inar 135 human factors for interior architecture
TRANSCRIPT
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INAR 135
HUMAN FACTORS FOR INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE
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ERGONOMICS
DEFINITION:
ERGONOMICS IS THE SCIENTIFIC STUDY
OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAN AND
HIS WORKING ENVIRONMENT.
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HISTORY OF ERGONOMICSThe foundations of the science of
ergonomics appear to have been laid within the context of the culture of Ancient Greece.
Evidence indicates that Hellenic civilization in the 5th century BC used ergonomic principles in the design of their tools, jobs, and workplaces.
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HISTORY OF ERGONOMICS
World War II marked the development of new and complex machines and weaponry, and these made new demands on operators' cognition.
The decision-making, attention, situational awareness and hand-eye coordination of the machine's operator became key in the success or failure of a task.
It was observed that a fully functional aircraft, flown by the best-trained pilots, still crashed.
In 1943, Alphonse Chapanis, a lieutenant in the U.S. Army, showed that this so-called "pilot error" could be greatly reduced when more logical and differentiable controls replaced confusing designs in airplane cockpits.
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ERGONOMICS HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
IN 1949 A GROUP OF PEOPLE DECIDED TO FORM A SOCIETY FOR ‘THE STUDY OF HUMAN BEINGS IN THEIR WORKING ENVIRONMENT’
ERGONOMICS / HUMAN FACTORS ERGO + NOMOS
WORKS THE NATURAL LAWS
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HUMAN FACTORS:
HUMAN FACTORS IS THE PRACTICE OF DESIGNING ARTIFACTS SO THAT THE USER CAN:
PERFORM, USE and, OPERATE
SERVICES AND SUPPORTIVE TASKS WITH MINIMUM STRESS and MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY
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ERGONOMICS
STUDY OF HUMAN BEINGS IN THEIR WORKING ENVIRONMENT
ERGONOMICS INVOLVES:
MAN-MACHINEMAN-ARTIFACT
RELATIONSHIP
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ARTIFACT:
ANYTHING SUCH AS A PRODUCT OR SPACE THAT IS DESIGNED FOR HUMAN BEINGS.
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GENERAL ENVIRONMENT INCLUDES VARIABLES SUCH AS: LIGHT,NOISE, DUST, FUMES, ETC.
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IMMEDIATE ENVIRONMENT INCLUDES VARIABLES SUCH AS: DIMENSIONAL, POSTURAL, AND MECHANICAL PROBLEMS
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VARIABLES OF MANKIND
AGESEXEDUCATIONTRAININGEXPERIENCEPSYCHOLOGYNUTRITION
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The basic human sciences involved are anatomy, physiology and psychology.
These sciences are applied by the ergonomist towards two main objectives: the most productive use of human capabilities
and, the maintenance of human health and well-
being.
BASIC SCIENCES INVOLVED IN HUMAN FACTORS
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DISCIPLINES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HUMAN FACTORS:
ANATOMY: IS BASICALLY THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN BODY.
IT IS IMPORTANT BECAUSE WE DESIGN FOR VARIOUS CRITERIA DEMANDED BY THE HUMAN BODY
The contribution of anatomy lies in improving physical ‘fit’ between people and the things they use, ranging from hand tools to aircraft cockpit design.
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DISCIPLINES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HUMAN FACTORS:PHYSIOLOGY: GIVES INFORMATION
ABOUT THE FUNCTIONING OF THE HUMAN BODY.
a) Work physiology addresses the energy requirements of the body and sets standards for acceptable physical workrate and workload, and for nutrition requirements.
b) Environmental physiology analyses the impact of physical working conditions – thermal, noise and vibration, and lighting – and sets the optimum requirements for these.
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DISCIPLINES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HUMAN FACTORS:
PSYCHOLOGY: Psychology is concerned with human information processing and decision-making capabilities.
In simple terms, it is the cognitive ‘fit’ between people and the things they use. Relevant topics are: perception, long and short-term memory, decision-making and action.
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DISCIPLINES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HUMAN FACTORS:
a) Physiological Psychology: Deals with the functioning of the brain and the nervous system.
eg. When a sound or smell comes from the environment, the brain reacts and a decision is made.
b) Experimental Psychology: Deals with the parameters of human behaviour.
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DISCIPLINES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HUMAN FACTORS:
MANAGMENT: Deals with the organization of the work and the work space.
eg. Where you should put the things in a kitchen or in an office.
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DISCIPLINES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HUMAN FACTORS:
ENGINEERING: Gives information about the environment the human is within.
This is important because, for example, the temperature or the amount of humidity in a room has to be known to obtain human comfort.
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DISCIPLINES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO HUMAN FACTORS:
DESIGN: Is the way of representation of any artifact.
When we design any artifact we must consider human health, safety, and comfort. We use ergonomic principles to do this.
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In a phrase, “the job must ‘fit the person’ in all respects, and
the work situation should not compromise human capabilities and limitations”.
Ergonomics deals with the interaction of technological and work situations with the human being.
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Effective Use of Ergonomic Principles Improves:
Productivity,
Morale and,
Stress Reduction
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QUESTIONS
1. WHAT IS ERGONOMICS2. WHAT ARE THE VARIABLES OF
MANKIND?3. WHAT ARE THE DISCIPLINES THAT
CONTRIBUTE TO ERGONOMICS?
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ANTHROPOMETRICSAchieving good physical fit cannot accept
one mean feature when one considers the range in human body sizes across the population.
The science of anthropometrics provides data on dimensions of the human body in various postures.
Biomechanics considers the operation of the muscles and limbs, and ensures that working postures are beneficial, and that excessive forces are avoided.