 Peronist Labor Movement

(Argentina), 242-59 Peronist Party (Argentina), 241,

246-7,250-2,254-5,258 Persatuan Rakyat Demokratie see

People's Democratic Alliance (Indonesia)

Petisi 50 see Group of 50 (Indonesia) petrus, 31 PhiJippines,

agrarian-based elite, 47, 58, 61 Communist-based insurgency, 47,

54,60 counter-insurgency, 48, 51-6, 60 counter-summit, 44 "crony capitalism", 45-6 dictatorship, 45, 47, 49-51, 60-1 economic crisis, 46, 54 economic growth, 7,46-7,59 economic reform, 6, 13, 14,44-7,

57,59,60-1 economy, 45-7, 54 Mindanao's Muslims, 49, 50, 52 patronage, 47, 58 political reform, 6, 44-8 structural adjustment, 45, 54,

287 Philippine Alliance of Human

Rights Advocates, 50, 52-3, 58, 60

PHRC see Presidential Human Rights Commission (Philippines)

PHRC see Presidential Human Rights Committee (Philippines)

Pilot Project for the Development of Cooperation between Banks and Community Self-Support Groups (Indonesia),32

PKI see Indonesian Communist Party

"Plan Austral" see "Plan for Economic Reform," Argentina

"Plan for Economic Reform" (Argentina), 249

Plan Primavera (Argentina), 252 PLLP see Protestant Lawyers League of

the Philippines PNR see National Revolutionary Party

(Mexico) Political Bureau (Nigeria), 136 politicalliberalization, 1-20,

286-302 Egypt, 9, 157, 159,291 Indonesia, 27 Jordan, 9, 180-2, 186-7, 189, 191,

197-8 Kenya, 7, 91-6, 103 Malaysia, 7, 12, 66, 85 Mexico, 15,219-21,235,238 Nigeria, 136-7 Philippines, 44-5, 60-2 Tunisia, 203, 212 Uganda, 8,109,113-17,125-6

PDP see People's Democratic Party POs see People's Organizations Police Act (Malaysia), 77 Portillo, Lopez, 220 PPBI see Center for Indonesian

Workers' Struggle PRD see People's Democratic Alliance

(Indonesia) PRD see Party of the Democratic

Revolution Presidential Commission on Human

Rights (Philippines), 53 Presidential Committee on Political

Detainees (Philippines), 51 Presidential Human Rights

Commission (Philippines), 51

Index 315

Presidential Human Rights Committee (Philippines), 53

Prime Minister's Office (Jordan), 190, 192, 193, 194

PRI see Partido Revo/utionario Instituciollal/lnstitutional Revolutionary Party (Mexico)

pribllmi,29 Private Sector Executive Committee

(Jordan), 193-4 PRM see Party of the Mexican

Revolution Promotion of Investments Act

(Malaysia), 72 PRONASOL see National Solidarity

(Mexico) Prosperous Indonesia Workers Union,

37-41 Protestant Lawyers League of the

Philippines, 49, 52 PSEC see Private Sector Executive

Committee (Jordan) Public Sector Reform Law (Argentina),

253 Publications and Printing Presses Act

(Malaysia), 77-8 Pusat Perjuangan Buruh Indonesia see

Center for Indonesian Workers' Struggle

Radical Party (Argentina), 248-52 Rahman, Tunku Abdul, 76 Ramos, Fidel, 45-6, 53-9, 60 Ransome-Kuti, Beko, 141-2 Ransome-Kuti, Olikoyo, 143 Razaleigh, Tengku, 79-80 RBC see Regional Business Center

(Jordan) RCD see Democratic Constitutional

Rally (Tunisia) Regional Business Center (Jordan),

196 Regional Industrial Centers

(Philippines), S7 Republic Act 1700 of the Philippines,

54 rentierism, 104-5, 106, 160 rents see rentierism

316 Index

Rewane, Alfred, 148 RICs see Regional Industrial Centers

(Philippines) Rifai, Zayd al-, 186 Rubia, Charles, 100 Rukunegara, 68

Sadat, Anwar, 158-9, 161 SAFINA, 95, 105 SALAG see Structural Alternative Legal

Assistance for Grassroots (Philippines)

Salinas, Carlos, 220, 226-7, 234, 237

Samahanngmga Ex-Detainees Laban sa Detensiyon at para sa Amnestiya (the Association of Ex-Detainees against Detention and for Amnesty) (Philippines), 52

Sandanista Front for National Liberation (Nicaragua), 263-8, 269,270,280

SAPRIN see Structural Adjustment Participatory Review Network (Uganda)

Sari, Dita, 40 Saro-Wiwa, Ken, 148 SBSI see Prosperous Indonesia

Workers' Union SDP see Social Democratic Party

(Nigeria) SECOFI see Ministry of Commerce

and Industrial Promotion (Mexico)

Second-Tier Foreign Exchange Market (Nigeria), 133

Selangor Graduates Society (Malaysia), 74

Self-Convocated Women's Network (Nicaragua),275

"Semangat 46", 79 Serikat Buruh Sejahtera Indonesia see

Prosperous Indonesia Workers Union

Setiakawan, 36-7 SFEM see Second-Tier Foreign

Exchange Market (Nigeria)

SGS see Selangor Graduates Society (Malaysia)

Shagari, Alhaji Shehu, 132 Shonekan, Earnest, 130 "sick man of Asia", 46 Sijuade,Okunade, 139 SOBSI (Indonesia), 34 Social Democratic Party (Nigeria),

129, 136-7 Socialist Destour (Tunisia), 203 Social Fund for Development (Egypt),

169 Socialist Labor Party (Egypt), 163 Societies Act (Malaysia), 74-5, 78 Soeharto, 25-6, 28-31, 34, 41-2 Solarin, Tai, 144 Soyinka, Wole, 144 SPSI see All-Indonesia Workers Union

(Indonesia) structural adjustment, 1-20,286-302

in Argentina, 241-2, 253-6, 258

in Egypt, 12, 13, 160-2,287-8, 301

in Indonesia, 25-6, 37 in Kenya, 100, 104-5 in Mexico, 225 in Nicaragua, 11,269-70, 280 in Nigeria, 13, 130, 132-3, 135-6,

139,143,287 in Philippines, 45-6, 54, 287 in Tunisia, 14,205-6,298 in Uganda, 8, 12, 113-18,287

Structural Alternative Legal Assistance for Grassroots (Philippines), 49, 57-9

Structural Adjustment Participatory Review Network (Uganda), 117

Sukarno, 27-8, 40 Sukarnoputri, Megawati, 40-1 Sultan of Sokoto, 138-9, 148

Task Force Detainees of the Philippines, 48-52, 54, 56-8, 60

Tebourba, 201-2,205-12 Telecommunications Corporation

Gordan), 190-1

Tempo (Nigeria), 145-6 Ten-Point Program (Uganda), 113 "tent city", 44 TFDP see Task Force Detainees of the

Philippines Thurlow, Juan Gallardo, 228 Tofa, Bashir, 131 Tunisia,

associationallife, 201, 202-3, 289, 291

economic Iiberalization, 10, 12, 17, 201-2,204-5,212-13,289, 291

Islamic values, 12, 201, 204, 207-9

large landowners, 10,201,205, 208,210-12, 198

moral economy, 201, 208-9 patron-dient ties, 207, 209-10 patronage, 201, 209, 291 peasant farmers, 10,201,205-12,

299 primordial identification, 14, 17,

201,203,209,212,291 Ramadan, 207-9 structural adjustment, 14,206,

298 umdas, 204, 208-9 zakat, 207, 209

Ubani, Chris, 141 Uganda,

Asians, 112, 116 authoritarian rule, 111-16,

118-23 Constitution, 114, 118 democratization, 8, 109, 113-16,

125-6 economic Iiberalization, 8, 109-10,

113,115-18,125-6,293 economic war, 112 elections, 114, 121,295,299 NGOs, 8, 109, 113, 123, 124-5, 126,

287,293,295 political Iiberalization, 8, 109,

113-17, 125-6 poverty, 117 strikes, 118,289

Illdex 317

structural adjustment programs, 8, 12, 113-18,287

Uganda Human Rights Activists, 114, 123-4

Uganda National Liberation Army, 112

Ugandan Human Rights Commission, 115

Uganda Im porters and Exporters Association, 118

Ugandan]ournalists Association, 121, 124

Uganda Patriotic Movement, 113 Uganda People's Congress, 113, 115,

119 UGIETA see Uganda Importers and

Exporters Association UHRA see Uganda Human Rights

Activists UMNO see United Malays National

Organization UMNO Baru see New Umno United Church of Christ in the

Philippines, 49 United Malays National Organization,

67, 70, 73, 77, 79-80, 85 United Nations' Covenant on

Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 55, 57, 61

UNLA see Uganda National Liberation Army

UNO see National United Opposition (Nicaragua),268

UPC see Uganda People's Congress UPM see Uganda Patriotic

Movement

Wahid, Ahdurrachman, 37 W ALHI see Indonesian

Environmental Forum Wamalwa, Kijana, 95 West Nile Bank Front (Uganda), 117 WNBF see West Nile Bank Front

(Uganda) Women Against Violence Network

(Nicaragua), 275 Women's Health Network

(Nicaragua), 275-80

318 lllllex

Women's Secretariat of the Confederation of the Nicaraguan Professionals, Heros and Martyrs, 267

World Bank, 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, 45, 92, 101, 105, 109, 116-17, 118, 130, 133, 157, 160, 198, 205,213,225,286,287,288, 300

World Council of Churches (Kenya), 100

Yakoma, 41 Yaradua, Shehu, 148 Yoruba, 131, 139, 150

Zakat, 169, 207, 209 Zapatista Army of National

Liberalization (Mexico), 235 Zarqa Chamber of Commerce

(Jordan), 189 Zedillo, Ernesto, 220-1, 231-3, 234,

238