In the beginning...1889Dr. Herman Hollerith’s first patent for Electric Tabulating Machine.

Harlow Bundy creates time clock [invented by jeweler brother Willard] to record workers’ arrival and departure times.

Tabulating Machine

• Was created in an effort to assist with 1890 U.S. Census.

• Design was inspired by railway ticket-punch system.

• Used punched cards equivalent to 1887 U.S. paper money.

Computer Tabulating Recording Company

• Created as a merger between 4 companies in 1911.

• In 1906, developed first automatic feed tabulator (roughly 150 cards per minute).

One Big Happy C-T-R Family• 1889 Bundy Manufacturing Company incorporated. • 1891 Computing Scale Company incorporated. • 1893 Dey Patents Company (Dey Time Registers) incorporated. • 1894 Willard & Frick Manufacturing Company (Rochester, New York) incorporated. • 1896

– Detroit Automatic Scale Company incorporated. – Tabulating Machine Company incorporated.

• 1899 Standard Time Stamp Company acquired by Bundy Manufacturing Company. • 1900 Willard & Frick Manufacturing Company (Rochester) acquired by

International Time Recording Company. – Chicago Time-Register Company acquired by International Time Recording Company. – Dayton Money weight Scale Company acquired by Computing Scale Company. – Detroit Automatic Scale Company acquired by Computing Scale Company.

• 1902 Bundy Manufacturing Company acquired by International Time Recording Company. • 1907 Dey Time Registers acquired by International Time Recording Company. • 1908 Syracuse Time Recording Company acquired by International Time Recording Company.

1924

• C-T-R changes name to International Business Machines Corp. (IBM) on Feb. 14.

• Growth had included three manufacturing facilities in Europe.

• Employed 3,384 people.• Revenue = $11 million• Net earnings = $2 million • Publishes first issue of Business Machines

IBM Card of 1928

• Punch card redesigned to hold 80 columns (doubled previous designs).

• Featured rectangular holes and becomes industry standard.

The Great DepressionDuring the Great Depression of the 1930s, IBM managed to grow while the

rest of the U.S. economy floundered. Thomas J. Watson, Sr., took care of his employees. IBM was among the first corporations to provide group life insurance (1934), survivor benefits (1935) and paid vacations (1937). While most businesses had shut down, Watson kept his workers busy producing new machines even while demand was slack. Thanks to the resulting large inventory of equipment, IBM was ready when the Social Security Act of 1935 brought the company a landmark government contract to maintain employment records for 26 million people. It was called "the biggest accounting operation of all time," and it went so well that orders from other U.S. government departments quickly followed.

---IBM Archives: 1930

The Information Age

• In 1944 IBM created the “Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator” aka Mark I after a 6 year development with Harvard University.

• Calculations: Addition = less than 1 sec., Multiplication = 6 sec., Division = 12 sec.

Other Early Calculating Devices• IBM 600 — Multiplying Punch; 1931[1] [59] • IBM 601 — Cross-footing multiplying Punch; 1933[2] [60][61] • IBM Relay Calculator — aka The IBM Pluggable Sequence Relay Calculator (Aberdeen Machine) [62], [63] • IBM ASCC — Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator; 1944 • IBM 602 — Calculating Punch; 1946 [64] • IBM 603 — Electronic Multiplier; 1946[65] • IBM 604 — Electronic Calculating Punch; 1948 [66] • IBM SSEC — Selective Sequence Electronic Calculator; 1948 [67] • IBM 605 — Electronic Calculator; 1949 [68] • IBM CPC — Card Programmed Electronic Calculator; 1949 [69] • IBM 607 — Electronic Calculating Unit; 1953 [70] • IBM 608 — Transistorized Electronic Calculator; 1957[71] • IBM 609 — Transistorized Calculator; 1960 [72] • IBM 632 — Electronic Typing Calculator; 1958 • IBM 941 — IBM CPC Auxiliary Storage Unit; (16 – 10-digit words) [73] • IBM 942 — Electronic Storage Unit for IBM 607; 1953 [74] • IBM 6405 — Transistorized Electronic Calculator/accounting machine family 1962 Other Unit Record Equipment• IBM Electromatic Table Printing Machine — Typesetting-quality printer; 1946 [75]

FORTRAN (1957)• FORmula TRANslation• Designed by John Backus (12/3/24-3/17/07)

• World’s fastest computers are written in its language.

• Was initially created to provide alternative to assembly language programming for IBM mainframe computers.

1957: Year Recap

• 83,588 Employees• $1.2 billion of total revenue• $110 million of net income• The Service Bureau Corporation formed• IBM 709 computer

“IBM’s $5 Billion Gamble”

• System/ 360 introduced April 7, 1964• First “family” of mainframe computers to use

interchangeable software and peripherals.• Different price points were introduced for the

first time.• Chief architect was Gene Amdahl

Another Year Recap: 1968• 241,971 Employees• 501,390 Stockholders• Revenue = $6.88 Billion• Net Earnings = $871 Million• Introduction of

Customer Information Control System (CICS)• IBM Braille Typewriter• Job Training Center• Sponsors Harlem Street Academy• Laser optical memory system development

In a Class of Their Own:1971-72

• San Francisco’s B.A.R.T. transit system implements IBM fare-collection technology

• First operational speech recognition application allows engineers to communicate with computer able to recognize 5000+ words

• Experimental Braille translating system developed for the blind

• NASA Award for lunar orbital experiments during Apollo 15

IBM When I Was Born: 1982• Marketing for 2 robotic industrial systems capable of utilizing IBM’s

AML robotic control language• IBM 3084 computer: Four CPU’s = 64 million characters of memory• Display terminal with audio output developed for the blind• IBM Australia’s 50th & IBM Hong Kong’s 25th Anniversary• $80 million in cash grants, equipment, etc. donated to worldwide

programs• 6361 Fastdraft System, 3800 Printing Subsystem, and Scanmaster I• 364,796 Employees• 725,745 Stockholders• $34.36 Billion in Revenue• $4.40 Billion in Net Earnings

In 1995 IBM purchased the Lotus Development Corporation for $3.5 billion for its Lotus Notes client-server app, which was so popular that IBM’s OfficeVision disappeared into obscurity.

Back to the Future: 21st Century

• IBM’s eServer introduced in 2000 combined all of it’s server brands under one umbrella

• IBM is awarded the 2000 U.S. National Medal of Technology making it the 7th time they’ve won this honor

Blue Gene

“As a result of collaborative efforts between IBM’s Thomas J. Watson Research Center, the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the U.S. Department of Energy and several others, the Blue Gene supercomputers were created to sustain operating speeds in the PFLOPS.”

----wikipedia/Blue_gene

IBM: Current Year Report

• $98.8 billion total revenue• $10.8 billion net earnings• 386,558 employees (2007)• Ranked 1st in Information Technology Services

and 15th on Fortune Magazines 500 list.

fin

Reference Material• http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/full_list/• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_gene• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotus_Software• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibm• http://mainframes.com/cics.htm• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran_programming_language• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_products#Computer_peripherals• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_IBM_acquisitions_and_spinoffs• http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/reference/faq_0000000011.html• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Hollerith#Electronic_tabulation_of_statistical_data• http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hollerith.html• http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/history_intro.html