INDEX

491

AAbbreviations, mathematical and signs 20Absolute

temperature 17zero 17

Acme thread 268Active face width 323Actual

Fit 208Size 207

Acute-angled triangle 73Addendum 323

chordal 332Addition

decimal fractions 24fractions and mixed numbers 22sequence of performing operations 30

Adjustment factors for turning tools 357Advantages of powder metallurgy 480AGMA Standard 115.01, 116.01 328Algebraic

expressions and formulas 27rearrangement and transposition of

terms 29–30Alignment 129All around symbol 156Allowance 207Allowances and tolerances for

cylindrical fits, ANSI Standard for 207–237

fits, preferred series 208–210metric ISO fits, British Standard for 237

Alloy designation systems 471Alloy steels 435–436, 444, 457

AISI-SAE designations 444–445carburizing grades 434–435directly hardenable grades 436–437heat treatments 456numbering system 442–443selection for making tools 446–447

Alloysaluminum 467

cutting fluids 421numbering systems for 442

Aluminumalloy designation systems 471alloys 426, 467

cutting fluids 421Association 468, 471–473bronze 461

Aluminum (continued)bronze rods, bars, and shapes 461cast composition of 471, 473casting alloys 473characteristics of 467–468clad 472designations 471heat treatability of wrought 472machining 426series groups 472–474temper designation 468–471

AmericanGear Manufacturers Association

(AGMA) 328Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) 442–443Screw threads, wire sizes for

measuring 309–310Society for Metals (ASM) 489Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM) 484–486Angle

calculation 101dimensions 129for tracing 396of roll 342of templet 190

Anglesand tapers 199between lines tangent to two circles 201compound 123–125cutting tool 382–389degrees into radians 110, 112involute functions of 118–122length of arc of given radius 78–79length of chord 78–79measuring by disc method 198–199minutes into decimals of a degree 110,

112sine bar for measuring 189–198taper per foot corresponding to 200

rules for figuring 198–199to find, for given taper per foot 198–201useful relationships 113

Angularlinear relationships 102measure 110shoulder type 388units 127

Annealed, copper wire 465ANSI B17.1 253–254, 258–259ANSI B17.2 261ANSI B18.3 319ANSI B212.12 389

INDEX492

ANSI B212.4 390ANSI B212.5 393–394ANSI B32.4M 225ANSI B4.1 210, 214–215, 217, 220ANSI B4.2 222, 224ANSI B4.2-1978 228ANSI B4.4M 236ANSI B94.25 391ANSI keyseat dimensions 262ANSI Standard

drafting practices 161engineering drawings 162fits 211force and shrink fits 220gage usage, recommended 236gagemakers tolerances 236geometric dimensioning and

tolerancing 161keys and keyseats 253limits and fits 207, 213–237preferred

basic sizes 225fits 225–227metric limits and fits 212, 222–237metric sizes 222–225

screws and bolts 318metric 319

section lining symbols 163socket head cap screws 314studs, drive 242surface texture 163–177symbols

drawing practices for surface texture 170–177

part tolerance 222–224section lining 163

tang drives 251tapers 245tolerances 210

gagemakers 236symbols 206

tolerances and allowances for cylindrical fits 205–237

twist drills 409woodruff keys 260

ANSI Y14.1 161ANSI Y14.2M 163ANSI Y14.36 163ANSI/ASME B1.13M-1983 280, 396ANSI/ASME B18.3 314ANSI/ASME B18.3.1M 317–319ANSI/ASME B18.3-1998 314ANSI/ASME B18.8.2 242–243ANSI/ASME B18.8.2-1995 240, 321, 467ANSI/ASME B5.10 252ANSI/ASME B5.10-1994 252ANSI/ASME Y14.2M 162ANSI/ASME Y14.2M-1992 162Application of

dimensions 128geometric control symbols 149

Application of (continued)surface texture values to symbol 176tolerances 206

Arbormounted side and slot mills 401steels for 447

Arclength 153length of given angle and radius 78–79of action 323of approach 323of recession 323

Areacircle 75circular

ring 76ring sector 76sector 75segments 71, 75, 78–79

cycloid 75ellipse 77fillet 76geometrical figures 72–77hexagon 74hyperbola 77octagon 74of regular polygons 71parabola 76–77

segment of 77parallelogram 72plane figures 72–77polygon 74rectangle 72spandrel 76square 72trapezium 74trapezoid 73triangle 73

Areas and dimensions of plane figures 72Arithmetic operations 30ASME/ANSI B1.1 306ASTM 313ASTM A307,A325, A354, A449, A490 313Average physical properties 478Axial

pitch 324plane 324thickness 324

BB. & S. index plates 350Back

rake 383rake angle 384

Backing for lined bearings 460Backlash 324Ball-point micrometers 308Band saws 380

INDEX 493

Basecircle 324helix angle 324oils for metal cutting 421–422pitch 324tooth thickness 324

Baseline dimensioning 132Basic

angle calculation 101dimension symbol 152dimensions 252hole system 208shaft fits 222sizes 207–208

Beryllium copper alloys 466Between symbol 153Bevel gear 340, 342

calculations 340Bevel gearing, German standard tooth

form 333Bevel gears 323Bilateral

hole fits 222tolerance 205, 208tolerance system 208unilateral tolerances 206

Bolt head,markings inch 313Bolt hole circles

chordal distance 71coordinates 68

Bolts and nutsgrade markings for steel 313, 319torque required to tighten 313

Bolts and screws 313Boring tools 400Bottom land 324Brass 461

castings 459forgings 465rod 463sheet and strip 461wire 464

Brazed tool 384Brazing solder 460Brinell hardness test 482Briquetting tools 481British Standard

ISO metric limits and fits 237keys and keyways 265limits and fits for holes and shafts 237metric keys and keyways 265thermal units, (BTU) 17whitworth screw 310

Broachingcutting oils for 420–421cutting speeds for 358

Bronze backing for lined bearings 460Brown & Sharpe

taper 245, 248–249taper shanks 249

Bushings steels 447

CCaliper

gear tooth 329measurement of gear tooth 329

Cap screws 314, 318, 320drill and counterbore sizes for 314–315hexagon socket type 314spline socket type 314

Carbide tool grinding 415, 417Carbide tools 389, 414, 416–417

application of cutting fluids to 423–424grinding 414–417insert holders 385, 392–397insert type 385–397sharpening 414

Carbide wheels 415Carbon

and alloy steels 444content of SAE

specification 437steels 433, 455

AISI-SAE designations 444–445composition of, SAE 433heat treatments 455numbering system 442–443unified numbering system 442–443

Carburizing 435grades 455–456grades of alloy steels 435steels for 434–435temperatures 455–456

Cartridge brass 463Cast

aluminum bronze 461brass to be brazed 459iron

cutting fluids 421magnesium alloys 475

Castingsand forgings 145surface texture of 174–177

Celsius (centigrade) and Fahrenheit temperatures 17–19

Cemented carbidecutters 372tools grinding 417

Centerdistance 324radius 134

Centering tools, length of point 409Centimeter-inch conversion tables 9Central plane 324Chain line 130Chamfered

and countersunk holes 141and square end straight pins 238keys and filleted keyseats 256

Chamfers 142

INDEX494

Characteristics of aluminum and aluminum alloys 467

Checkingangle of templet 190assembly 179castings 179dimensions 178drawings 177–178machined parts 179pitch diameters 309strength 178taper per foot with sine bar 190templets having two angles 190

Chipbreaker 386–388grinding 417

Chisels, cold steels 447Chord

length for givenangle and radius 78–79number of divisions 53–56

Chordaladdendum 324

milled, full-depth gear teeth 331distance of bolt circle 71thickness 324

Chordal thickness 329gear teeth 332

Chords, arcs, and angles 135Chromium

nickel austenitic steels 438, 458tool steels 450

Circle and arc 131Circles

chords for dividing circumference of 53–56

dividing, on jig boring machine 57–68geometry of 93–95lengths of chords for dividing 53–56segments 78–79squares of equivalent areas 69

Circularpitch 324pitch systems 329ring 76ring sector 76ring sector, area 76ring, area 76saws 380sector 75sector segment 53–56sector, area 75segment 75segment, area 75thickness 324

Circumferenceand areas of circles 41chords for dividing 53–56of circles 55

Clad aluminum alloys 474Classes of screw thread profiles 309

Classificationof steels 431of tool steels 459

Clearance 324fits 223, 232locational fits 216–217

Coatedcarbides 353parts 147

Cobalt 416Cold

set molded parts 428work tool steels 451worked 470–471

Combined feature control frame 158Common

aluminum casting alloys 473fractions 21, 26production methods 170

Comparative hardness scalesfor steel 484for unhardened steel 487

Comparative sizes and shape of gear teeth 327

Comparison of hardness scales 484Complementary angle 101Complex numbers 31Composite feature control frame 158Composition and physical properties of

beryllium copper alloys 466no. 74A, 74B, 74C, 74D 463no. 77A, 77C, 79A, 79B, 80B 464no. 80B, 81, 82 465

Compositions and properties oftool and die steels 453

Compoundangles 123–125indexing 348

Cone 82frustum of 82volume 82

Contactdiameter 324pressure 311ratio 324–325

face 325total 325

stress 324–325Contour turning 396Control and production of surface

texture 161Control frame 158

and datum feature symbol 158Control values S and T 254Conversion

cutting speed formulas 355tables

angular measure 110, 112cutting speed and diameter to rpm 374hardness 484–489metric into English measure 1–7

INDEX 495

Conversion (continued)miscellaneous English units 8radians into degrees 110, 112

Convertingcommon and decimal fractions 26numbers to powers-of-ten notation 89

Coolants forcarbide tool grinding 417machining

aluminum 426magnesium 425–426tool sharpening 416–417zinc alloys 430

Coordinates, for jig boring 68Copper 463

alloys 373, 461, 466cutting fluids 421

sheet and strip 463silicon and beryllium copper alloys 465tubes 464wire 465

Core properties 436Corresponding angles 200Corrosion-resisting alloys 437–438Cosecant 103Cosine 103, 113Cosine law of 113Cotter pins, standard sizes 242Cotters 256Counterbore

sizes 320spotface symbol 154

Counterbored holes 140Countersink symbol 154Countersunk holes 140

on curved surfaces 141Creep 489

rupture 489Crest 267Cross section lining, ANSI Standard for

drawings 163Crossed helical gears 322Crossing

dimension lines 129extension lines 130

Cryogenic treatment, steel 482Cubic

boron nitride (CBN) cutting tools 373equations 28

Curved cutting-edge tool 385Cutoff for roughness measurements 170Cutters

milling, steels for 446–447spur gear, formed type 330, 332

Cuttingbrass rod 463conditions 373edge 382edge and lead angles 387feeds and speeds 370fluids 353, 419–424

Cutting (continued)application of to carbides 423–424aqueous solutions 420broaching 420–421carbides 423–424chlorinated oils 419–421for different materials and

operations 420grinding 421machining magnesium 424magnesium 420–421, 424mineral oil 421selection 420soluble oils and compounds 420sulfurized oils 419, 421–422to carbides 423various alloys 420–421

grinding fluids 419off plastics 427oils 419screw threads 269–270speeds

and diameters 375for broaching 358for tapping 357for thread chasing 359turning, milling, drilling and

reaming 363steels 435time for turning 356tool material 353tools 359, 373, 382–386

sharpening 413Cutting speeds and feeds 351

broaching 358cutting speed calculations 357drilling

ferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369titanium and titanium alloys 368tool steels 367

drilling, reaming, and threading 380glass 362

equivalent rpm for givencutting speed 374–378drill sizes and speed 374

formulas for 355–357milling

feeds for high-speed steel cutters 370ferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369tool steels 367

reamingferrous cast metals 365light metals 368

INDEX496

Cutting speeds and feeds (continued)plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369tool steels 367

rpm for different speeds and diameters 375–378

tapping 379–380thread chasing 379–380tool

angles 382–389life 354, 379

adjusting factors 357turning

ferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369titanium and titanium alloys 368tool steels 367

work materials 351Cutting tools

angles 382–397single-point 382–397trouble-shooting checklist 410

Cycloid 75, 324area 75

Cylinder portion of volume 81–82

DDatum

feature symbol 152, 158target symbol 151

Decimalequivalents of fractions of an inch 7fractions 24–26inch dimensioning 128points 128steel rules 9

Decimalsof a degree 111of an inch 11

Dedendum 324–325Definitions

gear terms 323surface texture 166surfaces of solid materials 164

Degreesexpressed in radians 110, 112minutes, and seconds into radians 110

Depthcontrol values 254for milling keyseats 256of cut 354–379of cut factors 353of diamond section 416of keyseat 264symbol 154

Descriptionof fits 211of preferred fits 227

Designof briquetting tools 481size 207

Designating carbon and alloy steels 444Designation of standard fits 211Deviation 222Dial calipers 186Diameter

and radius 153and radius symbols 153of circles and sides of squares of equal

area 69of screw threads 310, 312

Diametraland circular pitch systems 329equivalent circular pitch and tooth

proportions 335–336equivalent modules 335–336pitch 324–325, 330

and number of teeth 330system 329

pitch, gear teeth sizes 328Diamond

concentration 415–416wheel grades 416wheel grit sizes 416wheels 415–417

diamond concentration 415–416grades, grit sizes 415

Die blocks, steels 447, 453Die casting, machining zinc alloy 430Dies and punches, steel for

hot-working 446–454Dies, sheet metal

blocks, steels for 446–454heat-treatment, steels for 453–454steels for various classes of die parts 446–

454Dimension

factors for jig boring 54, 60lines 128–129origin symbol 154symbol 152

Dimensional limits 148Dimensioning

and tolerancing, geometric 161–179features 133

Dimensions not to scale 133Direct tolerancing methods 145Directly hardenable grades 457

of alloy steels 436Disk method of measuring tapers 198Distance across

bolt circle 204corners of squares and hexagons 70

Dividingcircles 57–68decimal fractions 26

INDEX 497

Dividing (continued)fractions and mixed numbers 23numbers written in powers-of-ten

notation 90Dovetail slides, measuring 198–199Drafting practices 161

ANSI Standard 161–162Drawing

ANSI Standardlines 162sheet sizes 161surface texture symbols 170–177

bisect angle 97checking 177circle around square 99circle around triangle 98circular arc 98divide line into equal parts 96ellipse 99equilateral triangle 97helix 100hexagon around circle 99hyperbola 100involute 100metric dimensions on 176–177parabola 100parallel lines 97perpendicular lines 96practices for surface texture symbols 172square around circle 99symbols ANSI Standard section

lining 163triangle around circle 9845-degree angle 9760-degree angle 97

Drawingschecking

inspecting a new design 178materials specified 178method of making drawing 178

scales of metric drawings 177Drill

and counterbore sizes 320angle of cutting point 414grinding 414jigs for plastics 428point thinning 414sizes 278

Drillingcutting speeds for

ferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369titanium and titanium alloys 368tool steels 367

difficulties 362holes in glass 362magnesium 425plastics 427

Drilling (continued)specifications for taper pins 239

Drillsand centering tools 409cutting speeds and equivalent rpm 374for taper pin reamers 238–240length of point 409of number and letter sizes 374sharpening 413–414

Drop-forging dies, steels for 446–447Dry versus wet grinding 416Duranickel 478

machining 431Durometer tests 489

EEdge and lead angles 387Efficiency 325Ellipse 77

area 77methods of drawing 99

Ellipsoid 83volume 83

Endcutting

edge 382edge angle 384tool 385

relief angle 384Engineering drawings 162Equations 27

cubic 28of the first degree with two unknowns 28quadratic 28solution of

first degree with one unknown 27first degree with two unknowns 28quadratic with one unknown 28

Equivalentdiametral pitches 336pitch radius 325pitch ratio 325

Evaluation length 167Everdur 465Extension lines 129–130External

metric thread 280spur gear 322

FFace

advance 325width 323, 328

Factorial 118Factors

affecting design of briquetting tools 481affecting selection of fits 207for jig boring 54

INDEX498

Fahrenheit and Celsius temperatures 17–19Fahrenheit-Celsius conversion 17Feature control frame 156, 158

incorporating one datum reference 157placement 159

Features of size 152Feed

and depth of cut factors 353rate for drilling 361, 380

Feeds and speeds 351for magnesium 425table for milling 360

Feeds rate for milling 360Feet

into millimeters 10per minute into rpm 355–378

Filletarea 76radius 325

key chamfer 259stress 325

Fits 208and limits

graphical representation 211–213tolerances designation 222–224

cylindricalANSI Standard 207–237application of tolerances 206British Standard 237clearance 211–217definitions 224forced 206, 220metric ISO, British 237preferred series 210running 211–215shrinkage 220transition 211, 213, 218

pressure in assembling 206Flank 267

of gear tooth 325Flat side grinding 424Flaws 164Force and shrink fits 220Forced fits 212

allowances 206, 220Foreshortened radii 134Formulas

algebraic 27and table for regular polygons 71cutting speed 355–356distance across bolt circle 204for bevel gear calculations 340for checking pitch diameters 312for compound angles 123for helical gear calculations 338for spur gear calculations 337for worm gear 343rearrangement of 29–30transposition 29–30trigonometric 113–114

Fraction and mixed numbers 23

Fractionalsteel rule 182vs. decimal steel rules 181

Fractions 24inch into millimeters 10mixed numbers and 22

Freecutting brass rod 463cutting steels 434–435state symbol 156

Frustumof cone 82of pyramid 81

Functionsinvolute 118–122of angles 104sevolute 118trigonometric 112–114versed cosine 118versed sine 118

Fundamental deviation 222

GGagemakers tolerances 236Gages usage, ANSI Standard

recommended 236Gases 419Gear

crossed helical 322cutters, formed involute 330, 332cutting formed cutter selection 330design 333

based upon module system 333helical 322hypoid bevel 322milling cutter 30, 330ratio 325spur

external 322internal 322

straight bevel 322teeth 327tooth caliper, vernier 329worm 322zerol bevel 322

Gearing 336chordal measurement of teeth 332circular pitch system 328diametral

and circular pitch 329diametral pitch system 328efficiency 325equivalent pitch radius 325face advance 325fillet

radius 325stress 325

finishing gear milling cutters 332flank of tooth 325

INDEX 499

Gearing (continued)geometry of gear teeth 327interference 325internal

diameter 325gear 325

involute curve 328land 325lead 325length of action 325line of action 325lowest point of single tooth contact 326measuring 329metric module gear cutters 330module 326

system 333–336outside diameter 326pitch diameter 328

obtained with diametral pitch system 329

pitch point 326plane of rotation 326pressure angle 326rack 326roll angle 326root diameter 326selection of involute gear milling

cutter 330spur 327tangent plane 326tip relief 326tooth

face 326surface 326

total face width 328transverse plane 328trochoid 328true involute form diameter 328undercut 328working depth 328

Gearsand involute splines 145bevel 323

General threading formulas 278Geometric

characteristic symbols 150dimensioning and tolerancing 149

material removal required 172mean line 166relation of surface roughness 169

Geometricalconstructions 96, 99–100dimensioning and tolerancing 161propositions 91, 93–95

German standardgear tooth 333tooth form for spur and bevel gears 333

Gib-head keys 257–265Grade 415

identification marks 313

Grade (continued)markings on bolts and nuts, ASTM and

SAE 313markings on bolts and nuts,inch 313

Grades of alloy steels 436Grain or grit sizes 415Graphical representation of limits and

fits 212Greek letters and standard abbreviations 7Grid system 137Grinding

carbide tools 414–417chip breakers 417diamond wheel 415–416fluids 419magnesium 426of carbide tools 416of the tool flanks 413planing tools 388–389silicon carbide wheels 414–416tools

carbide 414–416twist drills 414

Grit sizes 416Grooved pins 239–240, 242

HHacksaw speeds 381Hand honing 417Hard bronze castings 460Hardenable grades of alloy steels 436Hardened ground machine dowel pins 321Hardness 486

and ultimate strength 462relation to tensile strength 486, 489scales 482–484

for steel 484steel

tool steels 447, 450–452test 482–483testing 489

Brinell 489conversion errors, causes 486conversion tables 484–489diamond pyramid 483–484durometer 489Hultgren ball 482–486Keep’s test 484Knoop hardness numbers 483Mohs hardness scale 486, 489monotron 483relationship between hardness and

tensile strength 486, 489Rockwell 484–489scleroscope 483–486Turner's sclerometer 486, 489Vickers 483–486

Heatabsolute temperature and zero 17

INDEX500

Heat (continued)Fahrenheit-Celsius conversion 17–19mechanical equivalent 17quantity measurement 17scales 17temperature scales 17–19thermal energy 17

Heat treatmentSAE steel 456steel 482

annealing temperatures 456carburizing temperatures 455–456case hardening steels 455–456cooling subzero, to improve

properties 482hardening temperatures 455–456oil hardening steels 456subzero treatments 482

steel normalizing temperatures 456Heat-treatability of wrought aluminum

alloys 472Heat-treatable alloys 472Heat-treating grades 455Helical

gear calculations 338gearing 322

chordal thickness and addendum 332gears 323overlap 325

Helixangle 325constructing 100

Hertz stress 325Hexagon

area 74distance across corners 70

Hexagon and splinekeys and bits 316socket head cap screws 314

High tensile manganese bronze castings 459Highest point of single tooth contact 325High-speed steels 449

cutters 370heat treatment,subzero 482molybdenum 447peripheral and slotting end mills 404tungsten 449–450

High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels 444–445

Holders for NC, insert 392Hole

and shank sizes 248basis 223

metric clearance fits 228circles 57, 60coordinate dimension factors 54system 208

Holescoordinate dimension factors for jig

boring 57–68in circle 204

Holes (continued)in glass, drilling 362on curved surfaces 141spacing of, on a jig borer 57–68

Honing process carbide tools 417Hot-set molded parts 428Hot-work tool steels 450Hot-working, tool steels for 447–454HSLA steels 444–445Hyperbola 77Hyperbola area 77

constructing 100Hypotenuse 102

IIdentification

of linear units 127system for indexable inserts 390

Identifying metals 489Identities, trigonometric 113–114Imaginary

and complex numbers 30numbers 30quantities 32

Inchdecimals of, into millimeters 1fractional, into millimeters 10into centimeter and millimeter 9micrometer 185millimeters into decimals of ??–13to millimeters 16

Inconel 479Indexable

carbide inserts 388–392insert holders 385, 392–394, 396insert holders, NC 392–397insert tool holders 392inserts, single-point tools 388–392

Indexing 345angular 348compound 348movements for standard index plate 348simple 346, 348

Inserted-tooth metal-cutting saws 380Inserts

holders 385, 392–394holders for NC 392indexable 389–397

Inspecting a new design 178Inspection methods 180–204Interference 325

fit 208location fits 219

Internaldiameter 325gear 325metric thread 278spur gear 322

International tolerance grade 223

INDEX 501

Interpolation factors, temperature conversion 18

Interpretation of limits 147Intersecting surfaces 143Inverse

and direct proportions combined 87proportion 87ratio or reciprocal 86

Involute 325constructing 100curve 328functions 118–122functions for angles 119gear 330

milling cutter 330gear cutters, formed type 330splines 325

Irregular outlines 136ISO Standard

metric limits and fits 237ISO Standard geometric dimensioning and

tolerancing 161IT tolerance grades 237

J—KJarno taper 245, 250

shanks 250Jig

boring 54, 57hole coordinate dimension factors

for 57–68Keep’s hardness test 484Kelvin, degrees 17Key 253

chamfer 259number 256

Key size vs. shaft diameter 253Keys and filleted keyseats 256Keys and keyseats 253

ANSI Standard 253British Standard 265chamfered keys 256, 259cotters 263depths for milling keyseats 253–256, 264filleted keyseats 256, 259fitting 258gib-head keys 257–265key fitting 258keyseats, depth of 254–256, 258, 264parallel 253–256plain 257–265setscrews for keys 259size vs. shaft diameter 253–258, 264taper 257tolerances 256–257, 259–261Woodruff 260

Keyseat 253alignment tolerances 254dimensions for woodruff 262

Keyseat (continued)fillet radius 259milling cutter 256tolerances

electric motor 259generator shaft 259

K-Monel, machining 431Knoop hardness numbers 483Knurling 144

for press fit 144standard 144

LLaminated plastics 429Lapping carbide tools 417Lathe

centers, steel for 447tool angles for magnesium 425

Law ofcosines 113sines 113

Lay 164, 238symbols 175

Lead 325–326angle 384, 387angle of cutting tools 382–389of screw threads 307

Leaded gun metal castings 460Leader–directed dimensions 131Leaders 131Left-hand tool 385Length

increments 238of action 325of complete thread 318of point on twist drills and centering

tools 409Lengths of chords for spacing off the

circumferences 53Letter

sizes 374symbols for qualification of tool

holders 394Light metals speeds, for drilling, reaming,

turning and milling 368Limited length or area indication 130Limiting

dimensions 280factors in powdered metal process 480

Limits and fits 205, 207, 222ANSI Standard preferred metric 212,

222–237cylindrical fits, ANSI Standard 207–222definitions 212, 222, 224gages, plain 206, 236graphical representation 212–213indicating on drawings 206metric 212, 222–231, 237symbols 222–224

INDEX502

Limits and fits (continued)tolerance designation 222Woodruff keys 260–261

Limits of size 207Line

conventions and drawings 161–163geometry of 93of action 325

Linearrelationships 102units 127

Locatingpoints 130tolerance dimensions 206

Locational fits 212, 217, 219Low alloy steel 431Low brass sheet and strip 464Low-carbon nickel 477Lower deviation 222Lowest point of single tooth contact 326Lubricants,cutting 419–424

MM profile limiting dimensions 280Machine tapers 245Machine tool spindles 250Machining 430

aluminum 426centers 142magnesium 424–426monel and nickel alloys 430–431operations 422plastics 427zinc alloy die castings 430

Machining processes 237ANSI Standard tolerance grade

relationships 210, 237effect on surface roughness 169to IT tolerance 237

Magnesium 426alloys 475

cutting fluids 424–426machining 425–426

cutting fluids 421Major diameter 266Manganese bronze castings 459Material 239

condition symbols 153removal required 172

Mathematical signs 86and abbreviations 20

Maximummaterial limit 208plunge angle 396

Meanline 166proportional 86

Measurement 309of angles and tapers 199

Measurement (continued)of surface texture 166over pins 204

Measuresand weights 13of the quantity of thermal energy 17

Measuringangle of templet 190angles with sine-bar 189–198compound angles 123–125contact pressure 311dovetail slides 198–199instruments and gaging methods 180–

199screw thread pitch diameters 307surface texture 163–172tapers 198–203threads

using micrometer 309using three-wire method 307

wire accuracy 311with micrometer 309

Mechanicalequivalent of heat 17properties 464

Mechanical propertiesbolts, inch sizes 313of bolts and screws 313steel 453–454

Metal 416bonded grinding wheels 415cutting band saws 380identification 489numbering systems for 442–443

Metallurgy, powder 480Meteric threads 276Method of making drawing 178Metric 268, 330

conversion factors 1–7, 9dimensions on drawings 176–177drawings 177equivalents 1–7fasteners, ANSI 318gears 323ISO limits and fits, British Standard 237limits and fits 146, 222module, gear cutter 330

gear teeth 333–336transition and interference fits 234

Microinch into micrometers 15–16Micrometer 185

into microinches 15–16Micrometers 189, 311Millimeter

dimensioning 127micrometer 184steel rule 182tolerances 146vernier 186

Millimetershundreds of, into inches 9

INDEX 503

Millimeters (continued)into feet 10into inches 9, 13thousandths of an inch 11to inch conversion 16

Milling 353, 360bevel gears 342copper alloys 371, 373feeds for high-speed steel cutters 370hot-set and cold-set molded parts 428magnesium 425with cemented carbide cutters 372with high speed steel cutters 370

Milling cutters 256spur gear 330steels for 446–447

Mineral oils 422Minor diameter 266Minutes and seconds into decimal of a

degree 111Minutes into decimals of a degree 110, 112Miscellaneous

conversion factors 8points 418

Mixed numbers 22–23Modified standard fits 222Module 326Module system of gear teeth 333–336Mohs 486

hardness scale 486, 489Molded parts 428Molds, steels for permanent 452Molybdenum

high-speed steels 448high-speed steels tool steels 449–450steels, SAE 444

Monel 478–479cutting fluids 421metal

machining 431Monotron

for hardness testing 483hardness indicator 484

MorseStandard taper shanks 247stub taper shanks 246–247taper 245

sleeves 248tapers 245–250

Multiple radii 135Multiplication 31Multiplying

decimal fractions 25fraction and mixed numbers 23numbers written in powers-of-ten

notation 89–90Munts metal 463

N—ONaval brass rods, bars, forgings, and

shapes 463Negative

angle 114functions of angles 112rake 383

Neutral-hand tool 386New design 178Nickel 477

alloys machining 430–431and nickel alloys 477

Nitinol, machining 431Nomenclature of gear teeth 327Nominal compositions

aluminum casting alloys 473and properties of everdur 465

Nominal diameter at small ends of standard taper pins 239

Nominal size 207Non-heat-treatable alloys 472Non-metallic gear blanks 429Normal plane 326Normalizing 456

temperatures 455–456Nose 382

radius 388Number

and letter sizes 374of holes in circle 204of teeth 326, 330

Numbering systems 444for metals and alloys 442–443for steel 443–445

Numberspowers-of-ten notation 88, 91preferred series 212, 222

Numerical controlinsert holders for NC 392–397

Oblique-angle trianglessolution 108–109

Obtuse-angled triangle 73Octagon area 74Odd number of holes in circle 204Offhand grinding 415Offset 385Offset-shank

indexable insert holder 385tool-bit holder 385

Oilsand compounds, machining 419–420

emulsifying or soluble 420mineral 421–422sulfurized and chlorinated 421–422

Order of performing arithmetic 30Outlines consisting of arcs 136Outside diameter 326Overall dimensions 132

INDEX504

PParabola 76

area 76–77constructing 100segment of area 77

Paraboloid 84segment volume 85volume 84

Paraboloidal segment 85Parallel

and taper keys 258shoulder type 388

Parallelogram 72area 72geometry of 93

Parting tools 425Parts of a screw thread 266Paste and solid lubricants 419Peak 166Percentage of thread 276Performance requirements 242Peripheral

and slotting end mills 405versus flat side grinding 424

Permanickel, machining 431Phosphor bronze

castings 460sheet and strip 464wire and rod 465

Phosphor gear bronze castings 460Physical properties 478

phosphor gear bronze castings 475Pin method for checking

screw threads 308Pins

cotter 242grooved 239–240straight 238taper 238–240

Pipe 268Pipe threads 278Pitch 267, 326

and lead of screw threads 307and number of teeth 330circle 326circular, of gears 328diameter 266, 326diameters 309

of screw threads 310, 312diameters obtained with diametral pitch

system 329diameters of screw threads 310diameters, thread

wire sizes for measuring 309–310plane 326point 326radius 325system 329

Pitch (continued)unified thread diameters 283

pitch 326Placement of datum feature symbols on

features of size 152Plain and gib head keys 259Plain carbon and alloy steels speeds, for

drilling, reaming, turning and milling 365Plane

figures, areas and dimensions 72–77of rotation 326symbol 156

Planingand shaping 353tool grinding 388–389tools 389

Plastics 429Plated or coated parts 147Plunge angle for tracing 396Polar form 31Polygon

area 71, 74formulas and table 71length of side 71radius of circumscribed circle 71radius of inscribed circle 71

Portion of cylinder 81Positive

functions of angles 112rake 383

Powder metallurgy 480Powdered metal process 480Power and roots of numbers 88Powers of ten notation 89–90Precipitation,heat-treatment 472Preferred 226

basic sizes 208ANSI Standard 208–225

fits 225fits, ANSI Standard 226–227hole basis metric

clearance fits 228fits, ANSI Standard 231

metric limits and fits 222metric sizes 224–225

ANSI Standard 222–224roughness average values 174series

for tolerances and allowances 210maximum waviness height values 174of basic sizes 208of tolerances and allowances 209roughness average values 174

shaft basis metricclearance fits 232fits, ANSI Standard 226, 232–235

Pressure angle 326, 343Principal

aluminum alloy series groups 474feeds and speeds tables 355

INDEX 505

Principal algebraic expressions and formulas 27

Principle reference planes 326Prism 80

volume 80Problems 87Production 161

methods 170Profile 166

measured 166modified 166nominal 166real 166total 166

Projected tolerance zone symbol 153Properties 460

of materialsaluminum alloys 467standard steels 433–438tool steels 449–451

of no. 62, 63, 64, 65, 66 460of the involute curve 328

Properties ofberyllium copper alloys 466bolts and screws 313SAE 950 steel 432titanium and titanium alloys 480

Proportion 86–87compound 86inverse 87

Proportions 87of surface texture symbols 173

Protractors 187Pulleys (sheaves)

speeds, rpm into feet per minute 355–378Punches and dies

steel for 446–447steel for hot-working 446–447

Punches, steels for 446–447Punching operations 429Pyramid 80

frustum of volume 81volume 80

Pythagorean 114

Q—RQuadrant 112Quadratic equations 28Qualification of tool holders 394Quality classifications 431Quantity of thermal energy 17Rack 326Radians

equivalent to degrees 110, 112into degrees 111

Radii 133Rake 383

and relief 399, 401angles 386

Rake (continued)turning tool 382, 386–387

Rankine, degrees 17Rates for

drilling 361milling 360

Ratio 86–87and proportion 86–87compound 86of volumes 85

Readingan inch micrometer 185direction 133fractional steel rule 182millimeter

micrometer 184steel rule 182vernier 186

25-division vernier 18650-division vernier 186

Reamersdrills for taper pin 239–240steels for 446–447taper pin reamers, drills for 238–240

Reaming 430cutting speeds for

ferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366tool steels 367

magnesium 426taper pin 241

Rearrangement and transposition of terms in formulas 29–30

Reciprocalof numbers 88or inverse ratio 86

Rectangle 72area 72

Rectangular form 30Red brass 463–464

and low brass sheet and strip 464castings 459

Referencedimensions 132symbols 153

Regularhexagon 74octagon 74polygon 74

Relating dimensional limits to an origin 148Relation

between hardness and tensile strength 486

of machining processes to tolerance grades 210

of surface roughness to tolerances 169Relationships among angles 113

INDEX506

Relief 383and rake angles for single-point cutting

tools 386angle 384, 386grinding of the tool flanks 413

Relief angle 384Resinoid bonded 415Resulfurized steel 438Right

angle and oblique-angle triangles 122angle triangles solution 106–107angled triangle 73hand tool 385triangle 102

Right-angled triangles 106–107RMS (root mean square) 168–169Rockwell

brinell hardness conversion tables 484–489

conversion tables 484hardness relationship to brinell 486hardness scales 482hardness test 482

Rockwell hardnesstest 482

Rods and tubing 144details 144

Roll angle 326Root 267

diameter 326Roots

and powers of numbers 88diameter 326finding square and cube 88mean square, surface texture 168–169

Roughness 164average values 174control of 163–177cutoff 164, 174evaluation length (l) 168height values 166–167measurements 170parameters 168produced by common production

methods 170profile 166sampling length 167, 174spacing 166symbols indicating degree of 164–167topography 166

Round holes 143Rounded

corners 136ends 135

Rpmfor various cutting speeds and diameters,

inch unitsmetric units 377–378

Rpm for various cutting speeds and diameters, inch units 375–378

Rules and formulas forbevel gear calculations 340spur gear calculations 337

Rules forfiguring tapers 201module system of gearing 333

Runningand sliding fits 211, 215fits, allowances 211–215

SSAE 313, 438–439

alloy steels 457carbon steels 455specification 437standard no. 42 ,43, 430, 44 459standard no. 45, 62, 64, 65, 66 460standard no. 52 476standard no. 68, 660, 70,705 461standard no. 71, 72, 73, 74 463standard no. 77, 79, 80 464standard no. 81, 83, 88 465steels 1006, 1008, 1010, 1015 43330201, 30202, 30301, 30302, 30303,

30304, 30305, 30309, 30310, 30316 438

Grade 1, 2, 4, 5, 5.2, 7, 8, 8.2 313Standard steel specification numbers 44430317, 30321, 30325, 30347,51409,

51410, 51414, 51416F, 51420, 51420F,51430, 51430F, 51431, 51440A, 51440B, 52440C, 51440F, 51442, 51446, 51501 439

SAE steelsbasic numbering system 444compositions 444heat treatments for 455–456numbering system for 444

Sampling length 166–167Sawing

cold-set 428molded parts 428

Scales of metric drawings 177Sclerometer 486, 489Scleroscope 483–486Screw

grade markings for steel 313stock 434thread forms 266thread profiles 309threads 145, 283, 312

Screw threads and thread systemsANSI M profile limiting 278ANSI Unified,standard series, tables

of 283designation of Unified threads 283formulas for three-wire

measurement 308–309

INDEX 507

Screw threads and thread systems (continued)limits

Class 1A and 1B 284–306Class 2A and 2B 283–306Class 3A and 3B 283–306

profiles 308–309Unified

allowances 283–306dimensions 283–306limits 283–306

wire method of checking 308wire sizes for checking pitch

diameters 309–310Seamless brass tubes 463Seasoning steel, sub zero 482Secant 103Section lining, standard for drawings 163Segment

circular 78–79area 78–79height for given angle and radius 78–79

of circle for radius 79of parabola 77

Selectingcutoff for roughness measurements 170cutting conditions 354Indexable insert holders 394

Selection ofcutting fluids 420fits 207, 211involute gear milling cutter 330

Self-holding tapers 252Series of tolerances and allowances 209Set screws for use over keys 259Setting a 5-inch sine-bar 191Setting sine bar having plugs 190Sevolute functions 118Shaft

and hub 254basis 223basis metric

clearance fits 232transition and interference fits 234

British Standard for fits 237fits 222

Shank 382sizes 392taper 245–250

Shape of gear teeth 327Sharpening 414

carbide tools 414drills 414twist drills 412

Shear steel for hot-working 447Shearing laminated plastics 429Sheet

brass 462sizes for drawings 161

Shock-resisting tool steels 452Shore’s scleroscope 483–486Shoulder type 388

Shrinkage fits 211–212, 220Side

adjacent 102cutting

edge angle 384tool 385

cutting edge 382opposite 102rake 383

angle 384relief angle 384

Side and slot mills 401Signs and abbreviations

mathematical 20Signs of trigonometric functions 113Silicon

carbide grinding wheels 414–415carbide wheels 415–416

Simpleand inverse proportions 87indexing 346, 348proportion 86–87

Simplified taper calculations 201Sine 103Sine bar 190

constants 191–197to given angle 190use of 189–198

Sine, law of 113Sine-bar 189, 191Single limits 147Single point cubic boron nitride (cbn) cutting

tools 373Single tooth contact 325Single-point

tool 382turning and boring tools 400

Single-point cutting tools 359, 382chipbreakers 387–389definitions and terms 382–386end cutting edge angle 387–388indexable inserts 388–392insert toolholders 397lead angles 387–388nose radius 387–388planing tools 389–390rake angles 386–387relief angles 386side cutting edge angles 387–388tool contour 382tool holders, indexable inserts 397

Sizes and lengths 242Sizes of drawing sheets 161Sleeves,morse taper 248Slides, measuring 198–199Small ends of standard taper pins 239Socket

head, screw typedrill and counterbore sizes for 315

head, screw type cap 314taper shank 245–250

INDEX508

Socket head cap screws 314, 317–318, 320Solid figures, volumes and dimensions 80–

85Solid tool 384Solid-tooth circular saws 380Soluble oils 421

for machining operations 420Solution of

oblique-angled triangles 108–109quadratic equations with one

unknown 28right angle triangles 105–106

Sopcket head cap screws 318Spacing 167

holes on jig borer 68off the circumferences of circles 55–56

Spandrelarea 76or fillet 76

Spatial resolution 167Speed for

broaching 358tapping 357

Speedscalculating cutting speeds 355–378for metal-cutting saws 418for turning unusual materials 381rpm for different diameters and cutting

speeds 355–378Speeds and feeds

machining 351machining, tool life, adjusting

factors 357Speeds and feeds, machining

cutting 354–355drilling

diameters and rpm 374ferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369titanium and titanium alloys 368tool steels 367

form-turning 424milling 355

ferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369tool steels 367

reamingferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369tool steels 367

reaming and threading 355tapping and thread cutting 379–380

Speeds and feeds, machining (continued)tool life 354, 379turning 355

ferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369titanium and titanium alloys 368tool steels 367

Sphere 83volume 83

Sphericalradii 135sector 83

volume 83segment 83segment volume 83wedge 84wedge volume 84zone 84zone volume 84

Spiral bevel gears 322Splines, gears and involute 145Spotfaces 142Spur

and bevel gears 333gear calculations 337–338gearing 327

caliper measurement of tooth 329Spur gearing

chordaladdendum 332thickness 332

chordal addenda and thicknesses for milled full-depth teeth 332

circularpitch system 328

diametral pitchsystem 327–328

diametral pitch shown full size 327external 322full-depth, teeth 332gear milling cutters, series of 330, 332

metric module 330German standard tooth form 333internal 322involute curve properties 328measurement of tooth with caliper 329milling cutters for 330

metric module 330module system 333–336

Spur gears 322Square

area 72circles of area equal to 69distances across corners 70prism 80prism volume 80roots of numbers 88symbol 154

INDEX 509

Squaresand cubes of numbers 33and hexagons 70

Stainlesschromium irons 439steels 437–438

Stainless steelcutting fluids 421

Standard 444fit 211–212index plate 348keys and keyseats 253preferred metric limits and fits 222series and selected combinations 283shank sizes 392sizes and lengths 242steel numbering system 444steels 433–438, 444

classification 444–445tolerances 209

Standard fit tables 212Standard fits 211Standard No. 520 alloy 476Standard No. 522 Alloy 476Standard Nos. 50, 500, 510, 511,520,

522 475Standard Nos. 53, 531, 532 477Statistical tolerancing symbol 153Steel

Bessemer 434carburizing grades 455–456case hardening 456chromium

compositions 438nickel austenitic 437–438

corrosion-resisting 437–438deep-drawing 433free-cutting 434gages 447hardness and tensile strength

relationships 486high-strength, low-alloy 444–445hot-working, for dies, shears 453–454manganese, SAE compositions 444molybdenum

compositions 437–438, 444high-speed 447nickel chromium, SAE

compositions 437–438, 444nickel, SAE compositions 437

numbering systems for 444properties of heat-treated 453–454SAE

compositions 444heat treatments recommended 456specification numbers 444–445

screw stock 434stainless 437–438subzero treatment 482taps 446–447tool 449–451

Steel (continued)die 453of different types 446–447

tungstencompositions 449high-speed 450

Steels 439, 457cutting fluids 420

Steep machine tapers 252Straight

pins 238Straight bevel gears 322Straight pins 238Straight-shank

indexable insert holder 385tool-bit holder 385

Strain-hardened 468Strength of materials,stress analysis 489Stress analysis 489Stress-relieved by

compressing 471stretching 471

Stretching and compressing 471Subtracting

decimal fractions 25fractions 22

Subzero treatment of steel 482Sum and difference of angles 114Superalloys

speeds, for drilling, reaming, turning and milling 369

Surface 164roughness

measurements 169–170produced by common production

methods 169–170relationship to tolerances 169–170

scale 353speeds, diameters and rpm

pulleys and sheaves 355–356, 375–378speeds, diameters and rpm cutting speeds

formula 355–378texture 164–168

castings 177cutoff for roughness measurements 170error of form 164flaws 164graphical centerline 166lay 164

symbols 175of castings 177profile 166

measured 166modified 166nominal 166real 166total 166

roughness 164average (Ra) 174evaluation length 168parameters 168

INDEX510

Surface (continued)profile 166sampling length 167spacing 166topography 166

sampling length 167spatial resolution 167standard roughness sampling

lengths 174symbols 172

and construction 172drawing practices 172proportions of 173

system height resolution 167topography 167

measured 167modified 167

traversing length 167use of symbols 172valley 167waviness 164

evaluation length 169height 174long-wavelength cutoff 167parameters 168profile 167sampling length 167short-wavelength cutoff 167spacing 167topography 167

texture symbols 172–173Surface roughness 169, 238Surface texture

applying symbols 172–177castings 174control and production 163drawing practices for symbols 170–172measurement of 164–169root mean square 168–169

Surface texture symbols 173Symbols 224

and abbreviations 20applying surface texture 172–177drawing practices for surface

texture 170–172fits 211for metric limits and fits 146for qualification of tool holders 394for section lining 163surface texture 170–177tolerances 222–224

Symmetrical outlines 137System height resolution 167

TTable for regular polygons 71Tabulated tolerances 160Tangent 103

plane 326

Tangent (continued)plane symbol 156

Tap drill sizes 278Taper 239

and slope symbols 155calculations 201drive with tang 251formulas 201keys 253measurement methods 198–203per foot 202per foot and corresponding angles 200pin reamers 241pins, standard 238–240

drills for 238–240Taper pins 238–240Tapers

American (ANSI) Standard 245applications of standard 250British Standard 246–247Brown & Sharpe 245, 248–249for machine tool 250Jarno 245, 250machine tool spindles 250measuring with

sine bar 190V-block and sine bar 198

Morse 245–250stub taper shanks 246–247

per foot 200rules for figuring 201self-holding and self-releasing 245steep machine 252with vee-block 198

Tappingand threading plastics 428magnesium 426

Tapping and thread cuttingcutting oils 422cutting speed for 379–380lubrication 422speeds 379–380

Tapping and threading 378Taps steel 447Taylor principle in grinding 161Temper designations 468

aluminum alloy 468–471Temperature

absolute 17Fahrenheit and Celsius 17–19

Ten notation 90Tensile

manganese bronze castings 459strength 486

steel, relation to hardness 486–489Texture symbols 172–173Thermal

cracking of cutting tools 423–424energy 17

Thermally treated to produce stable tempers 470

INDEX 511

Thermometer scales 17–19Thread 359

angle 266chasing 359

cutting speeds 380cutting 359designations 267forms 266rolling dies steels 447

Threading 430dies for magnesium 426formulas 278plastics 428

Three-wiremeasurement 309

of screw threads 308method 308–309

Throw away carbide inserts 392Tip relief 326Titanium 479

alloys 480and titanium alloys 479carbides 353

Titanium and titanium alloys 368, 480speeds, for drilling, reaming, turning and

milling 368Tolerance 207

accumulation 147bilateral 208dimensions 206expression 156grade 210, 223

relative to machining processes 210, 237

limit 208zone 158, 160, 223

symbol 153Tolerances 169

ANSI Standard 210bilateral and unilateral 206symbols 222–224

application 206designation 223

of limits and fits 222–224dimensions on drawings 206gages direction of tolerances on 206indicating on drawings 206keys and keyways 257obtainable by various operations 210preferred series of 210relationship to surface roughness 169–

170unilateral and bilateral 205–206

Tolerances and allowances 209Tolerancing

and geometric dimensioning 161symbol 153

Tool 410bit 384

blank 384holder 384

Tool (continued)contour cutting tools 382flanks 413geometry 404, 406grinding 415, 417

angles 382–390holders 392–397indexable inserts 388–397life 354–355

adjusting factors 357material 353sharpening

carbide tools 414grinding wheels for 414–417twist drills 414

single-point 382spindles 250steel selection 174steels 449–451, 459

air hardening 451carbon 453–454chromium types 450classification of 453–454hot work 450mold 452molybdenum types 447numbering system 442–443oil hardening 451selection of 446–447shock resisting 452tungsten types 449

steels speeds, for drilling, reaming, turning and milling 367

troubleshooting check list 410wear 413

Tool-bit holder 385Tooth

dimensions 335face 326surface 326, 328

Topography 167modified 167

Torus 85volume 85

Total face width 328Transition

and interference fits 234fit 223locational fits 218

Transverse plane 328Trapezium 74

area 74Trapezoid 73

area 73Traversing length 168Triangle

area 73geometry of 91–93solution 109

oblique-angle 108–109right angle 106–107

INDEX512

Trigonometricformulas 113–114functions 103, 112–113identities 113–114tables 112–117

Trimming dies, steels for 447Trochoid 328Trouble-shooting drilling 362True

involute form diameter 328radius 134

Tubing details 144Tungsten high-speed tool steels 449Tungsten steels 449

compositions 449, 453–454tool steels 449

Tungsten-carbide toolsgrinding 414–416

Turner's sclerometer 486, 489Turning 430

and boring plastics 427and boring tools 432and milling copper alloys 373cutting speeds for

ferrous cast metals 365light metals 368plain carbon and alloy steels 363stainless steels 366superalloys 369titanium and titanium alloys 368tool steels 367

ferrous cast metals 174grinding tools for 386–390milling and drilling superalloys 369

Twist drills 412and centering tools 409grinding (sharpening) 414tool geometry 406

Types ofcutting and grinding fluids 419dimensioning 127gear 322sine-bars 189

U—ZUndercut 328Unified 267, 442

numbering system 442numbering system (UNS) for metals and

alloys 442plain carbon, alloy and tool steel 442–

443Unilateral

and bilateral tolerances 205tolerance system 208

Units of measurement 127UNS series of different metal 442Upper deviation 222Upsetting, steel for cold 433

Use ofconversion tables 9standard fit tables 212surface texture symbols 172

Valley 167Velocity converting to rpm 355–378Vernier

25-division 18650-division 186

Versedcosine 118sine 118

Vickershardness 484–486hardness test 483

Vitrified bonded wheels 415coolants for 420–421

Volumebarrel 85cone 82

frustum of 82cube 80cylinder

hollow 82portion of 81–82

ellipsoid 83geometrical figures 80–85of solids 80–85paraboloid 84paraboloidal segment 85prism 80pyramid 80

frustum of 81ratio of 85sphere 83

hollow 84spherical

sector 83segment 83wedge 84zone 84

square prism 80torus 85wedge 81

Water-miscible fluids 419Waviness 163–164

evaluation length 169height 174height values 168–169parameters 168profile 167sampling length 167short-wavelength cutoff 167spacing 167topography 167

Wedge 81volume 81

Weights and volumes 40Wet grinding 416

with diamond wheels 417

INDEX 513

Wheelsdiamond 415–416grit sizes 416silicon carbide 414–415speeds 415

Whitworthscrew threads 310wire size for measuring threads 309–310

Whole depth 328Wire

and rod 465checking screw threads 308

contact pressure 310–311limits for diameters 309–311specifications 310–311

sizes 310Woodruff

key 256

Woodruff (continued)keys and keyseats 259keyseat milling cutter 256

Work materials 351Working

angle 101depth 328

Worm gear 323calculations 343

Wroughtaluminum alloys 472copper and copper alloys 461magnesium alloys 475

Yellow brass 463castings 459

Zero, absolute 17Zerol bevel gears 322Zone symbol 153