Index

Absorptionin animals, 80-81of components of mixture, 116factors affecting, 259gastrointestinal, 86, 88, 265-266, 274interactions during, 271through lung, 267model compounds for assessing,

277-278through skin, 88,266-267

Acceptable daily intake, 102, 726estimation of, 105,719-720,736,

740-741use of, in risk assessment, 732-733

Acephate, 119,405, 630Acetaminophen, 52, 53, 330, 436, 808

as model compound, 274, 277-278Acetylaminofluorene, 40, 432-433, 535,

770- 771, 846Acetylators, 57Acetylcholinesterase inhibition,

119-120, 405, 450I3-N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminidase,385N -Acetyltransferase, 57Acid rain, 4, 148, 517, 665, 700Acidification, 150,339,695-696, 749,

816-817Acrylonitrile, 182Active transport, 75, 94-95, 816-817Additivity, 486, 493, 678

of chemicals, 121, 472, 652curves illustrating, 494-495definition of, 108, 250, 254in mixtures, 109models of, 733in QSAR, 220-221

Adducts, see Covalent adducts; DNAadducts; Protein adducts; RNA

Administration route, 262ADP, 292Adsorption

fractionation of mixtures by, 661-664

of gas, 654onto resins, 129-130,230-231,532,

776as sampling technique, 27onto sediments, 410-411, 499, 505,

617-618as transformation process, 15

Aflatoxins, 432-433adducts of, 39-41and cancer, 556, 558, 575detection of, 36, 836-838, 847-848and DNA repair, 770mutagenesis of, 77and selenium, 84, 566-567and tumour incidence, 562

Age, 44-45, 56, 865Air

monitoring of (exhaled), 6, 35,261-262

reactions in, 16-17sampling of, 26, 229-231, 526-531

Air pollutantsdeposition of, 79, 92effects on plants of, 150, 156-157,

813-828metabolism of, by plants, 79-80models for, 640-647and respiratory illness, 590-596,

605-606see also Nitrogen dioxide; Ozone;

Sulphur dioxideAlanine aminotransferase (ALT), 52,

326-328Albumin, 327

binding to, 76, 81, 88, 259, 425-428Alcohol, 54, 210, 802

and cancer, 524and chloral hydrate, 250as confounding factor, 5, 322, 456,

711-713

and cytochrome P-450, 443and y-glutamyl transpeptidase, 325

875

876 Index

Alcohol (cont.)ingestion of, 84interactions of, 324, 430

Aldicarb, 130, 547, 668Aldrin, 16, 383, 402, 429, 662Algae, 28, 118, 152,232

assays of, 154-155, 698and competition, 750effects on, 310, 403, 695-696modelling effects on, 308-310tests on, 11

Aliphatic compounds, 210, 214-215, 834Alkaline phosphatase, 52, 326, 328, 683,

697Alkylation, 321

see also Amino acids, alkylation of;Haemoglobin alkylation

Aluminium, 399, 655Ambient sampling, 229-231Ames test, 100, 125, 129, 221, 432-433

usefulness of, 604-605Amines, 83, 210, 215, 307, 434Amino acids

alkylation of, 38, 63, 77,321,841-842and cancer, 557-559conjugates of, 516-517pyrolysis products of, 534, 537in urine, 330

Aminoaciduria, 52Aminobenzamide, 771-7722-Aminofluorene, 40, 770, 846o-Aminolaevulinic acid, 518, 683Aminopyrine

elimination of, 7metabolism of, 87, 442and mixed function oxidase, 63as model compound, 274-276as test substance, 42-43, 325, 328,

808-809Ammonia, 121, 314, 497, 502, 817Anaesthetic gases, 386-387Anaesthetization, 266Aniline, 503, 843

metabolism of, 18,442,670-671toxicity of, 121

Animalsbioassays of, 175-177, 545, 549-552metabolism of chemicals by, 80-82,

517-519monitoring of, 24-25

Antagonism, 60, 74, 109, 710and bioconcentration, 414

~ nu -- ---

of chemicals in water, 121, 501-502definition of, 493, 678of insecticides, 124,472-475

Antibiotics, 79Antibodies, 39-40, 838, 844-846

see also Immunoassays; Monoclonalantibodies

Antiesterase, 79Antimony, 600Antioxidants, 572, 597Antipyrine, 7

elimination of, 802and genetic factors, 802, 806metabolism of, 43, 84-85,431,442,

713, 802, 806and mixed function oxidase, 63as model compound, 274-276as test substance, 42-43, 325, 384,

807-810aI-Antitrypsin, 7, 58, 455Antitumour activity, 221Application, 466-468Aromatic amines, 210, 215, 670, 846

adducts of, 40limits of detection of, 36, 837

Aromatics, 121,503,628, 834Arsenic, 182, 399, 402, 457

and cancer, 453-454, 569, 598-600,606

in diet, 556and smoking, 710-711

Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, 57Arylamines, 57Asbestos, 53, 74, 182, 456

interactions with, 425and mesothelioma, 59, 454, 524and smoking, 62, 84, 680-681, 716

Ascorbic acid, 84,93,564-565,711,770see also Vitamins

Aspartame, 571-572Aspartate aminotransferase (AST),

51-52, 326-328ATP, 292, 818-819Atrazine, 18, 399, 432

mobility of, 660-661, 663uptake of, 665

Auto-oxidation, 16Autoradiography, 40, 268, 845-846Autotrophy, 155,288-292,694Azides, 18Azo compounds, 215Azobenzene, 670-671

Bacteriaeffects on, 309-310, 403as parasites, 747population size of, 347see also Microorganisms

Barbiturates, 712-713Behaviour

changes in, 54, 331, 337,342,381,450of environmental system, 10of mixtures, 20-22predator-prey, 10of single chemicals, 19-20tests for, 54

Benzene, 362, 437and chromosomal aberrations, 183,

200, 387metabolism of, 431, 442

Benzidine, 358, 843Benzo[a]anthracene, 231, 574Benzo[a]pyrene, 77, 126,231,432-433,

530-531adducts of, 40, 91, 437-438and cancer, 574, 598-599detection of, 36effects of, 78hydroxylation of, 441as index chemical, 233metabolism of, 442-443

Benzo[e]pyrene, 77, 231, 526Benzoic acids, 17Bile

acids in, 52, 327-328excretIDnin, 50, 81-82, 259,270monitoring of, 260-261, 270see also Faeces

Bilirubin, 52, 81, 327-328, 383Binding

to albumin, 425-428competition for, 426-428to DNA, see DNA adductsmethods for studying, 267-268to protein, see Amino acids, alkylation

of; Haemoglobin alkylation;Protein adducts

RNA, see RNABioaccumulation, 28, 238-239,414,617Bioassays, 12-13Bioavailability, 28,499, 504

in plants, 517of pollutants in water, 505, 617, 619,

788Bioconcentration, 414, 788

Index 877

Bioconcentration factor (BCF), 397, 414,482

Biodegradation, 17,18,21,414-415see also Biotransformation;

MetabolismBioenergetics, 818-823Bioindicators, see Indicator organismsBiological monitoring, 24-25, 31, 228,

612of aquatic populations, 154-155, 302of biota, 27-28, 621-622and chemical dosimetry, 831-849of humans, 390-391

Biological oxygen demand, 100, 155Biological sampling, 231-232Biomagnification, 17, 238Biomass, 289-290, 292, 310-311, 339,

519Biopsy, 39

of adipose tissue, 833of bone marrow, 49of kidney, 53of liver, 49, 52, 323, 326, 329of lung, 53

Biota, sampling of, 27-28Biotransformation, 76

by animals, 80-82assessing effects on, 273-276of components of mixture, 116effects of chemicals on, 88-89in liver, 323-324methods for studying, 268- 269by microorganisms, 78-79by plants, 79-80

Biphenyl, 440, 511Birds, 118, 157, 340, 397-398, 627-630Birth defects, 55-56, 330, 364, 386, 3901,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, 78Bis(chloromethyl)-ether, 182Bladder, 83-84, 90

cancer of, 358, 450, 563, 571, 767Blood

analysis of, 6, 7, 24, 35, 49chemicals in, 260-261lymphocytes in, see Lymphocytesmonitoring of, 832-833sampling of, 49, 260

Bluegill, 402, 630Boron, 216, 386Brain, 81, 261

effects on, see Nervous systemtumours in, 357, 386

878 Index

Breast, 359cancer of, 560-561, 572

Bromodeoxyuridine, 856, 865Buturon, 658-659Butylated hydroxyanisole, 572Butylated hydroxy toluene, 252, 439,

572,770

Cadmium, 111, 383, 784and absorption, 81, 597adsorption of, 499and cancer, 568-569and chromosomal aberrations, 783detection of, 329in diet, 556and selenium, 84sensitivity to, 399, 402synergism of, 73

Caffeine, 77, 84, 537, 711Calcium, 500-501, 597Calories, 557Cancer, 8

and diet, 556-576incidence of, 523-524occupational, 452-454, 598-605potency, see Carcinogenic potencyand risk assessment, 723-724see also Carcinogens; Tumours

Carbamates, 216, 515, 573as insecticides, 79-80, 119,405,473persistence of, 18,667-669

Carbaryl, 80, 442, 473, 517, 667Carbofuran, 442, 517, 683Carbohydrates, 515, 559Carbon disulphide, 53-54, 380,

383-384,457Carbon monoxide, 54, 250, 381,457,

684Carbon tetrachloride, 111

and alcohol, 324, 712and binding to haemoglobin, 843and cytochrome P-450, 383, 434-435in drinking water, 547effects of, 399, 406effects on liver of, 52, 327-328and trichloroethylene, 437-438

Carboxyesterase, 74, 120,405,432Carboxyhaemoglobin, 250Carcinogenesis, 100, 128Carcinogenicity, 106

testing for, 8, 115, 173-177, 760-772

Carcinogenic potency, 128, 174, 545, 840estimates of, 723-724model of, 136surrogate for, 173

Carcinogens, 524-525and Ames test, 432-433binding to haemoglobin by, 38,

842-843binding to nucleic acids by, 39-40, 77detection of, 636, 836-838and genetic toxicity, 106identification of, 525mixtures of, 173short-term tests for, 545,a-Carotene, 85, 563Case-control studies, 60, 680

and cancer, 453, 568, 598, 710and reproduction, 390

Catabolism, 79, 510Catechol, 771Cells

preparation of, 268-269processes in, 75

Central nervous system, see Nervoussystem

Chamber studies, 150, 159,696,702-703

Chelators, 150, 155,234Chemicals

application of, 466-468classification of, 211-218, 222effects on health of, 210, 214-218factors affecting response to, 796-797,

799-800fate of, 424interactions of, 17-18, 151-152metabolism of, 76- 77monitoring of, 834-838properties of, 101-102,259ranking of, 272-273sampling of, 526-536

see also Samplingstructure of, 99-101, 212, 214-218

Chemodynamic phase, 74, 93, 258, 626interactions in, 77-78, 90-93,

537-538Chemokinetic phase, 74, 93, 258-265,

626interactions in, 75-77, 86-90

Chloral hydrate, 250, 712Chlordane, 402, 429, 441-442, 514, 658,

713

ChIarella, 118, 403-404see also Algae

Chlorinated phenols, 79, 667Chlorine, 497Chlorobenzenes, 3, 307-308, 361-362,

617Chloroform, 362, 399, 800-801, 843

and alcohol, 324sensitivity to, 399, 738

Chloromethyl ether, 457, 711Chlorophyll, 289, 292, 821Chloroplasts, 92, 814-826Chloroprene, 183, 386Chlorpyrifos, 118, 398Cholesterol, 327, 383Chromatography, 6, 29

see also Gas chromatography;Thin-layer chromatography

Chromium, 184, 399, 402, 454, 457-458Chromosomal aberrations, 45-48, 180,

387-388, 391analysis of, 856-864factors affecting, 864in fish, 787in genetic toxicity tests, 763-768induced by chemicals, 181-201and pesticides, 868-871spontaneous level of, 857-859

Chromosomesaberrations in, see Chromosomal

aberrationsdamage to, 322-323gaps in, 200- 201

Cigarette smoke, 4, 115,443and lung cancer, 125and mutagenicity tests, 769-771see also Smoking

Cimetidine, 81, 85,432, 714Clams, 341-343Clastogenicity, 388

in lymphocytes, 181-193,200-201,204-205

Clearance, 325see also Excretion

Closed loop method, 266Cluster analysis, 339, 341, 697Coal

fly ash, 339, 527-529liquors, 292oils, 770tar, 184, 200, 358

Cobalt, 73, 111, 712-713

Index 879

Cofactors, 76, 78Cohort study, 390-391, 453-454,

680-681,684Coke-oven emissions, 116, 125-126,

184,502Colonization, 288-298Combustion, 228, 240-241, 601-602,

604-605,685Co-metabolism, 414-415Communities

changes in composition of, 338-340effects of mixtures on, 143-164indices of health of, 146testing function of, 287-290

Comparative potency method, 124-126,138-139

Competition, 750Comutagenesis, 771Confounding factors, 44, 51, 388-389,

391,448and high-risk individuals, 56and mutagenicity, 839and occupational exposure, 456-459and risk of disease, 82-85, 358-360

Conjugation, 516-518Continuous flow systems, 292-293Contraceptives, 252-253, 390,432, 715Copper, 402, 700-701

binding of, 499and cancer, 684effects of clams of, 342effects on Daphnia of, 307effects on fish of, 155, 314-315,

502-503and pH, 340, 348tolerance in plants, 343and zinc, 494, 496, 567-568

Correlation analysis, 339, 341, 344Corticoids, 78Cosmetics, 3, 23, 174Covalent adducts, 7

detection of, 13, 840-849excretion of, 41-42formation of, 37-38, 841as index of exposure, 63see also DNA adducts; Haemoglobin

alkylation; Protein adducts; RNACovalent binding index, 37Creatinine, 329-330, 384-385Critical effect, 104-105Crop plants, 156-157, 702-703, 749Crustaceans, 312

880 Index

Cyanides, 402, 451, 498, 784Cyclamates, 571Cyclohexane, 111Cytochrome P-448, 432, 435, 440-441,

443Cytochrome P-450, 76

and alcohol, 712and biotransformation, 323-326and drug metabolism, 263, 430-438forms of, 43, 89induction of, 81,438-443

Cytogeneticanalysis of chromosome aberrations,

391assay of blood lymphocytes, 180-207damage as biological indicator,

866-867study design, 45-48

Cytostatic drugs, 184-185

Dansylglycine, 426-427Daphnia

effects of chemicals on, 307-308,397-398, 403

sensitivity of, 402tests on, 11

DDE, 442, 513, 519, 627, 630DDT, 85, 185, 384, 402, 429

antagonism of, 414bioaccumulation of, 238and drug metabolism, 713metabolism of, 512-513, 518-519monitoring of, 835and parathion, 441-442synergism of, 473

Dehydrogenase, 160Demethylases, 122Deposition, 79, 92Desmutagens, 770Desorption

fractionation of mixtures by, 661-664of gas, 654as transformation process, 15,

617-618Detergents, 18, 151,630-631,663-665Diabetes, 327, 387, 389, 571Diapause, 469Diatoms, 341, 343Dibromochloropropane, 669

and reproduction, 55, 386, 388, 452tumours induced by, 762, 764, 766

Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D),185,432,517,667

Dieldrin, 16, 383,439antagonism of, 414

in blood, 261and drug metabolism, 442, 713effects of, 308, 429leaching of, 16,662metabolism of, 514sensitivity to, 402

Diesel engine exhaust emissions, 116,125-126,185,528,530

Diet, 86and carcinogenisis, 84, 524, 556-576as confounding factor, 5, 324-325,

358-359deficiencies of, 83and mutagen intake, 533-535see also Drinking water; Food

Diethylmaleate, 78Diethylnitrosamine, 251Diethylstilboestrol, 357, 387, 835

and cancer, 524, 572detection of, 36, 837

Dihydrochlordene dicarboxylic acid, 167,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene, 442, 531,

843and cancer, 84, 557hydroxylation of, 441inhibition of, 535mutagenicity of, 432, 770

Dimethylformamide, 47, 185,200Dimethylhydrazine, 84, 532, 560Dimethylnitrosamine

adducts of, 41-42, 443alkylation by, 842-843detection of, 849and DNA damage, 770

Dimethyl sulphoxide, 80, 119,406, 537Dinitrophenol, 77Dioxin, 3, 149, 361-362, 386

see also Polychlorinateddibenzodioxins;Tetrachlorodibenzo-p -dioxin

Discriminant analysis, 149, 163, 339,341,696-697

Diseaseclassification of, 212factors contributing to risk of, 82-85

Disease clusters, 11,62, 65, 355-358,449

Dissolved organic carbon, 233Dissolved oxygen, 500-501, 505Distribution

in cells, 75-76of chemicals in tissues, 81, 88, 260,

268,425interactions during, 271model of, 481-483

Diversity indices, 338-339DNA

adducts of, see DNA adductsdamage to, 122-123, 128, 763-767repair of, 7, 37, 77, 91, 536-537

DNA adducts, 7, 37, 39-41, 840detection of, 65, 843-849excretion of, 41-42formation of, 77, 91, 441

Dose-response relationships, 103-105,135-136,589,621

with duration, 729-730and genetic constitution, 801and risk assessment, 175-176, 723,

726Doses, 5

see also Effective dose; Lethal doseDrinking water

chemicals in, 544, 547-548studies of, 128-134,531,547-552

Drugsas confounding factors, 5, 713~714factors affecting response to, 796-797,

799-780and genetic factors, 801-806metabolism of, 42-43metabolizing systems for, 263-264,

798-799, 807-810see a/so Chemicals

Durationof exposure, 729-730of fish bioassays, 789

Dust, 530-531, 598of cotton, 457exposure to, 451, 600, 684-685of metals, 210, 600particle size of, 527

Dyes, 383, 525, 537Dyspnoea, 53

Ecosystems, 692behaviour of, 10criterion variables for, 692-694

Index 881

effects on, 143-164function of, 287processes of, 691-703, 751

Effective dose, 123-124, 136,372,739-740

definition of, 104specificity of, 471

Effectsclassification of, 651-652rating severity of, 737, 739-741

Effluents, 3, 8, 11,405, 410, 695and algal assays, 698collection of, 531-532diversion of, 151identification of components of,

503-504monitoring of, 232-233, 754from power plants, 600-605from pulp mills, 238, 339-340, 533pulse releases of, 286studies on, 122, 286-288, 502-503from synthetic fuel production, 21toxicity of, 122, 155, 313, 402,

504-507use of enclosure methods with, 150

Eggs, 312-313,470-471, 627, 781-787Electroencephalography, 54-55, 331,

381-382Electrolytes, 329, 384Electromyography, 54, 331Electroneurography, 54, 331Electroneuromyography, 382Electron spin resonance, 93, 828Electrooculography, 55, 331Electrophiles, 37

formation of, 77, 537in mutagenicity testing, 321

Ellipticine, 432Embryos

assays of, 781-787formation of, 124, 386, 470toxicity to, 343, 627-628

Emissionfactors, 240monitoring, 226-227sampling, 229tomography, 382

Encephalopathy, 51, 54, 380Enclosures, 150, 156, 696Endocytosis, 75, 94-95Endoplasmic reticulum, 75, 78

882 Index

Endoplasmic reticulum (cont.)chemicals in, 42, 261enzymes in, 383-384,430of hepatocyte, 323-324hypertrophy of, 328

Endosulphan, 402, 658End-points, 9, 335, 337

in aquatic studies, 288, 296choice of, 692-694genetic, 90-91, 768-769for reproduction, 55in toxicology studies, 127, 132, 546see also Response variables

Endrin, 402, 514Energy charge ratios, 818-819Energy transfer, 10, 155,413Environmental monitoring, 226-227,

241-243,613-614Enzymes

for biotransformation, 81as end-points, 871induction of, 122, 383-384, 438-443,

518inhibition of, 18,77, 122see also individual enzymes by name

Epichlorohydrin, 185, 387, 452Epidemiological studies

and air pollutants, 590-596and diet, 557, 559-561, 563-570and disease clusters, 355-366methods for, 7, 8,679-681and occupational exposure, 58-63,

681-686Epidermal growth factor, 78Epoxide hydratase, 435, 441,443Epoxide hyrolase, 81Error term, 147, 313, 335, 344-345Ethacrynic acid, 78Ethanol, see AlcoholEther-water partition coefficient, 266Ethoxyresorufin, 4400- Ethyl-( 0-4-nitrophenyl)phenyl-

phosphonothioate, 73-74Ethylene, 321, 387, 684Ethylene dibromide, 406, 669Ethylene dichloride, 406, 684Ethylene oxide, 17, 186, 204, 321

effects on reproduction of, 387, 452occupational exposure to, 38, 684, 842

Eulerian model, 641, 644, 646-647Excretion, 274, 518

by cells, 75

of chemicals, 81-82factors affecting, 259interactions during, 271methods for studying, 90, 269-270model compounds for assessing,

277-278saturation of, 262

Exocytosis, 75, 94-95Exposure

additivity of, 731-732definition of, 5duration of, 147, 155,727,729-730,

789estimates of, 3-4, 30factors affecting, 5-6indicators of, 13, 35-65methods for evaluating effects of, 6-9,

12monitoring of, 227-228occupational, 450-459, 677-678,

681-685, 839routes of, 5-6,127,134,546,612-613

Extrapolation, 10-12,736from animal bioassays, 8-9, 320-321of doses, 135-136,652,727,800-801of effects, 115-116, 124-128, 135,

800-801from laboratory to field, 658to mixtures, 107-11 0of routes, 730-731

Eye, 213

Faeces, 6, 35, 49monitoring of, 261, 270, 832and mutagenicity tests, 7, 50

Fat, see LipidsFathead minnow, 313, 402, 414, 631,

781-782Fatty acids, 523, 534, 561Fecundity, 124, 340,470Fenitrothion, 342, 473Fertility, 55, 106, 330, 386

effects on, 387, 389, 391of insects, 124, 470

Fertilization studies, 49Fibre (in diet), 559-560Fick's law, 425Field studies, 153, 340, 360

on birds, 627on crops, 702-703on fish populations, 155, 313-315on plants and soil, 152, 158-159

Fishbioassays of, 776-789bioconcentration in, 414effects of oil on, 341effects of pesticides on, 397-398as indicator organism, 117-119,238and monitoring of pollutants, 28and parasites, 747-748population models for, 311-313population studies of, 155, 313-315resistance of, 502sampling of, 232

Fisheries, 314-315, 504Flame ionization detection, 233Flue gas, 600-605Follicle-stimulating hormone, 389Food

additives in, 3, 174, 439, 556analysis of, 6and cancer, 570-573chain, 17,238, 518monitoring of, 23sampling of, 533-536

Formaldehyde, 54, 186, 204, 381Free radicals

formation of, 26, 77, 80, 537in photochemical smog, 636, 638

Fugacity, 287Fungi

effects on, 403and parasitism, 747and symbiosis, 153,749-750

Fungicides, 156, 514, 683Furans, 81

Gammarus, 402Gas chromatography, 37

capillary, 235-237and organic compounds, 38, 129,

233Gastrointestinal tract, see GutGenetic

factors and susceptibility, 801-806predisposition, 56-58, 455responses, 342-343toxicity, see Genotoxicity

Genotoxicity, 106,454-456agents for, 7, 181,204definition of, 37of drinking water, 128, 131, 133-134end-points for, 787

Index 883

tests for, 8, 116, 122-123, 175,762-772

see also MutagenicityGestagen, 253Glucaric acid, 45, 325, 328, 384Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 7,

57-58, 804Glucuronic acid, 85, 325, 436, 715Glucuronide, 75, 324, 436Glucuronyl transferase, 81, 430Glucuronylation, 436Glutamate, 80y-Glutamyltransferase, 384y-Glutamyltranspeptidase, 45, 52, 325,

383Glutathione, 76, 92-93, 436

conjugation with, 324, 443decrease in, 78, 437increase in, 443

Glutathione transferase, 321, 384, 430,443,518

Glycerol, 121Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, 389Groundwater, 16, 20, 27, 777Growth

change in rate of, 341-342,502effects on, in fish, 311-312, 779-781,

786, 789effects on, in fish larvae, 783-784

Growth metabolism, 414-415Gut

absorption in, 81, 86, 88, 265-266cancer of, 359-360, 557-576microfiora in, 50, 79-80, 83,261,270as study tissue, 264, 266

Haematopoietic system, 56, 132,213,551

Haematuria,52Haemin, 77, 523,534-535, 537Haemoglobin alkylation, 38-39, 206,

321-322, 842-843Haemolysis, 57Half-lives, 26, 436, 730-731Hansch method, 101,219Hardness, 500-501Hatchability, 124, 470, 778, 783-786Henry's law constant, 411Hepatocytes, 89, 91, 323-329

see also LiverHerbicides, 515-517,664-665,668,670Herbivory, 748

884 Index

Heterotrophy, 288-292, 294-295, 298,694,700-701

Hexachlorobenzene, 15, 238, 362in adipose tissue, 780, 786bioaccumulation of, 238and drug metabolism, 713metabolism of, 514-515and porphyrins, 437sensitivity to, 402

Hexamethonium, 425Hexane, 250-251High-performance liquid

chromatography (HPLC), 40-41in aflatoxin detection, 836-837in analysis of bile, 89in isolation of adducts, 91in separation of compounds, 129,

234-236High-risk individuals, 7, 49

and air pollution, 591-592, 594, 596identification of, 48, 56-58, 65-66in risk assessment, 736-738

Histocompatibility, 58, 455Hormesis, 121, 502Honeybee, 397-398,475Humic acids, 413, 499, 787Humidity, 18, 61, 590, 686Hydrocarbons (reactive), 636, 638, 642,

645-646Hydrogen peroxide, 77Hydrolysis

by animals, 518of insecticides, 474by microorganisms, 511by plants 516as transformation process, 16, 21, 412

Hydrophobicity, 482-484, 615Hydrotropy, 6616,B-Hydroxycortisol, 45

excretion of, 87,326, 328, 3849- Hydroxyellipticine, 432-433Hydroxyl radicals, 77, 437Hydroxylases, 122Hydroxypropylhistidine, 38Hypersensitivity, 56, 458Hypotheses (statistical), 147,335-337,

344-345, 371testing of, 345-349

Immune systemand diet, 556

effects on, 56, 58, 87, 213and subchronic testing, 132,551

Immunoassays, 36, 40, 385, 389, 838for carcinogen metabolites, 6in detecting adducts, 39, 844-846

Independent joint action, 107,369-371,486-487,652, 710

Index chemicals, 233-234Indicator organisms, 28, 31, 36,

238-240, 621-622abundance of, 147aquatic, 238-239insects as, 465, 475plants as, 239-240selection of, 117-119, 137,396-404use of, as measure of community

composition, 338-339Induction, 438-443, 518

see also Enzymes, induction ofInhibition

of metabolism, 430-438of mixed function oxidase, 439see also Enzymes, inhibition of

Inhibition dose, 124,471Initiation/promotion, 90Insecticides, 187, 683

effects of, 123-124, 156synergism and antagonism of, 119,

432-433, 472-475Insects

effects of chemicals on, 118, 123-124,398,400,469-472

as herbivores, 748as indicator organisms, 465, 475as predators, 748-749sensitive stages of, 468

Ion chromatography, 92Ionization, 497-498Ionizing radiation, 85, 108, 456, 715

and chromosomal aberrations, 858,864

and smoking, 710Ions, 74-76, 82,93,435Iron, 568, 597Isoniazid, 57, 434, 803

Joint action, 369, 480, 492classification of, 373-374, 480, 629effects of hydrophobicity on, 483-484models of, 373-375, 486-487,

492-494, 733

and plants, 517testing for, 404-407

Ketones, 210, 217, 324, 835Kidney

cancer of, 570effects on, 52-53, 87, 213, 384-385,

801enlargement of, 779-781and excretion, 269-270methods for detecting injury to,

329-330as study tissue, 90, 264

Labelling, 87-88for adduct detection, 38-40, 848for detection of components of

mixtures, 658, 669for DNA analysis, 845-846

Lagrangian model, 641, 644, 646-647Landfill, 360-361, 669,672Larvae (fish), 781-787Lead, 187

absorption of, 597adsorption of, 499and cancer, 569-570in diet, 556effects of, 310, 342, 386-387, 399, 402exposure to, 6, 59and kidney injury, 52and nervous system, 53-54, 380-381and zinc, 683

Leaves, 92, 815Lethal

concentrations, 314doses, 104-105, 109, 118, 123,372,

471Lichens, 28, 232

as indicator organism, 239and symbiosis, 749

Life stages, 119-120, 136-137,315-316sensitivity of, 312, 340, 407, 468-469

Life-style, 5, 9confounding factors of, 64, 322,

358-360and risk of disease, 83-85see also Alcohol; Confounding factors;

Diet; SmokingLigandin, 75Lindane, seeHexachlorobenzene

Index 885

Linear alkylbenzene sulphonate, 631,664

Linear free energy relationships, 16Lipids

in diet, 560-563metabolism of, 383peroxidation of, 78

Lipophilicity, 74-76,101,238,259-260,425

Liveralteration of, 51-52effects on, 87, 382-384enlargement of, 122,779-781,

788-789metabolism in, 81, 89, 261as study tissue, 89-90, 264as target organ, 213techniques for assessing injury to,

326-329tumours in, 762-763

Love Canal, 360-365Lung

absorption from, 116, 267cancers of, 125,459,524,710-711excretion via, 270injury of, 53interactions in, 250as study tissue, 264as target organ, 213

Luteinizing hormone, 389Lymphocytes

chromosomal abnormalities in,180-201, 322

see also Chromosomal aberrationschromosomal analysis of, 7, 45-48, 64,

856-857and DNA synthesis, 49sensitivity to mutagens of, 49

Lysimeter, 158, 658, 664, 666, 702

Malathion, 119-120,405,442and chromosomal aberrations,

870-871synergism of, 73-74, 432, 473, 630

Malnutrition, 73see also Diet

Mammary glands, 270see also Breast

Manganese, 53, 380, 386Mass spectrometry, 38, 89, 91, 129,

236-237

886 Index

Maximum acceptable concentration(MAC), 102, 105, 110-111, 388,653-655

Mechanisms of action, 4, 9, 12-13,74-85

Membranesdamage to, 92and electron spin resonance, 828permeability of, 259-260, 425and photosynthesis, 80transport across, 75, 90, 425, 480-481

Menstrual cycle, 55,253, 390Meprobamate, 84 I

Mercury, 59, 188, 630in diet, 556effects of, 310, 399, 402, 502and glutathione, 436and kidney injury, 52and nervous system, 53-54, 380-381organic, 79and selenium, 84see also Methyl mercury

Metabolismby animals, 517-519of chemicals, 262-263, 324-326,

519-520inhibition of, 430-438interactions during, 271by microorganisms, 510-516model compounds for assessing,

277-278by plants, 516-517see also Biotransformation

Metallothionein, 76Metals

adsorption of, 499and decomposition, 694detection of, 330effects on cytochrome P-450 of, 435effects on kidney of, 52effects on nervous system of, 53-54effects on organisms of, 310, 341, 399,

402,451,695-696,700-701in effluents, 297exposure to, 450-451, 682-683factors influencing toxicity of, 597interactions of, 151, 630-631monitoring of, 28and pH, 348, 700plant uptake of, 665solubility of, 498and water hardness, 500-501

Metamorphosis, 124,469Methanol, 712Methotrexate, 51-52, 327-328Methoxychlor, 473, 713, 729Methyl mercury, 28, 442

formation of, 17effects on fish of, 340, 343and selenium, 596-597, 605

Methylcholanthrene, 432, 440-443, 531,535, 843

S-Methylcysteine, 38Methylene chloride, 250, 399Methylenedioxyphenyl compounds,

472-474, 631Metyrapone, 432Micelles, 660-661, 663Microcosms, 11

for microorganisms, 519-520for plants and soil, 152,156,158-160use of, 160, 701-702

.Bz-Microglobulin, 52, 330, 385Micronuclei, 45, 64, 391Microorganisms, 18

biodegradation by, 17-18, 78-79,414-415, 510-516

effects on, 158, 160formation of complexes by, 27in gut, 80importance of, 160microcosm studies of, 519-520and persistence of chemicals,

666-669sensitivity of, 118, 403-404tests on, 11

Migration, in soil, 16Milk, 6

analysis of, 35, 36, 49excretion in, 518, 836monitoring of, 833, 835-836

Mineralization, 156, 158, 160, 697Mitochondria, 75, 77-78Mitomycin C, 205, 537Mixed function oxidases, 12

activity of, 7, 42-44, 81, 383and biotransformation, 76, 430-438effects on, 323-326and insecticides, 473see also Cytochrome P-450

Mixturesalterations of, 658-672classification of, 3-4composition of, 115-116

determining effects of, 4, 148-151,546-552

exposure to, 4, 614formation of, 658-659interactions of chemicals in, 6, 9, 17isolation of components in, 85-86, 234modelling of, 415-418monitoring of, 4, 619-622mutagenicity of, 769-772prediction of effects of, 252-254

Model compounds, 273-278Models

of environmental fate, 18-22,615-619

for environmental effects, 161-162for extrapolation, 8-9, 106-107of joint action, 373-375, 492-494of mixtures, 20-22, 415-418multihit, 135multistage, 135, 376, 723for occupational diseases, 459for path analysis, 343of populations, 303-313for predicting concentrations of air

pollutants, 640-647for predicting exposures, 102for risk assessment, 731- 736of single chemicals, 19-20of uptake, 481

Molecular orbital theory, 16, 29Monitoring

ambient, 23biological, see Biological monitoringchemical, 612-613, 834-838of environmental fate, 23-25, 30-31,

614-619external, 22internal, 22-23of mixtures, 619-622occupational, 23, 613programmes, 30, 241-242, 612-616purpose of, 225source, 22-23, 25, 613types of, 30, 226-228, 612

Monoclonal antibodies, 40, 206, 845Morbidity, 590-591, 594, 596Morphology, 341- 342Mortality

and air pollution, 590-591, 594, 596and cancer, 454, 457, 557changes in rate of, 340of children, 56

Index 887

of fish, 311-313of fish embryos and larvae, 381-386

Moss, 28, 232, 239Mouse skin tumorigenesis, 125-126Multimedia environmental goals, 241Multispecies tests, 288, 296, 750-754Multivariate analyses, 149, 163, 339,

341,349,696-697Mussels, 28, 232

effects of oil on, 341, 343and genotoxicity tests, 123,787as indicator organisms, 238-239as parasites, 748

Mutability, 206Mutagenicity, 106, 128

of carcinogens, 432-433of flue gases, 601-605and genetic toxicity tests, 763-767tests for, 90-91,129,321-322,

769-772see also Ames test

Mutagensin air, 530-531binding of, to haemoglobin, 38cytogenetic damage by, 50detection of, 6-7, 838-840extraction of, 528in food, 533-536induction of SCE by, 49sensitivity of lymphocytes to, 206in water, 532-533

Mycorrhizae, 153, 747, 749, 753-754Mycotoxins, 575, 837, 846

see also Aflatoxins

Naphthoflavone, 274, 441{3-Naphthylamine, 358, 524, 531National Toxicology Program, 174-176,

760-761Nematocides, 17Nephritis, 52-53, 330

see also KidneyNervous system

effects on, 53-55, 87, 213, 330-331,380-382

of insects, 471Neuropathy, 54, 380, 382Neutron irradiation, 329Nickel, 184, 188, 399, 402Nitrates, 534, 556, 575-576Nitric oxide, 636-638, 642-646

888 Index

Nitrite, 218in humans, 83-84, 533, 575-576and plants, 80, 821-823, 827

Nitrite reductase, 80, 824-826Nitroaromatic compounds, 57, 125Nitrogen dioxide

, effects on plants of, 814-828effects on respiration of, 592, 594in photochemical smog, 636-639,

642-643, 646and sulphur dioxide, 80, 92-93

Nitrosamines, 57, 218, 536and cancer, 575-576detection of, 36, 837in diet, 556formation of, 74, 84, 565

No-observed-effect level (NOEL),104-105, 136, 308-310, 724-726

and effects rating, 740-741Non-threshold effects, 106-107,

135-136,723-724Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

analysis of compounds using, 89,91-93

detection of chemicals using, 329-330and pH, 827tomography, 329Nucleic acids, 91, 267-268

see also DNA adducts; RNA5'-Nucleotidase,326

Obesity, 83, 327, 557Octanol-water partition coefficient, 21,

101, 121and bioconcentration factors, 414and Hansch method, 219and passive diffusion, 261and uptake, 481, 483

Oestrogen, 55, 253Oil, 148, 150, 156,292

effects on birds of, 628effects on marine communities of,

339-343,699effects on phytoplankton of, 748solubility of, 411spills of, 340, 346

Oil-fired power plants, 600-605Oil-water partition coefficient, 101Organic carbon partition coefficient,

410-411Organochlorine compounds, 228

and cancer, 573-574

and drug metabolism, 713exposure to, 59, 451in fish adipose tissue, 779-780, 788interactions of, 151persistence of, 18

Organophosphate compounds, 210, 218as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, 119,

405as antiesterase agents, 79and cancer, 573-574and chromosomal aberrations, 188effects on nervous system of, 53-54exposure to, 59, 382as insecticides, 441persistence of, 18synergism of, 80,473

Ovary, 386Oxidation

by animals, 518by microorganisms, 511-512by plants, 516see also Mixed function oxidases

Oxygenbinding of, 431and butylated hydroxy toluene, 252in photochemical smog, 636, 638as quencher, 413radicals of, 77, 437tension, 85

Oysters, 28, 232, 238heavy metals in, 341-342

Ozoneand chloroplasts, 818, 823, 827and competition, 750effects on crops of, 702-703effects on humans of, 592-595,

685-686effects on plants of, 150, 814as indicator of oxidizing pollutants, 29in photochemical smog, 20, 636-640,

642-644and sulphur dioxide, 61

Paraoxon, 429, 432-433and DDT, 441, 630

Parasitism, 152, 518, 747-748Parathion, 432-433

and cancer, 573and chlordane, 441-442and DDT, 441-442effects of, 630-631metabolism of, 515-516

Particulates, 528-531collection of, 526-528in hydrosphere, 617, 619and respiratory cancer, 459, 600-605and respiratory illness, 591-596

Partitioning, see AdsorptionPassive diffusion, 75, 261, 425, 480Pentachlorophenol, 188Pentobarbital, 84Perchlorination, 233Perfused loop method, 266Peripheral nervous system, see Nervous

systemPermethrin, 474Peroxidase, 157Persistence, 16-18, 666-669Persistent impacts, 146Pesticides, 18, 79, 85, 174, 835

acute toxicity data on, 117, 397-398adsorption of, 499effects on birds of, 157exposure to, 59,683-684, 867-871in food, 573-574interactions of, 151mutagenicity of, 388, 868-871persistence of, 514-515synergism of, 630see also Fungicides; Herbicides;

Insecticides; individual pesticidesby name

Petroleum hydrocarbons, 156, 188-189,442, 628, 784

pHeffects on absorption and excretion,

74effects on degradation, 18effects on hydrolysis, 412, 616effects on microorganisms, 79effects on solubility, 27effects on toxicity, 120, 497-498effects on uptake, 17effects on volatility, 661gradients in plants, 92-93, 817-818,

820-823and metals, 700

Pharmacodynamic phase, seeChemodynamic phase

Pharmacokinetic phase, seeChemokinetic phase

Phenacetin, 84, 274-276Phenobarbital/phenobarbitone, 384,

440-443

Index 889

effects of, 251metabolism of, 325, 715

Phenols, 210, 218, 835effects on fish of, 502persistence of, 18.sensitivity to, 399synergism of, 121see also Chlorinated phenols

Phenoxyacetic acids, 18, 189,667see also Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid;

Trichlorophenoxyacetic acidPhenyl ureas, 18Phenylalanine hydroxylase, 83Phenylbutazone, 274, 384, 426-427,

713-714,802Phenytoin, 57, 439, 714, 802, 808Phorbol esters, 78Phosphaturia, 52Photochemical smog, 4, 20, 26, 636-640,

642Photodieldrin, 16Photolysis, 16, 18,21,29,412-413Photophosphorylation, 818, 820Photosensitization, 17, 715Photosynthesis, 692, 814-826Phthalate esters, 418-419Physicochemical tests, 6-7Phytohaemagglutinin, 205Phytoplankton, 150,696,698-700,748,

753Piperonyl butoxide, 119,274,405,434,

472-473Placenta, 441, 833Plants

biochemical studies in, 92-93effects on, 79-80, 150, 157-158,

403-404and herbivory, 748as indicator organisms, 239-240metabolism by, 516-517monitoring of, 24-25and parasitism, 747response to chemical interactions by,

152uptake by, 664-666

Plastics, 682Poikilotherms, 123,501,777-778Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), 54,

381,383-384,575Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 3, 20,

115,228,544analysis of, 29, 235

890 Index

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)(cont. )

antagonism of, 414bioaccumulation of, 238and cancer, 574effects on organisms of, 155, 343, 399,

627,698-699exposure to, 6induction of enzymes by, 81, 384,

440-441,628-629metabolism of, 15, 514, 620monitoring of, 28, 233, 239retention of, 81

Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, 29Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

(PAHs), 85, 228adducts of, 843analysis of, 29, 235in cigarette smoke, 711detection of, 837effects of, 78, 628emission factors of, 240exposure to, 37induction of cytochromes by, 440monitoring of, 238-240in mussels, 238-239profiles of, 240sampling of, 230-231, 530-531solubility of, 661see also individual compounds by name

Polycyclic organic matter, 240, 425Polyurethane foam unit, 290-293Populations

definition of, 303effects on response variables for, 145models of, 303-313studies on (fish), 154-155, 313-315

Porphyrins, 85,437,512, 715Potentiation, 250, 450, 652, 678, 682Power plant emissions, 116, 600-605Preabsorption phase, 74, 93, 257-258,

537interactions in, 271, 536

Predation, 518, 748-749, 752-753Pregnancy, 56

and diethylstilboestrol, 357effects on, 386-387, 390-391and Love Canal, 361-365see also Fertility; Reproduction;

Sperm; Spontaneous abortionProbenecid, 82, 274, 277-278Process monitoring, 226-227

Productivity, 339, 692-694, 698-700Progesterone, 55Prometryne, 664Propanil, 80, 515, 668, 670Propylene oxide, 38, 842Prostaglandins, 384, 437-438, 572Prostate gland, 389

cancer of, 359, 454, 563, 569, 572Protein

alkylation of, 38binding to, 88, 91

see also Amino acides, alkylation of;Haemoglobin alkylation;Protein adducts

and cancer, 557-559determination of, 52and metal toxicity, 597in urine, 385

Protein adducts, 7, 37-39detection of, 841-843methods for studying, 267-268see also Haemoglobin alkylation

Proteinuria, 52Protozoans, 288-291, 293, 310Psychological tests, 7, 54, 331, 450-451

types of, 54, 379, 381Pugheadedness, 786, 788-789Pulse releases, 286-287, 292-294PyrethrinsJpyrethroids, 119, 405

adsorption of, 499as insecticides, 473-475

Quantitative structure-activityrelationships (QSAR), 219-221,308,492

for aquatic species, 121for extrapolation, 8, 211see also Structure-activity

relationshipsQuenching, 17,93,413, 820-823Quinacrine, 261

Radiation, 386-390Radionuclides, 28, 102, 125Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), 314

bioassays of, 779-787effects on, 397-399, 402, 501-503

Records, 45, 60, 63in epidemiological studies, 13,

357-359in occupational studies, 449

Recruitment, 311-312, 340

Reductionby animals, 518by microorganisms, 512by plants, 516as transformation process, 16

Reductive dechlorination, 16Representative species, 117-119, 136,

138,395-404see also Indicator organisms

Reproductioneffects on, 55-56, 106, 213, 385-391effects on, of combined exposures,

452-453effects on, of drinking water, 133, 552in insects, 470and population models, 304-306

Respiratory systemcancer in, 598-605effects on, 53, 242, 451-452,

590-596, 684-685see also Lung

Response variables, 163, 335, 695choice of, 144-147,337-344see also End-points

Retinoids, 84, 563-564Reversed osmosis, 129-130, 532,

547-549Reversible impacts, 146Risk assessment, 12, 104-105, 110, 360,

409for cancer, 174, 176-177and extrapolation, 134-136, 138methodology for, 722-731models for, 409and occupational exposure, 449,

452-453and reproduction, 388and risk management, 62, 66, 365

Risk factors, 448associated with life-style, 358-360identification of, 12, 59, 449, 451

RNA, 7, 840Rodents, 405

in animal assays, 8, 132-133and carcinogenicity assays, 126-127,

545as indicator organisms, 119

Rotifers, 288Rubber industry, 457

and chromosome aberrations, 189, 388exposure in, 322, 391, 454

Runoff, 16

Index 891

Saccharin, 571Safety factor, 177,726-727,751Salicylate, 274, 277-278, 802Salinity, 665Saliva, 6, 35, 42, 518, 833Salivary gland, 270Salmonella typhimurium, 77, 125,

769-772Samples

analysis of, 28-29preparation of, 29, 528, 532, 535-536storage of, 26

Sampling, 24-29, 31in air, 26-27, 229-231, 526-531in biota, 27-28, 231-232in food, 533-536frequency of, 26in soil, 27techniques for, 228-232in toxicokinetic studies, 260in water, 27, 231, 531-533

Saturation, 262, 436-437Seals, 627Selenium, 84-85, 402, 784

and cancer, 565-567and methyl mercury, 596-597

Semen, 6, 35,49, 389, 833Sensitivity, see High-risk individualsSensitivity ranking, 402Sensitization reactions, 457-458, 715Sensitizers, 413Sequestration, 499, 505Sesamex, 81, 119,405,473, 631Severity rating, 737, 739-741Sewage

effluents, 289, 293, 502-503sludge, 158

Short-term tests, 128, 545, 550Shrimp, 397-398Silica, 53, 450, 685Silicates, 74, 684Silver, 399, 402Similar joint action, 107, 369, 371-373,

486, 733Simple independent action, see

Independent joint actionSingle species tests, 10, 285-286, 338

vs. multispecies tests, 152-153,750-754

Sister chromatid exchange (SCE), 90-91,391,455

analysis of, 864-867

892 Index

Sister chromatid exchange (cont.)background incidence of, 202chemical induction of, 45, 47-49in fish, 787and genotoxicity tests, 123, 763-767as measure of chromosomal damage,

203, 322monitoring of, 180-192and smoking, 201

Skin, 56absorption through, 80, 88, 266-267cancer of, 569, 770as study tissue, 264as target tissue, 213, 363

Smelter, 598-600, 696Smoking

and aI-antitrypsin deficiency, 58and asbestos, 62, 680-681, 710and cancer, 598-599as confounding factor, 5, 201, 322,

358,456-457,710-711effects on chromosomal aberrations,

182-193, 201and high-risk individuals, 56, 59and ionizing radiation, 710and kidneys, 50and lungs, 53, 524records of, 63and respiratory illness, 590-592, 594

Sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate, 17,669-670

Soiladsorption in, 661-664microcosms of, 159-160microorganisms in, 158migration in, 16,20,499persistence in, 666-669reactions in, 15-17sampling of, 27uptake from, 17volatilization from, 660-661

Solubilityand adsorption, 661effects on toxicity of, 498and volatilization, 411-412, 660

Solvents, 652effects on reproduction of, 386-387exposure to, 60-61, 450-451, 454,

679,681-682,686-687extraction using, 29, 234

Sorption, 18, 29, 410-412see also Adsorption; Desorption

"-"n -

Speciesabundance of, 338-339diversity of, 146, 156, 338interactions between, 152-154,

745-754Sperm, 385

abnormalities in, 48-49analysis of, 389impairment of, 55, 330, 386, 388morphology of, 7, 55motility of, 7, 55, 452

Spontaneous abortion, 55-56, 361-365,386-387,390,452

Sprayers, 59trans-Stilbene oxide, 441Stroma, 814, 823-826Structure-activity relationships, 99-101,

109,209-223Styrene, 189-191,431,451Sulphate, 218

effects on humans, 593-594, 596, 606and plants, 816, 822

Sulphide, 502Sulphite, 80, 814, 816, 821-823, 827Sulphonamides, 81, 427Sulphotransferase, 430Sulphur dioxide

and air pollution, 646-647effects on plants

of, 703, 814-828effects on mycorrhizae of, 749effects on respiratory system of,

590-596as index chemical, 29, 233interaction of, with aerosols, 250and nitrogen dioxide, 80, 92-93and ozone, 61, 685-686

Sulphuric acid, 475, 593-596, 598-599Superadditivity, 250, 493Superoxides, 77Surfactants, 630-631, 663-665Surrogate species, see Indicator

organisms; Representative speciesSurveillance studies, 66-67, 331,

449-450, 687and cytogenetic assays, 181-207and reproduction, 388, 390

Susceptibility, 56, 455, 457, 484-486, 798Suspended solids, 292-293Symbiosis, 749-750, 753-754Synergism, 60, 74, 77, 376, 710

of air pollutants, 61, 80

_d-

and bioconcentration factors, 414of chemicals in water, 121curves illustrating, 494, 496definition of, 108-109evidence for, 9, 11-12, 137,492of insecticides, 73, 119-120, 124,

472-475,683between mutagens, 771of pesticides, 80of solvents, 61, 450testing for, 136,404-407,629-631

Synergistic action, 107, 369-370Synthetic fuel, 126,416-417Systemic toxicity, 103Systems analysis, 10-11

Tar, 125Taxonomic groups, 396-397Teleocidin, 78Temperature

as confounding variable, 61effects on metabolism, 18, 85, 616, 715effects on toxicity, 501, 505, 590, 686effects on transport and

transformation, 411, 415and fish bioassays, 777-778inversions, 639-640, 643-644and poikilotherms, 123, 501

Teratogenicity, 100, 106and drinking water, 133, 552and Love Canal, 363-365

Terminal residues, 509, 513, 516,518-519

Testes, 90, 330, 385, 389Testicles, 55, 389Testosterone, 55, 389TetracWorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCD D),

19, 191,51~ 54~628and chromosome damage, 47effects on fish, 789induction of cytochromes by, 440-441

Tetrachloroethylene, 111, 362and chromosome aberrations, 191in drinking water, 547exposure to 451induction of tumours by, 762-763

Tetracycline, 327, 43612-0- Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate,

75Thallium, 84Thin-layer chromatography (TLC), 40,

129, 836-837

Index 893

Thioethers, 321Threshold effects, 103-105, 135,

724-726Threshold levels, 205, 303Threshold limit value (TLV), 102, 105,

111,253,730Tissues

analysis of, 6, 24binding to, 267-268preparation of, 268-269use of, in metabolic studies, 265

Titanium, 655Tobacco smoke, see Cigarette smoke;

SmokingTocopherol, 93, 565, 828

see also VitaminsToluene, 191, 361-362,451,652

and drug metabolism, 431exposure to, 682and fish, 748and n-hexane, 251metabolism of, 442

Total organic carbon, 233, 237Total organic halogen, 233, 237Toxaphene, 15,621, 627, 658

reduction of, 518sensitivity to, 402

Toxic units, 162, 492-495in aquatic studies, 155, 313-314,

503-504Toxicity

acute, 132, 174,550-551chronic, 120, 132-133, 551-552of drinking water, 132-133of effluents, 504-507estimates of, 4factors affecting, 117-118, 120, 406,

497-502, 597to humans, 210, 212-218, 263subchronic, 132, 551and taxonomic group, 396-404and threshold effects, 724-726

Toxicodynamic phase, seeChemodynamic phase

Toxicokinetic phase, see Chemokineticphase

Transfer coefficients, 19-20, 30Transformations

abiotic, 15-17biotic, 17-18

see also Biotransformationsof cells, 90-91

894 Index

Transformations (cont.)and genetic toxicity tests, 763-767

Treesand competition, 750effects on, 157, 517, 665, 695, 752and herbivory, 153, 748and parasitism, 153, 747

Trichlorobenzene, 308Trichloreothanol, 250, 712Trichloroethylene, 362

and carbon tetrachloride, 437-438and chromosomal aberrations, 191in drinking water, 547exposure to, 451induction of tumours by, 762-763sensitivity to, 738and toluene, 251

Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5- T),15,514,544,667

Tryptophan, 534-535Tumours

in carcinogenicity testing, 175,760-761

in epidemiological studies, 357-358induction of, 762-768in occupational exposures, 454see also Cancer; Carcinogenicity

Ultraviolet radiation, 85, 450, 715, 846Uncertainty factor, 726-727, 737Uptake

and bioconcentration, 414by biota, 17by cells and tissues, 75, 88of neutral organic chemicals, 480-483by plants, 157,664-666

Uraemia, 52, 213Urea, 329-330, 385Urine

adducts in, 7, 41-42, 844, 847-849analysis of, 6, 24, 35, 49, 64, 261, 321and biological monitoring, 832excretion of chemicals in, 81-82, 259,

269-270glucaric acid in, 325-326and kidney injury, 329, 385mutagenicity of, 7, 49-50, 322,

839-840Urobilinogen, 383

Vapour pressure, 21Vinyl chloride, 191-193,200,204,321,

384alkylation by, 842and angiosarcoma, 59, 262, 357, 453,

524detection of, 36effects on reproduction of, 386, 837and SCE levels, 47, 388

Viruses, 82Vitamins, 47, 84, 556, 563-565, 597Volatilization, 15, 29,411-412,

660-661

Warfarin, 274, 277-278, 439, 713, 805Water

for drinking, see Drinking waterhardness of, 500-501quality criteria, 121, 302, 315, 492reactions in, 15-17sampling of, 27, 531-533solubility in, 21, 660-661treatment of, 129, 531, 538volatilization from, 660

Welding, 184,450-451, 455Whole animal studies, 126-127Workplace, 5, 6

compounds in, 35exposure at, 9, 450-451, 524, 544

see also Exposure, occupationalmonitoring at, 23-24, 613studies in, 686

Xenobiotics, see Chemicals; Drugs

Zinc, 111, 121and cancer, 567-568and copper, 494, 496effects on fish of, 155, 314-315,

501-503, 748effects on protozoans of, 310and lead, 683sensitivity to, 399, 402uptake by oysters, 342

Zooplankton, 152, 312