in a client/server arrangement, network services are located on a dedicated server. the server is a...
TRANSCRIPT
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• In a client/server arrangement, network services are located on a dedicated server.
• The server is a central computer that is continuously available to respond to requests from clients for file, print, application, and other services.
• Most network operating systems adopt the form of a client/server relationship.
• Typically, desktop computers are the clients and one or more computers with additional processing power, memory, and specialized software function as servers.
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•easy to create •no centralized equipment required •centralized administrator not required
•centralized security •centralized backups •enhanced network services
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5.2.1 WAN physical layer
ISDN BRI is 2 Bearer channels plus a Data channel (2B+D).
The B channels use PPP (Point –to-Point Protocol).
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The Service Provider usually provides the clock at the DCE connector end.
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Use roll-over cables to connect a terminal to a console port.
The auxiliary port is a console port but you connect with a modem.
The console port is for initial router configuration.
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Use roll-over cables to connect a terminal to a console port.
The auxiliary port is a console port but you connect with a modem.
The console port is for initial router configuration.
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xDSL - Digital Subscriber Line Technology
• The key in xDSL technology is modulation, a process in which one signal modifies a properties of another.
• Hardware: DSL requires modems and splitters for end-users; carriers use DSLAMs (digital subscriber line access multiplexers)
• Differences between xDSL technologies: speed, operating distance, applications, ratio between up and downstream
• Different approaches: ATM-based ADSL, ISDN DSL.
• The important thing is what is running over xDSL...
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xDSL - Digital Subscriber Line Technology
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xDSL Digital Subscriber Line Technology
ADSL - Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line •expected in general use in 1999 •twisted pair copper (single loop) •asymmetric: most commonly: 6Mbps (down), 640 Kbps (up)
•downlink: 1.5 Mbps-8 Mbps •uplink : 176 Kbps - 1 Mbps
•limited distance (18000 feet over 26-gauge copper)
RADSL - Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line •varying speeds depending upon line quality; asymmetric
•downlink: 1.5 Mbps-8 Mbps •uplink : 176 Kbps - 1 Mbps
•limited distance (18000 feet over 26-gauge copper)
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xDSL Digital Subscriber Line Technology (cont.)
HDSL - High-speed Digital Subscriber Line •full-duplex, symmetric
•1.544 Mbps or 2.048 Mbps in each direction •two twisted pairs (for T1) and 3 pairs (for E1) •max distance 12,000 feet
VDSL - Very-high-bit-rate Digital Subscriber Line (known as BDSL)
•asymmetric •downlink: 12.96-51.84 Mbps •uplink : 1.6 - 2.3 Mbps
•max 4,500 - 1,000 feet •applications: High definition TV, multimedia
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1. A network interface card (NIC) provides network communication capabilities to and from a PC.
2. Use a crossover cable to connect between two similar devices, such as switches, routers, PCs, and hubs.
3. Use a straight-through cable to connect between different devices, such as connections between a switch and a router, a switch and a PC, or a hub and a router.
4. There are two major types of LANs, peer-to-peer and client/server. 5. WANs use serial data transmission. WAN connection types include
ISDN, DSL, and cable modems. 6. A router is usually the DTE and needs a serial cable to connect to a
DCE device like a CSU/DSU. 7. The ISDN BRI has two types of interfaces, S/T and U interfaces. To
interconnect the ISDN BRI port to the service-provider device, a UTP Category 5 straight-through cable with RJ-45 connectors, is used.
8. A phone cable and an RJ-11 connector are used to connect a router for DSL service.
9. Coaxial cable and a BNC connector are used to connect a router for cable service.
10. Rollover cable is used to connect a terminal and the console port of an internetworking device.