imta in an international context and the applications of harvested … · 2015-06-18 · salmon...
TRANSCRIPT
Dr Stefan Kraan Ocean Harvest Technology Ltd,
Horsen, Denmark, 16/6/15
IMTA in an international context and the applications of harvested biomass
Thierry Chopin
Conclusions
Salmon farming
• Estimated that 9.5 kg P and 78 kg N
per ton of fish are released into the water
• FCR (1.5) and the contents in the feed are 0.9% P and 7.2% N (Ackefors and Enell; 1994)
• Current FCR salmon 1.1 = 7.0 kg P and 49.3 kg N per ton of fish per year
• Global farmed salmon production 1.2 million tons in 2014
• Represents a worldwide nutrification of coastal waters by 4509 t P and 31,754 t N
• Each habitat can carry only a certain level of monoculture before disquilibrium develops
Denmark
• 350 t N per year from marine
farms (Holdt, ISAP 2015)
• IMTA (trout, mussel, seaweed)
– Fish 2200 t = produce 80 t N
– Mussel 8,000 ton extract 105 t N
– Seaweed 700 ton extract 2.8 t N
• N quota
FAO 2013
• Global: seaweed cultivated 23.5 m tonnes ca. 96% of total seaweed capture
• Worth ca. € 4.5 Bn
• Grows by5-6% per year
Seaweed harvesting and aquaculture
in Europe (FAO 2007)Capture 2007 Captur
e 2013Aquaculture 2007
Aqua 2013
Ireland 30,000 29,500 5 42
UK 2,000 0 1 0 (SAMS 4)
Denmark ? 0 40,000
Norway 148,322 140,366 Start 2007 IMTA 1 ton
0 (5 via sulefisk)
France 64,723 68,543 37 350
Portugal 253 801 1 2
Spain 525 525 0 2
Italy 1,850 1200 0 0
Iceland 21,470 18,079 0 0
Seaweed aquaculture and Europe
Large wild stocks
Mechanical harvesting
Labour costs high
Import raw material from Asia
Food applications minor
The demand for seaweeds for
• food,
• cosmetics,
• thalassotherapy,
• functional food,
• nutraceuticals and healthcare
met by harvesting natural stocks
Why no development at an industrial scale?
Europe
• Seaweed aquaculture as stand alone operation will only take off if high value added products are produced.
• Labour costs, environment, legislation
• Often cheaper to import products and or seaweed raw materials and molecules
Other forces at workLegislation
• EU Waterframework Directive
• EU Maritime Green Paper: Towards a future Maritime Policy for the European Union
• There is a need for environmental sustainability and an increase in production in aquaculture!
IMTA
Urgent need for bioremediation (nutrient recycling) to minimise impact and increase carrying capacity in order to increase production
Legislation on food and feed
• Arsenic (inorganic 2ppm)
• Iodine (600 ppm max)
• Heavy metals
• Pesticides
• Need for cultivated “young” crop ergo, kelp cultivation
Why IMTA?
1 mt of farmed fish produces about 50 kg N and 7 kg P into environment (waste feed, faeces, excretion)
• Eutrophication
• Dead zones
• Algae blooms
• Macroalgae can take up 90% of N and 60% of P (inorganic)• Filter feeders (Mussels, Oysters) take up POM (feed waste and
feaces, organic matter)
Nutrient levels in-flow and out-flow
water in seaweed biofilter system
• Trial undertaken with Porphyra proved
useful for nutrient removal.
• Proven many times
Ammonia and nitrate can be stripped from the water using the dual species system at rates varying from 60% up to 90% of the nutrient input and Phosphate at 40% removal
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
NH4 in NH4 out NO2 in NO2 out NO3 in NO3 out PO4 PO4
Benefits IMTA
Alleviate nutrient pollution through nutrient recycling (Environmentally friendly system)
Production of other aquaculture products (economic diversification)
Demonstrated 50% increase in production if cultivated near fish farm
Is this new?
• No, not at all!
• Asia for several centuries
• US (Ryther et al., 1975; nutrients, phytoplankton, oysters, seaweed)
• Late 80’s early 90’s Israel, Canada and Chile with Fish, mussels, abalone, seaweed systems
A few examples……..
• Spontaneous integrated mariculture, often takes place in coastal regions.
• Coastal integrated mariculture of fish, shellfish and seaweed in Hainan island,China.
*Allan O’Connor & Wang
• Seaor Marine farm in Mikhmoret, Israel.
• Inland, semi-closed system.
• Sea bream, abalone, seaweed integrated system (the seaweed feeds abalone on site)
Abalone cultivation building
Fish Fish Fish
Seaweed
Ulva spp. // Gracilaria
Projects around the world…
• Integrated abalone and seaweed farm in East London, South Africa.
• Raceways
*D.Robertsson, J.Bolton, M. Troell
Open-water system in Canada
• Interdisciplinary project supported by Aquanet.
• Working on a preindustrial-scale demostration of integrated farms.
• Aim to help the farm owners become familiar with the approach of integrated:
Salmon-mussel-Kelp
Feed-N45.685 tons
Salmon-N19.647 tons
Excess-N26.038 tons
57 % of Feed-Nitrogen not built into the fish.
An important resource that should be re-cycled!
Salmon farming in Norway:N-budget (courtesy of K. Reitan)
Effect of fertilization: Cultivation of S.latissima in
IMTA
In salmon farm
Reference (4 km from farm)
Courtesy K. Reitan
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
IMTA Reference IMTA Reference
Len
gth
(cm
)
August
November
February
6.June
Chemical composition in this experiment
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
IMTA 3. May Reference 3.May
August-plants, in May (9 mnth cult.)
Alginat (%)
Laminaran (%)
C (%)
N (%)
C:N
Dry weight (%)
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
IMTA 7. June Reference 7. June
February-plants, in June (4 mnth cult.)
Alginat (%)
Laminaran (%)
C (%)
N (%)
C:N
Dry weight (%)
Courtesy K. Reitan
Why will IMTA take off in Europe?
• EU legislation, • address issues such as:
– Environmental impact, – Sustainability, – Pathogen control, – Suitable location in coastal zone, – Shared resources
• Food security, hence increase of production• Need for a small ecological foot print of the
aquaculture industry
Because we have to!!
IMTA in Europe
• Norway: Salmon with Mussels and Kelp at sea • Scotland: Salmon with Palmaria and kelp at sea• Ireland: Salmon with Oysters, Kelp at sea integrated with
land based Abalone and Porphyra ; Cod and Trout with Porphyra dioica in tanks
• Denmark: Trout and Chondrus crispus at sea and in tanks• France: Seabass with Oysters, Ulva and Cladophora in ponds• Spain and Portugal: Seabass with Clams and Microalgae
and Turbot and Seabass with 7 red alga species and 3 green alga in tanks
The message from this all? It works! Need to scale up and commercialise
All at R&D and demonstration level, in land basedsystems or at sea
Current cultivation technology: Long lines with hanging rope cultures
25 Courtesy K. Reitan
Challenges for industrial scale
Growth and BiomassUlva• Ulva sp. 40% increase in weight per day • 10 m2 can produce 2,5 kg Ulva per day (Irish
conditions)
Palmaria• Palmaria palmata 0.3-0.4 kg wet weight m line
(Irish conditions)
Laminaria• 15 t dry weight ha-1 in Yellow Sea for Laminaria• Ring system 20 mt dry weight ha-1 a-1without
fertilizer (Germany)• Irish long line system about 20 kg wet weight per
m rope• 1 ha-1 with lines spaced every 5 m could yield 40
mt wet weight of kelp or 10 mt dry weight
Ireland cultivation• 15 kg wet/m2
• 18 dry ton per hectare
Newco: At Sea Technologies. One stop shop to Provides seaweed farms, technology and advise
New concept
Integrated nutrient recycling (INR)
• Salmon, mussel, seaweed, feed, salmon
• Swine farming, slurry, microalg/macroalg, feed, pork
Salmon
N+P
Feed
N and P
N and PBack into feed
Oceanfeed Salmon
• Growth rate 14% faster compared to commercial diet
• Harvest weight 2.6% heavier than control
• Significant sea lice reduction
• Colouring of fish without added pigmentation
• 60% less mortality
• Improved FCR (0.1 point)
• Fish5-6 kg, harvested tested and smoked
• Better taste and texture
Increased omega 3 in fish
Pigs
• Sow health up more milk,• Mortality 50% down• 50% Replacement of
antibiotics and 60% less treatments
• Improved health management• Reduced feed intake (gut health)• Pigs 2-3 weeks earlier ready for
slaughter • Improved taste (industrial taste
panel)• Doubling of Omega 3 in pork
Feed
SlurryN and P
Currently selling • OceanFeed™ -Salmon
• Ocean support™
• OceanFeed™ -Shrimp
• OceanFeed™ -Pig
• Oceanfeed™- Bovine HPI
• Oceanfeed™-Equine
• Oceanfeed™-sheep
• Oceanfeed™-poultry
• OceanFeedTM-Pet
Warning! IMTA can lead to funny furniture
Ocean Harvest Technology Ltd.
N17 Business Park, Milltown
County Galway
Ireland
Telephone: +353 93 51807
www.oceanharvest.ie
www.Oceanfeed.ie
Tak for din opmærksomhed