independ move. 20th cent
TRANSCRIPT
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Independence Movements
In Asia and Africa
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The World Mood in the Post War
Era While the Superpowers engaged in the Cold
War former colonies of Imperialistic nations
embarked on a program of National Self-Determination.
Former subjects began to consider the
goal of independence many with an eye todemocratic states.
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India
1885 saw the establishment of the Indian
National Congress whose goal was to
increase rights for Indians under colonial
rule. 1906 witnessed the creation of the Muslim
League to protect Muslim adherents rights
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The Amritsar Massacre--1919
319 Indians (Hindu and Muslim) were killed during apeaceful demonstration in a park by British General Dyer.
The massacre was unprovoked
In the immediate aftermath millions joined the self rulecampaign.
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Mohandas Gandhi
The movements spokesman was Gandhi who organizedhuge protests.
He proclaimed a program of Passive Resistance or civildisobedience
Program consisted of demonstrations and work stoppagesand boycotts
This non-violence program was quite successful
Dr. King in America copied this strategy of civil
disobedience in the US civil rights movement.
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Gandhi began call for Indian unity whichwas to overcome religious differences.
Most famous gesture was the Walk to the
Sea where he collected salt which wasprohibited by British law.
Was a British educated lawyer who dressed
as a commoner, fasted and attracted large
crowds.
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The Muslim League demanded creation of aMuslim state to be called Pakistan
After WWII Britain granted Indianindependence
Immediately radical Hindus and Muslims
began massive killings of each other.
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Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Main goal was to create a
separate Muslim state.
When India was freed by
Britain in 1947 it was
divided into thirds.
India in the south
Pakistan in the northwest
East Pakistan, now
Bangladesh, in the east
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Millions now moved to the area of theirchoice, or were forced to flee to avoid
religious persecution 500,000 people were killed
Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu who
disagreed with his political aspirations. The two nations are still fighting.
Note: Both nations are now nuclear powers
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AFRICAN MOVEMENTS
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African movements
began north of the
Sahara where nationshad long standing
Islamic ties.
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Africa -- South of the Sahara
Most nations had few trained professionals (doctors,diplomats, businessmen, scientists).
They had no trained people to run or rule a newnation
In most colonies there were multiple languagessince colonies were made along imperialist lines not
African traditions. Most colonies had differing histories, customs and
loyalties.
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Rwanda
This area faced ethnic
upheaval based on
genocide, humanrights violations and
tribal strife between
two tribes, the
Tutsi (15% of pop.)
Hutu (85% of pop.)
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1962 brought independence and revolt
Hutu revolted against Tutsi leadership
10,000 plus people were murdered. Fighting continued until 1972 when a military coup by
Juvenal Habyarimana created a one party republic in1981.
When Habyarimana died in plane crash in 1994 civil war
broke out again.
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3 months of fighting resulted in genocide whichleft 800,000 Tutsi dead.
The following year 2,000,000 Tutsi fled to nearbyZaire
This is largest incident of genocide in recenthistory resulting in lost of 1/3 of entire national
population.
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Uganda
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Gaining Independence
Became a British Protectorate in 1890
As the independence trend began to sweep across
Africa, Uganda gained its independence in 1962. Milton Obote became the prime minister or leader
of Uganda
He was overthrown in 1971 by his lead general Idi
Amin through a military coup
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Idi Amin:
The Butcher of Uganda
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Idi Amin:The Butcher of Uganda
Extremely violent and paranoid leader
In 1972 he declared an Economic War on the country's
large Asian population, which dominated trade and
manufacturing and also played an essential role in the civil
service.
After giving the 70,000 holders of British passports three
months to leave the country, Amin turned thousands of
their abandoned businesses over to his friends and
supporters.
Paranoid, he began executing his own people to remain inpower killing an estimated 300,000 to 500,000 and
beginning with the ethnic Acholi and Lango who
dominated the Ugandan army and had supported Obote.
http://www.hulu.com/watch/166746/general-idi-amin-dada
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Amins Fall From Power
In 1978 Amin's ambition led to
his fall from power. In October
he tried to take control of the
Kagera Salient, part ofTanzania. Tanzanian president
Julius Nyerere responded by
sending troops into Uganda.
Supported by Ugandan rebelforces, the Tanzanian army
captured the capital city of
Kampala in April 1979. Shortly
afterward, Amin fled to exile in
Libya.
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Sudan
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Sudans Independence
Determined to prevent French expansion in the Nile
Valley, the joint British-Egyptian government occupiedSudan beginning in 1898.
the British introduced indirect rule, in which traditional
rulers, appointed by British provincial governors for their
loyalty, exercised local government. The government left the educational development of the
south to Christian missionaries. It specifically prohibited
instruction in Arabic and encouraged the use of English.
Southern Sudanese represented less than 1% ofgovernment positions.
In 1949 Sudanese, Egyptian, and British representatives
drafted a new constitution providing limited self-rule for
an integrated Sudan.
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Sudanese Independence cont. Southern Sudanese preferred to postpone unification with
the north until, through economic and educational
development, they could enter into an equal partnership;
however, the new constitution took effect only in a unified
Sudan in 1950.
Tensions between Northern and Southern Sudan wouldresult in continued conflict throughout the region.
South Sudan gained independence from the North on July
9th 2011.
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Darfur Under their policy of indirect rule, the British
restored the Darfur Sultanate under Ali Dinar
Zakariyya. Ali Dinar played a significant role in an
Islamic, anti-Western alliance that formed
during World War I.
The Anglo-Egyptian government subsequently
invaded Darfur, killed Ali Dinar, ended the
sultanate, and incorporated Darfur into Sudan.
After Sudan attained independence in 1956,
Darfur remained under Sudanese rule.
The central Darfur region of Sudan is inhabited
largely by Fur farmers; the northernmost
section by nomadic camel herders; and theeastern and southern zones by Arab cattle
herders. Periods of severe drought since the late
1960s forced the cattle and camel herders to
encroach on the rich agricultural land in the
central section of Darfur.
D f C ti d
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Darfur Continued As competition for access to water and
pasture intensified, small-scale raids
turned into persistent battles among thedifferent groups. Attempts by
successive governments to achieve
peace in the region have failed, and the
fighting continued.
In February 2003 two rebel groupsthe Sudan Liberation Army Movement
and the Justice and Equality Movement
(with members drawn from the Fur,
Masalit, and Zaghawa ethnic groups)
demanded that the Arab-ruled Sudanese
government begin to share power and
end the economic discrimination of
Darfur.
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The government responded by targeting the civilian
populations from which the rebels were drawn.
With support from the Sudanese government, militias
forced more than 2.5 million people, mostly farmers, toflee to refugee camps with 300,000 dead.
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=fvwrel
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SOUTH AFRICA
In 1910 the Union of
South Africa was
established. Britishand Dutch colonists
were given power,
land and rights while
blacks were entireexcluded from the
political arena
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1923 saw the introduction and enforcement of complete residential
segregation.
1926 saw blacks legally banned from work in many skilled
occupations.
1948 saw the establishment of APARTHEID (separation of races).
This removed 80% of the population from the political process.
In the 1950s the homelands were established.
15% of land (the nations worst) were allocated for blacks.
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Nelson Mandela
In the mid 1950s
Nelson Mandela
became the leader ofthe African National
Congress, an
organization whose
goal was to abolishApartheid.
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Mandela followed Gandis plan of passive resistance in thebeginning
1960 Sharpeville Massacre saw the murder of 67protesters. (protest was against requirement to carry passesto travel in cities)
Mandela now supported guerrilla warfare
Mandela was arrested in 1964 and sentenced to life inprison.
He was released in 1990
After the government failed, Mandela was electedpresident in the first free election in 1994.
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THE MIDDLE EAST
At end of WWI the are
was controlled by the
League of Nations.
France managed Syria and
Lebanon
Britain oversaw Palestine,
Jordan, Iraq and Persia
(Iran)
Arabia became the
kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Israel
Jewish refugeesconvinced ArthurBalfour that a Jewish
homeland wasnecessary.
In 1917 the BalfourDeclaration was issued
which proclaimed theright for the creationof Israel
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The Declaration required that Jews and
Palestinians were to divide land that both claimed
to be traditionally theirs.
The 1930s saw a surge of Jews to the region to
escape Hitler. By 1940 nearly a half million had
arrived. At this point the Palestinians had the numbers but
the Jews and money and world sympathy.
After WWII, 1948, the United Nations created 2
Palestines--one for Jews and one for Muslims.
Note: remember Germany, India???
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When David Ben-Gurion announced the creation
of Israel Muslims from six nations immediately
attacked. Israel shocked the world by defeating the Muslims
Israel seized the Palestine and the Palestinians no
longer had a homeland.
Jews from across the world flocked to the new
nation .
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The Six Day War
War broke out again the 1967.
It was a total victory for Israel who then took:
The West Bank from JordanGolan Heights from Syria
Gaza Strip and the Sinai from Egypt
In 1977 MP Begin and President Sadat of Egypt
signed the Camp David Accords in which Israelreturned the Sinai and Egypt (a Muslim nation)recognized Israels right to exist.
Muslims Immediately assassinated Sadat
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Since 1977 Israel and Palestinians have foughtover the land
The PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization)was created and dedicated to reclaiming the landand establishing a Palestinian state.
RegularIntifadas (uprisings) have been used
along with terrorism against Israeli citizens to aidin the destruction of the Jewish state
New Hostilities began in 2000. Israel elected ArielSharon as PM and he built a wall between
Palestine and Israel for protection. When PLO leader Yassir Arafat died in 2004 the
new president signed a armistice with Israelending the Intifada.
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Iranian Revolution
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Reza Shah Pahlavi
After WWII and thedeparture of the allies theShah began a program of
Westernization. Land reform in the form
of ownership increased
Education improved
Womens received therights of voting, highereducation,
professionalism, andwestern dress.
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The reforms upset Islamicfundamentalists whothought that the Quranshould be the law of thekingdom (theocracy).
After President Cartervisited to congratulate theShah on his progress
revolution ensued. The Shah was deposed in
1979 and Iran became atheocracy led by theAyatollah Khomeini.
Westernization ended---women wore traditionalclothing and national lawwas based on the Quran
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4 Views of Traditional Iran
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Iran was invaded by Iraq in1980 Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein was supported
by the US
The war between the two nations lastednearly 8 years with neither side gaininganything.
The Ayatollahs death in 1989 created a
power struggle between fundamentalist anda small minority of reform minded pro -westernizers.
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An Economy Based on Oil
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OPECORGANIZATION OF PETROLEUM EXPORTING COUNTRIES
By 1960 the Middle Eastern states realized thepower their oil gave them on the global marketand they formed OPEC (Venezuela also joined).
OPEC set the world price for oil and controlled
the amount available. In 1970 they cut supply and prices skyrocketed.
Since the 1980s OPEC has largely failed to keepits members in line and lost some of its power.
Some OPEC nations have used oil revenue tobuild national infrastructure while others have letthe money go into the hands of a small minority.
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The Gulf War In 1990 Iraq, lead by Hussein, invaded Kuwait to
gain control of the oil fields. Success would have given Iraq control of nearly
20% of the world oil reserves.
The United Nations sent forces to drive Iraq out of
Kuwait. The UN then placed restrictions of Iraq
Hussein remained in power for 10 more yearswhile ignoring the clauses of the peace treaty.
In 2003 a coalition (US and GB) invaded Iraq toremove Hussein. A new government is still beingformed.
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More Unrest in Arab States
In the 1980s the USSR sent troops toAfghanistan at the request of the Afgan
Marxist leader Nur Muhammad Taraki Most Afgans opposed the plan
Resistors called holy warriors attackedSoviet forces.
As Soviet problems at home grew the troopswithdrew.
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After 14 years of fighting and 2 milliondeaths the victorious power was the Talibanan Islamic fundamentalist group.
The regime imposed strict Islamic law and
restrictions of women.
It also provided protection for the terroristgroups Al Queda lead by Saudi Osama bin
Laden. Al Queda has intense dislike for the USA,
Israel and Saudi Arabia
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Al Queda resents the presence of infidels(westerners) in Saudi Arabia since it is the homeof many Islamic holy sites
Al Queda particularly resents the USA because:
The US supports Israel which AQ wanteddestroyed
The US has troops in Saudi ArabiaThe US supports globalization which AQ believesweakens Islamic values and beliefs.
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To support their cause AQ destroyed the World Trade Center in New
York on September 11, 2001.