improving reception
DESCRIPTION
Improving Reception. Engineering Design 100 – Section 16 Client-Driven Design Project Team 8. The Pennsylvania State University. Presentation Synopsis. Positioning Statement What we want to do and how we’re going to to it Needs Analysis What we think our country needs Design Process - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Improving ReceptionEngineering Design 100 – Section 16
Client-Driven Design ProjectTeam 8
The Pennsylvania State University
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Presentation Synopsis
Positioning Statement What we want to do and how we’re going to
to it Needs Analysis
What we think our country needs Design Process
› From concepts to the final design Cost Analysis Conclusion Questions
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The “Masterminds”Gregory BorzaUndeclaredClass of 2014
Andrew ReiffUndeclaredClass of 2014
Michael BabykB.S. in Chemistry
Graduate WorkElectrical Engr.
Richard ZangUndeclaredClass of 2014
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Problem Statement
“The Challenge”› The main problem that us and the other
Engineering Design 100 teams faced was that third-world countries such as Ethiopia really like using their cellular phones, but there is a small to nonexistent power grid. We were charged by GE to find a way to create a telecom base station that is powered by a clean and/or renewable energy source, and that uses GE’s newly produced Durathon battery.
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Positioning Statement
Adaptive Energy Management System (AEMS)› For the citizens of Gondar, Ethiopia, the AEMS
is an efficient energy system that can be used to power a telecom base station.
› Unlike a typical base station power system, the AEMS can run on renewable solar energy.
› Our goal was to design a power system that was not only sustainable, but could adapt to changing conditions to get the most efficiency.
Estimated Initial Costs - $153,275
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Design TimelineComponent Wk
1Wk 2
Wk 3
Wk 4
Wk 5
Wk 6
Wk 7
Wk 8
Wk 9
Initial Thoughts
Area Choice
Brainstorming
Initial Designs
Specifics
Final Design
Web Page
Presentation
This timeline shows what we’ve been doing on our project, and when we’ve done something.
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Customer Analysis
Gondar, Ethiopia
Sou
rce: h
ttp://w
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m/p
icture
s/map
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.gif
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Customer Analysis
As a country, Ethiopia has the second-least developed cellular phone market in Africa.› In Ethiopia, there are approximately 2.2
million users of cellular phones, as of 2008. So, there’s a lot of room for growth.
Location, location location.› Gondar is located in an area with frequent
windy days and frequent sunny days. Perfect for renewable energy!
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Generation of Concepts
There are so many options for renewable energy usage in the city of Gondar, Ethiopia.
We did some research, and narrowed our options down to five.
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Generation of Concepts
Solar panels capture the energy from the sun to be able to use in another form. The panels are rather expensive to produce, but once assembled
are rather cheap to maintain. The solar intensity for a region like Gondar, Ethiopia is rather high, so the power output should be adequate.
Solar Panels Only
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Generation of Concepts
Wind turbines utilize wind currents to spin a windmill and generate electricity. These turbines are pretty expensive to buy, but they do not
require much maintenance once built. The average wind speed in Gondar, Ethiopia is fairly high which makes wind power a strong
candidate.
Wind Turbine Only
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Generation of Concepts
A diesel generator uses fuel to create power. A generator to supply the energy needed would be very cheap to buy. The big downsides are the
maintenance a generator would need and the cost and burden of continuously needing to add more fuel.
Diesel Generator Only
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Generation of Concepts
Geothermal uses the heat from inside the earth to create steam from water. This steam is then utilized to spin turbines and produce electricity. This is an effective way to create energy but since we only need 1.2 kW,
a geothermal system will most likely be too expensive.
Geothermal Energy
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Generation of Concepts
Wind/Solar CombinationSince neither a wind turbine nor solar panels could supply enough power
to run the tower on their own, a combination of the two could prove effective. The cost of such a system though would be extremely high.
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Selection of Concepts
Criteria of Selection
[A]Solar Panel
s
[B]Wind Turbin
e
[C]Diesel
Generator
[D]Sola
r Win
d
[E]Geo-
thermal
Initial CostMaintenanceProximityYearly CostDependability
-+0+-
-+0+-
00000
-+0+-
-+-+-
Total 0’sTotal +’sTotal -’s
122
122
500
122
023
TotalRanksDecision
01
Combine
01
Combine
01
Yes
01
No
-12
No
Reference
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Selection of ConceptsCriteria of Selection
[A]Solar Panel
s
[B]Wind Turbin
e
[C]Diesel
Generator
[D]Sola
r Win
d
[E]Geo-
thermal
Initial CostMaintenanceProximityYearly CostDependability
-+0+-
-+0+-
00000
-+0+-
-+-+-
Total 0’sTotal +’sTotal -’s
122
122
500
122
023
TotalRanksDecision
01
Combine
01
Combine
01
Yes
01
No
-12
NoAfter some initial scoring, we decide to not use geothermal or the combination of solar and wind. Both would be too expensive making
them unrealistic compared to the other choices. Since neither solar or wind would be able to supply sufficient energy all the time, we decided to combine each with a generator that would run only when needed.
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Selection of ConceptsSelection Criteria
Weight
Rating
Score
Rating
Score
Rating Score
Initial Cost 15% 2 .3 3 .45 5 .75
Maintenance 20% 4 .8 4 .8 2 .4
Proximity 15% 5 .75 4 .6 5 .75
Yearly Cost 30% 5 1.5 3 .9 1 .3
Dependability 20% 3 .6 2 .4 5 1
Total Score
3.95 3.15 3.2
Ranking First Third Second
Decision Develop No No
Solar/Diesel Wind/Diesel Diesel Only
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Selection of ConceptsSelection Criteria
Weight
Rating
Score
Rating
Score
Rating Score
Initial Cost 15% 2 .3 3 .45 5 .75
Maintenance 20% 4 .8 4 .8 2 .4
Proximity 15% 5 .75 4 .6 5 .75
Yearly Cost 30% 5 1.5 3 .9 1 .3
Dependability 20% 3 .6 2 .4 5 1
Total Score
3.95 3.15 3.2
Ranking First Third Second
Decision Develop No No
Our team has selected the combination of solar power with a diesel generator. For a small scale project that needs only 1.2 kW, solar power is the best option. It may be a little more expensive than wind power,
but it is much more dependable. Comparisons of wind and solar energy confirmed for us that solar power with a back up diesel generator, for
times when there is no sun for days, is the best source of energy for this system.
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The AEMS
Adaptive Energy Management System› The AEMS uses three different sources of
energy to power the telecom station.› The AEMS is adaptive – it is able to switch
between power sources as the climate or time of day dictate.
› The AEMS can switch between a total of three power modes.
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Fuel
Solar Energy Charge
Controller
Generator
Durathon Battery
DC Load
DC/AC Inverter AC Load
ESolar
ECharge Edischarge
EGenerator ECharge
Controller
EDC
EInverter
EAC
Model 1 – Hybrid Mode: No renewable energy, load drawn from
batteries. If batteries empty, use generator.
This mode is engaged when there is little to no solar energy available, such as during the night hours or during a storm.
Base Telecom Station
HVACLighting
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Fuel
Solar Energy Charge
Controller
Generator
Durathon Battery
DC Load
DC/AC Inverter AC Load
ESolar
ECharge Edischarge
EGenerator ECharge
Controller
EDC
EInverter
EAC
Model 2 – Solar Mode: Renewable energy less than loads, deficit drawn from batteries. If batteries empty,
use generator.This mode is engaged the least of the time, because it is essentially
a “transitional” mode.
Base Telecom Station
HVACLighting
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Fuel
Solar Energy Charge
Controller
Generator
Durathon Battery
DC Load
DC/AC Inverter AC Load
ESolar
ECharge Edischarge
EGenerator ECharge
Controller
EDC
EInverter
EAC
Model 3 – Charge Mode: Renewable energy exceeds loads, excess put into batteries. If batteries full, dump excess.This mode is engaged when too much energy is being delivered to
the AC and DC loads. It charges the batteries with the excess energy. When the batteries are full, energy is dumped to assist
Gondar’s already weak grid. This is the ideal mode for our system.
Base Telecom Station
HVACLighting
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Typical Daily Battery Cycle
12 2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 100
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Energy Stored (%)
PM
Mode 1 Mode 3
Char
gin
g
Disch
arg
ing
AM
Mode 2
Mode 3
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The AEMS Hut and TowerThe AEMS powers a tall monopole tower. The generator, battery, and wall air conditioning unit are inside the hut. You can’t see the generator that sticks out because of the angle of the image.
Gondar, Ethiopia’s latitude is 12.6
degrees. Therefore, the solar panels are
angled at 12.6 degrees from the
horizontal, and they face north.
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Cost AnalysisInitial Costs
Life Expectancy
Expected Revenue
Diesel Generator 300 10K-15K hours 0
Durathon Battery 600 15 years 0
Solar Panels 21,000 20-30 years 0
Diesel Fuel 275 N/A 0
Tower & Components 150,000 10-25 years 96,000 yearly
TOTALS 172,175 VARIES 96,000/yearSalvage Value
Maint. Costs
Diesel Generator 50 125/year
Durathon Battery 200 0
Solar Panels 10,000 100/year
Diesel Fuel 0 175/year
Tower & Components 55,000 4,100/year
TOTALS 65,250 4,500/year
ALL COSTS ARE ESTIMATED – IN USD ($)
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Cost AnalysisInitial Costs
Life Expectancy
Expected Revenue
Diesel Generator 300 10K-15K hours 0
Durathon Battery 600 15 years 0
Solar Panels 21,000 20-30 years 0
Diesel Fuel 275 N/A 0
Tower & Components 150,000 10-25 years 96,000 yearly
TOTALS 172,175 VARIES 96,000/year
ALL COSTS ARE ESTIMATED – IN USD ($)
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Cost AnalysisInitial Costs
Life Expectancy
Expected Revenue
Diesel Generator 300 10K-15K hours 0
Durathon Battery 600 15 years 0
Solar Panels 21,000 20-30 years 0
Diesel Fuel 275 N/A 0
Tower & Components 150,000 10-25 years 96,000 yearly
TOTALS 172,175 VARIES 96,000/year
The cost of diesel fuel is considering an average price of about $3.20 per gallon over a year. In the fuel’s case, we are considering the initial cost to be the first year’s cost, consuming an average of 86 gallons per year.
The life expectancy varies depending on the specific part.
Our revenue is considering that four cellular phone companies are given use of our telecom tower for the price of $24,000 per year per company.
ALL COSTS ARE ESTIMATED – IN USD ($)
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Cost Analysis
Salvage Value
Maint. Costs
Diesel Generator 50 125/year
Durathon Battery 200 0
Solar Panels 10,000 100/year
Diesel Fuel 0 175/year
Tower & Components 55,000 4,100/year
TOTALS 65,250 4,500/year
ALL COSTS ARE ESTIMATED – IN USD ($)
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Cost AnalysisInitial Costs
Expected Revenue
Maint. Costs
Diesel Generator 300 0 125/year
Durathon Battery 600 0 0
Solar Panels 21,000 0 100/year
Diesel Fuel 275 0 175/year
Tower & Components 150,000 96,000 yearly 4,100/year
TOTALS 172,175 96,000/year 4,500/year
ALL COSTS ARE ESTIMATED – IN USD ($)
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Cost AnalysisInitial Costs
Expected Revenue
Maint. Costs
Diesel Generator 300 0 125/year
Durathon Battery 600 0 0
Solar Panels 21,000 0 100/year
Diesel Fuel 275 0 175/year
Tower & Components 150,000 96,000 yearly 4,100/year
TOTALS 172,175 96,000/year 4,500/year
Initial Profit - $172,175Profit after Year One - $ 61,650Profit after Year Two $ 29,975Profit after Year Three $121,600Profit after Year Four $213,225Average Yearly Profit $ 91,625
ALL COSTS ARE ESTIMATED – IN USD ($)
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Calculations of AW and NPVBe patient, this could get boring…Calculations are assumed based on the first-year cost of $172175, which is the initial cost, cost for fuel, and maintenance cost.Calculations are assumed using an MARR of .13.
AW 172175.13(1 .13)20
(1 .13)20 1
9150063350
.13
(1 .13)20 1
AW 172175(.14)9150063350(.012)AW 68155.7
NPV 68155.7.13(1 .13)20
(1 .13)20 1
NPV 68155.7(7.025)NPV 478,776.86
So, our average worth is 68155.7, and our net present value is $478,776.86.
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Cash Flow Diagram
$96,000/year
$4,500/year
$63,350
$172,175
0 20
Once again…Calculations are assumed based on the first-
year cost of $172175.Calculations are assumed using an MARR
of .13.
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Conclusion
The AEMS is an efficient, renewable way to power a telecom base station in the country of Ethiopia.› Using a mix of a diesel generator, a solar
panel array, and GE’s Durathon battery, the AEMS adaptively adjusts energy flow modes depending on the situation.
The AEMS can become profitable in as little as two years of operation. Receive
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Works Cited
There are too many sources to list on one – or even two – slides!
Our sources in MLA format can be found on this web page:› http://www.personal.psu.edu/rfz5006/Work
s%20Cited.html› This web page is the central hub for our
project.
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Any Questions?