in collaboration with daniel n. bub process modulation induced by stroop interference michael e. j....
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In collaboration with Daniel N. Bub
Process Modulation Induced by Stroop Interference
Michael E. J. Masson
University of Victoria
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Basic Proposition
• Mental operations may lead to conflict duringstimulus identification (e.g., Stroop task)
• Resolution of conflict changes how operationsare executed in the future
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Overview
Conflictbetweenmentaloperations
Theoriesof conflictresolution
The problemof specificity
Evidencefor processmodulationfollowing conflictresolution
Specificityin processmodulation
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Sources of Conflict
• Conflict between dimensions of bivalentstimuli
• Stroop interference – dominant dimension assource of conflict
• Special case of basic conflict betweencompeting candidates during stimulusidentification
GREEN COW
TRACK
TRUCK TRUNKTRASH
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Theories of Conflict Resolution
• Models of color-word conflict resolution
• Attentional control in a PDP system(Cohen, Dunbar, & McClelland, 1990)
• SLAM (Phaf et al., 1990)
• WEAVER++ (Roelofs, 2003)
• Tectonic theory (Melara & Algom, 2003)
• Attentional selection
• enhances activation of color pathway or colorconcept
• inhibits word pathway
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Item Specificity
• Theme of models: attentional selection orblocking of processing route – general effects
• Contrasts with cases of item specificity
• Allport & Wylie (2000) – larger switch cost fornaming color words that also appeared oncolor naming trials
450490530570610650690
1 2 3Trial
Color & WordWord Only
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Process Modulation
• Basic proposition: Resolving conflict has along-term consequence for how a process isexecuted
• responding to nondominant dimension (colornaming) alters processing of dominantdimension (word reading)
• Item specific vs. general effect
• Color-word Stroop task• report color dimension, consequences for
word reading
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General Paradigm
• Predictable and spatially cued alternationbetween color naming and word reading
=====
Neutral Trial
=====
=====
Interference Trial
=====
=====
=====
=====
=====
*****
tide pace
quest
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General Paradigm
• Runs of 10 trials for each condition
• Expect Stroop effect on color naming
• Primary interest in word reading latency
Trial0 10 20 30 40 ...
Interference
Neutral
quest pace
tide*****
/
/
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General Paradigm
=======
*****
gram
**********hiregram
pacehirevoidtidepace
void
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General Paradigm
• Primary interest in word reading latency
• track latency across trials within a block• neutral vs. interference
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Neutral
580
600
620
640
660
680
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Word Reading
Interference
Trial Within a Block
95% CI
Process Modulationgram
======pace
======
======
*****
======tide
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Neutral
580
600
620
640
660
680
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Word Reading
Interference
Trial Within a Block
95% CI
Process Modulation
======
*****
======tide
gram
======pace
======
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Test for Specificity
• 300 nonrepeated words vs. 5 repeated words
noonvotelampdragpace ...
birdtendgramquesttide ...
Colornaming
Wordreading
hirepacetidevoidgram
Colornaming
Wordreading
n = 200
n = 100
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Test for Specificity
Nonrepeated Repeated
Words
600
650
700
750
800
Nonrepeated Repeated
Color Naming
NeutralInterference
95% CI
580
600
620
640
660
680
700Word Reading
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Test for Specificity
Nonrepeated Repeated
Words
600
650
700
750
800
Nonrepeated Repeated
Color Naming
NeutralInterference
95% CI
580
600
620
640
660
680
700Word Reading
(41 ms)
(37 ms)
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Process Modulation
• Modulation of simple task of word reading
• No initial evidence for item specificity
• Rapid instantiation and disengagement
• Effects of task switching are removed
• not a direct result of switch cost
• but may be a component of switch cost
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Further Test of Specificity
• Establish item specificity using color words(Allport & Wylie, 2000)
• 5 color words & 5 noncolor words
• only color words appear for color naming ininterference block
Color naming
notice
jobredluck
green march
red
blue blue
Word reading
pinktalk
pink
yellowgreenyellow
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Further Test of Specificity
=====
Neutral Trials
=====
=====
Interference Trials
=====
=====
=====
=====
=====blue
job
green
===== =====*****
*****
talk
*****
=====pink
=====
yellow
march
red
pink
Colornaming
Wordreading
Colornaming
Wordreading
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Further Test of Specificity
95% CI
600
650
700
750
800
850
Neutral Interference
Color Naming
Block
550
575
600
625
650
Noncolor Color
Word Reading
NeutralInterference
Words
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Further Test of Specificity
• Item specificity
95% CI
600
650
700
750
800
850
Neutral Interference
Color Naming
Block
550
575
600
625
650
Noncolor Color
Word Reading
NeutralInterference
Words
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95% CI
600
650
700
750
800
850
Neutral Interference
Color Naming
Block
550
575
600
625
650
Noncolor Color
Word Reading
NeutralInterference
Words
Further Test of Specificity
(27 ms)
(25 ms)
• Item specificity and modulation are dissociated
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Specificity in Process Modulation
• Item-specific mechanism ruled out as thesource of modulation of word reading
• Modulation could be a general effect ofselective attention or a consequence ofbackward inhibition (Mayr & Keele, 2000)
• Alternative: modulation of a cohort
• but what kind of cohort?
• task-defined cohort
• generalization beyond cohort
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Specificity in Process Modulation
• Define word cohorts by task assignment
Task-specific assignment Mixed assignment
gladranchfundpostphone
joinbuzzcampsaveluck
Colornaming
Wordreading
flagmilldampcoattuneflatdeckfatebitelose
Colornaming
Wordreading======
======luck
fund
Neutral Interference
======
buzz
*****
======
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Specificity in Process Modulation
95% CI
600
620
640
660
680
Mixed Task Specific
Word Reading
650
700
750
800
850
900
Mixed Task Specific
Color Naming
NeutralInterference
Words
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Specificity in Process Modulation
95% CI
600
620
640
660
680
Mixed Task Specific
Word Reading
650
700
750
800
850
900
Mixed Task Specific
Color Naming
NeutralInterference
Words
(16 ms)
(37 ms)
• Cohort specificity constrains modulation
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Specificity in Process Modulation
• Generalization beyond cohort – transfer ofmodulation across cohort boundaries
• Cohort boundaries may be defined by particulardimensions
• modulation of items sharing features withcolor naming cohort
• but features on what dimension(s)?• phonological (orthographic)• semantic
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Specificity in Process Modulation
• Phonological relationship across cohorts
Item pool Related Unrelated condition conditionbarn barklunch lungprint princeshark sharpwork wordcrust crushdark dartform forkmarch marshturn turf
barnlunchprintsharkwork
barklungprincesharpword
Colornaming
Wordreading
barnlunchprintsharkwork
crustdarkformmarchturn
Colornaming
Wordreading
======
======lung
shark
Neutral Interference
======
word
*****
======
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Specificity in Process Modulation
NeutralInterference 95% CI
550
600
650
700
750
Unrelated Related
Color Naming
Item Condition
520
540
560
580
Unrelated Related
Word Naming
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Specificity in Process Modulation
NeutralInterference 95% CI
550
600
650
700
750
Unrelated Related
Color Naming
Item Condition
520
540
560
580
Unrelated Related
Word Naming
(16 ms)
(31 ms)
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Specificity in Process Modulation
• Semantic relationship across cohorts
Item pool Related Unrelated condition condition
boatjailbeercoatrock
shipprisonalejacketstone
Colornaming
Wordreading
boat ship jail prisonbeer alecoat jacketrock stoneengine motorpail bucketstudent pupilpenny centcreek stream
boatjailbeercoatrock
enginepailstudentpennycreek
Colornaming
Wordreading
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Specificity in Process Modulation
550
600
650
700
750
Unrelated Related
Color Naming
NeutralInterference
Item Condition
530
540
550
560
570
580
Unrelated Related
Word Naming
95% CI
(13 ms)
(18 ms)
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Specificity in Process Modulation
• Cohort learning across blocks of trials
• prediction about size of modulation effect
• common cohort• consistent modulation across blocks
• distinct cohort• modulation initially large but reduced
across blocks
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Specificity in Process Modulation
• Cohort learning across blocks of trials
560
580
600
620
640
660
680
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Common Cohort
InterferenceNeutral
Block
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Distinct Cohort
Block
95% CI
32 ms
31 ms
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Specificity in Process Modulation
• Cohort learning across blocks of trials
560
580
600
620
640
660
680
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Common Cohort
InterferenceNeutral
Block
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Distinct Cohort
Block
95% CI
32 ms
31 ms
36 ms
16 ms
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Conclusions
• Modulation of conflicting task (word reading)
• component of task-switch cost
• Rapid engagement and disengagement
• Learned cohort specificity, not item specificity
• phonological cohorts
• Implications for other forms of interference
• picture-word Stroop, numeric Stroop
• basic object and word identification processes