1

In The Name Of The Most

Compassionate

The Investigation Of Quercus

Genus (Oak) Ecotypes In

Guilan ProvinceBy:

Freshet SheikhhasanSuper visor:

Dr. Shahryar Saeidi Mehrvarz

Dr.Younes Asri

3

TitleObjects

Introduction

Materials & Methods

Results

Discussion

Final Conclusion

Suggestions for future works

Acknowledgment

Objects

4

Determination exactlly area distribution three Quercus species that present in Guilan province.

Determinate effects of ecological factors on morphological characters in leaf and fruit of two species Q. macrenthera ,Q.castaneifolia & Q. petrea.

Revision on taxon discribtion provided by other botanists.

Determinate each habitate as an Ecotype attention to different ecological conditions.

5

6

Introduction

Introduce Of Fagaceae Family

The Fagaceae (Dumortier. 1829) Family or beech family Belong to the class of Angiosperms and includes 9 genera and ca. 1000 species of both evergreen and deciduous trees and shrubs (Crepet, 1981; Jones, 1986; Borgardt and Pigg, 1999).

According to the latest classification of flowering plants, This family along with families (Myricaceae, Nothofagaceae, Betulaceae, Casuarinaceae and Juglandaceae Were classified in the order Fagales (APGIII).

Fagaceae dominates in forests of tropical, temperate and cold temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere (Nixon 1993).

7

Introduce Of Fagaceae Family

The members of Fagaceae Family are characterized by alternate simple leaves with pinnate venation, unisexual flowers in the form of catkins and fruit in the form of cup-like (cupule) nuts (Nandi et al.,1998 & Soltis et al., 2000).

Fagaceae family has the three genus Fagus L., Castanea L. and Quercus L. in Iran that Quercus genus because having cupul of fruit withoute gaps and only one seed per fruit is distinguished from other genera (sabeti 2002).

One of the major organs in the beech family, is the fruit and its traits which is used on Classification and identification of genus (Borgardt and Pigg, 1999).

8

Introduce Of Quercus L .

This genus has two subgenera and several section include:

Genus Quercus Subgenus Quercus

Section Quercus Section Lobatae

Section Mesobalanu Section Cerris Section Protobalanus

Subgenus Cyclobalanopsis

11

Q.petrea

Q.macranthera

Q.castaneifolia

Regional distribution of the genus Quercus in the world

Section Lobatae

Section Protobalanus

Section Quercus

Section Mesobalanus

Section Cerris

12

Introduce of Q. castaneifolia

The Chestnut-leaved Oak (Q. castaneifolia) is a deciduous tree growing up to 35 m tall, with a trunk up to 2.5 m diameter. This tree has oblong leave with serrated margin and acut apex. The flowers are wind-pollinated catkins; the fruit is an acorn (Sabeti 2003; M|ozafariyan 2004).

Q. castaneifolia belongs to Cerris Section and has morphlogical variations in leaf characters.

this species distribute Gorgan, Mazandaran & Guilan province (Sabeti 2003).

14

Introduce of Q. macranthera

Q. macranthera- Caucasian Oak or Persian oak belongs to Mesobalanus Section and distribute from Gorgan to Arasbaran (Sabeti 2003).

Q. macranthera is a deciduous tree growing up to 25 m tall, with a trunk up to 2 m diameter. This tree has obovate leave with lobate margin and obtuse apex. The flowers are wind-pollinated catkins; the fruit is an acorn (Sabeti 2003; M|ozafariyan 2004).

15

Introduce of Q. petrea

Q. petrea is a large deciduous tree up to 20-40 m tall. oak tree that has obovate or eloptic leaves with lobate margin and Leather. The flowers are catkins.The fruit is an acorn .2003; Mozafarian 2004) Q. petrea belongs to Quercus Section and distribute from Gorgan, Mazandaran , Guilan (Sabeti 2003; Mozafarian2004).

16

Materials & Methods

Material & Methods

In this research, we focused on the morphological characters leaf & fruit in three Quercus species and investigation effects ecological factors including (edafic, climate and physiography factots) on them.

In order to, samples were collected from 14 habitate in the forest of Guilan province and In each habitate were established average of 3-5 plates 100 m² and in each plat 5-8 samples were selected randomly. Addition 310 samples were collected.

22

Material & Methods

24

After collective samples were measure 9 & 10 morphological special characteristics in fruit & leaf respectively. These characters include 6 qualitative & 13 quantitative attributes. Also in each tree sampel measure height, diameter and canopy percent.

Moreover Two soil samples were taken from each habitate and physiographical factores including (elevation of area & slope percent) recorded as well as. Climate information were recorded through the Department of Meteorology Goilan province.

17

Results

CV Average Max Min Unit Characters

41.8% 11.23 15.2 6.7 cm Leaf length

19.65% 5.22 9.8 3.3cm

Leaf wide

38.24% 3.8 7.9 1.9 cmleaf wide

(excluding dentate)

2.1% 9 12 8 cm Teeth number

20.4% 1.52 3.1 0.9 cm Petiole length

1.9% 10.05 14 8 cm Nerve number

The results of morphological studies

29

Table 1: the obtained result of analyze quantitative characters in the leaf Q. castaneifolia

percent Most frequent

shape Characters

98% Acute Acute-obtuse Leaf apex form

78% symmetricalOblique-symmetrical Blade base form

62%Lanceovate

Lanceovate Blade formobovate23

15 lanceolate

100% dentate dentate Leaf margin

Table 2: the obtained results of analyzing qualitative Characters in the leaf Q. castaneifolia

30

CV Average Max Min Unit Characters

29% 3.3 4.23 1.88 cm Nut Length

22 % 1.7 2.3 1.03 cm Nut diagonal

2.6% 8.67 11 7 - Spiral Number

17.2 % 0.5 0.8 0.3 cm Pedcel Length

17.3 % 0.21 0.3 0.1 cm style length11.13% 1.8 2.59 1.4 cm diagonal of Cupule

12.4 % 1.73 2.4 1.15 cm Cupule Length

Table 3: the obtained results of analyzing quantitative Characters in the fruit Q. castaneifolia

31

percent Must frequency

shape Characters

42%cylindrical

cylindrical nut shape

elliptic19%

39% ovate

29%cylindrical

Round Copul shape

71% cylindrical

Table 4: the obtained results of analyzing qualitative Characters in the fruit Q. castaneifolia

32

44

charactersx1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 x7 x8 x9 x10 x11 x12 x13 x14 x15 X16

X1: Leaf length 1

X2: Leaf width .277** 1

X3:leaf wide (ed).172** .881** 1

X4: Teeth number 0.005- .146** .122** 1

X5 :Petiole length .218*

*.136** .162** .161** 1

X6:: Nerve number -.056 .236** .284** .680** .126* 1

X7: Nut Length .042 .-040 .006 .032 .103* .-024 1

X8: Nut diagonal .-036 .003 .-009 .-052 .-013 .-144** .397** 1

X9: style length .-083 .-023 .011 .-062 .083 .-010 .-112* .-016 1

:X10 diagonal of Cupule .059 .023 .-032 .-113** .-107* .-189** .253** .781** .-043 1

X11 : Cupule Length -.062 .-049 .-012 .-056 .-074 .012 .-050 .223** .041 .119* 1

X12: Spiral Number -.095 .060 .100 .021 .131* .-041 .096 .056 .-029 .-019 .-070 1

X13: Pedcel Length .015 .-010 .-119* .-139** .-064 .-181** .040 .096 .-068 .051 .-011 .050 1

X14: tree height .-120* .-007 .-014 .-081 .-008 .-047 .010 .014 .-009 .080 .-084 .111* .009 1

X15tree diameter .-041 .000 .-049 .-124* .-033 .-086 .055 .-018 .-039 .079 .-017 .024 .013 .675** 1

X16: canopy percent 0.29** .003 .000 .-007 .001 .-083* 0.005 .095* .-004 .000 .141** .-027 .124* .132** .006 1

Table 16: Pierson 's Correlation coefficient

in Q. macranthera morphological factors

45

charactersx1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 X7 X8 x9

X1: Leaf length 1

X2: Leaf width .003 1

X3:leaf wide (ed).071** .001 1

X4: Teeth number .001 .000 .-003 1

X5 :Petiole length .218** .032 -.011 .107** 1

X6:: Nerve number -.021 .002 .008 .497** .-004 1

X7: tree height.630* .027** .-094* .-005 .-008 .-047 1

X8: tree diameter .-051 .006 .-022 .-004 .-011 .-032 .004 1

X9: canopy percent .291**

.096** .004 .-001 .000 .002 .-048 .-oo71

Table 17: Pierson 's Correlation coefficient in Q. petrea

46

Area Elevation area

Slope percent

AT (max) AT(min) AT(mean) AP (mean) Canopy percent

saravan 83 10 12.52 21/03 16.53 1059 60

shanderman42

0 10.4 2.27 15.8 967 75

LA- z-village

141 10 12 21 16.5 1043 85

LA- setan sar

68 10 12 21 16.5 1043 75

Masoole907

35 8.4 15.6 12 764 60

Talesh 170 25 12.84 19.57 16.02 842 60

roodbar 196 20 8.5 43 16.4 352 70

Lakan 132 15 9.5 37 16 1250 50

Table 18: Physiography & Climatic factors & canopy percent in Q. castaneifolia habitate

25

THE ANALYSES…Ntsys-pc ver. 2 software was used for final analyses:

Data were standardized.

Dissimilarity matrix of Euclidian coefficient was calculated.

Tree was drown using UPGMA method.

Cophenetic coefficient were measured.

Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was performed.

26

Euclidean/UPGMA tree(Q. Castaneifolia)

R1: (Masoole) ، R2:(Lakan)، R3 : (Roodbar)،) R4(Lahijan -zemeydan), R5: (Shanderman)R6: (Saravan)R7: (Lahijan- setan sar),R8: (Talesh)

27

Masoole

RoodbarLakanLahijan –z-vLahijan-ssTalesh

Shandermansaravan

PCA 2D PLOT

28

Discussion

The morphological study of three Quercus species

The morphological studies are appropriate in order to identify of different modes of qualitative and quantitative traits and determin their range(Kafash 2007).

The results of this study is mached to taxa distribution that was provided the by some botanists including (Rechinger 1971), (Ghahreman1990), (Sabeti2003) & (Mozafariyan 2004).

65

30

Principal Component Analysis of 8 area and 9 variables (x1,x3, x2, x4, x8 ,x17, x18, x19, and x21).

Area elevationTree diameterSpTree altitudeLeaf lengthLeaf wide nut lengthNut diagonalAP

Q. castaneifolia

31

Principal Component Analysis of 4 area and 8 variables (x2, x3, x1, x4, x11, x17, x8, x19)

Area elevationTree diameterTree altitudeLeaf lengthLeaf wide nut lengthNut diagonalPedcel length

FINAL CONCLUSION

71

Climatic factors and other ecological factors over a long time, are responsible for various vegetation fotm and tree species adaptation, in large geographic areas .

Distribution of forest communities and environmental factors have a significant relationship. so altitude are more important than other environmental factors, because changes in the elevation gradient will result to changes in humidity and temperature gradient (Zhang et. Al, 2006).

Based on the results of our studies can be said that Q. castaneifolia is more Capable than other species for adaptation with the environment conditions.

Among the ecological factors, altitude can play a decisive role in grouping and type of tree , so the other ecological factors such as climate and soil factors effect on distribution tree forest and qualitative and quantitative morfolpgical characterstraits (Salehi 2007).

33

Suggestions for future works Anatomical study of species.

Medicinal properties study of species.

Karyological study for species determination and relationship.

Phylogeny study of species based on mitochondrial & chloroplastic markers.

Phytochemical study of species.

34

Thank For Your Attention

35

36

37

38

Thank

my God

AcknowledgmentsMy special thanks to:

Dr. Saeidi MehrvarzDr. AsriDr. Faghir Dr. SarmadDr. Noraste nia Dr. Afshar MohamadianDr. SaririAnd Mrs. shahi.. Department Biology of University of Guilan

40

My special thanks to:My friends majoring in Plant SystematicMy friends majoring in BiochemistryMy friends majoring in Plant PhysiologyMy friends majoring in EmbryologyMy friends majoring in Marine biologyMy friends majoring in ChemistryAll of My friends in University of Guilan

Thank to Roommates:

42

Special Thanks to my Unique Parents

&My Greatest Sister and

Brother

ت)ق)د)ی)م) ب)ه) د)و) م)و)ج)و)د) م)ق)د)س)،آ)ن)ا)ن) ک)ه) ن)ا)ت)و)ا)ن) ش)د)ن)د) ت)ا) م)ن) ب)ه)

ت)و)ا)ن)ا)ی)ی) ب)ر)س)م)،) و) ع)ا)ش)ق)ا)ن)ه) س)و)خ)ت)ن)د) ت)ا) ر)و)ش)ن)گ)ر) ر)ا)ه)م) و) گ)ر)م)ا)ب)خ)ش) و)ج)و)د)م) ب)ا)ش)ن)د

پ)د)ر) و) م)ا)د)ر) م)ه)ر)ب)ا)ن)م