independence vol. 22 no. 219 apr-may 2005

Upload: zai-zai-hak

Post on 25-Feb-2018

219 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 7/25/2019 Independence Vol. 22 No. 219 Apr-may 2005

    1/16

    20-.

    |3|nkyfbxmrfqOfjoldOfcmefbZMU-qOfjckef=rfb|6|xmrf-wGyfb zljerf; qOfjqBm;,Dj|8|qOfj,Gwfjokduf;oyf;vFif;cBjte

    |18| o#rf;jynfaxmifpktpdk;&zGJpnf; vGwfvyfa&;a-ujim|23| ESpf 60 eD;yg; o#rf;jynfolrsm; cHpm;csuf|32| o#rf;wyf 2 zGJ aygif;pnf;r+

    |36| Time buyers|37| Clogged ears|38| Forced submission campaign on

    kk

    rBmvldef[Mj-vldef=uf; yDwB;

    INDEPENDENCE

    qkkrf;udkwf;okduf;-wkduf;okduf;

    +rf;uef aw[ef[Fif;,fgbukdrf;

    qkkrf;udkwf;okduf;-wkduf;okduf;

    +rf;uef aw[ef[Fif;,fgbukdrf;

    INDP 219 SHAN.pmd 22/6/2548, 19:061

  • 7/25/2019 Independence Vol. 22 No. 219 Apr-may 2005

    2/16

    2 Vol. 22, No. 219, 2005

    k

    vb'yo5b;y06,yrl6bdyr,Koyh ,urzCoydKoy;wt0G,yx6b'yrgl v;yd5h]wKr]wKrzkjmCdyj0Cdyjcz/ ]:dyj'6b9yh/ ,bxyj'Coyrd,ydboyr,kr9bdyr9bdyrSm6b'y9uh0;yhdoyjo 9xyt06,yr @@ 9xtyl6bdyr05b;yt0K9yh06b'yh9wr (SSNA) -;y gxkr]wh;K'yr-5b'yhd.kj{,5b;yh %j@#2%2Q* sC'yrd:'yh@%$ d5oyr @)_ gdkT oy.rv5b'yjg0Hv5g0H;G'yrlCoy;u} d5Pyrv,yjdkr 96boyrvKoyrs6xyh06,yr9wrd6b9yrl6bdyr SSNA9'yr,59yrxkr9'yr95;yz5ho,yr SSNA0;yh0wKrpuh d:oyjc]h0;yh0wKrpuh Z9'yr';yh06,yrvbdyj 9xyts^,yj

    ]5,yh,oyr0;yhX ]whx6boytxw:jxK'yl;yr';yh'6oyr-wKrlb,yj/'5b'yt-wKT-;yhm5boyj-6boyr,5b;yh +2%2Q*?

    awKjo6b'yh9K'yro6b'yh l6bdyr,Koyhl,ytc]jsk]:dyj'6b9yh,bxyj'Coyro5b;y l'yj-kjd5oyr,5b'yrsy>hs^Pyrs

  • 7/25/2019 Independence Vol. 22 No. 219 Apr-may 2005

    3/16

    Shan Herald Agency for News 3

    INDEPENDENCE

    mK,yx6boyzK;yjd:oyrg-k/ 9'yh]5'yx:'y06b'yh05b;yrowtxGoy;oyr]y.-khM?

    9:xyjx6boyzK;yj @)2%2Q* 9'yh]5'yx:'y06b'yh#*2$2Q*?

    mK,y oy.r06,yrx:'y06b'yhowt,ur]wKgdkT/ z5h]y.sKxyjdKoyawKj]y.]wK]wK-khM?

    9:xyj,ur @) gdkT Z9kj @# gdkTxwj]K9yh]whX oy.r,5b'yrgdkhv:dyj,kr # gdkT?

    @ T 0;yhl5b;y-KoyjakT xGoy0:,y06b'yh

    (President or Head of State)#T -6oylC'y0C9yh xGoy0:,yz:'yr06b'yh (PM)$T -6oys,yjxGoyz:'yr]5'yawKjo:dyh,5b'yr(FM)%T -6oylujskT xGoyz:'yr]5'yawKjoy.r,5b'yr

    (HM)*T 0;yh-5b;yrl5b;yxGoyz:'yr]5'yawKjdC9yjc-

    (DM) {;wKr,krxGoy0;yhm6oyrgvr}mK,yvGoyrvKoyr,ur05b;yts6b;y/ d:xyhl'y05b;yt

    s6b;yc]h]wh9'yh2x6boyzK;yj-khM?9:xyj,oyrxGoydK'y0y.d5oyr,5b'yr/ s;yrv,yj]wh

    d.kjl5oyr96,y/ d:xyh-;y96dyt-okj/ ,Koyh,krp6b;yr9wKp5jd5h;oyr 9kj;oyr,5b;yrokh g9sG9yrs6b;y/ s;yr,kr]GxyhsGoyr95Pyr ,urp5j # ]wKr/ ]wKr,5b'yrs^,yh96,yv,yjooyv;yd:oyrg-k/ 9kjv;y]wKrcaj9cijowt,oyr96boyrv,yjxGoy]wh?gxkrs,yhdoy9'yr06,yr9uj,5;yj-gijluj,Koyhgl sG9yrsy>h06,yrl6bdyr,Koyhdw:

    0;yhl5b;y-KoyjakTc]h0;yh-6oys5,yj

    ,kr9'yhlzkrxkH]uH,oyHv;y,5b'yr9wrs;yrd9yrpGoyow ,oyrg9dwd.k j9bdyr9bdyr? ,oyrv,yj,ur9K'yrl'ymC'yhp;yt/x6b'yhvb'y95;y0;yhd;yjv;yd:oyrg-kS9Cxyr99yr,kr05b;ytow?

    mK,y06,yrx:'y06b'yhowtsG9yrs6b;y]5bdyh9'yh-kh/]wKr]5bdyh,ur05b;yts6b;yM?

    9:xyjdGxyrlwK,wKd5oyr]5'yvoy-y.h]whd:oyrg-kgl9Cxyr99yr/ ]GxyhsGoyr95Pyrd5oyr

    ,5b'yr9wr *( g0H;G'yrooyt%_ g0H;G'yr-y.h]whd:oyrg-k/ dK'y0y.d5oyr,5b'yr-y.h]whd:oyrg-k ,ur _*T)8 gxkrsdyt05b;yt0K9yhgdkh ]5;yj0:,yrdK'y0y.d5oyr,5b'yr?

    mK,y9kjo:dyh,5b'yrsb,yrsh-;yxw:j/ s;yrg9,bxyj-;yv5b;yh?

    mK,ydkhx5oyt,kr 06,yrl6bdyr,Koyhowt Z95;ym5xyr,ur;khX v;y]wKr]u]K9yhv5oyhv:oyjgdkhv,yj]wh/ v;y]wKr-C'ygdkh-;yv,yjm:,yjM?

    xuho:'yt9wr05b;yr,kr,ur,5b'yrmwr codK'y0y.96dyrp:oyr,Koyh sy>hxoyd:oyrg-k,5b'yr9wr c]hd,ytmC,y]5'yx:'y06b'yh9wrx6boyzK;yjd:oyrg-k Zokh]6,yrz:'yr9K'y,Koyh 9uh,5b'yrd:dyj ,5b'yrmwrX

    l6bxyjokh *

    0;yh-6oys,yj 0;yhl5b;y-KoyjakT

    =yfhxlyf;wGifjxmrf

    INDP 219 SHAN.pmd 22/6/2548, 19:063

  • 7/25/2019 Independence Vol. 22 No. 219 Apr-may 2005

    4/16

    4 Vol. 22, No. 219, 2005

    k

    1

    2

    @T lwKTS-.k 0;yh-5b;yr'6boyr (SSA)/ 0;yhp:9yhl6bdyr (SSA)/ 0;yh0wKrpuh (SSNA)/ 0;yhlC'y06,yh (SSNA)#T 0;yhsKoy0;yhl6bdyr-;y ;K'yr95'yj,:dyj s^,yhoxytp,yp:'yhd6'yj,6oyz5hs9yrsKoy05b;yr]5jlwK0y.d.kj x6oyh9kj05b;yt0K9yh$T l:'y06,yrpbxyr,6b;yrs^,yhs

  • 7/25/2019 Independence Vol. 22 No. 219 Apr-may 2005

    5/16

    Shan Herald Agency for News 5

    INDEPENDENCE

    9:xyj9kjs;yrxGoyvGoyxGoysC'yrgld.kj]K9yhg9kj9'yr,Koyhowts;yr]5;yj,ur]5'yx:'y

    06b'yh? gxkrv,yjooy-;yv,yjm:,yj?mK,y 06,yrl6bdyrvoy p6b;yr,Koyhp5j ,5boy

    RCSS/SSAowt 0:'yj-;yhxkr/ 0:'yj-;y0;yhsoy]ud,ytmC,y-khM?

    9:xyjs;yr-y.hm5xyr s^;yx;yh]5'y s6b'yokjp;yt/-;ygdkh-y.hm5xyr/ sy>hs;yr-6boyhd.kjo5b;y]w:/

    s;yrl,ytv,yj-6boyh]wh/ d:xyhx5b;yh-;y96bdyrdoy/ gxkrs;yrd.kj-,y9uhx6oyts;yrv,yj]5'yr,kr]wh dKoys;yrg9]6,59yr/ s;yr0'yj;kh lxyr]C'yrsy>h d5oyrp6,yjp,yvoyx:'yj0y.gl,kr? ,oyr0;yh;kh v,yj,urxoyskl'y?

    mK,ypK'yrz5bdyj/ pK'yr]C'y/ -6oylkj/ 06,yr0G'yj;boyr NCGUB -;ygdkh9'yh]5'yx:'y06b'yh,kr? 9'yr9wr,kr9'yh,y.j x6boyzK;yjd:oyrg-kowt,oyrxCdyjx5b'yhdoy05b;yt

    s6b;yM?9:xyj gxkr;khc9t,oyr pK'yrz5bdyj/ pK'yr

    ]C'y/ NCGUB-;yx5boyhl,ytgxkr9'yh,krp;yt/ d6b9yr9wrd5Pyrxwj]wh9'yh/ s;yrp5xyhp:,yrc9tc9t/ d:xyhs;yrv,yj,ur

    ]5'yx:'y06b'yhc]h ,Koyh,kr9Gdyr9G'ymK'yj]Gdyto5b;ys;yr sC,y9wKp5j9bdyr9bdyrooytgdkhxkrvoyo6b'yh/ voy-y.hx5dyr9'yh]5'yx:'y06b'yhowt0G,y,5b;yhxudwK d5Pyrv,yjskd5oyr]5'y]wh/ 9kjd.kjdxyrl6bxyj]wh9K'yro:dyh,5b'yr/ ,5boy-6oylkjx5dyr9'yhx6boyzK;yjp;ytd.kjowt ,oyr,5boyawrz5b'yrd5Pyrokj/ d,yrowt pK'yrz5bdyj gdkh-;ysG9yrooy]5r/ v,yj,urvoy9b9yr9K,y0:,yr/ pK'yr]C'ygdkh05b;ytooy/

    NCGUB0G'yj;boyr-;ygdkh l,yt9Cdyjdoy/ owKrl6d\uj l,ytd.kj,uroy.r-:dyh9bdyr9bdyrow g9sG9yrs6b;yxGoydKoy?

    mK,yp6,yjp,y;khg9v,yj,5boy-;yM?9:xyjv,yj,5boy/ voys;yrsK'yhsCoyr;wt owt]u

    ]5b;y-;yc9tc9t/ o:dyh,5b'yrd,yhz:'yhgdkhsxytshx5boyhp:,yrsxytp;yt-khgokhM?

    9:xyj;oyrmb##2% owt0;yho5oyrv5g9d.kj

    m5xyrd\xoyjmC'yh? gxkrp;yt g9d.kjm5xyrai'yjlG9yh zCoydKoy;wtp;yt?

    mK,yoy.r06,yrl6bdyr06,yrdKoy,5b'yr 9K'yj0K;yr-5b;yr ;kT x]:'yh xv5;yr d5;yrdK'yt05b;yrowt0:'yj-;yg9p:,yrsxytz:,yt0:,yr]whM?

    9:xyj d:xyhx5b;yhs;yr-6dyr0y.]wh-;yc]h9'yh]5'yx:'y06b'yh sGdyh06b;yh;kh,5b'yrs^,yh96,y06b'yh9wr FSSvoyxkrd5h0K;yr-5b;yr?,5b;yh @+## ooytgdkhxGoy,5b'yr0;yhakT$( ,5b'yr xkr9'yr0;yhakT ;kT x]:'yhxv5;yr mo6 d5;yrdK'yt v,yj,urxoyskl'y/ 0;yhakT-;y-;yhdoy d5oyr,5b'yr-;yhdoy,ur]:'yh]:9yh]C;yr? d,yrowts;yrg9]whsG9yrx5b'y';yhx6b'yr,5b'yr voy,ur]:'yh zG'yjxG'yrdoy gxkr-;y-y.hmK'yjm5b,yows;yr]K9yhco]wh;kh sK'yyhsCoyr;wt05b;ytow?

    mK,yd,yr]6boyrl69yr-y.hl'yj]K9yhl'y-khM?9:xyj-y.hsy>h05b;yrp5jo:dyh,5b'yroy.r,5b'yr z:,ytlG'y

    xG'yrxKdyjdoy/ voy96bdyt',yr';yrp5j05b;yrooyt lxyr]C'yrco-;y;kh gxkr

    s;yrv,yjv;ypK,yr]G;y d5;y96b;yt9K'yr,oyr]69yhd.kj/ 0;yh;Koyh0;yh,5b'yrgdkh

    ]5'yr]K9yh 0;yhogirl5oygdkh]5'yr]K9yh/ gxkrl5v,yjsG9yrxuowt]5boyowt,oyrg9v,yj,ur;oyr,oyrp;ytow? u

    d5oyr + gdkT + -kjcdj ska6boyrcljd5oyrg,khv,yj,ur

    l6bxyj,kr $

    INDP 219 SHAN.pmd 22/6/2548, 19:065

  • 7/25/2019 Independence Vol. 22 No. 219 Apr-may 2005

    6/16

    6 Vol. 22, No. 219, 2005

    k

    mK,yvoy0;yhdoyjo-;y ;K'yr-5b'yhd.kj,5b;yh;oyrmb(j@#2%2Q* ooytxGoys6b;yc9tc9t-khM?

    9:xyj,oyrmK'yj;kh gxkrvKxyhd:'yhxoy9uh,Koyh +S@Q ];yrgdkhg9p;ytp;tyowd.kh? ,oyr96dyrp:oyr;kh gxkrp6b;yrgdkhp6b;yr0w:hdoylG'yhlG'yh9'yr,59yr xkr9'yr SSAx:9yrshs^PyrmC'yh 06,yro6b'yhp;yt06,yro6b'yhsG9yrow? 0Kdyh]5'y-;ygdkh d6b9yrxC9yhgl v,yj0K'yhdxyrl6bxyjdoy?

    mK,y06,yrdoyjo ;K'yr-5b'yhd.kjc]h 06,yrd6'yj-5b;yr-;y;K'yr-5b'yhd.kjowt ]wKr,Koyh-;ysG9yrx5b'yhdoy05b;yts6b;yM?

    9:xyj9uh0;yhd6'yj-5b;yrowt;oyrmb@+2*2Q*-;ygxkr96b9yr0KdyhlwK]5,yrp;yt? s;yrgdkhv,yjs^T';yr]wKrs;ypw:h,oyr?

    mK,y9xytl6bdyr SSNAowt;wKrgl0;yhl6bdyr]5'ydKoyrp:9yhlG'yhd.kj ';yr]wKrgdkh]Cdyh]wKh,krc]h ,ur]:'yh96,ytp:oyh,krooyt0:'yj;kh]wh-khM?

    9:xyj;kh]whp5j/ d5PyrdkhlGoyh9K'yr gxkj]luj,Koyhgdkh]Cdyh]wKh,kr/ ,oyrv,yj,5boyd;yj?

    mK,yl'y;kh0;yhdKoyrp:9yh 96bdyt,urp5jowdoyjo d6'yj-5b;yr-;y0:'yjg90K'yhxGoyd.kj9K'yj]wKrM?

    9:xyj0K'yhxGoyp5j/ ]:'yh;K'yr-5b'yhgdkh 0K'yhxGoyp5j?

    mK,y0;yh,krs,yhsh,krp5j-6boyr,5boyd;yj/ 95;y

    -khc9tv,yjm5xyr]whp;yt? 06,yrs;yr-6boyrc,r-:9yjz:9yh 0;yhl6bdyrg-j,boyjxGoyz5hv:dyjokh/ xy.T;oyro6b'yhp;yt;oyro6b'yhgdkhd5oyrs;yrv,yj]whm5xyr 9uhp5j9uhdboys;yrgdkh,Koyh,krpkTxC9yhlG'yh?

    mK,yd5oyr]5'y06,yr SSAx:9yrs

  • 7/25/2019 Independence Vol. 22 No. 219 Apr-may 2005

    7/16

    Shan Herald Agency for News 7

    INDEPENDENCE

    lwK'wK9K'yrokhowt v,yj0K'yh]K,yr]wh/ 0K'yhxGoy]whd5h]wKr?

    mK,ylwK'wK0K'yhxGoy]wh ,5boyo'yj-;yhm5boyj/;K'yr-5b'yh/ sG9yrxuj960b9yt Z,Koyhxoyl6oyj]wh sG9yrskdboyxwKr,Kdyh,url6oyj95;yX voy]y.]CxyhxGoy]who,y-khM?

    9:xyjowtgdkhv,yj0K'yh]K,yr]wh?mK,yvoy]wh'boyr,krc9t9xyt06,yr @ 0;yh

    l6bdyr]5'yxK'yjakTc9t 96boyrg9v,yjp:,yr;K'yr-5b'yyh ,5boy06,yrdoyjo-;y ;kh05b;ytow/ d5oyr]5'ylC'ydC;yt ,5boyo'yj0;yh]w:,K;yr 0;yhdwKjakT 0;yhpkrxuj0;yh0wKr95r 0;yhd:'y9wr 0;yh0wKrsKoy

    l6bdyr-;y 05b;yrowtgdkh v,yjgxkr,5boy

    0;yhxK'yj/ 0:'yj'boyr-khcojM?9:xyjgxkr-;yv6xyjd6,ydoyc9t v;ydoy;kh

    p5j/ gxkrv,yjv6xyjdoyc9ts^T;khgdkT9K'yrp;yt?

    mK,y9:oyh SSPCowtgxkr0;yhs;yr-;yv:dyj,krp;ytgdkh x:'yj;kh v,yj,urp;ytow;kh]whp5j-khp5;ytM?

    9:xyj ;kh]whgvkh/ ,ur # 06,yrd5Pyrokj/gxkr06,yro6b'yhv:dyjgdkh d6b9yr06,yr]G;yd5Pyr]5r SSPCv,yj,urp;ytgdkh JACgdkhv,yj,urp;yt?

    mK,yl'y0;yhs;yr d.kjp5j9uhs;y0y.,Kdyj9k

    d5oyrl6bdyr d5oyr,5b'yr95Pyrow soym6b'y]:'yhd6b9yrl6bdyrowt,KoyhvurxGoy/ 9uhs;yrv,yj,ur9K'yrzb9yr/,KoyhsG9yrxGoyc]h

    s;yrgdkh]whv:dyjm5boyj g9kjl5h-6boyr?d,yho,yg9;5oyt,5boys6b;y-khM?

    9:xyjd,yho,ysoy]u]wh0y.p5j?mK,yd,yhz:'yhd,yhgvj0K'yh,wh0y. d5;y,5boy

    ,5b;yhxu +(S+) gxkr,urxK'y96bdyr,kr,Koyhm5;yrl6bdyrgskh]6bxyhv;y;KoyhsK,yrl5oysK,yr 0:'yj0K'yhxGoy]wh-khM?

    9:xyj0K'yhxGoy]whp5j?

    mK,y ,urd.K,yraKdyjm6b'y gxkhc,hd5oyr,5b'yr

    z5hsdyt0K9yh ]wK,5j]wK06,yr vb'yo5b;y';yr]wKrxGoy,kr05b;yts6b;y-khM?

    9:xyjp5j9uh s;yr-khc9tg9-9yr0y.-9yrg-krgl l6bxyjpbxyrd:'yhdK'yjg9kjl5hd.kj 0:,yro'yjd5oyr,5b'yrs;yr-y.hsG9yr -y.hxGoy/ -y.hl'yjm6b'y 05b;yrd6b9yr9K'yro:'yh9K'yr]'y;kh pkjgxp:,yrdKoyt/ ;wt0y.dCoyjdCoyj-C'y-C'yg9kjl5hd.kj/ 9K'yj,5j9K'yj06,yrgdkhsy>h0G;yrsT95;y/ x5boyhg9

    sG9yrs6b;yo5b;ys;yrooyt 06,yrs;yrowtxGoy95;ypK'yj Pkrs^;y9urs^;y]K'yr,oyr/v;y06,yrs;yrowtsG9yr9:oyhl:oysT95;ydoygld,yr?

    doyjo d6'yj-5b;yr

    -:'y-y.h;kh,ur'6boyr,ur'6boyrow9bdyr9bdyr]5r?

    gxkr'6boyro,y-,yr]5b'yj,krzy.g9'5b;yhgl-y.h-;yhm5boyj?

    d;y,urgdkh d;y-y.hp5joy.r;G'yrd5Pyrv5b;yhg,kT

    ,y.jl6'y 1 sy>hp5j]u,ur'6boyr

    d:xyh,y.jl6'y,ur'6boyr

    INDP 219 SHAN.pmd 22/6/2548, 19:077

  • 7/25/2019 Independence Vol. 22 No. 219 Apr-may 2005

    8/16

    8 Vol. 22, No. 219, 2005

    k

    =yfhxlyf;wGifjxmrf=OfyOfjvlifRCSS

    mK,yd6b9yrl6bdyrdoy05;yh-K;yr9'yr 06,yr;5Pygl\kjd'yr @)@ owt,ur]:'yh95dyr]5'yrdoy-khskT/ d:xyhl'yc]hd6b9yrd.kjM?

    9:xyjd:xyh-;y9wKo,y/ ,K9yj0Gxyro,y l6bdyr-;ygdkh v,yj-y.hp6b;yrc]h d6b9yrd.kj?

    s;yrgdkhv,yj-y.h96bdyr v,yj-y.hzG;yh-;yc]h 0'yjv,yjv;ysC'yrl6bdyr]6bxyh0:,yr/gxkrl6bxyj96bdyrlb,yr0:,yrc9t -;yg9v,yjd6b9yrl'y/ gxkr-;yv,yjc9jv:oy9K'yr,oyrs6b;yd5b9yj-6boyh,kr?

    mK,y;wKrd6b9yrl6bdyrdoyowt ]:'yh9b9yrg9kjxK'ylK'yr0:'yj,ur-khcojM?

    9:xyj-;y9b9yrg9kj,krp5jd,yro6b'yh/ sy>hd6b9yrl6bdyrdoy/ -kh;khs'yr-;y gxkrxwjm:oyl6bdyr,59yr,59yrc9txwj0K'yhv6xyj/ -;yp:oyr,kr]:w9wr]C'yr s;yrv,yjxoy,kr/m:oyl6bdyr,59yr,5b;yh]y. v6xyjdoy,5b;yhooyt/ gxkrxwjm:oyl6bdyr,59yr x:'yj;khxK'y96bdyrxwjp;yt?

    mK,ym:oyl6bdyrvoy;khowt0:'yj]K9yhxkr;kh95'yj9K'yjd.K'yhdCxyhdkhs6b;yM?

    9:xyjm:oy-6boyrsy>h,oyr,5boyd;yj ,5boy,5b;yhlG'yd:'yhxwj9Cdyj/ v,yj0y.hsy>h,5b;yr - 6boyr,5b'yr-;y? gxkrxwjm:oygdkh ,5b;yh]G;yxGoyokhl6bdyrd5Pyro'yjd;yj/ zy.-y.h,'yzy.,5b;yh]y.gdkh]wh/ -;yd6b9yrd.kjgdkh ,oyrxwj-;yhI9kr?

    mK,ys^;ys6xyh';yr]wKrokhl6bdyr 9'yrl6bdyr;kTowtxGoys6b;y-khM?

    9:xyj,5boy;5Pygl\kjd'yr/ ;5Pygl\kjpb'y-;yowtm:,yjlwK]5,yrd5Pyr/ -;yv,yj,krm9yrlK'y/ ]5;yj96bdyrv5b;yhowsCoyrl6bdyr-;yh,kr? 9kT6'yt9xyt06,yr #@% gdkh pK,yh9C,yh]bdyh,krz6boyo6b'yh/ voyxGoyp5jowt@)@ d5Pyr v,yj-y.hsy>h]K,yrxkrdoy/

    s;yrv6xyjdoy]whp5j/ s;yrgdkh;wt0y.0;yh,5boy9wrgdkT? ]wKr-;ysG9yrowt,oyrv,yj]u/ s;yrgdkhsTp5j/ ,oyr,5boyxGoyzCoydKoy @)@ d5Pyr v,yj0y.hzCoydKoyx;yrpG;yj-\C'y?

    mK,y';yh'6oyrxK'ylK'yr ,krm9yrlK'y95Pyr';yr]wKrgl sK,yh @)@ v,yjxGoy]wh-khskTM?

    9:xyjd,yr]6boyrowt-;ysK,yhv5b;yh/ -;ygdkhshgxkr0K'yh0w:hdoyooyt

    =yfhxlyf;wGifjxmrf =OfyOfjvlifRCSS

    22/05/2005

    qOfj,Gwfjokduf;

    INDP 219 SHAN.pmd 22/6/2548, 19:078

  • 7/25/2019 Independence Vol. 22 No. 219 Apr-may 2005

    9/16

    Shan Herald Agency for News 9

    INDEPENDENCE

    s;yr]5;yj]5'yt]C'yrdoy;wt/ dxyrl6bxyj-;y]:'yh]u,kr9kjglj/ -;ygdkhv,yj9:xyj,kr?

    mK,y]:'yh9'yh]5'yx:'y06b'yh x6boyzK;yjd:oyrg-kooytsoym6b'yxGoy05b;yts6b;yM?

    9:xyj-kh;khc9t9'yh]5'yx:'y06b'yhowtv,yj0y.hdKoy'wKh/ -K;yrpK,yrgdkhxwjm6b'y? pK'yr]C'y9'yh]5'yx:'y06b'yh,krv,yjsG9yrl'y]wh ,ur,5b'yr]y.,kr0w:h/ x5boyhxwj0w:h s;yr]5;yj06dyro5b;y-ks;yrd:oyj? 9'yh]5'yx:'y06b'yhowtpkj;kh06,yrpbxyrd:'yhdK'yjpw:hpw:hpC,yrpC,yr05b;yrowt/ oy.rd5oyr,5b'yrgdkhp'yr]5;yj]whv6xyjd6,y/ d5oyr,5b'yrs;yr

    voy,ur9K'yrs^Tsoyd.K'yh ,uro,y]5r?v6xyjd6,y95b'yjxK'yjdoyp;ytm6dyj]usG9yrl'yowg9,ur,kr/ ,oyrsG9yrsy>h,Koyhz:,ytdoy;wr/ ,Koyhz:,yt;wrdkhs6b;ygdkh s;yrPkrdboydkhooyt?

    mK,y]wKr]ul69yr9kj]5'yx:'y06b'yhowt g90K'yhxGoy]wKr]y.-khM?

    9:xyjp5j9uh;kh -;y0;yh,uro,tyd9ytsG9yrco]whl'y/ sxytx6oyhz:oyr o5b;y9'yrlG'yh]whdkhs6b;yooytd5Pyr?

    mK,ydG;yj]5Pyh ';yr]wKr;oyr,5b;yhowtdKoyz:,yts^,yh/ ]:'yhokhl6bdyr06,yr;5Pygl\kjd'yr@)@/ ]:'yh]5'yx:'y06b'yh9wr/ ]:'yh0;yh0wKrpuh,kr05b;yrowts;ys6xyh,oyr-y.hp:oyrl'yj]K9yh05b;yts6b;yM?

    9:xyj-y.hl'yj]K9yhxuho:'yt;kTc9tpkjsy>hxGoy-5b'yh,6b;yr,Koyh/ 9kj9K'yrv:dyj]:9yh

    s;yr]5;yjs,yhdoy/ v;ydKoy,5b'yr;khgdkh95bdyh;wt/ 9K'yrc-j2]K;yr2mwr -;yv,yj

    d.kj]wh ';yr]wKrswKT0kT]5b;y xKoy-6oylkj/ xKoy-6oylkjowt p'yr,ur9K'yrv:dyj/ d5Pyrdkh -6oylkjv,yj0y.hd5oyr

    s9yrsKoyc]h ,oyrv,yjcdhxoysk]wh/ s;yrp6,yjp,y;khxuho:'yt;kT sdyt05b;yt-5b;yr/ o,tyd9ytl6bdyr,uro,y? ,oyrxGoy0K;yr-5b;yroy.r,5b'yr9wr-5b;yro6b'yh/ s;yrxC9yhdoyv,yj]wh/ s;yr96boyrg9]wh-;yhskdoy/ voyzb9yr2m6dyj x5oyt,kr9K'yr]'y05b;yrowt s;yrdkh]wh;K'yr-.K'ytxoydoy?

    u l:'yowt]5'yx:'y06b'yh9wr 0;yhl5b;y-Koyj

    akT-;yx6boyzK;yjd:oyrg-kooyt]uoxytlK'yh95Pyr;kh s;yrg9sG9yr]wh vuhl'y,:dyhs6b;y/ pkjgx]Coyd5oyr,5b'yr/ s;yr

    sG9yrl'yxoyd5oyr, 5b'yr]whc9t/ g9sG9yr]whp5jskT/ ,url'ygdkhs;yrv6xyjv5;yrdoyp;yt0'yjdw:hsG9yr?

    u SSNA0;yh0wKrpuh9'yr RCSS s^,yhshl6bdyrsKoy z5h,ur0oyt05b;yrd6b9yr

    9K'yr]'y-;y,ur0y.-C'y0y.sdyt0K9yho,yo,y/ SSA06,yr0;yh]w:,K;yr-;ygdkhdkh-y.hv:oyh;:oyr9uh,Koyh 05b;yts6b;ygdkh]uS p6,yjp,y;kh,Koyhg9v,yjxw:j]5,y?]usK'yhsCoyraK'ytl9b05b;yts 6b;ygdkh-6b'y;wr;wr? sTp5j;khg9]whd.kj95dyr-:dyhgdkh]5;yjv;y95;y]:9yh;wtd:oyj? pkjp:,yrxoy,Koyh9b-'y-:dyh? ,wh0y.0:,yr-;y0;yh/l'y;kh-;y0;yhs9yrx69yr-K9yj9Cdyj

    ]C'yr,5boy0;yh0wKrpuhowvGoysC'yrs;yr9kj,5b;yrokh d5oyr,5b'yr]wh0y.py.jmC'yh9'yro,y/ ,Koyhowt s;yrs^Toy.rs^To:dyh-;y]u/ l'ys;yr,krz:,ytdoyg-khlG9yhdKoy,5b'yrg9]who,y]5b;ydkhx5oyt,krl'y;khv;yvGoysC'yrg9kjl5h sC'yr

    s;yrgdkho,y]5b;yxKoy-6oylkj/ l,yt;khs;yrxwj,u rokh]boyx59yrx :wjgdkh dKoy,5b'yrs;yrg9-6boyh/ voyd5oyr,5b'yr9wr,6'yh,:'yrooyt v,yjs6b'y96boyrxGoy]whd;y-khp6,yjp,y05b;ytow/ -y.haKdyjm6b'y-;y0;yh05b;ytow?

    1

    2

    3

    @2 okhl6bdyr voyg9kjokh9xyt @)@;5Pygl\kjd'yr

    #2 ,Kdyj]5'yvoyl6bdyr;5Pygl\kjd'yr-;yp6b;yr,kr

    $2 -5b'yh-5;yrc]h,Kdyj,6b;yh06boyrpK,yrvoyp6b9yr]whz:'yrxK'y96bdyr

    INDP 219 SHAN.pmd 22/6/2548, 19:079

  • 7/25/2019 Independence Vol. 22 No. 219 Apr-may 2005

    10/16

    10 Vol. 22, No. 219, 2005

    k

    m6b'y2z5h9w:jshs;yr0'yrdoyd.kj,5b;yrokh9bdyr9bdyr?Z#X ,oyr,5boy9'yrs;yrgzkT,5,yj sy>h]6dyh]Koys;yrl:'yawKj0'yrdoyd.kjmC'yh-K;yrpK;yr?

    Z$X sG9yrsy>h0K;yr-5b;yr;kTlCoyrxKoy,y.j p6,yjp,y;kh-;ypK,yh,ur,5b'yrs'yrg-k?Z%X 0K'yhsG9yrsy>hxuho:'yt9wrxK'ylK'yrc]h xuho:'yt;kTv,yjm6dyj,Coyhdoyd.kjmC'yh?

    gxkrs;yr]K9yh;khl6bdyrd5oyrdkTpkhd5Pyr/ v,yjxkrxuho:'yt;kTow06b'y/ p6,yjp,y;kh;oyro6b'yh,kr g9x:'yj0y.doyp5j?

    p6,yjp,ygl0wKrvGdyj

    d56oyr,5b'yrz:,yt0y. ZxK'ylK'yrX@2*2Q*

    9:xyj20wKrvGdyj

    Z@X xKdyh]:'yhco9K'yr,kr ]:'yh;5oytsoym6b'yowt]uc9tc9t? s^,y05,yrd,ytmC,ypy.jo,yp5j?Z#X 9:oyh9kjsG9yrco95;ym5xyrc9tsoym6b'y;khxGoyx6oyhz:oyr 0;yhokh9uhz5h,urx6oyhz:oyr

    Zv,yjooyX z5hpy.jz5ho,yr SSA -;y0;yhd5Pyr? d:xyhs;yrv,yj0y.hawKjx6boyzK;yj-:'ySSAv,yj0K'yh-KoyxKdyj9K'y95;y-;y0;yh]wh? ,K'yx:dyhS]5b;ygl-9yr0y.sG9yrcpj05bdyh2-5;ydwKj ;5'yhdK'yl:'yawKj dkhx:'yxGoy]whooytd5Pyr?

    Z$X p6,yjp,ysxytsh]6dyho:'yt,oyr0;yh ]:,y9b9yrg9kj,skd\kjZl6bxyjdxyrxkr06,yrd5oyr;5Pygl\kjd'yrXgl v;ypkhaboyjz5bdyjly.j9;yh];yhv:oyj *QjQQQ g9kT-K,yh]Coy]boy-;yh,5b'yrmwr ;khow?

    0;yhokh9uhawKj0:xyj-K;yj-;yl,yt]K9yh;kh -K;yr9K'yr @Q xuxwK,krowt0;yh,sklK'yr0w:hmC,yx:'yj-K;yjg-kh,6oyr ,kr9kjglj xkr0G,y06,yr DEAZvg,jibdoyjXgdkh 0y.T96b;yr,oyrxkrSowp5j?

    ;wKrootyv,yjs6b'y0;yh,skd\kjgdkh dxyraoyr]K9yhcos^'yrxw:jlG'yawKj,Koyho:dyh,5b'yrJ,sklK'yr v,yjdG;yj-:'yh0:,yrpkh]kr]kr?

    95;yd;y-khgdkhv,yj9:oytpK,yhsxytsoy29b9yrg9kj ;5Pygl\kjd'yrglx:dyh"S;khow?

    0;yh,sklK'yrowt xGoys^;yx;yh,6dyt06,yr05b;yt0K9yh;kT WNO/WNA Z,ursC'yrl6bdyrvoyx5;yj96bdyr,5b'yrv:oys^;yX 95'yto6b'yp5jsb,yr]Coy]boyx:9yrc,hs

  • 7/25/2019 Independence Vol. 22 No. 219 Apr-may 2005

    11/16

    Shan Herald Agency for News 11

    INDEPENDENCE

    ;wKr,Kdyj9Cdyjp;ytgdkh 06,yrd5oyrdkTmwrv:oydoyx:dyh-6boyr,5b'yrmwr/ zCoydKoy-;ygdkh]6d.kjxC9yh?

    mC'yhl:'y9uhl,tyxGoy 95bdyhgsk-wK-5;yrd6oyj c]h s^'yrsC,yr Zgskjc9jX @@ 0oyt?

    06,yrl6bdyr,Koyhx6boyzK;yj;kh ,urd5oyr9wK9'yr,59yr @+ gdkT ,K9yj0Gxyr @(# gdkTowgl9kT voy DVB -;y0:xyjs^T]wh lwK,wK

    06b;yhlG'yd5oyr9wKowt,ur (+ Zvoyxwj]whp'yr,urmC'yhX?

    06,yrl6bdyr,Koyh 0bcor;khxGoy06,yrl6bdyrpK'yrz5bdyj (KNU)06,yrpK'yr]C'y(KNPP) 06,yrl6bdyr9wr (SSA-S) c]h06,yrlG'yj;boyr (NCGUB)-;y? ;wKr,krl,tycor;khxGoyo,ty,6b;yr 06,yrv:'yj9boyj (USCB)voyp5j,5b'yr USA gl 9'yhdkhs^;y,oyr@Qj*QQ gfkH]5b;yH?

    voy]u9kj06,yrl6bdyr9wrc9tdkhx5oyt,krowt l6bdyr,Koyhs

  • 7/25/2019 Independence Vol. 22 No. 219 Apr-may 2005

    12/16

    12 Vol. 22, No. 219, 2005

    k

    ;oyrmb @Q2%2Q* l6bdyr,Koyh9xyt,++ ]K'yr-5b;yr 9'yrl6bdyr9wr (SSA-S)96bdyrdoy9uhsb,yr;Koyhokrswr g0H;G'yr,:dyj,wj awKj06,yrxv5;yrd6b9yrl6bdyr9wK $ gdkT/ ,K9yj0Gxyr% gdkT?

    ;oyrmb ##2%2Q* l6bdyr06,yrxv5;yrd6b9yrl6bdyr s,yhsh9K'yj]wKr'Koyr-6boyr;khco9uh]y./ xGoy05b;yts6b;y/ ,urd5oyr95Pyrdkhs6b;yc]h sy>hs;yokhx:dyt-;y-6boyrv9yrv:dyjo,yo,yglv;y-wKxoyd5hgsks^boyr05b;yr,ur0Kdyhco VCDowp;yt? 05b;yrxGoy,Koyhd,yhz:'yh x:'yt-K'yr;kh Jp5;y;khxw:r96bdyrd5Pyr]whPkr0Kdyj,oyr/ xw:r;K'yr-5b'yhgdkh]whPkr0Kdyj,oyrxkrp5j"Sowp;yt?

    p5j;wtooytl6bdyr,Koyh 0oyt0;yhsKoyoy.r9xyt-]p %@ v:oys^;ygl -Koyr0y.TsC'yr]wKd5oyr;Koyh %QS*Q ;Koyh -5hokrsG9yrawKo,yt]:dyrokr,y.jxoy 9kj9xytl6bdyr,Koyh-;y xkr9'yr9kj06,yr;K'yr-5b'yh c9j0G,y,5b;yh;oyrmb

    @2(2Q* ,krg9kjsKoytowt?oy.r9:oyhokh]boy 06,yr;K'yr-5b'yh-;y

    v,yj9Gdyr0y.Td5oyr;Koyhgl9kT l6bdyr,Koyhl,yt-Koyrd5oyr,5b'yr;kh ;Koyhv:oyjg9]whsG9yrxoy]:dyrokr,y.j 9kjzoyr-;yh;Koyj @ 9K'y/;Koyh]5'y# 9K'yowc]h d5oyr;Koyh,K'ys^boyr05b;yrv,yjd.kj]whooyt ]wh0K'yhx5boyh @ ;oyr#jQQQ x\kr?

    =rfjqmifhvBjul0fugBm;? =rfj[AefvBm;vBjul0frlefjEnlist with the elephant, one has to fear the buffalo;

    Enlist with the jungle cat, one has to fear the otter.

    qifeJaygif;awmhu|Ja-umuf& awma-umifeJaygif;awmhzsHa-umuf&

    INDP 219 SHAN.pmd 22/6/2548, 19:0712

  • 7/25/2019 Independence Vol. 22 No. 219 Apr-may 2005

    13/16

    Shan Herald Agency for News 13

    INDEPENDENCE

    dK;yj;Koyrxoys^;yx;yyh

    -6oym6oyrv5rs;yx;yh-6oym6oyrv5r S -;yh05rm6b'yp5HvCoyH (UN)d9yt-CoyjawKjxwKr,5b'yr S v,yjdKoytd5b'yrl5oyr96,y

    gdkd6,y9kjz:,yts^,yhd9yrpGoy S ;5oytcsT-Goyx5oytxCoy,5b'yrs;yr05b;yrpkTd;yrv5oyv6'yr?

    xK'y,wts6'yrl:'y95oyh S v,yj0y.v5oyho:,yr;:oyrx5boyh0:oyr0Cdyjo'y]boy S -y.h-boyzK9yj06b'yh9wrxGoygzrawr05b;yt0K9yh S ,:dyj]K9yh-whcoxoy

    xwKr;5oytsoy]C9yrzwK S v,yjxw:jx5boyh]5]wK,5b'yr9wr,5boyz6boyrawr]5b9yjsh]whl;yrd9yrpGoysy>h]:9yh,6b;yr-Goyz5h,5bdyh,y.hgld,yr?

    -6oyl5b;y Z,5b'yr9wrx:9yrv:dyjX @@T+TQ%

    05;yhvwKh05;yrpkTs;yrx:'y,5b'yr,kr @*S@(xuowtv,yj]u-khs6b;y]6'yrs;yr;kh?

    ]ugvkh/]uc9tc9tgvkh

    ]u05b;yts6b;y-kh]kj

    ]u,5b;yj]u0Koyh ]uvb,yj]ux5b,yt]ud5;y]5b;yzu]5rzuzwKrooytokj

    vwKh05;yrpkTS]ud\kTd\kT

    INDP 219 SHAN.pmd 22/6/2548, 19:0713

  • 7/25/2019 Independence Vol. 22 No. 219 Apr-may 2005

    14/16

    14 Vol. 22, No. 219, 2005

    k

    l6bdyrmwr0bl'yjsy>hd5oyrxwKhgzroy.r]boymwr -wKTm:oyv:dyj

    ;oyrmb@_2*2Q* 0:,ysKoy,o9yH x;yHibdyH 9xytl6bdyrmwr,wK $ 0bl'yjsy>hd5oyrxwKhgzr9wr voy-wKT,krxdyrxK'yl;yrxwKhgzr 0G,y,5b;yhxu#QQQ -wKTm:oyv:dyjsb,yr]boymwr x:dyh;wKj,5b;yr-6boyr;Koyhd;yj,5b'yr]'y/ d5oyrxwKhgzr,urp5j *QQ xwKooytd,yho,yxGoy]6dyhv:oyjc]h z5hpb'yr/]6dyhv:oyjzKoygxkh2c,h ,ur,:dyh #QQ xwK?

    d5oyrxwKhgzr05b;yrowtgxkr]whm6dyjm:oy-wKTv:dyjoy.r]boymwrd.kjp;yt-;yl,ytg9d.kjp5j9uh]y./ ,5b;yh]G;yxGdytl,yt;kh xK'y96bdyrl6bdyr9wr9'yr@)@ d6b9yr]6b;yhd.kjgl9kTgdkh 0K'yh-6boyrxGoy]whd5h-K;yrpK,yrp5jowxGoyg-khmK,yvoyd5oyrd,yho,yv:oydoy,wh0y.0:,yr?

    ;oyrmb#_2*2Q* 06,yr9wr ( 06,yr 05b;yr95'yto6b'yp5joy.r,5b'yrmwr 9C,yh]bdyh96dyrp:oyrd.kj9uh ]5'yx:'y06b'yhmwr sy>h-6boyrc,r;5oyt95Pyrm6b'yvb9yro6b'yh owp5j?

    INDP 219 SHAN.pmd 22/6/2548, 19:0714

  • 7/25/2019 Independence Vol. 22 No. 219 Apr-may 2005

    15/16

    Shan Herald Agency for News 15

    INDEPENDENCE

    x6boyr9:oyhl:oy/ voy]u0:oy-w:x5boyh,5b;yh $Q2%2Q* ,5b'yr;C9ytoK,yrsG9yrxw:r

    -6dyrm5xyrxK'yl6bdyr dC9yjc-05b;yt0K9yhp;ty95;yh voy96bdyrgxt]6bxyhv:dyjz5h-.Kdyh,5b'yrvg,jibdoyj -:xyh-5xyj $Q xu9G,y? ;wKrl6bdyrokhz5bdyjxwKhv:dyjp;ty;C9ytoK,yrx:9yrsh9'yr]6,yhakTd,ytmC,yp:,yrsxyt,krv,yjdkr xwKg,kl5oyr96,ysG9yrsy>hd5oyr,5b'yrvg,jibdoyjlKoy-9yr]5'yx:'y06b'yh

    vg,jibdoyjZxoysC'yr06dyrawKj;C9ytoK,yrX-6boyrooytp;yt?

    dkh05;yhs;yrxwjsTx:'yj2-;yh]wh2g,ksG9yrxK'y96bdyr okhl6bdyrz:'yr9K'y (diplomaticwarfare)/ dkh05;yhs;yrxwjl5oyr96,y]wh d5h0K;yr-5b;yrSxkr0G,yd5oyr,5b'yr,Koyh -:oyhs^,yh0w:hmC,ydoy lKoy-9yrd5oyj,5PytxC9yh06,yr0;yhvkjokjl6bdyrowt -K;yr9K'yrdKoyx59yrxw:j05b;yt0K9yhs;yr 0K'yhpK;yrdwmC'yhp5j?

    INDP 219 SHAN.pmd 22/6/2548, 19:0715

  • 7/25/2019 Independence Vol. 22 No. 219 Apr-may 2005

    16/16

    16 Vol. 22, No. 219, 2005

    k

    Jd.K,yr9wrs^,yhg-kh/ ]bdyh9wrzy.,oyr"gxkrmwr]K9yhg9kj9wr 9wrdwT-K'yr ]:'yhmwr0y.Txkj]bv,yjooyxkj]b]6o,y? gxkr9wr

    ]K9yhg9kjmwr mwrl,yt-K'yr voy9wr0y.Td.K,yr,Koyh v,yjooyg-khvoy]6dyt9uhd.K,yr,KoyhpGoyr,kr?

    mwr9'yr]K;yrc9t xGoy,5b'yrzy.,oyr 0y.T]bdyhzy.,oyr ]K9yhd.K,yrzy.,oyrp5jgdkhd:xyhp5b'yhdoy/ d:xyh0y.Txkj]b]6o'yjdoyc]h ]K9yhg9kjdoygdkhx:'yj? voyx5b'yhdoyowt,ur95oyrlG'y/]5b;yooytmwr;kh Ji" ]K;yr;kh Js" v,yjooy J]"/ mwr;kh J-\" ]K;yr;kh Jl"ooytd5Pyr?

    d:xyhooy -;y# ,5b'yrowt]bdyhv,yjs^,yhd.K,yrs^,yh/ s;yrgdkh]usG9yrooy? voypKxyj9kj9wrowt 9wrv5b,yh0,y,Koyh 0,yd.K,yr,Koyh]5b;ygl mwr2]K;yr-;yd,yho,y? 9kjv;yv:dyjd.K,yrxkh9y.h05b;yrowt,krxGoyd.K,yrs,yhdoy9'yrmwrS]K;yrooyt,K'yz;yjg90K'yh0y.T-K;yrpK,yrp5j?

    ,Koyh 9wr mwr lG'yv:dyj 9wr

    trdef@ g-khx5'yodyr -,yHl'yj d.K,yrl'yjg-kh0bl'yj

    ukHvkH d6,yj]6,yj zG'yHgzkH xG'yrgxkropPm lG9yh0kj l9yjd\kj l9yh0kjqufoG,f dxyrl6bxyj 9b9yjg9kj 9b9yrg9kjtar; g-khmK,y -,yHmK,y d.K,yrmK,y

    ar;cGef;tajz g-kh9:xyj -,yH9:xyj d.K,yr9:xyjw&m;0if -;yhI9kr mK'yHdKoyH 9K'yrdKoy

    xGoyHmK'yHdKoyH xGoy9K'yrdKoyywfouf dxyrdwKj dG;yj-:'yt dG;yj-:'yhpyfvsOf;tcef; -:'yt2v:'yh syhdKoy,5b'yrdKoyl6bdyrdCoyj-C'ysC'yrd6b,yr,krz:'yh?

    u

    l'y05b;yt;kh 06,yrdkTpkh;5Pygl\kjd'yr@)@ -;yv,yjv;ysC'yrl6bdyr m:dyj]6b'yhp6b9yrgxt]wh]w:9wr]C'yrgl l69yhsoyxoy06b'yg9sG9yrsy>hl6bdyr9wrsC'yrd6b,yr?

    u l6bdyr;kT9'yrl6bdyr9wrowt0K'yh-G'yjx6b'yhdoy]wh]5b;ygl -G'yjpkTdoyowooyt,6'yh,:'yr ;kh9'yrl:'yawKj g9-;yh0y.sTx:'yjo'yjdoy?

    mK,y 0:'yj0;yhd;yj,6'yh,:'yr;kh 9K'yj06,yrgdkh 0K'yhg9s,yhs