Emerg Med Clin N Am

26 (2008) 863–868

Index

Note: Page numbers of article titles are in boldface type.

A B

Abdomen, CT angiography of abdomen,803–804

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CT of, 802–803radiography of, 805–809

Abdominal aortic ultrasound, 790–791

Abdominal trauma, 636–638

Acute coronary syndromes, management of,critical care aspects in, 685–702

Acute respiratory distress syndrome, criteriafor diagnosis of, 613

Alpha-adrenergic receptors, 766

Amrinone, in shock, 771

Analgesia, following head trauma, 633

Aneurysm, abdominal aortic, 790

Angiography, in pulmonary embolism,670

Anion gap, calculation of, 717–718

Antibiotics, early appropriate, for sepsis,607–609

following head trauma, 633in intensive care unit, 813–834

-8627

0.101

for common infections, 816–818general principles of, 814

resistance patterns to, in sepsis, 609

Arrhythmias, in acute coronary syndrome,694–698

reperfusion, 697–698

Arterial pressure, mean, 763

importance of, 746

monitoring of, 744–746

Asthma, mechanical ventilation in, 855–857

noninvasive positive pressure

ventilation in, 838

Atropine, in critically poisoned patient,729–730

/08/$ - see front matter � 2008 Elsevier

6/S0733-8627(08)00068-0

Beta-adrenergic receptors, 766

Bowel, large, obstruction of, 807, 808

Bradyarrhythmias, 695–696

Brain injury, corticosteroids after, 632

Brain perfusion, measurement o, 632

C

Cabapenems, use in intensive care unit,827–829

Capnometry, sublingual, to assess tissueperfusion, 750–751

Cardiac output, monitoring of, 752–754

Inc.

pharmacologic agents to support,765

Cardiogenic pulmonary edema, acute,noninvasive positive pressureventilation in, 838–839

Cardiogenic shock, background of, 686

diagnostic evaluation of, 689–691epidemiology of, 686fibrinolysis versus revascularization in,

692inotropes and vasopressors in, 691intra-aortic balloon pump

counterpulsation in, 692mechanism of, 686–687treatment of, 691–692

Cardiovascular system, 741–742

monitoring of, 742

Catheter, pulmonary artery, 752

Central nervous system, trauma to, 631–634

Cephalosporins, fourth generation, use inintensive care unit, 830–831

Cerebrovascular events, clinical pathwayfor, model for initiating, 708, 709

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864 INDEX

Cerebrovascular (continued)

emergency medicine standards for,

evaluation and management of,704

processes for ensuring quality care in,704–709

Chest, CT of, 799–802

radiography of, 804

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,acute exacerbation of, noninvasivepositive pressure ventilation in,837–838

mechanical ventilation in, 855–857

Colistin, for gram-negative pathogens,825–826

Compartment syndrome, universal theoryof, 639

Coronary syndrome, acute, arrhythmias in,694–698

Corticosteroids, after brain injury, 632

in sepsis, 614–615

Critical care and emergency imaging,787–812

Critical care toxicology, 715–739

Critically ill emergency department patient,monitoring of, 741–757

Crotalide antivenin, in critically poisonedpatient, 731

CT, of abdomen, 802–803

of chest, 799–802of head, 795–797

CT angiography, of abdomen, 803–804

of head and neck, 797–799

D

Daptomycin, for gram-positive pathogens,822–824

Deep vein thrombosis, 650–662

clinical pathways in, 657–659clinical presentation of, 651–652CT venography in, 655–656D-dimer in, 656–657, 658MRI venography in, 656of upper extremity, 661treatment and management of,

660–661ultrasound in, 652–655

Deferoxamine, in critically poisonedpatient, 730–731

Digoxin immune Fab, in critically poisonedpatient, 731–732

Do not intubate patients, noninvasivepositive pressure ventilation in,840–841

Dobutamine, in shock, 770–771

Dopamine, in shock, 770

Dopaminergic receptors, 767

Doppler monitoring, esophageal, 753–754

E

Echocardiography, diagnostic capabilitiesof, 788–790

in critically ill patient, 788limitations and pitfalls of, 790transthoracic, 754

Elderly, trauma in, 639–640

Electrocardiogram, for evaluation ofpoisoned patient, 724–728

Emergency imaging, and critical careimaging, 787–812

End-tidal carbon dioxide, to monitorventilation, 743–744

Ephedrine, in shock, 768

Epinephrine, in shock, 768

Etomidate, use in sepsis, 615–617

Extremity, trauma to, 638–639

F

Fibrinolysis, complications of, 692–694

failure of, 694versus revascularization, in

cardiogenic shock, 692

Flumazenil, in critically poisoned patient,732

Fluoroquinolones, use in intensive care unit,829–830

Fomepizole, in critically poisoned patient,732

G

Glucagon, in shock, 771–772

Glycemic control, intensive, in sepsis,618–619

Gram-negative pathogens, antibiotic agentsfor, 825–827

Gram-positive pathogens, antibiotic agentsfor, 819–825

865INDEX

H

Head, CT of, 795–797

Head and chest, trauma to, 626

Head and neck, CT angiography of,797–799

Head trauma, analgesia following, 633

antibiotics following, 633protective effects of hypothermia in,

633

Hemoperitoneum, 791

Hemorrhage, as complication offibrinolysis, 693–694

associated with trauma, 628

Hemothorax, 792

Hydroxocobalamin, in critically poisonedpatient, 732–733

Hypoperfusion, occult, 630

Hypothermia, protective effect of, in headtrauma, 633

I

Imaging, critical care and emergency,787–812

Immunosuppressed patients, noninvasivepositive pressure ventilation in, 840

Infection, in sepsis, ascertainment of site,608

Injured patient, initial assessment in, andtherapy of, 626–628, 629

Inotropes. See Vasopressors, and inotropes.

Inotropes and vasopressors, in cardiogenicshock, 691

Intensive care unit, antibiotics in,813–834

Intra-aortic balloon pumpcounterpulsation, in cardiogenicshock, 692

Intravascular volume, assessing andmonitoring of, 746–749

dynamic measurements of,

748–749static measurements of, 747–748

Isoproterenol, in shock, 771

J

JCAHO Stroke Center Certificationperformance measures, 705–708

K

K+ efflux xhannel blocking drugs,726–727

L

Lactate, clearance time, and tissueperfusion, 749–750

Left ventricle free wall, rupture of, 688–689

Leg, venous anatomy of, 652

Linezolid, for gram-positive pathogens,821–822

Lung, acute injury to, mechanicalventilation in, 857–858

as source of sepsis, 610

M

Mannitol, after central nervous systemtrauma, 632

Mechanical ventilation, 849–862

alternative strategies for, 852–854breath-to-breath, 853clarification of terms associated with,

849–850dual control modes for, 853flow rate and waveform and, 850–851in acute injury to lung, 857–858in acute respiratory distress syndrome,

857–858in asthma, 855–857in chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease, 855–857pressure-targeted (control) modes and,

852respiratory mechanics in, 859, 861respiratory rate and tidal volume and,

850spontaneous breathing and, 851synchronized intermittent, plus

pressure support ventilation,852–853

troubleshooting in, 859, 861volume-targeted (control) modes and,

851–852weaning from, noninvasive positive

pressure ventilation in, 841within breath, 853

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococus aureusinfections, 609

Milrinone, in shock, 771

Mitral valve regurgitation, acute, 688

Monitoring, of critically ill emergencydepartment patient, 741–757

866 INDEX

N

N-Acetylcysteine, in critically poisonedpatient, 733

Naloxone, in critically poisoned patient,733–734

Nasal cannula, high flow, 844–845

Near-infrared spectroscopy, and tissueperfusion, 751

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation,cautions in use of, 843–844

contraindications to use of, 843definitions of, 835, 836in emergency department, 835–847

feasibility of, 841–842

indications for initiating, 837–841initiation of, 842–843pathophysiological effects of, 837rationale for using, 836

Norepinephrine, in shock, 769–770

O

Obesity, trauma in, 640

Organ donor, potential, care of, 640–641

Orthogonal polarization spectroscopy, andtissue perfusion, 751

Osmole gap, serum, for evaluation ofpoisoned patient, 718–721

Osmotherapy, after central nervous systemtrauma, 632

Oxygen saturation, central venous, andtissue perfusion, 750

Oxygen tension, transcutaneous,measurement of, 751–752

Oxygenation, monitoring by pulse oximetry,742–743

P

Papilledema, 793

Pelvic trauma, 636–638

Pelvic ultrasound, 794–795

Penicillins, extended spectrumanti-pseudomonal, use in intensivecare unit, 829

Phenylephrine, in shock, 768–769

Phlegmasia cerulea dolens, 661, 662

Pneumatosis intestinalis, 808

Pneumothorax, tension, 805, 806

Poisoned patient, management of, 728–734

testing of, 717

Practice aids, for emergency medicineproviders, 711–712

Pralidoxime chloride, in critically poisonedpatient, 734

Pregnancy, venothromboembolism in,674

Pressure support ventilation, volumeassured, and pressure augmentation,853

Pulmonary embolism, alveolar dead spacemeasurements in, 666

arterial blood gas and pulse oximetry

in, 666chest radiography in, 666clinical pathway in, 671–672clinical presentation of, 663CT in, 667–669D-dimer in, 667diagnostic tests in, 665, 667echocardiography in, 666–667electrocardiogram in, 665magnetic resonance angiography in,

670pathophysiology of, 662–663pulmonary angiography in, 670signs and symptoms of, 663, 664treatment and management of,

672–674ventilation-perfusion scanning in,

669–670

Pulse contour analysis, 752–753

Pulse oximetry, for monitoring ofoxygenation, 742–743

in pulmonary embolism, 666

Pyridoxine, in critically poisoned patient,734

Q

Quality improvement processes, foremergency medicine providers, 712

Quinupristin/dalfopristin, for gram-positivepathogens, 824–825

R

Radiography, for evaluation of poisonedpatient, 722–724

of abdomen, 805–809of chest, 804

Recombinant human-activated protein C,sepsis and, 617–618

867INDEX

Reperfusion arrhythmias, 697–698

Respiratory distress syndrome, acute,mechanical ventilation in, 857–858

Respiratory failure, hypoxemic, noninvasivepositive pressure ventilation in, 839

Right ventricular failure, 688

S

Sepsis, ascertainment of site of infection in,608

corticosteroids in, 614–615definitions of, 604–605diagnostic criteria for, 606early appropriate antibiotics for,

607–609early goal-directed therapy in, 611–612etomidate use and, 615–617improving outcomes in, 604–619increasing awareness of, 605–607intensive glycemic control in, 618–619lung as source of, 610lung-protective ventilation strategies

in, 612recombinant human-activated protein

C and, 617–618resistance patterns to antibiotics and,

609severe, and septic shock, improving

outcomes in, 603–623

definition of, 605

source control in, 610

Shock, anaphylactic, 772–775

cardiogenic. See Cardiogenic shock.

with acute left ventriculardysfunction, 775–776

with right ventriculardysfunction, 776–778

categories of, and treatment strategies,760, 761

causes of, 760–762classification of, 760, 762emergency treatment of, vasopressors

and inotropes in, 759–786hemodynamic measurements in, 763,

764incidence of, 759neurogenic, 775oxygen debt in, 760principles of management of, 763–766septic, and severe sepsis, improving

outcomes in, 603–623

Sonography, in thoracic trauma, 635

thoracoabdominal, 793

Stroke, and transient ischemic attack, carein, ensuring standards for, 703–713

registrar’s quick triage for, 709tissue plasminogen activator in,

contraindications to, 710

T

Tachyarrhythmias, 696–697

Tension pneumothorax, 805, 806

Thoracic trauma, 634–636

antibiotics in, 634

Thoracostomy, tube, in thoracic trauma,634

Tigecycline, for gram-negative pathogens,826–827

Tissue perfusion, global markers of,749–750

monitoring of, 749–752regional markers of, 750–752

Tissue plasminogen activator, forstroke patients, contraindications to,710

IV administration of, 709–711

Tonometry, gastric, to assess tissueperfusion, 750–751

Toxicologic emergency, clinical evaluationof, 715–717

Toxicology, critical care, 715–739

Toxidromes, 716–717

Transient ischemic attack, and stroke,care in, ensuring standards for,703–713

Transthoracic electrical bioimpedance,753

Trauma, 625–648

abdominal and pelvic, 636–638central nervous system, 631–634common injuries due to, 626damage control in, 630–631end points of resuscitation and,

628–630head and chest, 626risk factors for, 626severity of, factors influencing,

625thoracic, 634–636

antibiotics in, 634

to chest. See Thoracic trauma.to elderly, 639–640to extremity, 638–639to obese patients, 640to secondary systems, 641–642ultrasound in, 791–794

868 INDEX

U

Ultrasound, bedside, in critically ill patient,787–795

in trauma, 791–794pelvic, 794–795

Urine drug screening, for evaluation ofpoisoned patient, 721–722

V

Vancomycin, for gram-positive pathogens,819–821

Vasoactive drugs, in shock, 760, 773

Vasopressin, in shock, 771

Vasopressin receptors, 767

Vasopressors, and inotropes, complicationsassociated with, 767

in emergency treatment of shock,759–786

clinical applications of, 772therapeutic considerations

in, 767–768

receptor physiology, 766–767

Venothromboembolism, 649–683

epidemiology of, 650in comorbid conditions, 674–675in pregnancy, 674pathophysiology of, 650risk factors for, 650, 651

Ventilation, Airway Pressure Release, andBiLevel Ventilation, 854

high frequency, 854lung-protective, in sepsis, 612mechanical. See Mechanical

ventilation.monitoring using end-tidal carbon

dioxide, 743–744negative pressure, iron lung as,

835–836noninvasvie positive pressure. See

Noninvasive positive pressureventilation.

Proportional Assist, and ProportionalPressure Support, 854

Ventilation-perfusion scanning, inpulmonary embolism, 669–670

Ventilator management, in thoracic trauma,635

Ventricular septal rupture, 689