index [] · index wsc and fdr are used ... see also mackenzie king canary islands , , canton...
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1017Index
A- phone scrambling device–
A-4 rocket (later V-)
ABDA
Abetz, Otto
Achiary, André
Acland, Richard
acrobat (plan to occupyTripoli)
Adana (Turkey) ,
Admiral Scheer (cruiser)
Adviser on Combined Op-erations (Mountbatten)
adultery, Pamela Churchill’s,WSC condones
aerial bombardmentsee bombing
Africa, East: Madagascar
see also Egypt; Morocco;North Africa; North-WestAfrican situation; Tunisia;and names of specific towns
Afrika Korps , , ; sup-ply problems
see also Panzergruppe Afrika;Rommel
Agheila , ,
aircraft: B-s , , ;in Malaya; ; Middle East–, , ; produc-tion of –; supply of to
Soviet Union , , ,,
see also aircraft losses;bombing; Pearl Harbor;RAAF; RAF Bomber Com-mand; USA war production
aircraft losses (British) –, –, –
air raids (London) , ,,
see also Blitzair strength, inadequate –
, ,
aircraft production (US)
see also USA war produc-tion; war production
ajax (proposed attack onNorway) , –, –,
Akers, Professor W A ,
Alam Halfa
Alameinsee El Alamein; lightfoot;supercharge
Alanbrooke, Lordsee Brooke, General Alan
Alba, Duke of (Spanish am-bassador) , –
alcohol consumed at Cheq-uers ; alcohol consump-
tion by WSC xi, xviii–xix,, n, , ; , ,, , , , ,, ; alcoholism symp-toms,
Alexander, A V , , ,, ,
Alexander, General SirHarold , , , ;in Burma , ; Eisen-hower’s deputy in EighthArmy ; replacesAuchinleck –, –;see also lightfoot
Alexandria , , ;Vichy French Fleet at ,–,
Algiers , , , ,, , , ; deGaulle visits , ;torch landings , ,, , , ; WSCvisits –, –
All-India Congress Party, , ,
Allied air strength , ,
Allied command strategysee Combined Chiefs ofStaff
Allied Fleet strength after
Index
WSC and FDR are used as abbreviations for Churchill and Roosevelt. People withmilitary or honorific titles are accorded the one current in this volume.
churchill’s war1018
Pearl Harbor ,
Allied troops in North Af-ricasee crusader; torch
American –; see in generalUS, United States
American Jewish Congress
Amery, John (son of Leo),works for Goebbels –
Amery, Julian (son of Leo),
Amery, Leopold CharlesMaurice Stennett (Secre-tary of State for India) xii,xviii, , , , ,, , , , ,, –; Jewish ori-gins of xii, ; critical ofFDR over India , ;discussions over appoint-ment of viceroy , ;Gandhi hunger strike ;Indian independence dis-cussions –, ; In-dian sterling balances –; Jewish Fighting Force; Palestine ; troopsupply for Soviet Union–
anakim (plan to recaptureBurma) , , ,–,
see also BurmaAnders, General Wladyslaw
–, ,
Anderson, John , ,, –, ; andtube alloys , ,–; may replaceLinlithgow as viceroy ,
Anderson, Lieutenant-Gen-eral Kenneth –
Anglo–US relations , ,; scientific co-operation(generally) ; diplomaticestrangement , ,, , , –,–; friction in North-ern Ireland ; differ-ences over shared atomicresearch , ; poor af-ter Darlan assassinated;see also Intelligence co-op-eration
Anglo–US (supply) boards,
Anglo–US strategy ,
see also Combined Chiefsof Staff
Anglo–Chinese relations
Anglo–French relations–
see also de Gaulle; France;Free French; Vichy Regime
Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
Anglo–Irish relations
Anglo–Japanese relations–, ; deteriorate, , ,
see also Malaya; Pacific re-gion; Singapore
Anglo–Jewish communityxii
Anglo–Polish Treaty ()–
Anglo–Soviet relations –,–; deteriorate –;exchange of Intelligence–, ; Iran, invasionof –, ; Treaty pro-posed , , , ,–
see also Soviet Union; Sta-lin
Anglo–Thai relations –; non-aggression pact
Annet, Armand
annexation of Finland andBaltic States
see also Poland, border dis-putes
anthropoid (SOE opera-tion against Heydrich)–,
anti-British feeling in US
anti-Semitism, in Britain–, , –, ,–; in USA –,; in US navy
Anti U-boat Warfare Com-mittee , , , ,,
Aosta, Duke of
appeasement, of China ;of Japan , , , –, –, , ; of So-viet Union
Appropriations Committee(US Senate)
Arab–Jewish relations ,
Arabs and WSC ,
Archangel, British troops for–
see also PQ convoysArchbishop of Canterbury
and bombing strategy
archive information incom-plete , –, ,, , –, ; onde Gaulle ; on Japan–, , , ,
Arctic convoyssee PQ convoys
Ark Royal sunk ,
Arms production
Army Council ,
Arnim, Colonel-General
1019Index
Hans-Jürgen von , ,, –,
Arnold, H H (‘Hap’) –,, –; in England, ; meets WSC inCairo
Asdic
assassinations: actual: ofPatrice Lumumba by CIAn; of Darlan , ,–, SOE involved ,Darlan aware of likelihood, British assassinationring in Algiers –;alleged: Sikorski, –;W R Davis, ;attempts: on French per-sonnel ; on Colombianforeign minister ; onde Gaulle, , , ,, –, , ,, , –, ; onGamel Abdel Nasser n;on Rommel ; author-ised: Duke of Windsor,
Atlantic, Battle of , ,, , , , ,; US convoy duties ,,
Atlantic Charter , –,–, , , , ;Article Three ; ArticleFour , ; Stalin’s de-mands –, –,, ,
see also Anglo–RussianTreaty; Lend–Lease Agree-ment
Atlantic crossings by WSC,by air , , , ;by sea –, –, ;–; , –
Atlantic Front, The (memo-randum by WSC) –
Atlantic Monthly, The (peri-odical) xvi
Attlee, Clement (later stEarl Attlee) xviii, , ,–, , , , ,
atomic bomb research: Al-lied –, , –,–, –, –;German ,
see also Norsk Hydro;tube alloys; manhattan
Auchinleck, General SirClaude , –, , ,–, , ; appointedCommander-in-Chief In-dia ; communicationlinks with WSC –,, ; in charge ofEighth Army ; Crippsto visit ; criticised inUS ; Middle East strat-egy –, ; WSC criti-cises , , , ,–, ; El Alamein
see also Battle of El Ala-mein; crusader , ,–, ; delay to –, –, , –;progress –, –,–, , , –,, , –; Tobrukfailure , –; op-poses whipcord
audax (proposed Alliedbombing of Rome) –
auka codebooks
Auschwitz, reports on ,–,
Australia , , –,, , , ; Atlan-tic Charter discontent ;defence of , , ,
, , (US troopsto be sent ); Japanesethreat underestimated byWSC ; press ; searoutes ; troops ,, ; (losses , ,, ); withdrawalfrom Middle East , ,; WSC criticises –
Australian Imperial Force(AIF) –
Augusta (cruiser) , , ,, , ,
Axis powers , , ,, , ; bridgeheadat Tunis ; morale low inNorth Africa –
Azores, The , ; Allies toseize in lifebelt 786–8
B- bombers –, ,; destroyed in Philip-pines
Bach-Zelewski, SS Obergrup-penführer Erich von dem–
‘Bædeker’ raids , ,
Badoglio, Marshal Pietro
Bajpai, Sir Girja S (AgentGeneral, India)
Baku oilfields –, , ,, –, , ,
Balfour, Harold viii,
Balkans , , ;Anglo–Russian Treaty ,; Australian losses in; invaded by Germany; Soviet interests ,–, –; Stalin andWSC discuss –; WSCproposes invasion
Bandœng (Java) ;
Baranowicze
churchill’s war1020
barbarossa xiv, xv,
Barham sunk ,
Barkley, Senator Alben W
Barrington-Ward, Robin ,
Bartholomew, Guy
Baruch, Bernard M ,, , ,
Bataan Peninsula (Philip-pines), MacArthur’s re-treat from
Bath city bombed
‘bathroom incident’ –
Bathurst
battleaxe (tank battle atSollum) ,
Bay of Bengal
BBC broadcasts PearlHarbor news –
BBC Sound Archive xviisee also radio broadcasts ofWSC
‘Bear, The’ (nickname forStalin)
Beaufort, Major
Beaverbrook, WilliamMaxwell Aitken, st Baronviii, xvii–xviii, , , ,–, , , , ;asthmatic , ; criti-cises WSC , , ,, ; leadership ambi-tions , , , ,–; leaves cabinet–; minister of supply, , , , ;Beaverbrook-Harrimansupply mission , , ,–, –; ministerof war production ;newspaper proprietor ,, ; and Soviet Un-ion , –, –,–, ; pro-Stalin
, ; unpopular ;US visit , , ,, –, –,
Bedell Smith, GeneralWalter , , ,–, ; sees FDRconcerning Darlan ;torch , ,
Bel Hamed overrun
Belmonte, Major Elias
Ben-Gurion, David ,
Bene, Edouard x, –,, , ,
Benghazi , , , ,,
Berdichev-Korosten
Berger, SS GruppenführerGottlob –
Bergeret, General Jean-Marie-Joseph –, –
Beria, Lavrenti, and Katynmassacre
Berle, Adolph
Berlin, Irving (musician)–
Berlin, Isaiah xiv, ,
Berlin bombed viii, , ,, , , –,–, –, , –
Bermuda ; Parliamentaddressed by WSC
besondere Aufgaben (specialtasks)
Bethnal Green station, inci-dent –
Béthouart, General Emil-Marie , ; ‘disposal’of Darlan and Noguès con-sidered
Bevan, Aneurin , ,; editor of Tribune
Bevan, John (Chief of Lon-don Controlling Section)
–
Bevin, Ernest viii, xviii, ,, , –,
Bevir, Anthony
Bey of Tunis appeals againstbombing
Bialystok
Biddle, Francis (US attor-ney-general) ,
‘Big Three’ meeting pro-posed by WSC –
Bir Hakeim , ,
Birmingham ,
Birse, Major A H (inter-preter) , ,
Bismarck xviiiBizerta (Tunisian naval base)
,
BJs (‘Black Jumbos’) ix, ,, , –, , –, ; BJ/ (illus-trated) ; No. ,
(Ribbentrop andMadasgar) ; No., (Jewish problem,Budapest) ; Japanesecodes –, ,
black code stolen from Ital-ian Embassy –,
Black US troops and racialfriction –
Bletchley Park ix, xiii, –,, , , , , ,, , –; Ger-man codes ; scorpion–; Japanese codes ,–, –, , ;Japan–German communi-cations ; purples ex-changed with US ,; Intelligence derivedat, ix, , , , ,, ; German inter-cepts ,
see also codebreaking;
1021Index
names of individual cy-phers, cypher machinesand interceptssee also winds messages;Government Code & Cy-pher SchoolMiddle East intercepts–; USA denied accessto ultra until May
–, , , –,; WSC visits
see also boniface; enigma,magic, ultra
blind-bombing equipment
Blitz , , , , ,, ,
Blue Books (of Harris, onBritish bombing) ,
‘Blue Jackets’ see BJsBoard on Future Strategy
(US war department)
Bogomolov, A Y ,
Boisson, General Pierre(Governor-General FrenchWest Africa) –, ,, , ; and Eisen-hower ; Darlan agree-ment over Dakar ; deGaulle demands dismissal
bolero (cross-channel inva-sion) –, , ,, , ,
see also round-up ;sledgehammer
Bolivian–German relations
bombe , , –
Bomber Command, RAF, , , –, ,, –; aircraft lost–, , ; Casa-blanca directive redefinespurpose ; crews coura-
geous but perhaps insensi-tive ; operations re-sumed –, –; No. squadron –, ,, proposed for Romebombing
bombing (by British) criti-cised viii, –, ;WSC wishes to impressStalin ; as reprisal, dis-approved of –;saturation bombing viii,, , , , ,, , –
see also Bomber Com-mand; Harris, Sir Arthur;names of individual cities
bombing of Britainsee Blitz; names of indi-vidual cities
bombs, blockbuster ;bouncing bombs –;phosphorus incendiaries, n
Bonham-Carter, Violet ,
boniface cyphers ix, ,,
Bonnier de la Chapelle,Fernand Eugene ,
Borneo , , ,
bouncing bombs –
Bowes-Lyon, Hon. David
Bowhill, Sir Frederick
Bracken, Brendan (ministerof information) , , ,, , , –,, ; investigatingNew Statesman articles–
Brantès, Major
Brauchitsch, Field-MarshalWalther von
Braun, Werner von
Brazzaville –,
Bremen to be bombed
Brereton, Major-GeneralLewis Hyde
Brest (France) , 433, 491,715see also sledgehammer
Bridges, Sir Edward , ,, ; and telephone se-curity
brimstone
see also SicilyBrink, Lieutenant-Colonel
F G
Bristol (flying-boat)
Britain at war: anti-Semitism –; debtcaused by war ; in de-cline viii; domestic politicsx–xi; German invasionfeared viii, x, xv, ,, ,–, , ; HomeFront ,
see also air raids; bombingof Britain; British press;British public opinion;names of cities
British Army of the Nile
British Dominionssee Dominions (British)
British empire xiv, xv–xvi,, ; US attitude to ,, –; FDR’s dislike; WSC’s attitude ix, x,, , , , ,
see also Dominions (Brit-ish); names of countries
British First Army in Tunisia,
see also torchBritish fleet movements
see Naval StrategyBritish Malaya
see MalayaBritish Scientific Mission (to
churchill’s war1022
Russia)
‘British Security Co-ordina-tion’
British West Indies
British working class: sup-port Stalin and Soviet Un-ion
Brooke, General Alan (laterField-Marshal Lord) vii,, , –, –,, , ; and anakimplan ; and Auchinleck; changes in Chiefs-of-Staff –; as Chief ofImperial General Staff
(CIGS) , –, ,, ; in cabinet ;Cairo visit with WSC ,–; criticises bombingstrategy ; criticisesWSC ; criticises jubi-lee planning ; disap-proves of sending troopsto Soviet Union , ;offered Middle East com-mand ; torch ,–, –; WSCmeets in bathroom –
Brooke-Popham, Air Chief-Marshal Sir Robert ,, , , , ,, ; criticised overSingapore ; relieved byGeneral Pownall ; USsupport
Brown, William J
brown (cypher)
brown (German occupationof Southern France) –
Bruce, Stanley Melbourne, –
Bruce Lockhart, Robert
Bruneval (France) ,
Buchenwald (concentrationcamp) ,
Budapest
Buerat (battle area)
Bulge, Battle of the Bundy, Harvey H
Bundy, Lieutenant-ColonelCW
Bureau of Censorship (US)
Bureau Central de Renseigne-ment et d’Action (BCRA)
Burma , , , ,, , , –,–; lost , , ,, , , –;plan to recapture ,
Burma Road, Chinese wantreopened , –
Bush, Dr Vannevar , ,, , , ,
Butcher, Harry –
by-elections ,
‘C’ (Brigadier StewartMenzies) xiii, , , , ,, , , ; Intelli-gence between ‘C’ andHoover , ; Japanesecodes and strategy infor-mation –, , ,, ; Kra Isthmusmessage ; and MiddleEast , , ; Sovietsreceive information ;US relations –; USsecurity leak noted –
cabinet meetings (British), –, , , n,, , , , ,, , –, ,, , –, ,, ; ajax ; Atlan-tic Conference ;Auchinleck’s delaying tac-tics over-ruled –;
Azores, possible Allied in-vasion –; Baltic policy; Beaverbrook disa-grees with WSC , ;bombing strategy –;for Rome –; Cairovisit , ; and Casa-blanca summit –;China and Singapore dis-cussed ; Darlan ,, ; de Gaulle dis-cussed , –, ;Hongkong discussed –; German atomic re-search ; India discussed, , , –,, , ; Italianpeace moves ; jubilee(Dieppe) cover-up byMountbatten ; MiddleEast ; post-wareconomy –; Princeof Wales to Singapore ;prisoners-of-warunshackled ; reshuffles:first , , , ,, , –, –,, –, –; sec-ond (re Cripps) , –; shipping losses revealed, ; Singapore de-fences ; sledgeham-mer not approved ;Smuts addresses ; So-viet Union , ; Anglo-Soviet Treaty announced; British and Empiretroops to , , ;supply needs discussed; Stalingrad offensive; Thailand discussed; torch analysed ,–; US visits by WSC, ; WSC not goodchairman ,
1023Index
see also names and topicsCabinet War Rooms ,
–, , , ,, ; opeps telephonescrambler link
Cadogan, Sir Alexander(Head of FO) , , ,, , , , ;against WSC’s trip toWashington ; and Ja-pan , , , ;critical of Craigie’s assess-ment –; diary entryfor Pearl Harbor day ,n, ; meets deGaulle ; and MiddleEast –; and RAFlosses ; Rome ; andSoviet Union , , ;and Sikorski ; andtorch , ; Tunisiagives concern ; Turkeyvisited with WSC –
Cairo –, , ;Cripps to visit Auchinleck; visits by WSC: first, , , , ,–, –, ; sec-ond , , –
Cairo (cruiser) sunk
Campbell, Sir Ronald
Campbeltown (ex-US de-stroyer) –
Camrose, Lord (newspaperproprietor)
Canada ; Atlantic Charterdiscontent –; Diepperaid, troops lost in ,; troops to invade Nor-way ; Parliament ad-dressed by WSC , ,–, , –; WSCaddresses Cabinet WarCommittee –; minis-ter contracts rranium and
heavy water supplies solelyto USA
see also Mackenzie KingCanary Islands , ,
Canton (Pacific island)
Cape Verde
Capetown , ,
Carthage, WSC addressestroops at
Carvell, JEM ,
Casablanca , , ,, , ; torchlandings , ; symbol(summit conference) –, –, –, ;atomic research raised; de Gaulle meets withWSC and FDR , –, –; press conference–,
Casey, Richard , ,–, , , ,; negotiates with deGaulle over Syria ; Pal-estinian situation
Caspian Sea ,
Castlerosse, Lady Doris
Catalina accident –,
Catroux, General Georges, , , ; ‘dis-posal’ of Darlan andNoguès
Caucasus , ; Britishtroops to move in ;German spring offensive, ,
see also Baku oilfieldsCavendish-Bentinck, Victor
see also Joint IntelligenceCommittee
Caviglia, Marshal Enrico
Cazalet, Victor –
censorship , , –;of telephone calls; –
see also D-notices; mediamanipulation
Centurion (battleship)
Ceylon , , , ,, , –; at-tacked –
chaffinch (Rommel’s armycypher) –
Chamberlain, (Arthur)Neville viii, xviii,
Chancellor of the Duchy ofLancaster (Duff Cooper)
Chancellery, Reich ,
Chandos, Lordsee Lyttelton, Oliver
Chaney, Major-GeneralJames E
Channel, German fleetwithdrawal through (Feb-ruary ) , –,, ,
Chantiers de la Jeunesse (un-derground youth organisa-tion) –
Charmley, John viii, xi, xii,xvi; Churchill – The End ofGlory xv
Charteris, Laura ,
Chartwell Trust xvichastise (‘Dambusters’)
–
Chemical warfare
Chequers , , , , ,, , , ; alco-hol quantities consumedat, ; security duringMolotov’s visit ; USguests for weekend ofPearl Harbor , –;disastrous visit of EleanorRoosevelt –; WSCconvalesces after pneumo-
churchill’s war1024
nia –, , ; re-laxes after USA/Africavisits ; rests and hasminor operation
Cherbourg invasionsee sledgehammer
Cherwell, Baron(Lindemann, Frederick Al-exander, ‘The Prof.’) ,, , , , , ,, , –, –,, ; and bombingstrategy –; British nu-clear research –;tube alloy s , ,, , –, ,
Chesapeake Bay, WSC landsat
Chiang Kai-Shek , ,, , , , ,, ; against anakim; and India ; modusvivendi ; US–Japanese‘deal’
Madame Chiang , ;WSC declines invitation tomeet
Chief of the Imperial Gen-eral Staff
see Brooke, General Alan;Dill, Sir John
chiefs of staff , , ,, , , , ,–, , , ,, ; and Anglo-USstrategy , ; boleronot feasible ; bombingof Germany necessary, ; changes of per-sonnel –; Diepperaids –; germ warfare; ironclad ;jupiter –; Norwaydiscussed ; PQ
should be called off ;
and Singapore –;Thailand strategy ;torch –, –,–, ; Tunisia (Ei-senhower’s strategy) ,; White House meeting–; German nuclearresearch
Chevalier, Jacques ixChina , , , , ,
, , ; air-supportrequested ; Britishlease on Hongkong –;Japanese war , ;post-war position consid-ered –; Japanese pro-pose US cease aid to ,; unhappy with US re-sponse –
Chindwin river
Chrétien, Colonel Jean
Christmas in the WhiteHouse
Churchill, Clementine (wifeof WSC) , , , ,, , , , ,, , –, ,, , –, ,, ; puts de Gaullein his place , , ;Eisenhower brings lemonsfor –; and Pamela’sadultery , –; let-ter from WSC in Casa-blanca (quoted) , ;WSC bringing stockingsfrom US for
Churchill, Diana (m. toDuncan Sandys)
Churchill, Major John(brother of WSC) ,
Churchill, Mary (daughterof WSC) , , ,, , ; WSC at-
tends her party
Churchill, Pamela (m. toRandolph Churchill) ,, –, ; adulterywith Harriman –,,
Churchill, Randolph (son ofWSC) , , , –, , , , ;in Cairo , , ; carcrash , ; in Casa-blanca –, , ;Committee for a JewishArmy ; Dover visitwith WSC –; gam-bling debts , ; asjournalist ; and LauraCharteris , ; rela-tionship with WSC –,, , –; WSC’scorrespondence , ,, ,
Churchill, Sarah (daughterof WSC) , , ,, ,
Churchill, Winston (Jr.)(grandson of WSC) ,, , , , ,
Churchill, Winston LeonardSpencer: as actor ; ad-mires Stalin –; age-ing xi, , , , ;alcohol consumption xi,xviii–xix, , , ; ,, , , , ,, , ; mocked byHitler ; as artist –, ; uses establishedFrench artist’s name ;as author xi–xii; birthdays–, ; ; ‘BlackDog’ (his depression) ;reveals breaking of SScodes in broadcast (August
1025Index
) ; careless of tel-ephone security –;cat-naps , , ;childish ; cigars as‘trademark’ xviii, , ,, ; clothing: sirensuit , , , , , ,, , , , ,, , , , ;nudity habit –, ,–, , , ,, , , , ;receives Eden in bath ;cruel streak vii; dentalproblems , , –, ; dictatorial ,–, , , –;egotistical , , ,; films, enjoys watch-ing , , ; finances xii;‘gaga’, becoming ,; health, exhausted, , , , ,, , ; heart prob-lems , , –,, , , , ,, , , ; nerv-ous breakdown imminent–, , ; pneu-monia diagnosed ,–, ; prolongswar viii; thyroid operation; tonsillitis , ,; hostile to Soviet Un-ion –;Japanese threat underesti-mated ; urges pre-emptive US air trike on Ja-pan –, ; Jewishblood of mother xii;judgement questioned vii,xiv, xv, ; leadershipstyle of xiv, xv, , , ,, ; oratory xviii, ,, –, , ,
, ; hostility to deGaulle, orders contain-ment of ; personal hab-its –; popularity ofxviii, –, , ,, , , ; post-war, lacks concern for viii,, ;attitudes on race: to Chi-nese , , ; to In-dians , ; resignationconsidered ; rests atChequers ; ‘unlovable’viii, ; as war-monger ix,x working hours xi, , ,, , , , ,, , , –,, , ; Zionismxii, ,
Churchill – The End of Glory(Charmley) xv
Ciano, Count Galeazzo (Ital-ian foreign minister) ,; meets Hitler
Ciliax, Vice-Admiral Otto,
Cinque Ports, Lord Wardenof: WSC titled
civilian casualties of Britishbombing , , ,, , , –; of‘dambusters’ raid ,; at Wuppertal ,
citadel (Hitler’s offensive atKursk) , , ,,
Claridge’s (hotel) , ,
classified documentssee archive materials
Clark, Alan (historian) xvClark, Major-General Mark
–, , , ; inAlgiers , –, ,
, ; and Darlan ,, ; and torch ,, ,
Clark-Kerr, Sir Archibald,
Coastal Command ,
code books and machinesdestroyed in Japanese em-bassies , , ,–, ,
code words broadcast ,
see also windscodebreaking ix, –, ,
–; British–US–; Britain plays themajor part –; dou-ble-playfair code ;German cypher machinescaptured –; Japanesecodes broken ; U-boatcyphers broken
see also Bletchley Park;boniface, colossus,enigma, magics, purples,ultra; names of indi-vidual cyphers
Cologne bombing , ,, –, , ,, ,
Colombia
Colonial Office, anti-Zionist
colossus ,
Colombo (Ceylon) ,
Colville, Jock ,
Combined Bureau MiddleEast
Combined Chiefs of Staff
(British–US) , ,, , , , –, , ; and cross-channel invasion plans; and Darlan situation; sledgehammer and
churchill’s war1026
gymnast discussed ;Marshall objections ;torch 566–7, 570–2; andTunisia , –
Combined OperationsTraining Centre (Inverary)
Combined Policy Commit-tee (on atomic project)
Comintern (Communist In-ternational) , ,
Commando raid on Sark–
Commando order
Committee of Imperial De-fence
Committee on Allied Sup-plies , –
Committee for a JewishArmy
Communist International(Comintern) , ,
Conant, Dr James B (FDR’sscientific adviser) ,, ,
concentration camps, Nazi, , –,
Congress (US government), , , , , ,, , ; agrees toUS declaration of war ;thinks Roosevelt too influ-enced by WSC ; WSC’saddresses to –, ,–, , , –;WSC meets leaders –,
Coningham Air Vice-MarshalArthur (‘Mary’) , –
Conservative Party , ,, ,
convoys, Atlanticsee Atlantic, Battle of;
Japanese invasion –;for Malta , , ,, , ,
see also PQ convoysCooper, (Alfred) Duff (Lord
Norwich); , , ,, ; criticised byLord Moyne ; and Ma-laya
Coral Sea, Battle of the ,–,
Cordier, Abbé Louis –,
Cork, Lord
Cornwall (cruiser) , ,,
cost of living
Coventry bombing ,
Cowling, Maurice (histo-rian) viii, xii
Craigie, Sir Robert –,, , , ; criticalof WSC , –
Cranborne, Lord , ,–, ,
Crankshaw, Colonel Edward
Crete
Cripps, Sir Stafford , ,, , , ; as am-bassador to Moscow ,,, , –; in cabinet, ; offered ministryof supply , , ;moves to MAP (ministryof aircraft production), , ; Indian visit–, –; Cripps–Johnson formula rejected–; plan for provisionalgovernment , ; toresigns as Leader of theHouse ; and torch, –
Crocker, General John
Crosby, Sir Josiah
cross-Channel attack consid-ered , , , ,, , ; disap-proved of by WSC ,, , , ; post-poned –
see also bolero; round-up
crusader (Middle Eastoffensive) , , ,, –, , –,–, , , ,–, , , –;delays to –, –,, –, , –,–; losses ;progress –, –,, , , –;outcome uncertain –,, , , , ,, –
cryptographysee codebreaking
Cuba
Cunningham, General SirAlan Gordon , ,, ,
Cunningham, Admiral SirAndrew Browne (st Vis-count Cunningham) xi,, , , , ,–, , ; com-plains about Montgomery; Darlan–Eisenhowersituation , –, ;and FCNL ; andGiraud ; refusesTovey’s post ,
see also torchCurda, Sergeant Karel ,
nCurrier, Lieutenant L –
Curtin, John (Australianprime minister) , ,
1027Index
, , , , ;anger over defence of Sin-gapore –, ; andBurma –; and Ceylonattack , ; and FarEast war , ,
cypher machines at JapaneseEmbassies , ,
cypherssee codebreaking
Cyprus
Cyrenaica , , –,, , , , ;Eighth Army enters –; Italian emissaries to
Czechoslovakia x, xii, ,; relations with SovietUnion ; Skoda armsfactory bombed
d’Astier de la Vigerie, Gen-eral François –; Al-giers meetings –;bagman for assassination ofDarlan , , –,, ; lunches withWSC ; joins Gaullistforces
d’Astier de la Vigerie, Henri–, , –, ,–, –
D-notices
see also British Press; cen-sorship; media manipula-tion
Daily Express, The , ,
Daily Herald, The ,
Daily Mirror, The , ,
Daily Telegraph, The –
Daily Worker, The
Dakar , , , ,, , , ;
French fleet sails to ,, ; released to USforces ,
Dalton, Hugh , , ,, , ,
Daluege, SS Obergruppen-führer Karl ,
‘Dambusters’ squadron, No. squadron –, ,; proposed for Romebombing
Daniell, Raymond (US jour-nalist)
Darlan, Alain (son of Admi-ral Darlan)
Darlan, Admiral JeanCharles François , ,, , , –,, ; agreement withBoisson over Dakar ;arrival in Algiers –,, , ; cease-firedeal with Mark Clark ,–; negotiates with Ei-senhower , , ;Jewish criticism of ;and WSC , , ,–; assassinated ,, , –, ; fu-neral
Davis, William Rhodes, as-sassination alleged
Dawson, Harry
daylight bombing of Ger-many –
de Gaulle, Charles x, , ,, –, , ,; in Algiers , ,–; ambivalent ondeath of Darlan ;anglophobic –, ,, , ; archive filesstill closed ; assassina-tion attempts and plotsagainst , , ,
, –, , ,, , –, ;US overhears WSC orderfor elimination of ; inBrazzaville ; in Casa-blanca , –, ,, –; criminal ac-tivities of , , ,, ; Dakar , ;to unite the French empire; demands post ofCommissioner of NationalDefence ; and Eisen-hower –; and Darlandeal , , , ,; spurns FDR/Giraudmeeting , , ;Giraud meetings –,; and husky ; Ca-nadian islands seizure –, , –; ironclad, –; and torch–, –, , –, –; narcotics ;plans dictatorship ,; and Syria free elec-tions in ; condones tor-ture by ‘Passy’ , ;‘traitor telegram’ –;US Intelligence on
WSC hostile to –,orders mail intercepted; , –, –,, , , ; meet-ings –, –, ,–, , , ;WSC’s Secret Sessionspeech on –
de Gaulle–Giraud rap-prochement –
de Laborde, Admiral Jean
de Mesa, Dr Lopez (Colom-bian foreign minister)
de Valera, Eamon (Irish
churchill’s war1028
prime minister) , ,
Deakin, Dr William ix‘Declaration’ on India ,
–,
defence committee , ,, –, , –,–, , , ;Anglo-US strategy dis-cussed ; resumption ofBomber Command opera-tions ; calculations byCherwell ; Eden wantsabolished ; ironclad; lifebelt –; onMalta ; PQ disaster–; supplies to SovietUnion , ; round-up discussed ; Singa-pore , ; Tirpitz tobe destroyed , ; USdaylight bombing
Defence Council (India)
Denman, Lady (Head ofWomen’s Land Army)
Denniston, CommanderAlastair , , –,, , ,
Dentz, General H-F ,
Derna (Africa)
deportation of Jewssee Jews, treatment
desert air force
Dewavrin, André (‘Passy’), ; uses torture, , ; threatensassassination of Giraud
Diego Suarez (Madagascar),
Dieppe plan , , –, , , –, ,; account in WSC’sbook drafted by Mount-batten ; disaster ,,
Dietrich, Otto
Dill, Sir John (Chief of Im-perial General Staff) , ,, , , ; BritishJoint Staff Mission Head inWashington ; and cru-sader ; replacement of–; and Rome bomb-ing plan ; and Sovietsituation , –;torch ; and Tunisia; WSC criticises
Director of Combined Op-erations
Director of Military Intelli-gence ;see also Kennedy, Sir John
Dixon, Sir Owen
Dniepr river ,
domestic politics x–xiDominions (British) ,
, , , ,
see also British Empire;names of individual coun-tries
Donovan, General William B, ,
see also Office of StrategicServices
Dorman-Smith, General SirEric
Dorsetshire (cruiser) ,, ,
Dortmund bombed
Dover , –
Dowding, Hugh Caswall(later st Baron) ,
Downing-street , , dem-onstrations in
Drax, Admiral Sir Reginald
Driberg, Tom
Dugdale, ‘Baffy’
Duke of York (ship) –,
Duke-street, London
Dupuy, Pierre ; tel-egrams of
Düsseldorf bombed ,
Dutch East Indies , ,, , , ; andJapanese invasion , ,, , –
Dutch government , ,, , , ,
Dytchley Park , ,
Eagle (carrier) sunk
Eaker, Ira C ,
Eastern Fleet –, ,–, , ; aircraftcarriers from US needed–
Eden, (Robert) Anthony(later st Earl of Avon)xviii, , , , , ,, , , ;Anglo-Soviet agreementsigned –; appease-ment over Hongkong ;arrives in Algiers ; dis-cusses Beaverbrook withWSC –; cocaine use; critical of AtlanticCharter ; critical ofDill’s replacement ;Darlan controversy ,–, –, , –; rôle in assassination ofDarlan –, , ,; protects de Gaulle, –, –,, –, losing trust in; WSC’s phone callfrom USA ; dislikesFrench ; wants defencecommittee abolished ;disapproves of WSC’s visitto FDR ; and Finland
1029Index
; and Hungary ;Japanese strategy ,, , ; critical ofappeasement –, ,; as Leader of theHouse ; and MiddleEast strategy , , ;Pearl Harbor –; andRomania ; post-warplanning, discussed withSmuts ; with FDR ;pessimistic aboutlightfoot (Alamein) ;and Stalin ; relationswith WSC: tense –,, ; Soviet Union ,, , , , ; aiddiscussed with WSC ,; Soviet Union visit–, , , ,–; Stalin’s demands reBaltic, Finland and Roma-nia , –, –,; troop supply –,, ; WSC’s instruc-tions before departure; as successor to WSC, –, , ,, , ; Thailandsituation , ; USvisit –, , ; de-layed by WSC’s pneumonia; viceroy, proposed as–
Eder Dam (Ruhr valley)
Edinburgh, WSC receivesFreedom of
Edwards, Captain Ralph,
Egypt , , , ,; campaign , ,
see also Cairo; El AlameinEighth Army –, ,
, , –, ,, , ; at El Ala-
mein , , ; atMedenine –; and Ei-senhower ; Montgo-mery as commander-in-chief , ; WSC’s vis-its to ,
Eire government , –
Eisenhower, GeneralDwight D , –,–, , , ,; and Eighth Army ;WSC criticises for Tunisiastrategy , , ,, –; and Darlan, –, , ,, ; agreementsigned with , , ,; and de Gaulle –;failures at Kairouan andKasserine ; huskyconcerns , ; andRome bombing ;torch planning , –, , , –, –; Smuts discusses –;Tunisia retreat possible,
El Alamein , ; Battleof –, –, –, –,
see also lightfootElberfeld (Ruhr valley)
bombing
elections (UK) vii,
Elizabeth, Queen, wife ofHM King George VI ,
Embick, General Stanley
Enderbury (Pacific island)
Engineer’s Way to win the War,An (Barnes Wallis)
enigma , , , ,
, , ; North-Af-rican Intelligence ,–; US not given ac-cess , –,
Eritrea ,
Essen (Ruhr Valley) bombed, , , ,
Esteva, Admiral Jean ,
Estonia –
Euthanasia ,
Evatt, Dr Herbert Vere(Australian foreign minis-ter) ,
Exeter bombed ,
Exeter (cruiser)
exposing self, WSC foiblefor
Fadden, Arthur (Australianprime minister)
Faid (Tunisia)
Far East , , , ;British possessions in ,, ; sacrificed byWSC , –; warwarning issued to
see also names of countriesFar Eastern Fleet
see also Pacific Fleet (US)Faroukh, King of Egypt ,
FBI xiii, , , , ;monitoring Beaverbrook; signals to SIS –
FCNLsee French Committee forNational Liberation
FECB (Far East CombinedBureau) , , ,
Fedahla
Federal Bureau of Investiga-tionsee FBI
Fellers, Colonel Bonner
churchill’s war1030
, ,
Fenard, Vice-AdmiralRaymond A , ,
Fenn, Captain HerbertKeeney (Assistant Directorof Censorship, US)
see also Price, Byron;Herbert, Sir Edwin
Finland, Britain declares waron , –, , ,; Soviet relations ,, , , –,,
First Burma Corps –
fish (code) –, –,, , ,
Flandin, Pierre
Fleet Air Arm
Fliegerführer Afrika
Florida, WSC rests in ,
Flossenbürg (concentrationcamp)
focus Group, The xii, nFoot, Michael
Force ‘K’ ,
Forschungsamt (Nazicodebreaking agency)
Forschungsanstalt derReichspost (Nazi telecom-munications research labo-ratory) –
Foreign Affairs Committee(US Senate)
foreign office ix, xii, xiii; ap-peases Arabs ; andDarlan , –, ,, , , ‘jubilant’ atdeath of ; and deGaulle ; Japanese rela-tions , ; planningfor post-war –;sceptical on reports onJews ; US relations,
see also Eden, Anthonyforgery, art 335Formosa
Fourteenth Naval District(Hawaii)
France , ; bombed byBritish –, –;bombed by Americans; British landing pro-posed , , , ; col-lapse () ; fleet tosail to North Africa –,, , , ; fleetof, and Germany ,scuttled at Toulon ; in-vasion of possible ,–, , –, ,, ; invasion ofSouthern France ; lib-eration of , , ;‘sacrifice’ landing pro-posed ; WSC’s views
see also bolero; sledge-hammer; cross-channel in-vasion; round-up;coastal raids on –,
see also cross-channel inva-sion; Dieppe
Franco, General Francisco, , , , ;reaction to torch ,,
Franco–US relations ,–
Frank, Staatssekretär Karl-Hermann (Prague) ,
Frankfurt bombed
Frankfurter, Justice Felix, ,
Frazer, Peter ,
‘Free French’ forces –,, , , , –
, ; heroism at BirHakeim ; British sup-port for ; Madagascar; and Syria militarycommand
see also de Gaullefree trade –, ,
see also Atlantic Charter;Imperial preference;Lend–Lease
Freeman, Chief-Marshal SirWilfrid , –
French Committee for Na-tional Liberation (FCNL)–, ; de Gaulle de-mands Commissioner post; Roosevelt anger
French fleet , –,, , , ; at Al-exandria , ; atToulon , , ,; Darlan message to
French National Committee, ,
French underground move-ments
French West Africa surren-ders to torch troops –
Friedman, William F –,,
fuel rationing
Fuso Maru (freighter)
Gabcík, Joseph ,
Gafsa: US troops evacuated, ,
Galland, Colonel Adolf
Gandhi, Mahatma MohandasKaramchand , ,; asks British to with-draw from India , ;imprisoned –; hungerstrike –, ,
1031Index
gas chambers not mentionedin intercepts ,
gee (radio navigation-griddevice) , ,
Gazala ,
Geheimschreiber (fish cipherof) , , ,
General Policy Group (USgroup on nuclear research)
‘general statement’ (USA–Japan, before PearlHarbor) , , ,, , ,
Geneva ‘agreement’
Genoa bombed
George VI, HM King , ,, , , , ,, ; and AtlanticCharter , ; congratu-lates WSC and Army onvictory in Middle East; and Darlan ; andde Gaulle ; concernedabout North Africa ,–; to visit allied ar-mies –; dines withWSC and cabinet –;and India , , ;against Eden as viceroy; and Molotov ; andPacific war ; and Singa-pore ; visits Chequers
Georges, General Alphonse, , , , ,, ,
Gerbrandy, Pieter Sjoerds(Dutch prime minister)
germ warfare
Germany, armed forces(Wehrmacht) , , ,
German army: st Panzerdivision , ; Panzer-
gruppen and ;see also Rommel;Kesselring; Stumme;names, and units.
German surrender, ’phonetranscripts on
Germany, anti-Semitism in, ; bombing of –, , –, , ,–, , –;bombing of, scaled down, resumed –, ,–, –, ;tannenberg , –;bombing of Malta, Ger-man ; code machines; and Cyrenaica ,; and the Caucasus ,, , , –, ,; Dieppe raid; antici-pated by ; expects todefeat Britain ; HighCommand (OKW) ,; Iranian relations ;torch a surprise to ;US relations ; war dead; weapons testing –, –
and Japan, commits to waragainst US ; Ribben-trop promises support to; Tripartite Alliancewith
oil supplies ; plans forBritish invasion , ;propaganda broadcasts ;Secret Service , ;sinks US destroyer
and Soviet Union ; inva-sion of , , , , ,, –; retreat fromMoscow , , ;typhoon (Moscow offen-sive) –, –, ,, ; WSC thinks will
fail
see also individual citiesand regions
Gerow, General Leonard T,
Gestapo
Ghormley, Rear-AdmiralRobert L , –, ;on strategy after PearlHarbor ,
Gibraltar , ; Eisen-hower arrives at –;WSC at ; convoy toMalta ; effect of pil-grim ; troop build-upbefore torch ;Sikorski’s death at –,appendix iii
Gibson, Guy –, ,
Gilbert, Sir Martin: WSC’sofficial biographer xii,xiii–xiv, xv, xvii
Giraud, General HenriHonoré , , ,, –, –, ,, , , , ,; agrees to raise Frenchforces , ; assassina-tion plots , , ,, ; and Casablanca; code name kingpin; and de Gaulle –, , –, ; ex-pects ‘supreme command’, –, , ;proposed as Governor ofNorth Africa ; pro-moted after Darlan’s mur-der ; talks with WSC, , ,
Gneisenau (ship) –,–, , –, ,, ,
Godfrey, Admiral Sir John
churchill’s war1032
xiiiGodfroy, Admiral René ,
, –, , ;brings French Fleet toDakar
Goebbels, Dr Joseph ,; exploits Katyn massa-cre , , –
Golikov, Lieutenant-General(later Marshal) Philip I
Göring, ReichsmarschallHermann , , ,
Gort, Lord , , ,; sent to Malta ,, ,
Gott, Lieutenant-General, ; killed –
Government Code & Cy-pher School (GC&CS) ,, ; see also BletchleyPark
Government Communica-tions Headquarters(GCHQ)
‘Grand Alliance’
Grandi, Count Dino
Grant, General UlyssesSimpson
Gray, David (US minister inDublin) –
Greece , , , ,
green hornet telephonescrambler system
Greenwood, Arthur ,,
Grew, Joseph
Grigg, Sir Percy James xviii,, –, –; assecretary for war –,, , ,
Grot-Rowecki, GeneralStefan
Groves, Major-General
Leslie , , , ,; see also manhattan
Gruppe Nord (German NavalGroup North) –
Gubbins, General Colin
Gul Hek (Teheran, summerlegation at)
Gunther, John (writer)
gymnast (invasion ofFrench North-West Africa), , , –,, , , , ,; Combined Chiefs ofStaff discuss , ; has-tening defeat of Italy ;WSC and FDR discuss–,
Hácha, Emil
Hague Convention
Halifax, Lord Edward viii,ix, , –, , , ,, , , , ,, ; Beaverbrook un-dermines ; and Darlan; and FDR–WSC Intel-ligence ; and Japan, , , –,, , ; reports at-tack on Pearl Harbor ;meets FDR –, ,–, ; meets Hull, –, , ,; talks with Welles ;matador –; Polishambassador informs ofJewish extermination
Halifax bombers
Halsey, Edwin M
Hamburg bombed viii, ,, , ,
Hamilton, Rear-Admiral SirLouis (‘Turtle’) , –, ,
Hankey, Sir Maurice –,, –, –, ;
critical of WSC , ,, –,
Hammamet –
Hanover bombed
Hardinge, Sir Alexander
Harriman, W Averell –,, , , , –,; affair with PamelaChurchill –, ,; at Chequers withdaughter Kathleen ,, , –; in Cairo; de Gaulle eliminationdiscussed –; FDR–Stalin meeting discussedwith WSC –
see also Beaverbrook–Harriman supply mission
Harris, Sir Arthur C(‘Butcher,’ ‘Bomber’) ,, , , –,, , –; plansBerlin bombing with WSC, , –; Cologne–, –;Dambusters –, ,, ; Hamburg ;tannenberg –;lunches with WSC ;bombs Paris , –;responds to criticism ,–; bombing of Rome,proposed , , ,–; Rostock
Harrow School, visited byWSC ,
Hart, Admiral Thomas B, , , ,
haruna (code word) ,,
Harvie-Watt, ColonelGeorge , ,
Harvey, Oliver (Eden’s pri-vate secretary) ,
Harwood, Admiral Sir
1033Index
Henry H , , ,–
Hastings, Captain Edward G(SIS station chief in Wash-ington) , , –,, ,
hattori (code word)
Hawaii , ,
see also Pearl HarborHayter, Sir William
heavy water, Canadian sup-plies under exclusive con-tract to USA –
Heeresgruppe Mitte (ArmyGroup Centre)
Heinkel factory bombed
Heisenberg, Werner
Helfrich, Admiral Conrad,
Helpern Captain
Herbert, Sir Edwin ,; warns WSC abouttelephone security
Hermes (aircraft carrier), , , ,
Herring, Squadron-LeaderWilfred
Hess, Rudolf (Deputy Füh-rer) –, , ,
Heydrich, SS Obergruppen-führer Reinhard , ,,
Hill, Kathleen (WSC’s sec-retary) , ,
Hillgarth, Captain Alan
Himmler, SS ReichsführerHeinrich , ,
Hinsley, Professor Sir Frank:official historian
Hirohito, Emperor ,
Hitler, Adolf x, xi–xii, xv,xvi, , ; anti-Semitism ; and Britainxiv–xv; offers peace viii,xv, , ; briefed on
Japanese–US breakdown; Intelligence on Italystrategy ; MemorialDay () speech: revealscasualty figures ; mili-tary strategy xiv; in Mid-dle East ; and invasionof Soviet Union , ;spring () offensive; summer () offen-sive ; and USA –;Munich meeting withCiano and Laval –;naval strategy xiv, –,; pact with Stalin ,–, ; and use of poi-son gas ; urges Franceto declare war on Allies; exhorts Rommel tofight on at Alamein ,, ; speech againstWSC ; unaware of Pa-cific crisis
Hoare, Sam (Sir Samuel, stViscount Templewood) xii,, , ,
Holland, Captain Cedric
Home Front ,
Hongkong , , ,, ; winds messagepicked up at –; at-tacked by Japan , ,, ; defeated ,; Japanese atrocities, ; New Territorieslease –
Hoover, J Edgar (director ofFBI) , ,
Hopkins, Harry L xiii, , ,, , , , , , ,; and de Gaulle –;engagement ; illness, ; Japanese strategy, , , , ; re-
port on Pearl Harbor ;tube alloys , ,, ; and WSC ,, –, –
Hore-Belisha, Leslie Hornbeck, Dr Stanley K
Höss, SS SturmbannführerRudolf (Auschwitz) ,
House of Commonssee Parliament
House of Representatives(US)
see also Congress (US)Howe, C D (Canadian min-
ister of munitions) ,
Hughes, Major-GeneralEverett S ,
Hull, Cordell (US secretaryof state) , , , ,; and de Gaulle ,; and death of Darlan; Japanese strategy ,, , , , ;expects attack , ;response to final proposals, –, –, ,, , , , ,; blames British forfailure , , , ,; British discussions–, –; seesKurusu ; uneasy abouttorch plans , ,; Vichy supporter ,–, ,
‘human torpedoes’ ,–,
Hungary , British decla-ration of war , ,,
Huntziger, General Charlesassassinated
churchill’s war1034
Hurley, Patrick
husky (invasion of Sicily)–, , , ,–, , , ,–, –, delay, ; Eisenhower hasmisgivings , ;Macmillan informs deGaulle ; WSC on ,
Hyde, H Montgomery –
Hyde Park (FDR’s countryresidence) , , ,
hydra (German naval cy-pher)
Ibn Saud, King
Iceland , , , –,, ; North Russianconvoys –
Ickes, Harold F , ,,
Illustrious (warship)
Imperial preference , ,, , , , –,,
see also Atlantic Charter;free trade; Lend–Lease
imperator
India –, , ,; Cripps mission to–, , –, ;Defence Council –;Dominion status for ,–, ; disturbancesin –, , –,; ‘draft declaration’, –, ; Gandhiarrested –; hungerstrike –, –; inde-pendence discussions –, –, , –;internees –; Nehru
; Japanese attack possi-ble , , , ;
sterling balances –
see also Amery, LeoIndia Committee , ,
,
India Office ; anti-Zion-ist
Indian Council
‘Indian National Army’ sup-ports Japanese
Indian Ocean , , ,
Indo-China –, ; at-tack on China from ;Japanese invasion convoys; Japanese occupationof , , , –, ,; Japanese withdrawalif oil supplies restored–, –, –
Indomitable , –,
Indonesiasee Dutch East Indies
Inönü, Ismet (Turkish presi-dent)
Intelligence exchange with:Soviet Union , –,–, , ; USA–; –; ,
see also enigma; magics;purple; ultra
Intelligence gathering: aboutGermany , , , , –, –, , –,–; about Italy ;
about Japan , –,–, , , ,; war to begin –,–; winds–executemessage –; about US; combined Intelligence, –
see also codebreaking; cy-phers; names of individual
codes and machinesInternational Red Cross to
investigate Katyn massacre, ,
invasion of Britain, German,viii, x, xv, , ,
Iran, invasion of , , –, –, , , , ,, ,
Iraq
Irish Republican Army(IRA)
ironclad (Madagascar sei-zure) , –, –
Irving, David xvi; appendixiii.
islands seizure, Canadian–, , , ,–
Ismay, General Hastings(‘Pug’) (Chief of Staff) ,, , , , , ,, , , , ,, , ; visits Casa-blanca ; defence co-or-dination , , –;describes WSC , ;Dieppe raid planning ,–; round-up 393;Tunisia 672–3
Italy: agents burgle US em-bassy in Rome ; bomb-ing of , ; bombsMalta ; and Cyrenaica; government commitsto war against USA ;declares war on USA ;invasion of , , ,, , , , ,; oil tankers supplyingRommel ; peace moves–; WSC hopes to‘knock out of war’ ,, , , ,
see also husky; Sardinia;
1035Index
Sicily
Jacob, Colonel Ian , –,, , , –,, , –; and Sta-lin
Jan Mayen island ,
Japan , , , , , ,, ; army of ;press –; assets frozenin US and Britain ; Brit-ish archive files on incom-plete –, , ,, ,
British government’s fileson ; doctored –;China, war with , ,; cyphers , , ,–, –; eco-nomic sanctions , ,, , , –, , ,; oil embargo as key toJapan entering war ,, –, ; em-bargo relaxation proposedin US deal –, –;embassy and Intelligencestaff , , ; finalresponse to USA –;shipbuilding ; Ger-many and ;military strategy: plan tomove south , , ;protest at WSC’s
Mansion House speech–, ; and SovietUnion , , , ;possible US pre-emptivestrike against –, –, ; and Thailand ;Vichy relations ; US re-lations , , –, de-teriorating ; WSChopes for Japan–US war–; war imminent
, –, , –, , ; declareswar on Britain and US–, ,
invasion convoys sightedoff Malaya –; FDR’sresponse –; WSCthinks should attack –,
fleet , , , ,–, ; attacksCeylon –; Coral Seabattle –
intercepts No. ,
(i.e., BJ/) reproduced; Coral Sea Battle in-formation
see also purplesJava , , , ,
see also Dutch East IndiesJeckeln, SS Gruppenführer
Friedrich
Jerome, Jenny Jacobsen(mother of WSC) xii
jet engine testing
Jewell, N L A
Jewish Agency , , ,, ,
Jews, treatment of: internedin Britain ; murderedin Germany and SovietUnion , , , –,, ; Judenaktion
see also concentrationcamps; focus; Weizmann,ChaimJewish Fighting Force(Jewish Army) , , ,, , , ,
JN (Japanese naval cy-pher) , –, –, ,
Johnson, Colonel Louis A–
Johnson, Paul (journalist)
xv–xviJohore (Malaya) , ,
Joint Chiefs of Staff (US), , ; agree toRome bombing –
Joint Declaration on theUnited Nations
Joint Intelligence Commit-tee , , , ,, ,
Joint Staff Mission, British,in Washington
see also Dill, Sir JohnJones, Dr Reginald V
jubilee (Dieppe raid) –, , disaster –,–
Judenaktion ; see alsoJews
Juin, General Alphonse ,, ,
jupiter (Northern Norway,invasion) –, ;WSC cools on idea
Kairouan
Kamieniets-Podolsk(Ukraine) ,
Kasserine Gap disaster –, ,
Katyn massacre –,, ,
Kelly-Rogers, Captain J C
Kennedy, Major-General SirJohn , –,
Kennedy, Joseph P (US am-bassador) xi,
Kent, Tyler Gatewood (US‘traitor’) ,
Kenya
Kesselring, Field-MarshalAlbert , , , ;his cypher messages to
churchill’s war1036
Berlin read
Kessler, General Ulrich
Keyes, Sir Roger (Admiralof the Fleet) –; replacedby Mountbatten, –,
Kidney Ridge taken byMontgomery ,
Kiev
Kimmel, Admiral HusbandE –,
King, Admiral Ernest S ,, hostile to gymnast,
King, Cecil (journalist) ,, , , , , –; Britain told US of Japa-nese attack in advance
King, William Lyon Mac-kenziesee Mackenzie King,William Lyon
King-Hall, CommanderStephen
kingpin (code name forGiraud)
knight’s move (attack onconvoy PQ) –
Knox, Colonel Frank –, , , ; sup-ports gymnast
Klimecki, General Tadeusz
Kluge, Field-Marshal Hans-Günther von
Kobilisi nKonoye, Prince Fumimaro
, FDR refuses to meet
Koo, Dr Wellington (Chi-nese ambassador)
Kra Isthmus (Thailand) ,, , –, , ,, , , , ;Japanese invade ;
matador , ,
Krüger, SS Obergruppen-führer Friedrich-Wilhelm
Krupp armaments factory,
Kuantan ,
Kubis, Jan ,
Kuibyshev (Russia) ,
Kulaks liquidated ,
Kummersdorf (missile prov-ing ground)
Kursk, German attack (cita-del) , , ,
Kurusu, Saburo (Japaneseemissary) , , ,,
Labour Party viii, , ,
Lake Trasimine
Lambe, Admiral Sir Charles–
Lampson, Sir Miles (ambas-sador in Cairo) , –, ,
Lancaster bombers ,,
landing craft shortage ,, , , , ,
Laski, Professor Harold
Latvia
Laval, Pierre (French primeminister) , , ,; meets Hitler
Lavendon Manor
Layton, Elizabeth (stenogra-pher to WSC) , –,, , , , ,, , , , ,, , ,
Layton, Sir Geoffrey (Com-mander, China Station)
Leach, Captain John
League of Nations ; WSCsuggests reviving –
Leahy, Admiral William Dix, , , , ,, ; supportive ofDarlan –; proposes‘elimination’ of de Gaulle
Leáky (French village) nLeathers, Lord ,
Lebedeva, Natalya –
Lee, Brigadier Raymond E, , –, ,
Leeds, WSC visits
Léger, Alexis –
Lehmann, Herbert H
Lembergsee Lvov
Lemnitzer, General Lyman
Lend–Lease agreement ,, , , , ,, , , , ;Article VII , , –; signed
Leningrad , ; Germanarmy near
Levant, The , , ,, , ,
Libya , , , , ,, , , –,; Rommel’s retreatfrom ,
Lidice (Czech village) ,,
Life magazine ,
lifebelt (Azores seizure),
lightfoot (initial Alameinoffensive) –, –,–, –, –,
see also El AlameinLindbergh, Charles
1037Index
Lindemann, ProfessorFriedrich (Frederick) Asee Cherwell, Lord
Lingayen Gulf (Philippines)
Linlithgow, Lord –,, , , , ,; criticises WSC’s airstrategy ; differs withCripps ,
Lippmann, Walter ,
Lithuania –
Little, Sir Charles ‘Tiny’, –, ,
Litvinov, Maxim –
Liverpool
Llewellin, John
Lloyd George, David , ,–,
London bombed , ,,
see also BlitzLondonderry, US engineers
build bases ; racial dis-turbances
Long Stop, Battle of –
Lopez de Mesa, Dr
Lorient bombed –
Lothian, Lord Lübeck bombed ,
Luce, Claire Booth
Luce, Henry ,
Luftwaffe , , ,, , , ,
Lukács, John (writer) xviLumley, Sir Roger (Gover-
nor of Bombay) ,
Lumumba, Patrice nLützow (destroyer)
Lvov area disputed ,
Lyneham
Lyster, Rear-Admiral A LLyttelton, Captain Oliver
(st Viscount Chandos) –, , , , , ,
; and cabinet reshuffle; replaces Beaverbrookas minister of war produc-tion ; replaced as min-ister resident in Cairo–; possible viceroy; views on British debt
MacArthur, General Doug-las , , , –
Macdonald, Malcolm
Mack, W H B , ,, , ,
Mackenzie King, WilliamLyon , , , , –,, , , , , ,; eccentricity and oc-cult beliefs of –, ;meets WSC at the WhiteHouse –, –,–, ; tube alloys–
Macmillan, Harold ,, , , ; atCasablanca , ;meets de Gaulle , ,–; informs of husky
Macy, Louise (m. HarryHopkins) ,
Madagascar –, ,, , ; Japanurged to seize ; ashome for Jews ; WSCorders invasion
magic (US intercepts ofpurple) , , , ,, , , , –,, ; German inter-cepts , ; interceptsin public domain ,, ; Japanese inter-cepts , , , ,, ; Oshima to
Ribbentrop ; US–Japandeal close ; war immi-nent , , –,–, , ; Stalingiven hint about by WSC
magnet (US troops toNorthern Ireland) ,
mail seized by Soviets
Maisky, Ivan (Soviet ambas-sador) , , –, , ,–, –, , ,; informed of torch, ; Katyn massacre, ; PQ disasterdiscussed ; recalled toMoscow () , ;Stalin to meet WSC ,; WSC discusses Turkeyand proposes invasion ofBalkans –
Majdanek (concentrationcamp)
Malay Peninsula , ,, Indian troops sent to
Malaya , , , ,; Japanese threat ,, , , ; attack, , , ; Japa-nese invasion convoys near; Penang ; rein-forcements , –,; Thai border at Kra re-inforced ,
Malta , , –, –, , , ; convoys, , , , ,
Manchester (cruiser) sunk
manhattan engineeringproject (US atomic bombproject) –, ,
churchill’s war1038
see also atomic bomb re-search, Groves, Leslie;tube alloys
Manila ,
Mannerheim, MarshalGustav
Mannheim bombed ,
Mansion House luncheon–
see also speeches by WSCManstein (genannt Lewin-
ski), Field-Marshal Erichvon ,
Mareth line –, ;Montgomery takes
Margesson, Captain David(secretary of state for war), , , , ,, –
marijuana, and Black UStroops
Maritza (oil tanker) –
Marshall, Dr Geoffrey
Marshall, General George C, , , , , ,, ; in Algiers withWSC –, , ,, , , , ;Casablanca ; gymnast; husky 743; Japanesestrategy , , ,, ; Middle Eaststrategy –; post-waroptions considered ;Rome bombing plans –; round-up –,–; telephone security; anger at WSC overlapses –; disapprovesof torch ,
Martin, John , –, ,, , , , ,, , , ; and‘Darlan’ message ; fobsoff Weizmann
‘Martin, Major William’–, , ,
see also mincemeatMason-Macfarlane, Lieuten-
ant-General Sir Noël ,, , ; ‘disposal’of Darlan , , ;reports death of Sikorski–, ; WSC visits
Mast, General Charles –
matador (pre-emptive Brit-ish move into Thailand)–, , –, ,, , , ;Brooke-Popham has au-thority for
Matthews, H Freeman(‘Doc’)
maud committee –,
see also atomic researchMauthausen (concentration
camp) nMayfield, Captain Irving HMcCormack, Colonel Alfred
McNaughton, GeneralAndrew ,
meacon gear
Medenine –
media manipulation xv, ,–,
see also censorshipMediterranean, British
losses in –, –,; Allied strategy in re-gion discussed –
Medjez el Bab –
Mehdia
Melbourne
Menzies, Robert , , ,, , , ; critical ofBrooke-Popham
Menzies, Brigadier Stewartsee ‘C’
Merkulov, Vesvold guilty ofKatyn massacre
Mersa Matruh
Mers el-Kébir , ,, , , , ,; and French fleet
Messerschmitt- jets
Mikolajczyk, Stanislaw ,, –
Middle East , –, ,, ;see also Levant, Theair cover deficient –;and Atlantic Charter ;battleaxe ; British Intel-ligence compromised–; German retreatfrom Tobruk 243; inter-cepts –, –; Iraninvasion –, ; andpilgrim ; Polish troopsto be used ; troop mo-rale low –; US sup-port needed , ,; victory for Montgo-mery , –
see also Auchinleck; cru-sader; El Alamein; Libya;lightfoot; pugilist;Rommel, Erwin; Tobruk;torch
Midway, Battle of , ,–, ,
Middle East conference pro-posed by FDR
Midlands ,
Miles, Major-GeneralSherman
Military Intelligencesee ‘C;‘ codebreaking; In-telligence gathering;Kennedy, Sir John
mincemeat –, ,
1039Index
,
minelaying in Channel
ministry of economic war-fare –
ministry of informationsee Bracken, Brendan
Minsk
Miquelon (island) –
Miyako (newspaper) –
missile testing by Germany–, –
modus vivendi proposals ,, , , , ,
Möhne Dam bombed
Moisiewitch, Benno
Molotov, Vyacheslav , ,, –, –, ,, ; in London –; meets WSC in Moscow, –; visits US–; sees FDR ,
Mombasa (Kenya), Japanesecyphers burned at
Monnet, Jean
Montgomery, Lieutenant-General Sir Bernard –, , , ; com-mands Eighth Army ,, ; lightfoot plan–, , –, –, –, –; vic-tory –; meets WSC inTripoli ; promotion; pugilist assault onMareth line successful
Moran, Lord (WSC’s doc-tor) , , , ,–, , , ,; in Cairo with WSC; diaries of xiii–xiv
Moravec, Frantiek
Morgenthau, Henry R (Jr.), , , , –,, , ; discusses
post-war economics withWSC
Morocco , , ,
Morrison, Herbert (homesecretary) , –,, ,
Morton, Major Desmond, , , , ,, ; and Generald’Astier ; and deGaulle , –,
Moscow , , ,, , ; Germanspring offensive against, , , , ,; weather hinders Ger-man advance , ,, ; Panzergruppen and retreat ; WSC’svisit –
see also typhoon‘Moses Smith’ (code name
for WSC)
Moslems , , ,
Mountbatten, Lord Louis, –, , ,, , , , ;appointed to chiefs of staff
committee ; corre-spondence with FDR ;Dieppe raid , ,, –, , –,–; planning criticisedby Brooke –; Sarkraid prisoners tied andshot –
Moyne, Lord , , ,; tactless about Jewsand Madagascar –
‘Mr. Bullfinch’ (code namefor WSC)
‘Muh’ (code name forSchulze, Hans-Peter) –
mulberry harbours –
Munich , ,
‘Munich Mouser’ (Down-ing-street cat) –
Murphy, Robert D ,, , ; briefs Ei-senhower on Vichy –;in communication withDarlan –, , ;alleged SIS contract on; and Darlan assassina-tion , , , ;and Giraud –; andtorch planning –
Murrow, Ed (CBS journal-ist) , ,
Muselier, Admiral E H D–, –, –,
Muslims , , ,
Mussolini, Benito , ,, , , ; de-clares war on US ;moves HQ from Rome; Harris proposesbombing raid on home.
Mutual Aid Agreementsee Lend–Lease
Nagumo, Admiral Chuichi, ,
Nankin (British steamer)–
Narvik
National Defense ResearchCommittee (US)
Naval Intelligence Division,
naval strategy, British xviii,, ; Force K destroysItalian convoys ; Medi-terranean losses –,, ; in Pacific ,–, ; US , ;Pacific fleet depleted
churchill’s war1040
Nave, Commander Eric,
Negro troops and race fric-tion –
Nehru, Pandit , ,
Nelson (battleship) sunk
Neptune (naval arsenal atRostock) destroyed
Netherlands , ,
Neutrality Act (US)
New Guinea ,
New Statesman, The –
New York Herald-Tribune, The,
New York Times, The ,
New Zealand , , ,, ; troops in MiddleEast ,
nepotism (WSC’s) –,
Niederhagen (concentrationcamp)
Nincic, Dr (Yugoslavian for-eign minister) –
Niven, David –
NKVD (Soviet Secret Po-lice) , , ,
Noguès, General Auguste, , , , ,, , ; proposed‘disposal’ of
nomenclature, points of–
Nomura, Kichisaburo –,, , , , ,, , ; meets FDR; presents final propos-als –, –,
Norman, Montagu (Gover-nor of Bank of England),
Norsk Hydro (hydro-elec-tric plant) sabotaged –,
North Africa invasion ,–; gymnast , ,,
see torchNorth Cape (Norway) sei-
zure planned , –,
see also ajax, ironclad,jupiter, Norway
North Russian convoyssee PQ Convoys
Northern Ireland , ,, ; magnet ,; US bases established, , , ; racialdisturbances in London-derry
Northern Midlands tour byWSC and Evatt
Northolt (RAF base) Norway , , , , ,
, , , ; attack(ajax) proposed by WSC, –, –; iron-clad ; North Cape sei-zure planned (jupiter)–
Norwich, Lordsee Cooper, (Alfred) Duff
Norwich bombed ,
Noyes, Admiral Leigh –,
nuclear research co-opera-tion halted , –
see also tube alloysnudity, WSC
see Churchill, nudity habitNuremberg bombed
Nye, Lieutenant-General SirArchibald –, ,, ,
Office of Censorship (US), ,
Office of Scientific Research
and Development (OSRD)
see also Bush, Dr VannevarOffice of Strategic Services
(OSS) x–xi,
see also Donovan, BillOhnesorge, Wilhelm (minis-
ter of posts, Germany),
oil supplies ; British ,; German , ;Japanese , ; with-drawal from Indo-China ifembargo lifted –,, –
oilfields: Baku –, , ,, –, , , ;Iranian , , ; PersianGulf , Ploesti
O’Malley, Sir Owen ;report on Katyn ,
Op––G (US code-breaking unit)
opeps (scrambler telephonelink)
Oran , , , ,, , , ; torchlandings , ,
oratory of WSC , ,
see also radio broadcasts;speeches
Orbay, Rauf (Turkish ambas-sador) ,
Osborne, d’Arcy , ,
Oshima, General Hiroshi–; contacts Ciano; Ribbentrop informs–, , , ,; plans to meet Hitler
Ottawa Agreement ,
Pacific air forces ,
1041Index
Pacific Fleet (US) , ,, , ,
Pacific War Council ,–, , , ; andironclad –
Pacific Front, The (WSCmemorandum)
Pacific region (generally), , ,
see also names of specificcountries
Page, Sir Earle , ,,
Paget, General Sir Bernard,
Palestine , , –;Jewish immigration andsettlement , –, ,, –, ,
see also White Paper()
Panama Canal
Pantelleria
Panzergruppe Afrika ,, ; Panzergruppen and retreat
Papen, Franz von
Paris, Compte de
Paris, Renault factory at,bombed –, –
Parkinson, Sir John (cardi-ologist)
Parsons, Geoffrey
Pas de Calais, missile launchsites , –
‘Passy’ (André Dewavrin); accused of torture, , ; threatensGiraud assassination
Pathfinder Force (No. Group) , ,
Patton, General George S(Jr.) , ; in Casa-blanca , ; andtorch ,
Pazyc (Poland)
Peake, Charles ,
Pearl Harbor , , ,; US losses , ;archive material , ,, bombing –, ;true scale of, withheldfrom UK –, ; In-telligence , ; Brit-ain’s prior warning viawinds–execute message
Parliament –, , ;Casablanca report ;critical of Darlan situation; loss of Singapore–, , ; death ofSikorski –; Dieppedisaster ; discontentwith WSC , , ,–; cabinet reshuffle; speeches of WSC to–, , , , ;on conscription of women; on India , ; onthe Middle East –,, ; on loss of Princeof Wales and Repulse –, ; on Singapore, , –
Peace Conference , ,
pedestal (Malta convoys), ,
Peenemünde (missile pro-duction site) –, ,
Peirse, Air Chief Marshal Ri-chard ,
Penang (Malaya) invaded
Percival, Lieutenant-Gen-eral Sir Arthur , ,,
Persian Gulf
Pétain, Marshal HenriPhilippe ix, , –,, ; assassinationplotted , ; in Mo-rocco ; and torch, ; disowns Clark–Darlan agreement
Peter, King of Yugoslavia–
Peyrouton, Marcel
Phibunsongkhram, Luangsee Songgram, GeneralPibul
Philippines, The , ,; US heavy bombersstationed in , –, ,–, –, ; Japa-nese embassy destroys cy-pher machines ; FDRand Hull expect attack on; Japanese invade ,; Manila attacked ,
Phillips, Rear-Admiral Tom, –, , ,, , ; WSC’s tele-gram ; sails to inter-cept Japanese convoys, , sunk ; and
Phillips, Hon. William –
phosphorus incendiarybombs
Pibul, Generalsee Songgram, GeneralPibul
pilgrim (plan to seize Ca-nary Islands) ,
Pius XII, His Holiness Pope, ,
Placentia Bay, Atlantic Con-ference at , , , ,, , , ,
see also rivieraPleven, René , , ;
churchill’s war1042
representing de Gaulle,
Ploesti (Romania)
poison gas, Hitler to use, , ; WSC to use,
Poland x; Anglo–Polishtreaty () –; Jewishghettos liquidated ; re-lations with Soviet Union, , , , –;border dispute , –, , ; and Katynmassacre –
see also Sikorski,Wladyslaw; Mikolajczyk,Stanislaw
Polish secret army
Polish government-in-exile, , –; recognisedby Vatican –,
political testament (of WSC)
Political Warfare Executive(PWE) , –
Ponting, Clive (author) xiPope Pius XII , ,
population transfers
Port Moresby (New Guinea)–
Portal, Air Chief MarshalCharles (‘Peter’), Chief ofAir Staff , , , ,–, , , ;WSC’s ‘toady’ ; andaircraft losses –, ;and Berlin bombing ,–; Middle East secu-rity
Portugal , ; lifebelt–,
post-war arrangements,possibilities discussed ,, , –, –,–; FDR’s view –
, , , –, ;German viewpoint ;WSC lacks interest viii,,
Postal & Telegraph Censor-ship Department
see also censorship;Herbert, Sir Edwin
Pound, Admiral Sir AlfredDudley (First Sea Lord) xi,, , , , , ,, , , , ;bombing strategy disap-proved of ; cancer de-veloping ; Germanfleet withdrawal throughChannel (February ); and codebreakingequipment ; concernedat Darlan’s death ; con-voys disaster –, ,; and Japan , ,, , –, ,, , ; receiveswar warnings ; in-forms WSC on PearlHarbor ; sinking ofPrince of Wales and Repulse–; and jupiter ;Mediterranean naval losses; torch planning ;and whipcord –
see also PQ Convoyspower shortages
Pownall, Sir Henry (Vice-CIGS) , , , , –, , ; sent out toSingapore
PQ convoys , , –, , , –, –, , –, –,; more promised toStalin , , , ;Tovey against continuationof , , –;
PQ , ; attacked, –, , –;scatter order ; Stalin’sanger –, ; PQ18, –, ; Sovietmaltreatment of Alliedsailors
Pravda ,
President of the Board ofTrade (Lyttelton)
press, British , ;briefed on shipping crisisby WSC ;critical: of WSC and gov-ernment , , ,, , –, ; ofBerlin bombing ; ofweakness in Singapore, , –; andcrusader news , ;D-notices to ; onDarlan , ; Japan; Kursk news ; dis-cusses WSC’s pneumonia; and Sikorski ;Tobruk disaster ; warbriefing –; warned notto criticise –
see also Beaverbrook,Lord; censorship;Camrose, Lord; King,Cecil; media manipulation;names of individual news-papers
press manipulation ,
see also censorship; D-no-tices; media manipulation
Price, Byron ,
prime/potus (prime minis-ter – president) secretmessages ,
Prinz Eugen (cruiser) –
Prince of Wales (battleship)–, , , , , ,, ; sails to
1043Index
Capetown , , ,; to Singapore ,, –, , ,; sallies forth to inter-cept Japanese convoys, , is sunk ,
prisoners-of-war , ,, , , , ,, ; extermination of; missing Poles massa-cred in Katyn –,; shackling reprisals–, ,
Procida (oil tanker) –
production , ,
project x (telephonescrambler)
propaganda ; anti-Japa-nese –; German see also media manipula-tion
proposals ‘A’ and ‘B’ (US–Japanese) –, –
public opinion, British ,, , ; anti-Jewishundercurrents ; bomb-ing Germany supported, –; critical ofgovernment , ;critical of WSC , ,, ; and de Gaulle-Darlan situation –,; ‘duped’ over Katynmassacre ; morale low; Nazi Germany hated; satisfied with US en-try into war ; Vichy re-gime disliked ; WSC’slacks concern for
pugilist (assault on Marethline)
puma ,
purple (Japanese diplo-matic cypher) , , ,, , , , ,
; situation revealed by, , , –,–, , , ;‘weather reports’ (codedmessages) ,
see also windsputsch planned (Algiers) ,
Qattara Depression –
Quayle, Major Anthony
Québec Agreement ()
Queen Elizabeth (battleship), , , ,
Queen Elizabeth (Cunardliner) –
Queen Mary (Cunard liner)–; carries WSC to US, –
racial problems in UK –
Rackiewicz, Wladyslaw(President of Poland)
Raczynski, Count Edward, –, , ,, ,
radar equipment , ,; centimetric radar; gee, , , ;HS panoramic radar ,; oboe ,
radio broadcasts, not actu-ally broadcast by WSCxvi–xvii; of WSC , ,, , –; crusadernews ; ‘Fireside chats’by FDR ;propaganda: British ,–; German ; Germaninvasion of Soviet Union–; news of Pearl Harbor, ; post-war pro-posals –; Singapore
loss –
radio navigation systems
radio-telephone link, WSC –FDR
Raeder, Grand-AdmiralErich
Rainsborough, Thomas (al-leged pseudonym ofMichael Foot)
Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti
Ralston, Colonel James (Ca-nadian defence minister),
Ramilles (battleship) ,
Ramsay, Vice-AdmiralBertram H , , ,, –
Ranger (US Carrier)
Rangoon (Burma) ,
rasher (German cypher)
rationing ,
reinforcements for Far East, –, –, –
Renault factory, Paris
Repulse (battle cruiser) ,, , , , ,, ; sallies forth tointercept Japanese convoys, , sunk ,
Resolution (battleship)
Retinger, Dr Joseph –,
retribution
Reuben James (US destroyersunk by Germans)
Revenge (battleship)
Reynaud, Paul (Frenchprime minister) , ,
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, , , , ,–; Ribbentrop–Molo-
churchill’s war1044
tov agreement Riegner, Gerhart ,
Ritchie, Major-General Neil, , ,
riviera (Atlantic Confer-ence) –, , ,,–, , , ,
Roberts, Andrew (writer)xiv
Roberts, P Q nRomania, , –, ,
, ; British declara-tion of war possible ,, , , ; Jewsin –; Ploesti oilfields
Rome, bombing of –,, , , –
Romer, Tadeusz (succeedsRaczynski)
Rommel, Field-MarshalErwin (‘Desert Fox’) ,, , , , ,–, –; AfrikaKorps , , ; attack onsouthern British line ;assassination attempts ;battleaxe 6; exhausted–; lightfoot –,–; retreats ; re-sists strongly ;Panzerarmee Afrika –,, –, –; sup-ply problems , , ,, –, –,Tobruk triumph ; ,, ; desperate ;Tunisia campaign –;see also crusader; El Ala-mein; Middle East
Roosevelt, Eleanor (wife ofFDR) , , , ;stay at Buckingham Palace; stay at Chequers, un-happy –
Roosevelt, Elliott (son ofFDR) ,
Roosevelt, Franklin Delanox, –, ; wheelchairuser , ; anti-BritishEmpire –, –; andDarlan , , , ,, shocked by Darlan’sdeath ; Eden meeting; and de Gaulle ,, –, –, ;evasive , –; ‘Fire-side Chats’ (radio broad-casts) ; Giraud meetingsuccessful ; gymnast; and India –,–; Japanese strategy, , , , –, ,–, , , ,; promises Britain‘armed support’ ;communications file stillincomplete , ; un-published correspondencewith WSC via secret link; ‘telephone jobs’ ;Congress approves decla-ration of war ; expectsJapanese to invade SovietUnion –; expects warwith Japan , , ;Indo-China troop build-upquestioned –; issueswar warnings to Pacificoutposts –, ;meets Nomura ; re-ceives final response fromJapanese government–; Ten Points (pro-posal to Japan) ; ‘thindiet’ telegram received; and winds–executebroadcast ; allegedJewish influence on ,; and North-West Africa
; nuclear researchstalemate apparently re-solved , ; and Po-land ; and post-warconsiderations –; re-lations with Cordell Hull; supports Western Eu-rope invasion plan
see also sledgehammerand Soviet Union: opposedto territorial claims of; Stalin’s telegram dis-cussed ; telephone cen-sorship –;and Vichy regime ;and WSC: communicationswith xii–xiii, xv, , ,, ; crusader letter–, ; matador tel-egram ; off-recordtalks ; secret commu-nications with WSC ,–, , , –;Stalin meeting planned–; Thailand telegram, ; friendship with, , , , ,; meetings with –,, , , –; NorthAfrica meeting proposed
see also visits to USA byWSC; White House
Roosevelt, James (son ofFDR)
Roper, Miss (masseuse) ,, ,
Rosen, Lieutenant L –
Roskill, Captain Stephen
Rostock bombed
Rostov
Rotterdam bombed ,
Rouen bombed
1045Index
Rougier, Louis ix,
round-up (cross-Channelinvasion) , –, ,, –, , ,, , , , ,; FDR insistent on; WSC has little enthu-siasm for –
Royal Air Force ,
see also Bomber CommandRoyal Australian Air Force
(RAAF)
Royal Institute of Interna-tional Affairs, biased publi-cations
Royal Navy losses see NavalStrategy (British)
Royal Sovereign (battleship),
rubber supplies ,
Ruhr Valley bombed
, , –, ;dams bombed by ‘Dam-busters’ in Chastise 765–6, 788, 807
Rumbold, Sir Algernon
Ryder, Major-GeneralCharles S
Sachsenhausen (concentra-tion camp) –,
‘sacrifice’ landing operationproposed in Europe –
Safford, CommanderLaurance F
Safi
Saint-Nazaire dry dock de-stroyed –
Saint-Pierre (island) –,
Salazar, Dr Antonio deOliveira , , , ,
Salisbury, Lord (‘Bobbety’),
Sandys, Diana (née Church-ill)
Sandys, Duncan (WSC’sson-in-law) , , ,, ; investigates Ger-man missiles threat ,, , ,
Sanson, Captain –
Sardinia possible invasion of, , , , ,
see also mincemeatSargent, Sir Orme (‘Moley’)
Sark (Channel Islands) –
Sawyers, Frank (WSC’svalet) , , ,
Sayre, Francis B
Scapa Flow ,
Scharnhorst (battleship)–, –, , –, , , , ,
Scientific Advisory Commit-tee
Schulze, Hans-Peter (agent‘Muh’) –
scorpion (Army–Luftwaffecypher)
Scotland ,
sea lion as grand deceptionxiv–xv,
Sebastopol captured
Second Front , ,, –, , ,, , , , ,; Beaverbrook supports; Roosevelt supports, , , ; Stalindemands , ,
, , , ; Stalinand WSC to discuss ,, ; WSC not keen
Secret Information Centre
–
Secret Intelligence Service(SIS) xiii, ; , ,, ; alleged assassina-tion ring in Algiers –;contact with French un-derground organisations; German police sec-tion –; information onJewish situation –,
see also ‘C;’ Stephenson,Sir William; GCHQ; SOE
Secret Sessions (House ofCommons) , , ,, –, ; aboutAnglo-French relations–; about US securityleak –
security lapses by WSC –, –
Selborne, Earl of, and SOE, ,
Seraph (warship)
sex offences by Black UStroops –
Shanghai
Sheffield, WSC visits facto-ries ,
shark (German U-boat cy-pher) broken , –
Shah of Iran, WSC luncheswith –
Shaposhnikov, Marshal B MShelley, Norman (‘Dennis
the Dachshund’) xvi–xviiShigemitsu, Mamoru ,
Shinwell, Emanuel
shipping losses , , ,, , –, ,, –
see also Mediterranean:British losses; PQ convoys,names of ships
churchill’s war1046
Short, General Walter C
‘Short Snorters’ , n,
Siam, Gulf of
see also ThailandSicily , –, ; Al-
lied invasion possible ,, , , , –, , ; German airunits reinforced
Sidi Omar
Sidi Resegh ,
Signals Intelligence Service(SIS) US
Sikorska, Helena ,
Sikorski, General Wladyslaw, , , , –,–, , ; FDRsupportive on border issue; and Katyn massacre–, ; pleads forbombing of ‘certain tar-gets’ ; WSC suggestsconcessions to Stalin ;death in plane crash –, appendix iii
silver a and b
Silverman, Sydney (MP)
Sinclair, Sir Archibald , ,, , , , ,; supports Cherwellbombing strategy ,; troops to Soviet Un-ion ; and death ofSikorski
Singapore , , , ,, , , , ;Duff Cooper appointedresident cabinet ministerfor Far East ; Japanesethreat , , , ,, , , , ,, , , , ,, ; Japanese nation-als evacuated ; Japa-
nese destroy cypher ma-chines ; Kra Isthmusinvasion , ; mata-dor as defensive move; Japanese invasionconvoys sighted off Malaya–; British troops lackstrength and training ,, , –, –;attack , , , –; lost , , ,
Singleton, Mr Justice ,–,
Singora (Songhkla) ,, ,
Sinkov, Lieutenant-CaptainAbraham ,
Skoda arms factory bombed
sledgehammer (Cherbourginvasion) –, , ,, –, , ; notready for –
Slessor, Air Vice-MarshalJohn
Slim, Field-Marshal (laterst Viscount) WilliamJoseph
Slonim
Smolensk
Smuts, General Jan Chris-tian xvi, , , , ,, , , –;warns of Japanese threat; meets WSCat Cairo, ; critical of navalstrategy ; and Darlan; bombing in MiddleEast ; post-war plan-ning ; Madagascar ;speech to British Parlia-ment ; and torchplanning , ; USmust ‘recover’ Pacific
snowplough
Snyder, J Buell –
socialism in Britain viiiSOE see Special Operations
ExecutiveSoldiers and Statesmen
– (Robertson)
Sollum , ,
Solomon Islands
Somervell, General Brehon
Somerville, Admiral SirJames –, ; andwhipcord 131–2, 134
Sonderbehandlung ,
Songgram, General Pibul, ,
Songhkla (Singora) ,, ,
Soong, T V (Chinese foreignminister) , , ,,
Sosnkowski, GeneralKazimierz (new Polish C-in-C)
Soviet Union; air power ;annexations in Finland andBaltic ; and AtlanticCharter ; barbarossacampaign xiv, xviii, ,
(see also battles, locations);admits guilt over Katyn() ; cypher mes-sages intercepted ; Eden’svisit –, ; Intelli-gence co-operation withBritain –; militaryaid requirements , –, –, –, , ,–, , , ,; oilfieldssee Baku oilfields;anger at PQ setback; press ‘vitriolic’ overSikorski ; Red Army ,, , ; relations with
1047Index
Germany ; invasion by, , , –, –,; spring offensive by Hit-ler ; typhoon offensive, , , –,, , , , ;relations with Japan ,; relations with Poland, , , , –;border dispute , –, , ; tankstrength , ; territorialclaims , ; weatherreports
see also Stalin, JosephSoviet–British Intelligence
sharing –, ,
Soviet–Polish frontier ,–, , ,
Spain , , , –,, ; and torch plans–
Spears, Sir (Edward) Louis, ,
Special Operations Execu-tive (SOE) , –,, ; in Czechoslova-kia –; and Darlanmurder ; in France; in Italy ; NorskHydro plant bombed –; Rommel to be ‘de-stroyed’ ; Sikorski’sdeath –
speeches by WSC xv, –,, , ; ‘Production’speech ; Atlantic Meet-ing –, , , , ,, –; at Harrow ;on crusader ; to Do-minions’ representatives–; about Far East ,; king’s speech preview; at Lord Mayor’sluncheons , –,
, ; threatens Japan–, –; at WhiteHouse ; to Secret Ses-sions of Parliament –,–; about Tobruk–; about Stalin meet-ing
Spellman, Archbishop –,
Spilsby, Sir Bernard
SS Reitbrigade
‘staff conferences’ , ,, –,
Stagg, Fred Louis: SIS sta-tion chief in Bogotá, to as-sassinate Colombian for-eign minister
Stalin, ‘Joseph’ (properlyIosif VissarionovichDzhugashvili) x, ; accusesWSC of anticipating dealwith Hitler –, ;aid to , , , –;is promised assistance byWSC , –, ;convoys to Moscow ,, –, ; andhusky , ; Anglo-Soviet Treaty , , ,, –; Berlinbombing expected by–, –, ; ap-proves use of Darlan ;
frontier disputes , ,, , –, ,; annexation of EastPoland , ; Hitler,pacts and peace proposalswith , –, , ,, , ; Iran inva-sion ; troop withdrawalrequested by WSC ;
and Katyn massacre –; Stalin’s Big Lie –;
Kursk battle preparations
by ; post-war alliancewith Britain mooted ;secret agreement on weap-ons research ; andtorch –, , ,; and WSC –, ,–, , , –,, , ; meetingswith , –, –,–; telegram –;ultra information passedto ,
Stalingrad , , ,; Soviet offensive suc-ceeds
Stanley, Oliver ,
Stark, Admiral Harold R(‘Betty’) , , ,, ; and d’Astier; and Far East strategy, , , , ;Pacific strategy
Steed, Henry Wickham xiiStephenson, Sir William –
, , ,
sterilisation, Jews at Ausch-witz ,
Sterndale Bennett, Sir John, , , , ,
Stevenson, Air Vice-MarshalSir Donald ,
Stilwell, General Joseph W(‘Vinegar Joe’) –
Stimson, Henry L , ,, –, , , ,, –; and China–; and gymnast 453;Japanese strategy ,, , , ; doc-tors own Pearl Harbor filesto clear FDR , ;and tube alloys –;uneasy about torch ,
churchill’s war1048
Stirling, Colonel David ,, –
Stokes, Richard (MP)
Strakosch, Sir Henry ,
Strang, Sir William ix; andDarlan , ,
strategy, WSC’s memorandaon –, , ,–
Strong, General Kenneth(US military Intelligencechief)
Stuart, James
Stumme, General Georg, , ,
submarines, German –,, , , –; Japa-nese
Suez Canal
Sultan of Morocco, views of,on FDR and WSC –
Sulzberger, Arthur Hays, ,
Sumatra , , ,
Sunday Express, The
Sunday Pictorial, The ,
supercharge (El Alamein )
Swinemünde, missile prov-ing range near
Sydney (Australian cruiser)
Syfret, Rear-Admiral SirNeville
symbol (code name forCasablanca summit)
Syria , , , , ,, ; British trooplosses ; and de Gaulle,
Table Talk, Churchill’s
tanks, British , , , ,
, , ; US, movedto Middle East ,
tannenberg (bombing ofBerlin) , –
Taylor, A J P xivTaylor, Mrs Moses
Taylor, Myron C (US rovingambassador) at the HolySee –, , ,
Taylor, Telford
Tedder, Sir Arthur (com-mander, Desert Air Force)–, , , ,, ; accompaniesWSC to Moscow ; Ei-senhower’s deputy ;and husky 743; and Romebombing –
Teheran –, , –,
telephone conversations:WSC – FDR, files on, in-complete ; censors–; security –,–
‘Ten Point’ plan
Thai–British non-aggressionpact ; relations –
Thai–Japanese relations ,
Thai–US relations
Thailand , , , ,, , , ,
see also Kra Peninsula‘thin diet’ telegram –,
Thoma, General WilhelmRitter von , , ,,
Thompson, CommanderC R (‘Tommy’) , ,,
Thomson, George
Thor (German destroyer)–
tiger convoy to Malta Time magazine ,
Times, The xv, ,
tin supplies (Japanese)
Tirpitz (battleship) ,, , , , ;at Narvik ; convoy at-tack , , , ;WSC wishes destroyed,
Tittman, Harold
Tizard, Sir Henry ,
Tobruk , , , –, , , ; Austral-ian troops recalled ,; Germans capture, –, –, ,–, retreat from ,
Togo, Shigenori , ,, , ; sends cy-pher messages to embas-sies
Tojo, General Hideki ,, ; message to Ber-lin intercepted
tops (telephone prioritycode word)
torch (Allied invasion ofNorth West Africa) ,, , , , ,–; begins –;British losses ; com-promised after Catalinaflying-boat crash –;WSC discloses to Stalin–, , , ;planning –, –;friction between US andBritish –; initial land-ings made by US troops
Toulon , French fleet at, , , Darlanscuttles , ,
1049Index
Tovey, Admiral Sir JohnCronyn (First Sea Lord)xi, , –, ;North Russian convoys, , , , –; opposes Second Front, –; against WSC’sbombing strategy –,
Toyoda, Tejeiro ,
trade, world –
see also Atlantic Charter;free trade; Imperial pref-erence; Lend–Lease
trade routes
trades union movement viiitransatlantic alliance xviTrasimine Lake
Trawniki
Travis, Commander Edward
Tree, Ronald ,
see also Dytchleytrident conference ,
Trincomalee , , ,
Tripartite Alliance , ,
Tripoli , , , ;WSC visits –
Tripolitania ,
Trondheim , –,–; WSC wishesTirpitz destroyed ,
troop transport , , ,, –
tube alloys atomic project;, , , –;Britain to carry on inde-pendently –, ,, –, , –
Tunis , ; bombing; land attack ; Ei-senhower assault –,
–,
see also TunisiTunisia , , , ;
Allied advance –,, , , ;Hammamet –; Hitleraware of strategic impor-tance , ; establishesbridgehead –, ;troop build-up , ,–,
Turkey , , , –, , , ; WSChopes to entice into war, , –; WSCvisits , ; Adana con-ference, ,
Turing, Alan ,
Turner, Paymaster-Lieuten-ant J H –
Turner, Rear-Admiral Kelly
typhoon (German assaulton Moscow) , ,, –,
U Saw (Burmese nationalistleader)
U-boats , , , ,, , –, ,; bases bombed –; cyphers broken ;sinkings –,
Ukraine , , , ,
ultra (decoded intercepts)ix, xiii, . , , , , ,, , , ; onGerman fleet withdrawalthrough Channel –;on Himmler ; WSC dis-closes to Kremlin , –, ; WSC accused ofrevealing in broad-cast ; Hitler’s final plansfor Soviet Union –; re-treat from Moscow ;
on Rommel , ,, ; reveals Tirpitzmoving north –; USaccess –, ,
Unconditional Surrender (ofGermany), doctrine –, ,
‘United Nations’ , ;joint declaration –
United States of America x;WSC demands aid of ,; British, relations withxiv, , ; Imperial inter-ests ; US imperialism; scientific co-operation; WSC hopes for US–Japanese war –; en-try into war , , ,–, , , –, ,, , , , ,; encouraged by WSC–, , , , –,, , –; refusesto consult or inform UK indealing with Japan ;British files on episode still‘sanitised’ ; forces tobe based in Britain ,, –, –, ;US public opinion criticalof Britain , ; USperceptions of the British, , , of WSC, ; -USA withholdcypher Intelligence fromUK codebreakers, who re-taliate (November ); plans with Marshallpre-emptive air strikeagainst Japan cities ;arms production ; warproduction targets ,, ;see also atomic bomb re-search
churchill’s war1050
strategy review ; andde Gaulle , –;Reuben James sunk ; Zi-onist influence on , –; German relations ;files on Japan doctored, , ; Japaneserelations with –, ,, –, –, ,deteriorating , –,; warning sent ;Middle East Intelligence; British secrets leakedby Cairo attaché –;naval strategy; , ; oilcompanies and post-warrivalry ; Philippines,US bases in ; press ,, ; and South-EastAsia ; Thai relations
war declared on: by Ger-many ; by Italy ; byJapan ;WSC favours interests ofxii, xvi
US air force –; bombersquadrons ; bombingtechnique
see also Arnold; B-sUS army, fails to impress at
Kairouan, ; at Kasse-rine –, ,
see also Eisenhower;MacArthur; Marshall;Stilwell; Stimson; man-hattan project
US Army Security Agency
US Joint Chiefs of Staff ,,
US National SecurityAgency
US War Plans division
‘United States of Europe’
upkeep (bouncing bombproject) 764
Uranium ores, Canadiansupplies under exclusivecontract to USA –;Czech supplies to Ger-many
V- flying-bomb (Fieseler, ‘doodle-bugs’)
V- rocket (A-)
Vaagsö raid
Valiant (warship) , ,, ,
Vatican, The –, ;endangered by Romebombing –, –,, ; recognisesSikorski’s government-in-exile –, –;
VE-day viivegetarian (bacterial war-
fare)
Vemork (Norsk Hydro site)–
venereal diseases
Vichy (town), WSC consid-ers bombing
Vichy regime , –,, , , , ,; fleet , , ; Japa-nese relations with , ;and Madagascar , ,, –; and torch–, , , –,, ; cyphers relatingto , ; and Tunisia; WSC’s ties with ix–x,–, –,
see also Dupuy; Pétain;Rougier
visits: WSC’s to US ,, , , –,–, –, ,, ; to Canada –
Volga, river
Voronezh
vote of no-confidence inWSC , ,
vulture (cypher)
Waldau, Lieutenant-GeneralHoffman von
Wallace, Henry (US vice-president) , , ,
Wallis, Dr Barnes Neville–
Walmer Castle
Walwyn, Sir Humphrey
war cabinetsee cabinet; individualnames
war censorship rules –
see also censorship; ‘D’-[defence] notices; mediamanipulation
War Office , , , ,,
War Plans Division (US)
War Supplies Conference, ,
Ward, General Orlando(‘Pink’)
Wardlaw-Milne, Sir John(MP) , ,
warning to Japan drafted byWSC –
warnings, war –, –,
Warsaw ghetto
Washington Post, The
Watten (Ypres), V- rocketlaunch silo ,
Waugh, Evelyn (describesWSC) xii
Wavell, General SirArchibald , , , ,
1051Index
, , , ; andanakim ; visits Cairowith WSC , ; pro-moted to field-marshal–; C-in-C Far East–, , , ,; Singapore worries, , –, –,; to be viceroy –
weapons research agree-ment (Anglo-Soviet)
weather reports for Sovietfront
Wedgwood, Lord
Weeks, Lieutenant RobertH
Wehrmachtsee Germany, armed forces
Weizmann, Dr Chaim ,; offers to drag USA intoWSC’s war –; ,, , , –,
Welles, Sumner , , ,, , ; blames Brit-ain for failure of US–Japa-nese talks ; meets Hali-fax ,
Wenneker, Paul
West China Sea
Western Desert , ,
Wetterlin (Holland), Nazilistening post –, ,–
Weygand, General Maxime, ,
Wheatcroft, Geoffrey(philosemitic journalist)xii, xvi, xvii
whipcord (invasion of Sic-ily) , –, –,
White House, WSC’s staysat , , –, ,–
White House Papers of HarryL Hopkins, The xiii
White Paper on Palestine() , , , –,
Whiteley, Brigadier J P(MP)
Whitney, Major WilliamDwight –,
Wickard, Claude , ,
wilfrid (plan to lay minesin Norwegian waters)
Wilkie, Wendell –,
Wilkinson, Gerald (SIS sta-tion chief) ,
William S Knudsen
Wilson, Sir Charles (WSC’spersonal physician)see Moran, Lord
Wilson, Sir Henry Maitland(‘Jumbo’) , ,
Winant, John Gilbert ,, , , , , ;at Chequers , –,
–; and de Gaulle–; discusses Irish re-public with Gray –;hears of Pearl Harbor at-tack –; asks Rooseveltfor timing of war declara-tion ; supports SecondFront ; discusses Romebombing
winds messages (Japanesehidden-meaning broad-casts) , , –,, , ; broadcast, , ; heard inHongkong ; receivedby foreign office –;probably received by WSC, –; foreign officedenies () picked up inUK
Windsor, Duke of ix, ;proposed elimination of
Wingate, Orde
Winn, Commander Rodger
Winterton, Lord xviii,
Wirths, Dr Eduard(Auschwitz) ,
Wise, Rabbi Stephen
women in war, British ;predilection for Black UStroops, problem of -
Wood, Sir Kingsley ,
Woolton, Frederick James,st Baron
World Jewish Congress
Wuppertal-Barmen (Ruhrvalley) bombed ; RAFkills , inhabitants ;RAF kills , more ;mass funeral
X-ray sterilisation of Jews(Auschwitz) ,
x-ray (telephone scrambler)–, –
xd sabotage units
Y-stations (radio monitor-ing) , –
Yamamoto, Admiral Isoroku,
Yomiuri Asahi
York, bombed
Yugoslavia , –,
Zaleski, August
Zaporozh’ye
Zionists xii , –, ,–, –; try to in-fluence WSC –,
see also Amery; Dugdale,‘Baffy’; Palestine;Weizmann.