imta in an international context and the applications of ... · salmon farming •estimated that...
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Dr Stefan Kraan Ocean Harvest Technology Ltd,
Horsen, Denmark, 16/6/15
IMTA in an international context and the applications of harvested biomass
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Thierry Chopin
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Conclusions
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Salmon farming
• Estimated that 9.5 kg P and 78 kg N
per ton of fish are released into the water
• FCR (1.5) and the contents in the feed are 0.9% P and 7.2% N (Ackefors and Enell; 1994)
• Current FCR salmon 1.1 = 7.0 kg P and 49.3 kg N per ton of fish per year
• Global farmed salmon production 1.2 million tons in 2014
• Represents a worldwide nutrification of coastal waters by 4509 t P and 31,754 t N
• Each habitat can carry only a certain level of monoculture before disquilibrium develops
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Denmark
• 350 t N per year from marine
farms (Holdt, ISAP 2015)
• IMTA (trout, mussel, seaweed)
– Fish 2200 t = produce 80 t N
– Mussel 8,000 ton extract 105 t N
– Seaweed 700 ton extract 2.8 t N
• N quota
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FAO 2013
• Global: seaweed cultivated 23.5 m tonnes ca. 96% of total seaweed capture
• Worth ca. € 4.5 Bn
• Grows by5-6% per year
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Seaweed harvesting and aquaculture
in Europe (FAO 2007)Capture 2007 Captur
e 2013Aquaculture 2007
Aqua 2013
Ireland 30,000 29,500 5 42
UK 2,000 0 1 0 (SAMS 4)
Denmark ? 0 40,000
Norway 148,322 140,366 Start 2007 IMTA 1 ton
0 (5 via sulefisk)
France 64,723 68,543 37 350
Portugal 253 801 1 2
Spain 525 525 0 2
Italy 1,850 1200 0 0
Iceland 21,470 18,079 0 0
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Seaweed aquaculture and Europe
Large wild stocks
Mechanical harvesting
Labour costs high
Import raw material from Asia
Food applications minor
The demand for seaweeds for
• food,
• cosmetics,
• thalassotherapy,
• functional food,
• nutraceuticals and healthcare
met by harvesting natural stocks
Why no development at an industrial scale?
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Europe
• Seaweed aquaculture as stand alone operation will only take off if high value added products are produced.
• Labour costs, environment, legislation
• Often cheaper to import products and or seaweed raw materials and molecules
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Other forces at workLegislation
• EU Waterframework Directive
• EU Maritime Green Paper: Towards a future Maritime Policy for the European Union
• There is a need for environmental sustainability and an increase in production in aquaculture!
IMTA
Urgent need for bioremediation (nutrient recycling) to minimise impact and increase carrying capacity in order to increase production
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Legislation on food and feed
• Arsenic (inorganic 2ppm)
• Iodine (600 ppm max)
• Heavy metals
• Pesticides
• Need for cultivated “young” crop ergo, kelp cultivation
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Why IMTA?
1 mt of farmed fish produces about 50 kg N and 7 kg P into environment (waste feed, faeces, excretion)
• Eutrophication
• Dead zones
• Algae blooms
• Macroalgae can take up 90% of N and 60% of P (inorganic)• Filter feeders (Mussels, Oysters) take up POM (feed waste and
feaces, organic matter)
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Nutrient levels in-flow and out-flow
water in seaweed biofilter system
• Trial undertaken with Porphyra proved
useful for nutrient removal.
• Proven many times
Ammonia and nitrate can be stripped from the water using the dual species system at rates varying from 60% up to 90% of the nutrient input and Phosphate at 40% removal
0
0.1
0.2
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0.5
0.6
NH4 in NH4 out NO2 in NO2 out NO3 in NO3 out PO4 PO4
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Benefits IMTA
Alleviate nutrient pollution through nutrient recycling (Environmentally friendly system)
Production of other aquaculture products (economic diversification)
Demonstrated 50% increase in production if cultivated near fish farm
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Is this new?
• No, not at all!
• Asia for several centuries
• US (Ryther et al., 1975; nutrients, phytoplankton, oysters, seaweed)
• Late 80’s early 90’s Israel, Canada and Chile with Fish, mussels, abalone, seaweed systems
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A few examples……..
• Spontaneous integrated mariculture, often takes place in coastal regions.
• Coastal integrated mariculture of fish, shellfish and seaweed in Hainan island,China.
*Allan O’Connor & Wang
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• Seaor Marine farm in Mikhmoret, Israel.
• Inland, semi-closed system.
• Sea bream, abalone, seaweed integrated system (the seaweed feeds abalone on site)
Abalone cultivation building
Fish Fish Fish
Seaweed
Ulva spp. // Gracilaria
Projects around the world…
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• Integrated abalone and seaweed farm in East London, South Africa.
• Raceways
*D.Robertsson, J.Bolton, M. Troell
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Open-water system in Canada
• Interdisciplinary project supported by Aquanet.
• Working on a preindustrial-scale demostration of integrated farms.
• Aim to help the farm owners become familiar with the approach of integrated:
Salmon-mussel-Kelp
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Feed-N45.685 tons
Salmon-N19.647 tons
Excess-N26.038 tons
57 % of Feed-Nitrogen not built into the fish.
An important resource that should be re-cycled!
Salmon farming in Norway:N-budget (courtesy of K. Reitan)
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Effect of fertilization: Cultivation of S.latissima in
IMTA
In salmon farm
Reference (4 km from farm)
Courtesy K. Reitan
0
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IMTA Reference IMTA Reference
Len
gth
(cm
)
August
November
February
6.June
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Chemical composition in this experiment
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IMTA 3. May Reference 3.May
August-plants, in May (9 mnth cult.)
Alginat (%)
Laminaran (%)
C (%)
N (%)
C:N
Dry weight (%)
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IMTA 7. June Reference 7. June
February-plants, in June (4 mnth cult.)
Alginat (%)
Laminaran (%)
C (%)
N (%)
C:N
Dry weight (%)
Courtesy K. Reitan
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Why will IMTA take off in Europe?
• EU legislation, • address issues such as:
– Environmental impact, – Sustainability, – Pathogen control, – Suitable location in coastal zone, – Shared resources
• Food security, hence increase of production• Need for a small ecological foot print of the
aquaculture industry
Because we have to!!
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IMTA in Europe
• Norway: Salmon with Mussels and Kelp at sea • Scotland: Salmon with Palmaria and kelp at sea• Ireland: Salmon with Oysters, Kelp at sea integrated with
land based Abalone and Porphyra ; Cod and Trout with Porphyra dioica in tanks
• Denmark: Trout and Chondrus crispus at sea and in tanks• France: Seabass with Oysters, Ulva and Cladophora in ponds• Spain and Portugal: Seabass with Clams and Microalgae
and Turbot and Seabass with 7 red alga species and 3 green alga in tanks
The message from this all? It works! Need to scale up and commercialise
All at R&D and demonstration level, in land basedsystems or at sea
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Current cultivation technology: Long lines with hanging rope cultures
25 Courtesy K. Reitan
Challenges for industrial scale
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Growth and BiomassUlva• Ulva sp. 40% increase in weight per day • 10 m2 can produce 2,5 kg Ulva per day (Irish
conditions)
Palmaria• Palmaria palmata 0.3-0.4 kg wet weight m line
(Irish conditions)
Laminaria• 15 t dry weight ha-1 in Yellow Sea for Laminaria• Ring system 20 mt dry weight ha-1 a-1without
fertilizer (Germany)• Irish long line system about 20 kg wet weight per
m rope• 1 ha-1 with lines spaced every 5 m could yield 40
mt wet weight of kelp or 10 mt dry weight
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Ireland cultivation• 15 kg wet/m2
• 18 dry ton per hectare
Newco: At Sea Technologies. One stop shop to Provides seaweed farms, technology and advise
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New concept
Integrated nutrient recycling (INR)
• Salmon, mussel, seaweed, feed, salmon
• Swine farming, slurry, microalg/macroalg, feed, pork
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Salmon
N+P
Feed
N and P
N and PBack into feed
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Oceanfeed Salmon
• Growth rate 14% faster compared to commercial diet
• Harvest weight 2.6% heavier than control
• Significant sea lice reduction
• Colouring of fish without added pigmentation
• 60% less mortality
• Improved FCR (0.1 point)
• Fish5-6 kg, harvested tested and smoked
• Better taste and texture
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Increased omega 3 in fish
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Pigs
• Sow health up more milk,• Mortality 50% down• 50% Replacement of
antibiotics and 60% less treatments
• Improved health management• Reduced feed intake (gut health)• Pigs 2-3 weeks earlier ready for
slaughter • Improved taste (industrial taste
panel)• Doubling of Omega 3 in pork
Feed
SlurryN and P
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Currently selling • OceanFeed™ -Salmon
• Ocean support™
• OceanFeed™ -Shrimp
• OceanFeed™ -Pig
• Oceanfeed™- Bovine HPI
• Oceanfeed™-Equine
• Oceanfeed™-sheep
• Oceanfeed™-poultry
• OceanFeedTM-Pet
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Warning! IMTA can lead to funny furniture
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Ocean Harvest Technology Ltd.
N17 Business Park, Milltown
County Galway
Ireland
Telephone: +353 93 51807
www.oceanharvest.ie
www.Oceanfeed.ie
Tak for din opmærksomhed