PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONFERENCE ON SINKHOLES A N D THE ENGINEERING A N D E N V I R O N M E N T A L IMPACTS OF KARST

GATLINBURG/TENNESSEE/2-5 APRIL 1995

KARST GEOHAZARDS ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS

IN K A R S T T E R R A N E

Edited by

1 * BARRY F.BECK >• s f i i ; ; P.E.LaMoreaux & Associates, Inc., Oak Ridge, Tennessee ' ' ' ' (Formerly: Director of the Florida Sinkhole Research Institute)

? -, . ' / . , Assisted by

FELICITY M.PEARSON

i w n e - j 'wte Vij »AX-kf ')«f

"ji f.T.f i- /W'iSitoii'j OS 'i'''.iiiinuslMA

Sponsored by ' " P.E.LaMoreaux & Associates, Inc. • , »

and Co-Sponsored by The National Groundwater Association

The American Society of Civil Engineers, Tennessee Section Institute for Geotechnology, University of Tennessee

Karst Waters Institute

A.A.BALKEMA/ROTTERDAM/BROOKFIELD/1995

Karst GeoHazards, Beck(ed.)© 1995Balkema, Rotterdam, ISBN 90 5410 535 6

Table o f contents •si

A • ' > Ar"~ jV:''sA i ' i - A i A r . . . i - . r K r - A U > i ! A . • ot-'- :"-)'^.-- •^'i.v'ftH^f

H i . .. / A- '• ; '~ ; jwbaa akri.An/Hrtii-:*y;aHA AVA < K •'0

1 Keynote paper •11 A . 6ia»aiA;"W-:

Geotechnical aspects of the design and construction of dams and pressure tunnels in soluble rocks i i iirn^ - l JB AHMerritt , . .

aO'ff;;!! t; «• wo'; rajjiWijm;-^'" ' • b k ' V t T !'-:"-T' _••'>,;

2 Karst geology s-^j-o-: xsi-: ^'''s•f ••

Surficiaiprocessesandsmkho\es ' ^ b )' !i .'A r t i , !,V A

Historical references to karst Studies 11 P.ELaMoreaux C A A « ; A

Mechanical impacts of air and water compression in karst conduits 17 J.Chen, GThomas & LJones ? i - . ; ic, > ; - A - ^ »

Subsidence hazards due to the dissolution of Permian gypsum in England: Investigation 1 A;? Kit > ' • 23 and remediation A H. Cooper .

Subsidence and related features in the Tully Valley, Central New York 31 F.IGetchell =

Sinkhole distribution in Winona County, Minnesota revisited 43 S Magdalene & E CAlexander, Jr

Vk;xri'iA~i '• Supai salt karst features: Holbrook Basin, Arizona ' 53 ITNeal ' Salt dissolution sinkhole at the Weeks Island, Louisiana, strategic petroleum reserve storage site 61 J.T.Neal&REMyers

Morphology of pseudosinkholes in granitic rocks of the Bastar Craton, Central India 67 Y. Singh _ v ,A -

Thresholds for soil transport and the long term stability of sinkholes 73 WRWhite&ELWhite

Sinkhole and buried sinkhole densities and new sinkhole frequencies in karsts of northwest Peninsular 79 Florida

i . , , Hsispfc iiff? 5TOA«mA»«iBii:'isJi;'*;',

Tfft-'' " . - j A A ' V A i n o o i j A i i k A n h*A i:nk;AsAA':-Hrt

V

g, :iis ,iAnA»;f;B • ci; bob >02S ,r-••.UJA--'OAS •'~ t;,"

3 Karst hydrogeoloey - «

Hydrogeologic setting of Northern Guam 95 WBamer

Groundwater quality reflect karst development: A case study in central-west Florida 103 J. Chen, G. Thomas & S. Upchurch

A spacial-correlation model for assessment of large-areal sinkhole and water quality data 111 J. Chen, G. Thomas & S. Upchurch

The complex geophysical-hydrochemical study of karstic springs at Bajza field, Scutari region, Albania 117 P.Haxhui&AUgi

Prediction and testing of hydraulic parameters in interstratal karst of the Valley and Ridge Province, 125 Pennsylvania MJancin & J. Ewart -,j

Conceptual model of groundwater flow in a mantled karst aquifer and effects of the epikarst zone 131 HE Julian &S.CYoung

Evolution of a karstic groundwater system. Cave Hill, Augusta County, Virginia: 141 A multi-disciplinary study EHKasming,III

Normalized base-flow discharge of groundwater basins: A useful parameter for estimating recharge area 149 of springs and for recognizing drainage anomalies in karst terranes J. F.Quinlan & J.A Ray ' V K A . A jfa i . ? A A / A

Delineation of the recharge area for Rio Springs, Kentucky: An EPA Demonstration Project in Wellhead 165 (Springhead) protection for karst terranes G.M.Schindel,J.ARay& J. F.Quinlan

4 Karst geohazards Groundwater contamination through sinkholes and the karst surface

Mass flux of agricultural nonpoint-source pollutants in a conduit-flow-dominated karst aquifer, Logan 179 County Kentucky ^ .^^^^^ Mn'iloH J. C Currens

Site investigation, monitoring, and successful landfill closure within a karst terrain 189 P.J.Hall, A J. McCusker&CT. Bingham

i ! , A J,,. !

Selection of corridors for power transmission lines and highways through karst terranes 195 E H Kastning Private well-water quality of the karst and agricultural dry creek watershed in eastem 199 Iowa - Implications for appropriate management D. B Wunder &J.K Johnson

5 Karst geohazards r H i ^ A W Transport of groundwater contamination in a karst aquifer

Contaminant transport mechanisms in karst terrains and implications on remediation 207 WBamer &KUhlman

VI

Diffuse flow and DNAPL recovery in the Ste. Genevieve and St. Louis limestones |,f!> t..|A, ; 213 G. O. Chieruzzi, J. J. Duck, J. M Valesky & R. Markwell

Application of fluorescent dye tracing techniques for delineating sinkhole drainage routes, Highway 37 227 improvement project Lawrence County, Indiana J.A Duwelius, J. L Bassett &J.H. Keith

The use of geochemical methods in the investigation of hazardous waste sites in covered karst terrain 235 T.Glover, J. Daniel & A Lonergan

' ' ' ' ' ' ' •••bBlmy'i't } i ^ A Acid mine drainage in karst terranes: Geochemical considerations and field observations , , ^ i ^ - , I.D.SasowskyWRWhite&J.AWebb

' r - « ' ' ' 3 B n n i q ./.iicnoq v.l ?.oo'!sbivu-} -iiq a^ml Is closure-in-place a suitable remedy for unlined landfills in sinkholes? ' m a r i ' ^ " M McShea Valentin

6 Karst geohazards . . ^ Stormwater drainage and flooding prohlems b A » ; ; A > A - A A .-v;;;

Sinkhole collapse and ground water contamination problems resulting from storm water drainage wells 257 on karst terrain • ^ -N.CCrawford&CGGroves

Sinkhole treatment to improve water quality and control erosion in southeastern Minnesota 265 A Kalmes & K Mohring

Modification of highway runoff quality by sinkhole drainage structures. Highway 37 improvement project 273 Lawrence County, Indiana J. H Keith, J. L Bassett & J.A Duwelius - ' - « <u ^

Storm-water management and sinkhole occurrence in the Palmyra area, Lebanon County, Pennsylvania 285 W.E Kochanov

Investigation of sinkhole flooding problems in Knoxville, Tennessee 291 AEOgden , A

Management of the discharge quality of highway runoff in karst areas to control impacts ,, - s,, ^ 297 to ground water - A review of relevant literature JRStephenson &RF.Reck > -^vd s y k ' ^ i H ubil A - J . ; A A b<>;bin -m k A^ncok-ik

• < •>&<•' a 'i-i i -i^sisvi ^ /•.

7 Karst geohazards -fi ii-;4.'y:fk|>>32 ixjmy./.m Mh gd M'yuiE-)! r:opy-<i;' IAA Case studies on engineering sinkholes i - '\

Karst site remediation grouting 325 J.A Fischer & J.J. Fischer Ap^ji H *jijiT??s«g<i3 vA nosfm^loa-'ni mir w-knsH ifl

Maryland Route 31 sinkhole lushif^ l a id iwksk Irm r.kj. o ,iu~gr-'o avpwiAAny^ dksf 33I -A D. Martin

A model for sinkhole formation on interstate and limited access highways, with suggestions on remediation 335 J. S. Mellett &RJ. Maccarillo

Techniques to investigate and remedy sinkholes •''^^^ - ^ i f fT -i^th J •* • 341 RS.Qubain,EJ.Seksinsky&EG.Aldin xscvcf ;

VII

Risk and reward: Pipes and sinkholes in East Tennessee 349 J. A Scarborough

8 Foundation considerations and improvements in karst

Static and seismic stability of residual soils over a bedrock cavity 357

J. Ben-Hassine, P. E Booth &D.R. Riggs ' d:^-'^- ^ • ••.1.1- f - - i p - ' b t . - .

Karst foundation grouting and seepage control at Haig Mil l Dam 363 J.ABeriswill, R W.Humphries, AT.McClean &R.LKath Drilled pile foundations in porous, pinnacled carbonate rock 371 WEHeath The importance of a model in foundation design over deeply-weathered, pirmacled, 375 carbonate bedrock TCSiegel&J.J.Belgeri

A case history of compaction grouting to improve soft soils over karstic limestone 383 aCStapleton, D.Corso &PBlakita ^"•' •3 hffc -s^-q^fo-

Cap reinforcement over a sinkhole as part of a landfill closure •xnb > T' j h ^ 389 M.J.Stelmack, T.Sheridan & BE Beck

Design against collapse of karst cavems 397 T.MTharp • *

,. , ^. >'H '-"'Ui'ii .":.»". s r i j S S t - • A,-d yijBiti-

9 Investigating karst with geophysics

Subsurface investigation of possible karst conditions at the Jewfish Creek bridge replacement. Key Largo, 409 Florida RCBenson, LYuhr &BCBerkovitz

The application of thermal infrared thermography in the identification of submerged springs in Chickamauga 415 Reservoir, Hamilton County, Tennessee F.RBogle&KLoy

Application of the natural electric field for detecting karst conduits on Guam 425 A L Lange & WL Bamer

Mapping karst solution features by the integrated geophysical method 443 R Rodriguez 11 >» A A P ^ r

10 Planning and investigation for engineering in karst

Clay over karst: Dealing with construction over an eroded and broken karst surface 453 D.BGriffin&RM. Berry

Engineering experience with limestone ';5ii, 463 MAIqbal

Engineering impacts of karst: Three engineering case studies in Cambrian and Ordovician carbonates 469 of the Valley and Ridge Province RL Kath, AT.McClean, WRSullivan & R WHumphries

VIII

The problems of constructions on karst - The examples from Slovenia SSebela&AMihevc

475

Paleokarstic features in the Belgian carboniferous limestones - Implications to engineering A Vergari, YQuinif &J.M. Charlet

481

Caves as a geologic hazard: A quantitative analysis from San Salvador Island, Bahamas WL Wilson, J. K Mylroie &J.L Carew

487

11 Government regulations for karst areas

A local government approach to mitigating impacts of karst TS-Devilbiss

499

511

505

Government programs and the regulation of dye tracing: The future AEOgden

A partnership approach in marketing land use regulations tor karst areas 521

517

C Swartz & OPDrewes

Intrinsic limitations of standard criteria and methods for delineation of groundwater-source protection areas 525 (springhead and wellhead protection areas) in carbonate terranes: Critical review, technically-sound resolution of limitations, and case study in a Kentucky karst J. EQuinlan, J.A Ray &G.M. Schindel

12 Field trip guide book and related papers

The geology of Cherokee Cavems 541 R A Rubin

Field trip through East Tennessee karst with emphasis on practical problems K Moore, G. Michael Clark & J. Whidby

549

Author index 581

IX