income distribution and undernutrition text extracted from the world food problem leathers &...
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Income Distribution and Undernutrition
Text extracted from
The World Food Problem
Leathers & Foster, 2004
ttp://www.amazon.com/World-Food-Problem-Toward-Undernutrition/dp/1588266389
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Poorest of the Poor
• Live in third world• Mostly landless• Work for others, menial
jobs• Poorly educated• Illiterate• Superstitious• Squatters who live in huts• Almost no food• Fragmented household• Debt to relatives or lendershttp://archives.zinester.com/60514/143124/232308_slum.JPG
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Per capita incomes differ
• Democratic Republic Congo: $80/yr
• Switzerland: $38,330
• Average person in Switzerland makes 500X more than in Mozambique.
• If compute purchasing power parity, difference between richest and poorest countries is 80X
http://faculty.washington.edu/wgold/family%20on%20crinnenhorn.jpg
http://news.bbc.co.uk/media/images/38542000/jpg/_38542715_family300bbc.jpg
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Purchasing Power Parity
2003
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PPP2003.svg
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Global Incomes
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Distribution of World GNP (1989)
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Human Development Index
• Measures quality of life• High HDI
– High income countries
• Low HDI– Low income countries
• HDI not perfectly correlated with income
http://bp0.blogger.com/_vxI-ox6Dacw/R0yJQ0c_8YI/AAAAAAAAAO4/jCG1CPQfBb0/s1600-h/HDI+map.JPG
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Gini Coefficient
• Gini coefficient: – Based on area of crescent made by
Lorenz curve– measures inequity of wealth– = A/A+B
• Gini index = Gini coefficient x 100
• Lowest inequity is in Japan– Gini coefficient = .249
• Gini index = 24.9
– Richest 20% controls 35% of income
• Highest inequity is in Brazil– Gini index= 60.7– Richest 20% controls 64% of income
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Global Gini Coefficients
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Gini_Coefficient_World_Human_Development_Report_2007-2008.png/800px-Gini_Coefficient_World_Human_Development_Report_2007-2008.png
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Kuznets Curve
• As a country develops, rich must get richer first
• Therefore inequity will increase initially
• Later, inequity will drop as prosperity increases
Data from 75 countries
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Wealthy out-compete poor for food
• Can outbid poor for food
• Also purchase more livestock– Herd becomes more
dependent on grain
– Price of grain is bid up
– Harder for the poor to buy grain
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Overall inequity declining slowly
• Global Gini coefficients:– .67 in 1980
– .65 in 1990
– .63 in 2000
– .62 in 2005
(Bob Sutcliff, 2007)http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/gallery/media/poverty2.jpg
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Extreme Inequity Increasing
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Child Labor
• 250 million children work worldwide– 22% of workforce in Asia– 17% of workforce in Latin America– 1/3 of children in sub-Saharan Africa
• Jobs– Agriculture– Textiles– Maids and services– Construction and manufacturing– Prostitution
• Many sold into debt bondage– To pay parent’s debt or as collateral– Advance on wages
http://uzbekistan.neweurasia.net/wp-content/images/june-2007/01_02a.jpg
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U.S. Poor are Wealthy
• Poverty income– $9,359/yr
• Person at poverty line in U.S.– has higher income than
80% of people in the world• 97% poor households in U.S.
have color TV
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U.S. Middle Class Decline
http://i.qtau.com/shrinking-middle-class.png
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U.S. Inequity increasing
• Gini coefficients:– 1968: 38.6:
– 1970: 39.4
– 1980: 40.3
– 1990: 42.2
– 2000: 46.2
– 2007: 47.0
http://www.visualizingeconomics.com/wp-content/uploads/us_income_inequal_5_15_2006.jpg
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Rich in U.S. getting richer
http://online.wsj.com/public/resources/images/P1-AL265_COMPAR_20080420183003.gif
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Hunger in the U.S.A.
• 36.3 million people live in households that experience hunger – or the risk of hunger – Includes 13 million children– More than one in ten
households in the United States (11.2 percent).
• 1/5 of U.S. food ends up in the landfill
• Source: Bread for the World Institute (2004)
http://www.endhunger.org/images/u_s_hunger.png
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http://www.bendib.com/newones/2006/november/large/End%20of%20Hunger%20in%20US.jpg