in situ and ex situ conservation

PLANT CONSERVATION AND BIOTECHNOLOGY

M.THILAKARLS1154

FOURTH YEAR, M.Sc. LIFE SCIENCESBHARATHIDASAN UNIVERSTIY

TIRUCHIRAPALLI.

BIO DIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION

CONTENTS Introduction

Importance's of bio diversity

Loss of bio diversity

Conservation of biodiversity

Regulations/ laws relating to protected areas (pas)

Role of bio technology in plant conservation

1. In situ

Protected areas

Bio sphere reserves

National parks

Tiger reserves

Wild life sanctuaries

2. Ex situ

Gene sanctuaries

In vitro storage methods

Pollen banks

DNA banks

Botanical gardens

Experimental garden

Conclusion

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INTRODUCTION

Biodiversity is - Degree of variation on life forms.

It is the totality of genes, species and ecosystems ofa region.


IMPORTANCE OF BIODIVERSITY

Biological diversity is the very basis of human survival and economic development

as it provides food, housing, clothing, medicine and industrial raw material.

A wide range of industrial materials are directly obtained from biological

resources :

Rubber, oil, fiber, building material, timber and paper all are obtained from

biological resources.

80% of the world population depends on medicines obtained from nature (Behera

et al., 2008).


LOSS OF BIO DIVERSITY

The main causes of biodiversity loss are:

Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, Population, Over-exploitation and

climatic changes, introduction of exotic species.

Destruction of the habitat is the biggest threat to biodiversity.

Habitats can also be damaged by flooding, lack of water, climate changes,

salination etc., all phenomena which may be both natural and man-made.

Global warming affects plants, animals and microorganisms, both by changing their

habitats and by direct effects of temperature.

Climatic changes also affect species at cellular level and can alter the genetic

makeup of the cell.


CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY

Protecting the loss of Biodiversity.

Both in situ and ex situ methods of biodiversity conservation are equally

important.

It is now recognized that ex situ techniques can be efficiently used to

complement in situ methods, and they may represent the only option for

conserving certain highly endangered and rare species (Ramsay et al., 2000).

Preserving the habitat is the most important issue in the conservation of

biodiversity.

Since chemical pesticides are responsible for a large number of animal deaths

occurring every year, minimizing the use of chemical pesticides is another

technique for the survival of biodiversity.

Conservation of biodiversity through establishment of protected areas like

National Park, Wild life sanctuary, Biosphere Reserves, Marine Reserves etc.


ROLE OF BIO TECHNOLOGY IN PLANT CONSERVATION

1. IN SITU

BIO SPHERE RESERVES

NATIONAL PARKS

TIGER RESERVES

WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES

2. EX SITU

SELECTION OF SUPERIOR GERM PLASM

FIELD GENE BAKS

BOTANICAL GARDENS

EXPERIMENTAL GARDEN


PROTECTED AREAS (PAs)

The PAs are constituted and governed under the provisions of the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972,

which has been amended from time to time, with the changing ground realities concerning wildlife

crime control and PAs management.

Implementation of this Act is further complemented by other Acts viz.

Indian Forest Act, 1972,

Forest (Conservation) Act,1980,

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and

Biological Diversity Act, 2002 and

The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act,

2006.

In order to strengthen and synergize global wildlife conservation efforts, India is a member to major

international conventions viz.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora (CITES),

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN),

International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, UNESCO-World Heritage Committee and

Convention on Migratory Species (CMS).16-SEPT-14LS 1154 - M.THILAKAR 8

SOURCE :

http://www.moef.nic.in/downloadspubl

ic-informationprotected-area-network

16-SEPT-14

STATE WISE DETAILS OF THE

PROTECTED AREA NETWORK OF INDIA

LS 1154 - M.THILAKAR 9

http://www.moef.nic.in/downloadspublic-informationprotected-area-network

TAMIL NADU

16-SEPT-14

SOURCE :

http://www.moef.nic.in/Ddownloadspublic-

informationprotected-area-network


http://www.moef.nic.in/downloadspublic-informationprotected-area-network

In situ Protected Areas

BIO SPHERE RESERVES

NATIONAL PARKS

TIGER RESERVES



BIO SPHERE RESERVE

A biosphere reserve is an area proposed by its habitats, ratified by a

national committee, and designated by UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere (MAB)

program in 1971, which demonstrates innovative approaches to living and

working in harmony with nature.

The term ‘biosphere’ refers to All of the land, water and atmosphere that

supply life on earth.

The word ‘reserve’ means that it is a Special area recognized for balancing

conservation with sustainable use.

Each biosphere reserve demonstrates practical approaches to balancing

conservation and human use of an area.


Biosphere reserves of India

The Indian government has established 18 Biosphere Reserves in India, which

protect larger areas of natural habitat (than a National Park or Animal Sanctuary),

and often include one or more National Parks and/or preserves, along buffer zones

that are open to some economic uses.


NATIONAL PARKS

A national park is a park in use for conservation purposes.

National Park is an area having adequate ecological, faunal, floral,

geomorphological, natural or zoological significance.

The National Park is declared for the purpose of protecting, propagating or

developing wildlife or its environment.

Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently, there is a

common idea: the conservation of wild nature for posterity and as a symbol of

national pride.

Furthermore, an international organization, the International Union for Conservation

of Nature (IUCN), and its World Commission on Protected Areas, has defined

"National Park" as its Category II type of protected areas.

National parks are almost always open to visitors.

Most national parks provide outdoor recreation and camping opportunities as well as

classes designed to educate the public on the importance of conservation and the

natural wonders of the land in which the national park is located.


OBJECTIVES

To protect natural biodiversity along with its underlying ecological structure

and supporting environmental processes, and to promote education and

recreation.


NATIONAL PARKS VS WILD LIFE

SANCTUARY

NATIONAL PARKS

In a National Park no rights are

allowed.

No grazing of any livestock shall

also be permitted inside a National

Park.

While In addition, from a National

Park requires recommendation of

the National Board for Wildlife

WILD LIFE SANCTUARY

Certain rights can be allowed.

In a Sanctuary, the Chief Wildlife

Warden may regulate, control or

prohibit it.

While any removal or exploitation

of wildlife or forest produce from a

Sanctuary requires the

recommendation of the State

Board for Wildlife, removal etc.,

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Rights of people living inside.LS 1154 - M.THILAKAR 17


A wildlife refuge, also called a wildlife sanctuary, is a naturally occurring

sanctuary, such as an island, that provides protection for species from hunting,

predation or competition, it is a protected area, a geographic territory within

which wildlife is protected.

IUCN Category IV Protected Area.

Such wildlife refuges are generally officially designated territories.

It is created by government legislation, publicly or privately owned.

The Chernobyl nuclear accident site has accidentally become a wildlife refuge.

India has 515 animal sanctuaries, referred to as Wildlife sanctuaries.

Among these, the 41 Tiger Reserves are governed by Project Tiger


WILD LIFE SANCTUARIES OF

INDIA

SOURCE :

http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/wildlife/


http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/wildlife/

16-SEPT-14 LS 1154 - M.THILAKAR 20

TIGER RESERVES

There are 47 tiger reserves in India (5-28-2014) which are governed by

Project Tiger which is administered by the National Tiger Conservation

Authority


TIGER RESERVES OF INDIA

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SOURECE :

http://www.wpsi-india.org/tiger/tiger_reserves.php



EX SITU

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Ex-situ conservation of plant genetic resources

can be achieved through different methods such

as

Gene Sanctuaries

Seed banks,

Field gene banks,

In vitro storage methods,

Pollen banks and

DNA banks.


Gene Sanctuaries

The genetic diversity is sometimes conserved under natural habitat.

In other words, areas of great genetic diversity are protected from human

interference.

Gene sanctuary is generally established in the center of diversity or microcenter.

India has setup its first gene sanctuary in the Garo Hills of Assam for wild relatives of

citrus.

Efforts are also being made to setup gene sanctuaries for banana, sugarcane, rice

and Mango.


SELECTION OF SUPERIOR GERM PLASM

Gene banks are also known as germplasm banks.

Gene bank refers to a place or organization where germplasm can be

conserved in living state.

Germplasm are stored in the form of seeds, pollen or in vitro cultures

or in the case of a field gene bank, as plants growing in the field.

Gene banks are mainly of two types :

1) Seed gene banks and

2) Field gene banks


Seed Gene Bank:

A place where germplasm is conserved in the form of seeds is called seed

gene bank.

Seeds are very convenient for storage because they occupy smaller space

than whole plants.

However, seeds of all crops can not be stored at low temperature in the

seed banks.

The germplasm of only orthodox species can be conserved in seed banks.

In the seed banks, there are three types of conservation, viz.

1) Short term,

2) Medium term and

3) Long term.

Base collections are conserved for long term (50 years or more) at 18 or

20°C.

Active collections are stored for short term (3-5 years) at 5-10 0 C.


Seed Gene Bank:

ADVANTAGES

1. Large number of germplasm

samples or entire variability can be

conserved in a very small space.

2. In seed banks, handling of

germplasm is easy.

3. Germplasm is conserved under

pathogen and insect free

environment.

DISADVANTAGES

1. Seeds of recalcitrant species can

not be stored in seed banks.

2. Failure of power supply may

lead to loss of viability and there

by loss of germplasm.

3. It requires periodical evaluation

of seed viability. After some time

multiplication is essential to get

new or fresh seeds of storage.


Field gene banks or living collections are the main conservation strategy for

long-lived perennials, recalcitrant species and vegetative propagated species.

Furthermore, out-breeders require controlled pollination for regeneration

from seed.

When displayed, the plants have an important educational value and can

easily be accessed for research purposes.

Field gene bank is one of the techniques in the strategy for plant genetic

conservation.

It is an ex situ method where genetic variation is maintained away from its

original location and samples of a species, subspecies or variety are

transferred and conserved as living collections.

Field gene bank is the most common method of conserving genetic resources

with recalcitrant seeds and vegetatively propagated plants.

16-SEPT-14

FIELD GENE BANKS


In vitro Storage Methods

The storage of germplasm in laboratory conditions (in vitro) is specially suited

for the long-term conservation of recalcitrant species and vegetatively

propagated species.

They can be stored at low temperature under slow growth conditions or

cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen at -196ºC.

Cryopreservation has so far been successful with only a relatively few species

but is a very promising development for long-term storage (WCMC, 1992).

The main limitation of in vitro storage is the need for special equipment,

techniques and trained staff.

However, more research is necessary to define the mechanisms of desiccation

and chilling injury and to investigate methods of alleviating it (Eberhart, Roos

& Towill, 1991).


Pollen Banks

Pollen preservation may be useful for base collections of species that do not

produce orthodox seeds.

It requires little space but some cytoplasmic genes would be lost.

Like seeds, pollen can be divided into desiccation tolerant and intolerant.

However, information about storage characteristics of pollen from wild

species is fragmentary, existing mainly for some crop relatives and for

medicinal and forest species (Eberhart, Roos & Towill, 1991).


DNA Banks

The creation of a network of DNA banks is ex situ conservation and more

precisely germplasm collections can allow large quantities of genetic

resources (genes, DNA) to be stored quickly and at low cost and could act as

an insurance policy against rapid loss of the world's gene pool.

It could be used in molecular phylogenetic and systematics of extinct taxa

and genes can be distributed via the polypeptide chain reaction (PCR) using

primers supplied by the users (Adams et al., 1994).

DNA samples have been mainly used for bio-prospecting and assessment of

biodiversity studies.

Its use in conservation is limited as whole plants cannot be reconstituted

from DNA but the genetic material can be introduced to other genotypes for

plant breeding and enhancement purposes.


BOTANIC GARDEN


EXPERIMENTAL GARDEN


REFERENCES

Global Biodiversity Strategy – WRI, IUCN and UNEP 1992.

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACHES FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, Dushyant

kumar et al., 2013. Indian J.Sci.Res.4(1):183-186.

Biotechnology and Conservation of Plant Biodiversity, Carlos et al., 2013.

Resources (2):73-95; doi:10.3390/resources2020073

http://www.moef.nic.in/divisionscsurvBR_Guidelines.pdf

http://www.moef.nic.in/downloadspublic-informationprotected-area-

network.pdf

http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/44/default.asp

http://agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=3&topicid=2116

http://www.bgci.org/worldwide/article/0032/

https://www.en.Wikipedia.org

http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/wildlife

http://www.wpsi-india.org/tiger/tiger_reserves.php16-SEPT-14LS 1154 - M.THILAKAR 38

http://www.moef.nic.in/divisionscsurvBR_Guidelines.pdf

http://www.moef.nic.in/downloadspublic-informationprotected-area-network.pdf

http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/44/default.asp

http://agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=3&topicid=2116

http://www.bgci.org/worldwide/article/0032/

https://www.en.wikipedia.org/

http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/wildlife


in situ and ex situ conservation

Science

loss of biodiversity

survival of biodiversity

ex situ techniques

life sciencesbharathidasan

life forms

wild life sanctuary

invasive species

plant conservation1