ind us n-deal

8/8/2019 IND US N-DEAL

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INDO-US N-DEAL&

NUCLEAR POWER

(A SOURCE OF PERPETUAL

POWER)

PRESENTED BY:-

SUSHIL KUMAR YADAV


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What is nuclear energy?

In common usage, nuclear energy meanselectricity produced by harnessing the energy

released from splitting atoms- (fission). At

present, 31 countries use nuclear energy,

contributing about 17% of the worlds electricityoutput. In India, nuclear energy contributes about

3% to the total electricity generation. It is slated

to go up to 7% by 2020 under the nuclear deal

with US.


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How is it produced?

If nuclear fuels like uranium are bombarded with neutrons,

it absorbs some of them. This causes it to become unstable

and degenerate into different elements due to atoms splitting

up. This process is called fission. A huge amount of heat is

released during fission.

This heat is used to generate steam for driving turbines and

thus generating electricity. Nuclear fuels like uranium contain

millions of time more energy than equivalent amounts of

conventional fuels like coal. The main advantage of nuclearenergy is that it does not cause pollution and its supply is

limitless. The disadvantages are that it requires heavy initial

investment and very careful handling because of the lethal

nature of materials and processes. The radioactive waste is

also requires careful disposal.


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What is the connection with nuclear

weapons?

Nuclear technologies and, materials used for generating electricity can

also be used to make nuclear weapons. For producing electricity,

carefully controlled fission reaction is carried out.

This is done by controlling the number and speed of neutrons beingemitted by degenerating fuels atoms. In a nuclear bomb, the controls are

eased and chain reaction is allowed to progress. This leads to release of

enormous amount of heat and radiation in a few seconds.

Many of the products in power generating nuclear reactors, like

plutonium, can be used in making nuclear bombs.


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How big is Indias nuclear energy

programme?

The international community, led by the five nuclear weapon powers,

imposed a moratorium on providing fuel or technologies to India as

punishment for the 1974 nuclear test and not signing the Non-proliferation

Treaty. Hence, India has developed its nuclear programme independently. Atpresent, India has 17, operational nuclear plants, while 6 more are under

construction. There are very modest uranium resources- an estimated 54,000

tonnes, mainly in Jharkhand, and also some in Meghalaya and Andhra

Pradesh. Due to this limitation, and lack of imports, the nuclear programme

has been constrained. However, Indian scientists have been working on

developing a different fuel cycle-one based on thorium. Almost a quarter ofthe thorium in the world is found in India in the sands on beaches in Orissa

and Kerala.


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Why is it called the three-stage programme?

The long term goal of Indias nuclear programme is to produce energy through use of thorium.

This is a three-stage process. In the first stage, natural uranium is used to produce plutonium. In

second, fast neutron reactors are used to fission plutonium and convert it thorium into the

highly fissile U-233. The design of this process is such that fast neutrons coming from fissioning

plutonium will bombard a surrounding blanket of uranium and thorium, thus producing more

plutonium as well as U-233. Finally, in the third stage, advanced reactors burn the U-233 and

plutonium. Stage 2 is expected to be completed by 2010 at Kalpakkam, and in three other fast

breeder reactors by 2020. Then, the stage for full utilization of thorium will be set.


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LOCATION OF POWER PLANT IN INDIA


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What are its key features?

India can have nuclear cooperation and

trade with US and others without

compromising its weapons programme.

India need not sign the Non-Proliferation

Treaty (NPT) or put its nuclear facilities

under full-scope safeguards.

It gives India assured fuel supplies for

its civilian nuclear reactors in return for

them going permanent safeguards.It allows India to reprocess and recycle

spent fuel.


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How does it help us tangibly?

India gets access to more and diversified source of energy.

It breaks open a regime that blocked Indias access to high

technology after the nuclear test in 1974.

Doors will now open for high tech and dual-use tech in

sectors as diverse as IT, defence, space, pharmaceuticals.


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What is strategic implication for India?

India will get recognition as state with advanced nuclear technology.

It wont be nuclear pariah

The deal wont be offered to Pakistan

It gets to keep its nuclear weapons


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What are the points of opposition in the US to deal?

The non-proliferation lobby feels its too generous to India.That it shouldnt get the right to reprocess spent fuel.

India will make N-weapons with its own uranium.

The wrong signal will go out to Iran, North Korea and Pakistan.

It will undermine global non-proliferation system.


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What are possible pitfalls?

If India conducts an N-test, the deal could fall apart.

The bar on tests would be upheld by the nuclear suppliers group.


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How is the Hyde Act relevant?

US, according to its Atomic Energy Act, cant have nuclear cooperation with a country thats not

signed the NPT or submitted itself to safeguards. The Hyde Act gives US administration the

waiver to reach a pact with India, which hasnt signed NPT. But there is a rider that India should

work with US to contain Irans N-programme govt. claims that foreign policy prescription is not

binding and deal wont come stuck if India ignores it; but critics seek further clarification.


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PRESENTED BY:

Sushil Kumar Yadav

[email protected]

ind us n-deal

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