In a small time ∆t:

BMR

BMR;

BMR

BMR

BMR

BMR

The brain constitutes only 2.5% of body weight, but is responsible for ≈ 20% of the BMR (dreams). It requires a fair amount of oxygen consumption.

Typical time course of weight loss during a period of constant difference between metabolic expenditure and caloric intake.

( 388 kcal/day deficit )

388/9.3 = 42g of fat per day

∼1/10 lb loss per day afterequilibrium is reached

Weightchange early is obscured by retentionof H2O ( due to fatmetabolism )

However, internal work appears as muscle heat ∆Q (not as external work ∆W) and the internal work WL reduces the internal energy U.

The human body core temperature is constant around 37.1±1.0 oC( degree Fahrenheit = degree Celsius ⋅ 1.8 + 32 )

( good to 20% over this range of Ta and Tskin )

1. What is wind chill temperature?

A. The wind chill temperature is how cold people and animals feel when outside. Wind chill is based on the rate of heat loss from exposed skin caused by wind and cold. As the wind increases, it draws heat from the body, driving down skin temperature and eventually the internal body temperature. Therefore, the wind makes it FEEL much colder. If the temperature is 0 degrees Fahrenheit and the wind is blowing at 15 mph, the wind chill is -19 degrees Fahrenheit. At this wind chill temperature, exposed skin can freeze in 30 minutes.

2. Can wind chill impact my car's radiator or exposed water pipe?

A. The only effect wind chill has on inanimate objects, such as car radiators and water pipes, is to shorten the amount of time for the object to cool. The inanimate object will not cool below the actual air temperature. For example, if the temperature outside is -5 degrees Fahrenheit and the wind chill temperature is -31 degrees Fahrenheit, then your car's radiator will not drop lower than -5 degrees Fahrenheit.

3. What is FROSTBITE?

A. You have frostbite when your body tissue freezes. The most susceptible parts of the body are fingers, toes, ear lobes, or the tip of the nose. Symptoms include a loss of feeling in the extremity and a white or pale appearance. Get Medical attention immediately for frostbite. The area should be SLOWLY re-warmed.

4. What is HYPOTHERMIA?

A. Hypothermia occurs when body temperature falls below 95 degrees Fahrenheit. Determine this by taking your temperature. Warning signs include uncontrollable shivering, memory loss, disorientation, incoherence, slurred speech, drowsiness, and exhaustion. Get medical attention immediately. If you can't get help quickly, begin warming the body SLOWLY. Warm the body core first, NOT the extremities. Warming extremities first drives the cold blood to the heart and can cause the body temperature to drop further--which may lead to heart failure. Get the person into dry clothing and wrap in a warm blanket covering the head and neck. Do not give the person alcohol, drugs, coffee, or any HOT beverage or food. WARM broth and food is better. About 20% of cold related deaths occur in the home. Young children under the age of two and the elderly, those more than 60 years of age, are most susceptible to hypothermia. Hypothermia can set in over a period of time. Keep the thermostat above 69 degrees Fahrenheit, wear warm clothing, eat food for warmth, and drink plenty of water (or fluids other than alcohol) to keep hydrated. NOTE: Alcohol will lower your body temperature. 1

National Weather Service (NWS) Implements a NewWind Chill Temperature Index

On November 1, The NWS implemented a replacement Wind Chill Temperature (WCT) index for the 2001/2002 winter season. The change improves upon the current WCT Index used by the NWS and the Meteorological Services of Canada, currently based on the 1945 Siple and Passel Index.

For more than a year, NWS and MSC have discussed updating the WCT. During the fall of 2000, the Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research (OFCM) formed a group consisting of several Federal agencies, MSC, the academic community (Indiana University-Purdue University in Indianapolis (IUPUI), University of Delaware and University of Missouri), and the International Society of Biometeorology to evaluate and improve the wind chill formula. The group, chaired by the NWS, is called the Joint Action Group for temperature Indices (JAG/TI). JAG/TI's goal is to upgrade and standardize the index for temperature extremes internationally (e.g. Wind Chill Index).

2

The new formula uses advances in science, technology, and computer modeling to provide a more accurate, understandable, and useful formula for calculating the dangers from winter winds and freezing temperatures.

Clinical trials were conducted at the Defense and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine in Toronto, Canada, and the trial results were used to improve the accuracy of the new formula and determine frostbite threshold values.

Standardization of the WCT Index among the meteorological community provides an accurate and consistent measure to ensure public safety. The new wind chill formula is now being used in Canada and the United States.

Specifically, the new WCT index will:

• Use calculated wind speed at an average height of five feet (typical height of an adult human face) based on readings from the national standard height of 33 feet (typical height of an anemometer)

• Be based on a human face model

• Incorporates modern heat transfer theory (heat loss from the body to its surroundings, during cold and breezy/windy days)

• Lowers the calm wind threshold to 3 mph

• Use a consistent standard for skin tissue resistance

• Assume no impact from the sun (i.e., clear night sky).

In 2002, NWS may adjust the WCT for solar radiation for variety of conditions ( sunny,partly sunny, cloudy ).Note: Wind Chill Temperature is only defined for temperatures at or below 50 degrees F and wind speeds above 3 mph. 3

After the October 2000 and February 2001 meetings, the JAG/TI reached agreement on a new wind chill formula, discussed a process for scientific verifications of the new formula, and developed plans for implementation of the new formula. The new WCT index was presented at the JAG/ TI meeting in Toronto, Canada on August 2, 2001.

Krad

The is thus

Solving the differential equation shows that temperature changes occurExponentially and are determined by the time constant t0 ≡ C/λ

Exponential change with slowtime constant t0

33-38 oC

37.1 oC

If air is humid the evaporation losses are limited by the ability of theAmbient air to remove sweat from skin

Threshold TemperatureNo Sweating

This changes now the activity factor δ to maintain acomfortable body temperature

δ

315 450

450

450

higher metabolic rate!

< 0

positive term