INCORPORATING COMMUNITY-BASED INCORPORATING COMMUNITY-BASED ADAPTATION STRATEGIES INTO RURAL ADAPTATION STRATEGIES INTO RURAL

DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN A DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN A DEVELOPING ECONOMY, NIGERIADEVELOPING ECONOMY, NIGERIA

ByBy

Dr. Daniel Davou DABI and Dr. Anthony O. NYONGDr. Daniel Davou DABI and Dr. Anthony O. NYONG

Center for Environmental Resources and Hazards ResearchCenter for Environmental Resources and Hazards ResearchDepartment of Geography and Planning, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084 Jos, NigeriaDepartment of Geography and Planning, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084 Jos, Nigeria

Paper Presented at the “Development and Adaptation Days” Paper Presented at the “Development and Adaptation Days”

of the Eleventh Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework of the Eleventh Conference of Parties to the United Nations Framework

Convention on Climate Change (COP-11) MontrealConvention on Climate Change (COP-11) Montreal 27 November to 9 December 200527 November to 9 December 2005

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the major economic activity in the rural areasAgriculture is the major economic activity in the rural areas Provides livelihood and gainful employment (70%) to the Provides livelihood and gainful employment (70%) to the

PopulationPopulation Contributed 41.5% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Contributed 41.5% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in

20002000 Suffered from inappropriate policy measuresSuffered from inappropriate policy measures

Changes in Government (internal/external influences)Changes in Government (internal/external influences) Environmental constraintsEnvironmental constraints

Climate Variability and Change (recurrent droughts)Climate Variability and Change (recurrent droughts) Research Findings are presentedResearch Findings are presented

LiteratureLiterature Case Study (rural communities in the Sahelian belt of northern Nigeria)Case Study (rural communities in the Sahelian belt of northern Nigeria)

STUDY AREASTUDY AREA ((Sahelian Belt of Northern NigeriaSahelian Belt of Northern Nigeria))

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I s a

M a n iM a n i

Y a b o

Y a b o

J e g a

G a d a

Z u r uB a m a

B a m a

F u n e

K a n oK a n o

K a n o

R a n oR a n o

Z a r i aZ a r i aZ a r i aZ a r i a

Z a r i a

M a s h i

J ib i a

G u m m i

Y a u r i

M i s a uM i s a u

G w o z a

N g u r uN g u r u

G u j b a

B i c h i

J a h u nB i c h i

G u m e l

B i c h i

W u d i l

F u n t u a

F u n t u aF u n t u a

S o k o t o

B a k u r a

B a k u r a

G w a r z o

A l b a s u

G w a r z o

G e z a w a

G w a r z o

K a t s in a

K a n k iy a

K a t s in a

K a t s in a

M a r a d u n

B u n g u d uB u n g u d u

M o n g u n oK a z a u r e

H a d e j i aH a d e j i a

T a m b u w a l D a m b a t t aD a m b a t t a

G w a d a b a w a

A s k i r a / U b a

T u d u n W a d a

B i r n i n - K u d u

K a f in - H a u s a

B i r n i n G w a r i

D a w a k i n K u d u

M a i d u g u r M u n i c i p a l it y

M a i d u g u r M u n i c i p a l it yM a i d u g u r M u n i c i p a l it y

LIST OF SELECTED VILLAGES LIST OF SELECTED VILLAGES

(COMMUNITIES)(COMMUNITIES) S/No Villages Latitude Longitude LGA State S/No Villages Latitude Longitude LGA State

1 Madara 11.690 10.230 Katagum Bauchi 15 Kofin Soli 12.501 7.741 Kankiya Katsina

2 Zandam 11.300 10.603 Darazo Bauchi 16 Shanga 11.214 4.578 Shanga Kebbi

3 Maimallamri 11.425 13.760 Bama Borno 17 Dabai 11.480 5.211 Zuru Kebbi

4 Damasak 13.098 12.717 Mobar Borno 18 Andarai 11.899 4.308 Maiyana Kebbi

5 Chingowa 12.045 12.888 Magumeri Borno 19 Kalalawa 13.210 5.024 Kware Sokoto

6 Kwanar Gaki 12.429 9.171 Garki Jigawa 20 Marnona 13.212 5.498 Wurno Sokoto

7 Chanchanda 12.524 9.931 Mallam Madori Jigawa 21 Kajiji 12.537 4.936 Shagari Sokoto

8 Sara 11.349 9.661 Gwaram Jigawa 22 Buni Yadi 11.518 11.905 Gujba Yobe

9 Tabanni 11.098 7.005 Birnin Gwari Kaduna 23 Garin Ahmadu

13.090 10.940 Yusufari Yobe

10 Kubani 11.018 7.734 Zaria Kaduna 24 Badrama 11.715 11.290 Fune Yobe

11 Guruma 12.118 8.871 Gabasawa Kano 25 Daki Takwas 11.988 5.296 Gummi Zamfara

12 Zangon Buhari 11.663 8.550 Bunkure Kano 26 Maguru 12.466 6.587 Kaura Namoda Zamfara

13 Jinjimawa 12.290 8.230 Bichi Kano 27 Auki 12.185 6.506 Bungudu Zamfara

14 Dan Matamachi 12.612 7.102 Daddara Katsina           

RESEARCH METHODSRESEARCH METHODS

Data CollectionData Collection Review of relevant literatureReview of relevant literature Field Surveys from a sample of 27 communitiesField Surveys from a sample of 27 communities

Questionnaires AdministrationQuestionnaires Administration Participatory Rural AppraisalParticipatory Rural Appraisal Focus Group DiscussionsFocus Group Discussions

Data AnalysisData Analysis Qualitative Methods Qualitative Methods

Frequencies (Tables and graphs)Frequencies (Tables and graphs)

Community-Based AssessmentCommunity-Based Assessment Traditional (‘trial and error’, ‘inheritance’ and beliefsTraditional (‘trial and error’, ‘inheritance’ and beliefs))

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONRESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Evidence from the literature:Evidence from the literature: The era of traditional agriculture (before the 1950s)The era of traditional agriculture (before the 1950s) The economic-growth- and modernization era of the 1950s The economic-growth- and modernization era of the 1950s

and 1960sand 1960s The growth-with-equity period of the 1970sThe growth-with-equity period of the 1970s The economic-growth and policy reform period of the The economic-growth and policy reform period of the

1980s1980s Development during the 1990sDevelopment during the 1990s

Above gave little or less meaningful resultsAbove gave little or less meaningful results Developments on the New Millennium (2000 and beyond)Developments on the New Millennium (2000 and beyond)

Hope for the future (Hope for the future (environmental and economic sustainabilityenvironmental and economic sustainability))

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (2)RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (2)

Survey ResultsSurvey Results Community-Community-

BasedBased

Drought resistant varietiesDrought resistant varieties Crop diversificationCrop diversification Livestock diversificationLivestock diversification Early mature crop varietiesEarly mature crop varieties High yield varietiesHigh yield varieties Low input varietiesLow input varieties Irrigated cropsIrrigated crops ReplantingReplanting Herd movementHerd movement Herd supplementationHerd supplementation

Adaptation StrategiesAdaptation Strategies

Culling animalsCulling animals Labor migrationLabor migration Selling assetsSelling assets Herd sedentarizationHerd sedentarization Farm locationFarm location Herd/farm sizesHerd/farm sizes Water exploitation methodsWater exploitation methods Water useWater use Water storage methodsWater storage methods Food storageFood storage

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (3)RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (3)

Figure 2: Farmer Adaptation Strategies in the Study Area

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Past and Present Adaptation Strategies

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ents

Old New Old & New

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (4)RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (4)

Figure 3: Farmers' Willingness to adopt New Strategies (Source: Adopted from Dabi et al, 2005)

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Reduce HerdSize

Relocate ChangeCropping

Times

Change CropType

ChangingGrazingMethod

Enhancing Opportunities

No

. of

Res

po

nd

ents

1=Strongly agree

2=Agree

3=Not sure

4=Disagree

5=Strongly disagree

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Thank youThank you

MerciMerci

Na godeNa gode

Ma fengMa feng

Government and policy makers to assist the rural poor Government and policy makers to assist the rural poor in adaptation;in adaptation;

Incorporating indigenous, community-based adaptation Incorporating indigenous, community-based adaptation strategies into policy formulation; andstrategies into policy formulation; and

Ensure implementation of appropriate technologies and Ensure implementation of appropriate technologies and sustainable measures.sustainable measures.