improving fertilizer use efficiency for horticultural crops
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Improving Fertilizer Use Efficiency for Horticultural Crops
University of Florida
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Increase fertilizer use efficiency: Low P fertilizer formula Soluble vs. Controlled-release fertilizers Fertigation Foliar fertilization Snake oils Other practices
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Low P fertilizer formula
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P fertilizer rate (% of grower rate)0 50 100
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So
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
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1600
1800
2000
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0.13%3.47%
AB-DTPAextractable
non-extractable
96.4%
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4 5 6 7 8
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1
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Rockdale1--PinelandRockdale2Rockdale3
Biscayne--WetlandBiscayne2Biscayne3
Krome1Vegetable fieldKrome2Krome3Chekika1Chekika2
Krome4--Fruit groveKrome5Krome6
Pozo Blanco--Puerto RicoFraternidad
Guam1Guam2
pH - 1/2pCa2+4 5 6 7 8
p
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CaHPO4 2H
2 OOCP
Ca8 H
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5H2 O
TCP
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HA
Ca
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DCPD
CaHPO4 2H
2 O
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2 OTCP
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HA
Ca10 (PO
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CaAl3 (PO
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5H2 O
CRD
CaAl3 (PO
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5H2 O
FA
Ca5 F(PO
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FA
Ca5 F(PO4)3
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
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90%
100%
Soluble P ExchangeableP
Al-Fe P O rganic P Ca-Mg P Residual P
P
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Soil 7 TomatoSoil 11 AvocadoSoil 12 LimeSoil 16 ENP
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PK
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Soil and Air Temperatures:24 hr. Jan. 26 to 27.(6 pm -5 pm)
0
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Hours
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0102030405060708090
Mar-97 Jul-98 Dec-99 Apr-01 Sep-02 Jan-04 May-05 Oct-06 Feb-08 Jul-09
2m T min (F)Tsoil min(avg) -10cm (F)
Year
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0102030405060708090
Mar-97 Jul-98 Dec-99 Apr-01 Sep-02 Jan-04 May-05 Oct-06 Feb-08 Jul-09
2m T min (F)Tsoil min(avg) -10cm (F)
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Water-soluble fertilizer
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>water-soluble. >plentiful. >lowest cost
materials. >leachable.
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Typical water-soluble N and P fertilizers used in horticultural productionNitrogen Ammonium sulfate Ammonium nitrate Urea Potassium nitrate Calcium nitrate
Phosphorus Concentrated
superphosphate Mono-ammonium
phosphate Di-ammonium
phosphate Ammonium
polyphosphate
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Nutrient release from CRF depends on temperature and moisture
Water-soluble Slow/controlled-Release
Ammonium nitrate
Non-coated
Urea formaldehyde
Coated
Osmocote
Dissolves allat once
Slowly decomposes to soluble N
Nutrients leakthrough coating
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Examples of slow and controlled-release fertilizersNon-coated Nitroform Nutralene Nitamin IBDU(N sources only)
Coated Osmocote Polyon Nutricote Syncote Polymer/Sulfur-coated
fertilizers(N, P, K + others)
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45
#46%
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Polymer coating layer
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PLANT RESPONSE to CRF depends on how well the release curve matches plant need.
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Improved nitrogen use efficiency by10 50%
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8)%&/4!4!
Fewer applications needed.(Decreased application cost.)
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25 50 75 100 25 50 75 100 25 50 75 100 25 50 75 100
Percentage of full N rate25 50 75 1000 25 50 75 1004
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10
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35Escote Meister Nutricote ProkoteSierraConventional
CR = 94% CR = 100%
CR = 100% CR = 100%CR = 84%
CR = 76%
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24 6 6 6 6 6
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Environmentally advantageous;less fertilizer loss.(Decreased nitrate leachingbelow root zone.)
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NITROGEN SOURCE
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Decrease salt damage?2
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High-volume use of controlled-release fertilizer is limited to> >turfgrass >greenhouse >nursery >landscape
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Cost of materials for citrus (3 yrs ago)!
3-$ 5B7
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How does the relative COST OF FERTILIZER MATERIALS AND APPLICATION METHODSaffect fertilizer selection by producers?
Vegetables (3 yrs ago) Potato study: Cost of a water-soluble N fertilization
program D $38 to $63 per acre. Extra cost to use a CRF program cost D $8 to $79
more than the most expensive soluble N cost. Extra cost could be offset by reduced application rate
and/or providing cost-share to use CRF.
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What do we know about CRF>>rates?>timing?>placement?>plant response?>leaching?>release rates as affected by
temperature and moisture?
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Fertigation
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Fertigation:What do we know about>
>nutrient use-efficiency?>application frequency?>plant response?>leaching potential?
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Yield at four pre-plant/fertigation N fertilizer combinations.Fert. application method
Percent N applied
pre-plant
Percent N applied by fertigation
Total fancy pepper yield
Total marketable pepper yield
---------------- tons/acre ----------------0 100 4.2 9.1
30 70 4.4 9.570 30 3.8 8.3100 0 2.9 6.6
P-value 0.0531 0.0006
Fertigation improved N USE EFFICIENCY inbell pepper production.
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355314Monthly286238Weekly424681Every irrigation2000
245611Monthly275836Weekly305176Every irrigation1999%%
N uptake efficiencyz
Relative amount of applied N that
leachedFertigations
per yearFertigation treatmentYear
6-year-old orange trees growing in lysimeters.
8%'%0$)0$
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With good water management, fertigationAPPLICATION FREQUENCY doesnt matter much.
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Horticultural PLANT RESPONSE to fertigationis as good or better than the response observedwith well-managed dry soluble fertilization.In both cases, irrigation (and sometimesdrainage) water management is criticalfor success.
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---31.319.0250---27.112.22007.121.511.81502.916.311.11000.8------50
---------------- lbs N/acre/year ----------------lbs/acre
CRFFertigationDry soluble fertilizerN rate
Estimated N leached below a ridge citrus grove root zone.
Why was there more leaching with fertigation comparedwith dry soluble fertilizer application?
Study authors: This occurred purely because ofunexpected prolonged irrigation or unexpected highrainfall following certain fertigation events in both years.
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Foliar fertilization
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Can FOLIAR FERTILIZER APPLICATIONimprove nutrient use efficiency?
Tree crops: Possibly Foliar uptake of urea can be 50% efficient; it
has enhanced flowering and yield. Phosphite is recognized as a P source; it has
increased flowering, fruiting, and lbs solids. Vegetables: No?
Leaves cannot absorb enough N/P to correct a deficiency.
Leaf burn is likely.
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Improve fertilizer use efficiency by: Develop a nutrient management plan Do a fertilizer trial by yourself Use appropriate application equipment. Use appropriate fertilizer sources and
formulations Add organic matter to the soil whenever
possible. Split fertilizer applications. Try to wet only the root zone when irrigating.
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THANK YOU!
Questions?