improvement of the load-bearing capacity of existing bridges: a

29
,03529(0(172)7+( /2$’%($5,1*&$3$&,7<2) (;,67,1*%5,’*(6 $5HYLHZRI/LWHUDWXUH $QGHUV&DUROLQ

Upload: dinhdiep

Post on 04-Feb-2017

216 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

,03529(0(17�2)�7+(

/2$'�%($5,1*�&$3$&,7<�2)

(;,67,1*�%5,'*(6

�$�5HYLHZ�RI�/LWHUDWXUH�

$QGHUV�&DUROLQ

,03529(0(17�2)�7+(

/2$'�%($5,1*�&$3$&,7<�2)

(;,67,1*�%5,'*(6

�$�5HYLHZ�RI�/LWHUDWXUH�

$QGHUV�&DUROLQ

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\'HSDUWPHQW RI &LYLO DQG 0LQLQJ (QJLQHHULQJ'LYLVLRQ RI 6WUXFWXUDO (QJLQHHULQJ6(���� �� /8/(c6:('(1ZZZ�FH�OXWK�VH

3UHIDFH ,

35()$&(

,Q�WKLV�UHSRUW�D�UHYLHZ�RI�WKH�OLWHUDWXUH�LV�SUHVHQWHG�LQ�WKH�DUHD�RI�LPSURYHPHQW�RI�WKHORDG�EHDULQJ�FDSDFLW\�RI�H[LVWLQJ�EULGJHV��7KH�ZRUN�KDV�EHHQ�GRQH�DW�WKH�UHTXHVW�RI�WKH6ZHGLVK� 5RDG� $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ� �%<� ��$� ��������� DW� WKH� 'LYLVLRQ� RI� 6WUXFWXUDO(QJLQHHULQJ�DW�/XOHn�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�7HFKQRORJ\�

7KH� WUHDWHG� VXEMHFW� LV� H[WHQVLYH� DQG� VSDQV� RYHU� D� ODUJH� DUHD��7KLV� UHSRUW� JLYHV� RQO\� DVKRUW� VXPPDU\� DQG� VKRXOG� EH� VHHQ� DV� D� ILUVW� LQYHQWRU\� RI� HVVHQWLDO� PHWKRGV� WKDW� DUHZRUWK�IXUWKHU�VWXGLHV��&RPPHQWV�DQG�VXJJHVWLRQV�DUH�JUDWHIXOO\�ZHOFRPHG�

/XOHn�LQ�2NWREHU�����

$QGHUV�&DUROLQ

6XPPDU\ ,,

6800$5<

,PSURYHPHQW�RI�WKH�ORDG�EHDULQJ�FDSDFLW\�RI�EULGJHV�LV�D�ODUJH�VXEMHFW��0DQ\�PHWKRGVKDYH� EHHQ� GHYHORSHG� IRU� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ� DQG� IRU� LQFUHDVLQJ� WKH� EHDULQJ� FDSDFLW\�� 7ZRH[DPSOHV� DUH� WKH� XVH� RI� SRVW�WHQVLRQLQJ� UHLQIRUFHPHQW� DQG� H[WHUQDOO\� ERQGHG� FDUERQILEUH� SURGXFWV�� 7KHUH� LV� DQ� DFFHOHUDWHG� LQFUHDVH� LQ� WKH� QXPEHU� RI� REMHFWV� EHLQJVWUHQJWKHQHG�� (VSHFLDOO\� WKH� PHWKRG� E\� ERQGLQJ� RI� FDUERQ� ILEUH� LV� D� IDVW� JURZLQJWHFKQLTXH�

6$00$1)$771,1*

)|UElWWULQJ� DY� EURDUV� ElUI|UPnJD� lU� HWW� RPIDWWDQGH� RPUnGH�� 0nQJD� PHWRGHU� KDUXWYHFNODWV� I|U� I|UVWlUNQLQJ� RFK� I|U� DWW� K|MD� ElUI|UPnJDQ�� 7Yn� H[HPSHO� lU� HIWHUVSlQGDUPHULQJ�RFK�XWDQSnOLJJDQGH� DUPHULQJ� L� IRUP� DY� NROILEHU��$QWDO� I|UVWlUNWD� EURDU� |NDUKHOD� WLGHQ�� 6SHFLHOOW� PHWRGHQ�PHG� XWDQSnOLJJDQGH� DUPHULQJ� L� IRUP� DY� NROILEHU� lU� HQVQDEEW�Yl[DQGH�WHNQLN�

&RQWHQWV ,,,

&217(176

PREFACE _____________________________________________________ ISUMMARY ___________________________________________________ IISAMMANFATTNING____________________________________________ IICONTENTS___________________________________________________ III

1 INTRODUCTION ____________________________________________ 1

��� *HQHUDO����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �

��� 6FRSH�RI�WKH�5HSRUW����������������������������������������������������������������������� �

2 PROBLEMS AND DEMANDS ____________________________________ 2

��� *HQHUDO����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �

��� 6WHHO�%ULGJHV ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �

��� &RQFUHWH�%ULGJHV ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� �

��� 2WKHU�EULGJHV �������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �

��� 'LIIHUHQW�0HWKRGV�������������������������������������������������������������������������� �

��� &RPPRQ�6WUHQJWKHQLQJ�0DWHULDOV ��������������������������������������������������� �

3 INCREASED DIMENSIONS _____________________________________ 4

��� *HQHUDO����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �

��� &DVWLQJV���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �

����� 6KRWFUHWH �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

����� )LEUH�5HLQIRUFHG�&RQFUHWH ��������������������������������������������������������������������������

��� '�5$3����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �

��� :RRG ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �

��� 6WHHO ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �

��� $GYDQWDJHV�DQG�'LVDGYDQWDJHV �������������������������������������������������������� �

��� ([HFXWHG�3URMHFWV �������������������������������������������������������������������������� �

4 EXTERNALLY BONDED REINFORCEMENT _________________________ 8

��� *HQHUDO����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �

��� $GYDQFHG�&RPSRVLWHV �������������������������������������������������������������������� �

��� 6WHHO�3ODWHV������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ �

��� $GYDQWDJHV�DQG�'LVDGYDQWDJHV �������������������������������������������������������� �

��� ([DPSOHV �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� �

&RQWHQWV ,9

5 POST TENSIONED REINFORCEMENT____________________________ 13

��� *HQHUDO��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��

��� $GYDQWDJHV�DQG�'LVDGYDQWDJHV ������������������������������������������������������ ��

��� ([DPSOHV ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ ��

6 TRENDS AND FUTURE ______________________________________ 16

��� *HQHUDO��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��

��� +LVWRU\ ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��

��� )XWXUH ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��

��� 5HVHDUFK������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��

����� ,QFUHDVHG�'LPHQVLRQV ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������

����� ([WHUQDOO\�%RQGHG�5HLQIRUFHPHQW ��������������������������������������������������������������

����� 3RVW�7HQVLRQLQJ ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������

7 REFERENCES ____________________________________________ 19

&KDSWHU �

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

� ,1752'8&7,21

��� *HQHUDO

$�ODUJH�SDUW�RI�WKH�H[LVWLQJ�LQIUDVWUXFWXUH�LV�UDSLGO\�JHWWLQJ�WRZDUGV�LWV�VWUXFWXUDO�OLIHWLPH�7KLV� OHDGV� WR� D� QHHG� IRU� PHWKRGV� IRU� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ� DQG� UHSDLU�� 5HDVRQV� IRUVWUHQJWKHQLQJ� FDQ� EH� FKDQJHG� XVH�� VWUXFWXUDO� IDXOWV�� DFFLGHQWV�� QHZ� GHPDQGV� LQ� FRGHVDQG�DEVHQFH�RI�PDLQWHQDQFH��,Q�VRPH�FDVHV�DQ�ROGHU�VWUXFWXUH�QHHGV�WR�EH�UHSODFHG�ZLWKD�QHZ�RQH��,Q�PDQ\�FDVHV�LW�FDQ�EH�HFRQRPLF�WR�WDNH�PHDVXUHV�WR�WKH�H[LVWLQJ�VWUXFWXUH�7KH� FKHDSHVW� DQG� HDVLHVW� ZD\� FDQ� EH� DQ� DGPLQLVWUDWLYH� XSJUDGLQJ� ZKHUH� UHILQHGFDOFXODWLRQ�PHWKRGV�DUH�XVHG�LQ�FRQQHFWLRQ�ZLWK�H[DFW�PDWHULDO�SDUDPHWHUV�WR�VKRZ�WKDWWKH� H[LVWLQJ� VWUXFWXUH� KDV� D� KLJKHU� ORDG�FDUU\LQJ� FDSDFLW\� WKDQ� ZKDW� KDV� HDUOLHU� EHHQDVVXPHG��7KLV�FDQ�LQ�VRPH�FDVHV�EH�XVHG�WR�VWLOO�VKRZ�WKDW�WKH�VWUXFWXUH�FDQ�IXOILO�QHZGHPDQGV��,I�DQ�DFWLRQ�QHHGV�WR�EH�WDNHQ�WKHUH�DUH�VRPH�GLIIHUHQW�PHWKRGV�WKDW�FDQ�EHXVHG��*HQHUDO�SUHVHQWDWLRQV�RQ�WKLV�DUHD�DUH�JLYHQ�LQ�0DOOHW���������5DLQD���������6DVVH������� DQG� 'DYLV� �������� 7KH� PHWKRGV� KDYH� WKHLU� GLIIHUHQW� DGYDQWDJHV� DQGGLVDGYDQWDJHV�� )XUWKHU�� VRPH� RI� WKH� PHWKRGV� DUH� RQO\� VXLWDEOH� IRU� VSHFLDO� W\SHV� RIDSSOLFDWLRQV�

,Q� WKH� IXWXUH� LW� ZLOO� SUREDEO\� EH� HYHQ� PRUH� FRPPRQ� ZLWK� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ� DV� QHZPHWKRGV�DUH�GHYHORSLQJ�DQG�DV�WKH�NQRZOHGJH�RQ�HQYLURQPHQWDO�DVSHFWV�DQG�OLIH�F\FOHFRVW�DUH�LQFUHDVLQJ�

��� 6FRSH�RI�WKH�5HSRUW

7KLV�UHSRUW�DLPV�WR�FODULI\�ZKLFK�PHWKRGV�WKDW�DUH�VXLWDEOH�IRU�LPSURYHPHQW�RI�H[LVWLQJEULGJHV��,PSURYHPHQW�FDQ�LQYROYH�D�ORW�RI�WKLQJV��IRU�H[DPSOH�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ��ZLGHQLQJ�VHDOLQJ� RI� FUDFNV�� UHSDLULQJ�� UHSODFLQJ� RI� GHILFLHQW� SDUWV� DQG� SUHYHQWLQJ� FRUURVLRQ�� ,Q0DOOHW� ������� LPSURYHPHQW� VWDQGV� RQO\� IRU� RSHUDWLRQV��ZKLFK� UDLVHV� WKH� VHUYLFH� OHYHODERYH� ZKDW� ZDV� LQWHQGHG� LQ� WKH� RULJLQDO� GHVLJQ�� 5HVWRUDWLRQ� RI� WKH� VHUYLFH� OHYHOLQWHQGHG� LQ� WKH� RULJLQDO� GHVLJQ� LV� WKHUH� FDOOHG� UHKDELOLWDWLRQ�� UHIXUELVKPHQW� RUUHQRYDWLRQ��7KH�PHWKRG�IRU�LPSURYHPHQW��ZKHQ�LW�FRPHV�WR�VWUXFWXUDO�FKDQJHV��DUH�LQIDFW�LQ�PDQ\�FDVHV�WKH�VDPH�ZKHWKHU�LW�LV�IRU�UHVWRUDWLRQ�WR�DQ�ROG�OHYHO�RU�DPHOLRUDWLRQIRU� KLJKHU� OHYHOV�� 7KHUH� LV� QR� QHHG� WR� PDNH� D� GLIIHUHQFH� EHWZHHQ� UHVWRUDWLRQ� DQGEHWWHUPHQW�HVSHFLDOO\�VLQFH�LQ�PDQ\�FDVHV�WKHUH�LV�D�FRPELQDWLRQ�WKDW�LV�QHHGHG�

7KLV�UHSRUW�PDLQO\�IRFXVHV�RQ�LPSURYHPHQW�RI�WKH�ORDG�EHDULQJ�FDSDFLW\��ZKLFK�LV�DOVRWKH�GHILQLWLRQ�RI�LPSURYHPHQW�LQ�%UR�����������������7KH�UHSRUW�ZLOO�IRFXV�RQ�FRQFUHWHEULGJHV�VLQFH�LW�LV�WKH�PRVW�FRPPRQ�W\SH�RI�EULGJH��+RZHYHU�� WKH�SUHVHQWHG�PHWKRGVFDQ�DOVR�EH�DSSOLHG�WR�EULGJHV�RI�ZRRG��VWHHO�DQG�FRPELQDWLRQV�RI�PDWHULDOV�

&KDSWHU� �� JLYHV� DQ� LQWURGXFWLRQ� WR� WKH� IROORZLQJ� WKUHH� FKDSWHUV� ZKHUH� GLIIHUHQWVWUHQJWKHQLQJ�PHWKRGV�DUH�VWXGLHG��(DFK�FKDSWHU�EHJLQV�ZLWK�D�JHQHUDO�GHVFULSWLRQ�RI�DPHWKRG� IROORZHG� E\� VRPH� VSHFLDO� SURSHUWLHV� DQG� LW� WKHQ� HQGV� ZLWK� VRPH� H[DPSOHVZKHUH�WKH�PHWKRG�LV�XVHG�

,Q�&KDSWHU���VRPH�JOLPSVHV�RI� WKH�KLVWRU\�DUH�SUHVHQWHG�WRJHWKHU�ZLWK�VRPH�WKRXJKWVUHJDUGLQJ�SUREDEOH�GHYHORSPHQW�LQ�WKH�IXWXUH�

&KDSWHU �

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

� 352%/(06�$1'�'(0$1'6

��� *HQHUDO

$V� HDUOLHU� PHQWLRQHG� EULGJHV� FDQ� KDYH� WRR� ORZ� VHUYLFH� OHYHOV� GXH� WR� PDQ\� UHDVRQV�%HIRUH�DQ\�DFWLRQV�DUH�WDNHQ�RQ�D�EULGJH�LW�LV�QHFHVVDU\�WR�VWXG\�WKH�EULGJH�WKRURXJKO\�7KH�H[WHQW�RI�GDPDJHV�DQG�WKH�UHDVRQV�IRU�WKHP�PXVW�EH�LQYHVWLJDWHG�DQG�DQDO\VHG��%UR�������������7KLV�LV�GRQH�E\�D�EULGJH�LQVSHFWLRQ��7KH�DLP�RI�D�EULGJH�LQVSHFWLRQ�LV� WRHVWDEOLVK� LI� WKH�EULGJH�QHHGV� WR�EH� VWUHQJWKHQHG�RU� UHSDLUHG�� ,W� FDQ� DOVR� LQ� VRPH� FDVHVJLYH�DQVZHUV� WR�ZKDW�KDYH�FDXVHG� WKH�SUREOHPV��$SSURDFKHV� IRU�EULGJH� LQVSHFWLRQ�DUHSUHVHQWHG� LQ� 9lJYHUNHW� �������� )OHXULRW� ������� DQG� 5DLQD� �������� %UR� ����� ������LQFOXGH� VRPH�GHPDQGV� IRU�EULGJHV� DQG�FULWHULD�RI� GDPDJHV�� )XUWKHU�;DQWKDNRV� ������JLYHV� D� JRRG� SURFHGXUH� IRU� GHWHFWLQJ� GHIHFWV� DQG� GHWHULRUDWLRQ� PDLQO\� UHJDUGLQJVXEVWUXFWXUHV�EXW�WKH�PHWKRG�FDQ�EH�DSSOLHG�WR�RWKHU�VWUXFWXUHV�DV�ZHOO��7KH�VWDWLF�PRGHRI�DFWLRQ�RI�WKH�EULGJHV�DQG�LWV�EHDULQJ�FDSDFLW\�VKDOO�EH�VWXGLHG�ZLWK�UHJDUG�WR�WKH�DFWXDOUHSDLULQJ�RU�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�PHWKRG��%UR�������������

,Q�VRPH�FDVHV�WKHUH�DUH�SUREOHPV�ZLWK�GXUDELOLW\�LQ�UHJDUG�WR�IDWLJXH��7KLV�FDQ�EH�VROYHGE\�DQ�LQFUHDVH�RI�WKH�EHDULQJ�FDSDFLW\��ZKLFK�PD\�GHFUHDVH�VWUHVV�DQG�VWUDLQ�OHYHOV�

��� 6WHHO�%ULGJHV

6WHHO� EULGJHV� QHHG� LPSURYHPHQW� ZKHQ� WKH\� KDYH� WR� FDUU\� ODUJHU� ORDGV� RU� DIWHU� DQDFFLGHQW��6WHHO�EULGJHV�FDQ�DOVR�KDYH�SUREOHPV�ZLWK�FRUURVLRQ�DQG�IDWLJXH�LQ�VRPH�RI�WKHHOHPHQWV�

��� &RQFUHWH�%ULGJHV

&RQFUHWH�EULGJHV�DUH�WKH�PRVW�FRPPRQ�EULGJHV�GXH�WR� ORZ�FRVWV��&RQFUHWH�DOVR�JLYHVORQJ�OLYHV�IRU�EULGJHV�ZLWK�RQO\�VPDOO�QHHGV�IRU�PDLQWHQDQFH��7KH�ORQJ�OLYHV�LPSOLHV�WKDWWKH� WUDIILF� ORDG�ZLOO�FKDQJH�RYHU� WKH� OLIH� WLPH� L�H�� WKH�EULGJHV�ZLOO�RIWHQ�QHHG� WR�FDUU\ODUJHU�ORDGV�WKHQ�ZKDW�WKH\�ZHUH�GHVLJQHG�IRU�

&RQFUHWH� LV� D� EXLOGLQJ� PDWHULDO� ZLWK� KLJK� FRPSUHVVLYH� VWUHQJWK� DQG� SRRU� WHQVLOHVWUHQJWK�� $� VWUXFWXUH� ZLWKRXW� DQ\� IRUP� RI� UHLQIRUFHPHQW� ZLOO� FUDFN� DQG� IDLO� IRU� DUHODWLYHO\�VPDOO�ORDG��&RQFUHWH·V�FRPSUHVVLYH�VWUHQJWK�LQFUHDVHV�LQ�PRVW�FDVHV�RYHU�WLPHGXH�WR�PDWXULQJ��5nGPDQ���������8QIRUWXQDWHO\��WKH�WHQVLOH�VWUHQJWK�GRHV�QRW�LQFUHDVHLQ�WKH�VDPH�ZD\�RYHU�WLPH��7KLV�PHDQV�WKDW�LQFUHDVLQJ�RI�FRQFUHWH�EULGJHV�ORDG�EHDULQJFDSDFLW\�FDQ�LQ�PRVW�FDVHV�EH�GRQH�E\�XVH�RI�PRUH�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�

&RQFUHWH�EULGJHV�FDQ�DOVR�KDYH�SUREOHPV�ZLWK�FRUURVLRQ�RI�WKH�ROG�VWHHO�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�6LQFH� LURQ� HQODUJH�ZKHQ� LW� FRUURGHV� LW� RIWHQ� OHDGV� WR� FUDFNLQJ�� VHH�1RJKDEDL� �������2KWVX��������DQG�5DLQD���������ZKLFK�FDQ�OHDG�WR�FRQFUHWH�VSDOOLQJ��7KH�SUREOHP�ZLWKFRUURVLRQ� LV�QRW� VWXGLHG� LQ� WKLV� UHSRUW��7KHUH� DUH� DQ\KRZ�PDQ\�ZD\V� WR�GHFUHDVH� WKHFRUURVLRQ� RI� WKH� UHLQIRUFHPHQW�� IRU� H[DPSOH� ZLWK� GLIIHUHQW� W\SHV� RI� FRDWLQJV� VHH=HPDMWLV� DQG� :H\HUV� ������� DQG� &KHDLWDQL� HW� DO� �������� $QRWKHU� ZD\� FDQ� EH� UH�DONDOLVDWLRQ�RI�WKH�FRQFUHWH��%DQILOO��������DQG�0DWWLOD�DQG�3HQWWL��������

&KDSWHU �

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

��� 2WKHU�EULGJHV

%ULGJHV�FDQ�DOVR�EH�PDGH�E\�PDVRQU\��ZRRG�HW�FHWHUD��7KHVH�EULGJHV�FDQ�KDYH�SUREOHPVZLWK�ZRRG�WKDW�EHFRPH�URWWHQ�DQG�VWRQHV�GULIWLQJ�DSDUW��6LQFH�WKHVH�EULGJHV�DUH�QRW�VRFRPPRQ� DV� VWHHO� DQG� FRQFUHWH� EULGJHV� WKH\� DUH� QRW� IXUWKHU� VWXGLHG�� HYHQ� LI� VRPHH[DPSOHV�DUH�JLYHQ�LQ�WKH�IROORZLQJ�FKDSWHUV�

��� 'LIIHUHQW�0HWKRGV

%ULGJHV�DUH�VSHFLDO�VWUXFWXUHV�VLQFH�WKH\�KDYH�WR�ZLWKVWDQG�KHDY\�ORDGV�DQG�GH�LFLQJ�VDOWDV�ZHOO�DV�ODUJH�DQG�PDQ\�FKDQJHV�LQ�KXPLGLW\�DQG�WHPSHUDWXUH�RYHU�D�ORQJ�WLPH��7KHVHGHPDQGV�PXVW�EH�NHSW�LQ�PLQG�ZKHQ�D�EULGJH�LV�EXLOW�DQG�DOVR�ZKHQ�LW�LV�VWUHQJWKHQHGRU�UHSDLUHG��)XUWKHU��HQYLURQPHQWDO�DQG�DHVWKHWLF� DVSHFWV�PXVW�EH�NHSW� LQ�PLQG�ZKHQEULGJHV� RU� EULGJH� UHSDLU� ZRUN� LV� GHVLJQHG�� 0DQ\� GLIIHUHQW� PHWKRGV� DQG� YDULDQWV� RIPHWKRGV� IRU� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ� ZRUN� DUH� DYDLODEOH�� $O�$LHVK\� �������� 0DOOHW� ������� DQG7ULQK� �������� 7KH� PHWKRGV� FDQ� EH� GLIIHUHQW� YDULDQWV� RI� FRQFUHWH� FDVWLQJV�� SRVWWHQVLRQLQJ��H[WHUQDOO\�ERQGLQJ�RI�FDUERQ�ILEUHV�RU�VWHHO�SODWHV�DQG�LQVHUWLRQ�RI�H[WHUQDOEHDPV�� $QRWKHU�ZD\� WR� LPSURYH� VWUXFWXUHV� LV� WR� UHSODFH� RQO\� VRPH� SDUW� ZLWK� QHZHURQHV��7KH�GLIIHUHQW�PHWKRGV�ZLOO� EH�GHVFULEHG� LQ� WKH� IROORZLQJ�FKDSWHUV��ZKHUH� VRPHH[DPSOHV�RI�DSSOLFDWLRQV�DOVR�DUH�SUHVHQWHG��,Q�VRPH�FDVHV�RQO\�IHZ�RI�WKHP�DUH�SRVVLEOHWR�XVH�GXH� WR�DHVWKHWLFV� DQG�GXUDELOLW\�� ,Q�$OOHQ�HW� DO� ������� DQG�5DLQD� ��������PDQ\PHWKRGV�DUH�GHVFULEHG�ZLWK�VRPH�H[DPSOHV�RI�XQGHUWDNHQ�REMHFWV��6RPH�RI� WKHP�ZLOOEH�UHODWHG�LQ�WKH�IROORZLQJ�

:KHQ�D�EULGJH�LV�JRLQJ�WR�EH�PRGLILHG�LW�LV�LPSRUWDQW�WR�GR�D�FORVH�VFUXWLQ\�WR�EH�DEOHWR�SLFN�WKH�ULJKW�PHWKRG�ZLWK�UHJDUG�RI�HFRQRPLFDO��VWUXFWXUDO�DQG�GXUDELOLW\�DVSHFWV�

,Q�0DOOHW��������DQG�5DLQD��������WKHUH�DUH�VHYHUDO�H[DPSOHV�RI�EULGJHV�ZLWK�SUREOHPVDQG�KRZ�WKH�SUREOHPV�FDQ�EH�VROYHG��6LQFH�WKHVH�ERRNV�DUH�VRPH�\HDUV�ROG�WKH\�GR�QRWFRQVLGHU� WKH� ODWHVW� WHFKQLTXHV� IRU� H[DPSOH� H[WHUQDOO\� ERQGHG� FDUERQ� ILEUH� SURGXFWV�([WHUQDO� ERQGLQJ� ZLWK� FDUERQ� ILEUH� SURGXFWV� FDQ� LQVWHDG� EH� IRXQG� LQ� VHYHUDOSURFHHGLQJV� IURP� UHFHQW� FRQIHUHQFHV�� IRU� H[DPSOH�0LKDVKL� DQG�5RNXJR� �������'KLUDQG�-RQHV���������1RUGLF�&RQFUHWH�5HVHDUFK��������DQG�)RUGH��������

��� &RPPRQ�6WUHQJWKHQLQJ�0DWHULDOV

'LIIHUHQW�PDWHULDOV�FDQ�EH�XVHG�IRU�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�SXUSRVHV��7KH�DSSOLHG�PDWHULDO�LV�RIWHQFKRVHQ� EHFDXVH� RI� LWV� VSHFLDO� FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�� ,Q� 7DEOH� ���� VRPH�PDWHULDO� GDWD� IRU� WKHPRVW� FRPPRQ� PDWHULDOV� DUH� SUHVHQWHG�� )XUWKHU� LQIRUPDWLRQ� DERXW� PDWHULDOV� FDQ� EHIRXQG�LQ�%HWRQJKDQGERNHQ���������$QGHUVVRQ�HW�DO��������DQG�+XOO�DQG�&O\QH��������

7DEOH���� 0HFKDQLFDO�SURSHUWLHV�DQG�FRVW�RI�FRPPRQ�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�PDWHULDO

0DWHULDO

0RGXOXV�RIHODVWLFLW\>*3D@

&RPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWK>03D@

7HQVLOHVWUHQJWK>03D@

'HQVLW\

>NJ�P�@

&RVW

>NU�NJ@

5HODWLYH&RVW

>NU�P���1�P��@

&RQFUHWH ����� ���� ��� ���� ������� �

6WHHO ������� ������� ������� ���� ��� ≈�&DUERQ�ILEUH � ������� � ��������� ��������� ������� ���

� *LYHQ�YDOXHV� DUH� IRU�SODLQ�FDUERQ� ILEUH��7KH�FKDUDFWHULVWLFV�RI� WKH� FRPSRVLWH�ZLOOYDU\�ZLWK�DPRXQW�DQG�SURSHUW\�RI�WKH�XVHG�PDWUL[�

&KDSWHU �

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

� ,1&5($6('�',0(16,216

��� *HQHUDO

7KLV�LV�WKH�ROGHVW�WHFKQLTXH�IRU�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�DQG�WKH�SULQFLSOH�ZRUNV�IRU�DOPRVW�HYHU\PDWHULDO��7KH�PHWKRG�KDV�EHHQ�XVHG�IRU�DOPRVW�MXVW�DV�ORQJ�DV�VWUXFWXUHV�KDYH�EHHQ�EXLOW�%\�DGGLQJ�H[WUD�PDWHULDO� WR�FULWLFDO�SDUWV�RI� WKH� VWUXFWXUH�� WKH� FURVV�VHFWLRQDO� DUHDV� DUHLQFUHDVHG�DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�PRPHQWV�RI�LQHUWLD��7KH�DGGHG�PDWHULDO�FDQ�EH�GHVLJQHG�WR�ILWWKH�UHTXLUHPHQWV�RI�WKH�LPSURYHG�VWUXFWXUH��7KH�WHFKQLTXH�LV�RIWHQ�XVHG�WR�VWUHQJWKHQFKRVHQ�SDUWV�RI�D�VWUXFWXUH�EXW�FDQ�DOVR�EH�XVHG�WR�XQORDG�ROG�SDUWV�RI�WKH�VWUXFWXUH�E\DGGLQJ� QHZ� HOHPHQWV�� 7KLV� WHFKQLTXH� DOVR� LQFOXGHV� LQVHUWLRQ� RI� H[WUD� EHDPV� DQGHOHPHQWV�

&RQFUHWH�EULGJHV�FDQ�IRU�H[DPSOH�EH� VWUHQJWKHQHG�E\�H[WUD� UHLQIRUFHPHQW�FRYHUHG�E\GLIIHUHQW�NLQGV�RI�FDVWLQJV�

��� &DVWLQJV

&RQFUHWH� FDVWLQJV� FDQ� EH� XVHG� IRU� IRUFH� GLVWULEXWLRQ� WR� H[WUD�PRXQWHG� UHLQIRUFHPHQWDQG� IRU� SURWHFWLRQ� RI� WKH� VWUXFWXUH��7KH� WHFKQLTXH� LV� RQO\� XVHG� IRU� FRQFUHWH� EULGJHV�1RUPDOO\� JRRG� ERQG� EHWZHHQ� WKH� VXEVWUDWH� FRQFUHWH� DQG� WKH� QHZ� RQH� LV� UHTXLUHG�7KURXJK�WKDW�D�FRPSRVLWH�DFWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�WKH�WZR�PDWHULDOV�LV�UHDFKHG��*UDQMX�������KDV�VWXGLHG�GHERQGLQJ�DQG�SHHOLQJ�DQG� IRXQG�WKDW� WKH� WHQVLOH� VWUHVVHV�SHUSHQGLFXODU� WRWKH�LQWHUIDFH�DUH�FULWLFDO� LQ�FRQWUDVW� WR�VKHDU�VWUHVVHV� IRU�ERQGHG�SODWHV�� ,W� LV�GLIILFXOW� WRJHW� JRRG� ERQG� EHWZHHQ� WKH� QHZ� OD\HU� RI� FRQFUHWH� DQG� WKH� ROG� FRQFUHWH�� :LWWPDQ��������.RQR�HW�DO���������/LP�DQG�/L��������DQG�/L��������KDYH�VWXGLHG�WKLV�LQWHUIDFH�g]WXUDQ�DQG�&HFHQ��������KDYH� VWXGLHG� IUHH]H�DQG� WKDZ��(WHEDU� ��������KDYH� VWXGLHGFRQFUHWH�UHSDLUHG�ZLWK�FRQFUHWH�XQGHU�UHSHDWHG�ORDGLQJ�FRQGLWLRQV�

7KH�FDVWLQJV��H[FHSW� IRU�QRUPDO� FRQFUHWH�� DUH�KLJK�VWUHQJWK� FRQFUHWH�� VHOI�FRPSDFWLQJFRQFUHWH��VKRWFUHWH�DQG�VR�RQ��7KH�PRUWDUV�FDQ�DOVR�FRQWDLQ�ILEUHV�RI� VWHHO�RU�SRO\PHUPDWHULDOV��'ULVWRV��������KDV�IRXQG�WKDW�WKH�EHKDYLRXU�RI�D�EHDP�VWUHQJWKHQHG�E\�XVLQJD� QRQ�VKULQNLQJ� JURXW� FDQ� EH� EHWWHU� SUHGLFWHG� WKDQ� D� EHDP� ZKHUH� FRQYHQWLRQDOFRQFUHWH�LV�XVHG�IRU�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�

2QH� SUREOHP� ZLWK� WKLV� PHWKRG� LV� VKULQNDJH� DQG� WKHUPDO� FUDFNLQJ� RI� WKH� KDUGHQLQJFRQFUHWH��1LOVVRQ� ��������.XQLHGD� ������� KDV� LQYHVWLJDWHG� WKH� VKULQNLQJ� DQG� FUDFNLQJEHKDYLRXU�RI� WKH�UHSDLU�DQG� IRXQG�WKDW� WKH� VXUIDFH�FRQGLWLRQ�RI� WKH� VXEVWUDWH�FRQFUHWHHIIHFWV�WKH�UHVXOW��7KLV�PHDQV�WKDW�HVVHQWLDO�SDUDPHWHUV�DUH�WKH�URXJKHQLQJ�WUHDWPHQW�RILQWHUIDFH�DQG�WKH�VHOHFWLRQ�RI�VXLWDEOH�UHSDLU�PDWHULDOV��7KHUPDO�FUDFNLQJ�DQG�VKULQNDJHDUH�VWXGLHG�E\�'HFWHU�HW�DO���������ZLWK�WZR�H[DPSOHV�RI�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�

7KH�XSSHU�VLGH�RI�EULGJH�GHFNV�LV�TXLWH�HDV\�WR�UHSDLU�E\�WKLV�PHWKRG�VLQFH�IRUP�ZRUNVRQO\�QHHG�WR�EH�EXLOW�DORQJ�WKH�HGJHV�RI�WKH�FDVW�DUHD��7KH�ERWWRP�VLGH�DQG�WKH�YHUWLFDOVLGHV� DUH� PRUH� FRPSOLFDWHG�� 7KHVH� DUHDV� FDQ� LQVWHDG� EH� VSUD\HG� ZLWK� VKRWFUHWH�� $O�$LHVK\� �������� %HIRUH� D� FDVWLQJ� LV� XQGHUWDNHQ� DJJUHJDWHV� PXVW� EH� H[SRVHG� DQG� ROGGDPDJHG� FRQFUHWH� PXVW� EH� UHPRYHG�� 7KLV� FDQ� EH� GRQH� E\� VHYHUDO� PHWKRGV�� 5DLQD�������DQG�$O�$LHVK\���������)RU�H[DPSOH�FKLSSLQJ��EODVWLQJ��PLOOLQJ�DQG�JULQGLQJ�FDQEH�XVHG�WR�UHPRYH�ROG�FRQFUHWH�

&KDSWHU �

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

����� 6KRWFUHWH6KRWFUHWH� LV� RIWHQ� XVHG� DV� D� UHSDLU� PDWHULDO� IRU� FRQFUHWH� VWUXFWXUHV�� ,W� LV� JRRG� IRULPSURYLQJ� D�GHWHULRUDWHG� VXUIDFH��:LWK� DQ� DGGLWLRQ�RI� ILEUHV� LQWR� WKH� VKRWFUHWH� LW� DOVRJLYHV� D� FHUWDLQ� VWUXFWXUDO� HQKDQFHPHQW�� $� FRPPRQ� WHFKQLTXH� RI� UHSDLULQJ� DQGVWUHQJWKHQLQJ� FRQFUHWH� VWUXFWXUHV� LV� WKH� DGGLWLRQ� RI� VWHHO� UHLQIRUFHPHQW� EDUV� FRYHUHGZLWK�D�OD\HU�RI�VSUD\HG�FRQFUHWH��:LEHUJ���������7KH�PRVW�DGYDQWDJHRXV� IHDWXUH�ZLWKVKRWFUHWH�LV�WKDW�LW�FDQ�EH�DSSOLHG�WR�ELJ�DUHDV� LQ�D�VKRUW� WLPH��%HFDXVH�WKH�VNLOO�RI� WKHQR]]OHPDQ�LV�DOO�LPSRUWDQW�LW�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�WR�XVH�H[SHULHQFHG�VSHFLDOLVW�FRQWUDFWRUV�0DOOHW���������,Q�)LJXUH�����VSD\LQJ�RI�VKRWFUHWH�RYHU�DGGLWLRQDO�VWHHO�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�LVVKRZQ�

)LJXUH���� %ULGJH� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�ZLWK� VXSSOHPHQWLQJ� UHLQIRUFHPHQW�FRYHUHGE\�VKRWFUHWH��5DLQD�������

����� )LEUH�5HLQIRUFHG�&RQFUHWH

%\�DGGLQJ� ILEUHV� WR� WKH� FRQFUHWH� VHYHUDO�SRVLWLYH�TXDOLWLHV� FDQ�EH� DFKLHYHG��$O�$LHVK\��������7KH� ILEUHV� JLYHV� IXQFWLRQV� DV� VWUHWFKDELOLW\�� FUDFN� FRQWURO� DQG� LQFUHDVHG� WHQVLOHVWUHQJWK��%HWRQJKDQGERNHQ��������

��� '�5$3

7KHUH� H[LVW� D� PHWKRG� WKDW�PHDQV� LQFUHDVLQJ� RI� GLPHQVLRQV� E\� ERQGLQJ� SUHIDEULFDWHGSDQHOV� WR�WKH�VWUXFWXUH�XVLQJ�DQ�HSR[\�UHVLQ��7KH�PHWKRG� LV�XVHG� IRU� WKH�FRPSUHVVLRQVLGH�RI�FRQFUHWH�HOHPHQWV��0DWVXVKLPD�HW�DO��������KDV�VWXGLHG�WKH�HIIHFW�RI�WKH�PHWKRGLQ�FRPELQDWLRQ�ZLWK�GLIIHUHQW�SDQHO�DUUDQJHPHQW�� LPSHUIHFWLRQ�RI�JOXLQJ�DQG�GLIIHUHQWZHW�FRQGLWLRQV��7KH\�IRXQG�E\�WHVW�WKDW�WKH�PHWKRG�LQFUHDVHG�WKH�ORDG�EHDULQJ�FDSDFLW\IRU�QHZ�EHDPV�WR�D�OHYHO�DV�KLJK�DV�QHZO\�FRQVWUXFWHG�EHDPV�RI�WKH�VDPH�GHSWK�DV�WKHVWUHQJWKHQHG�RQH�

��� :RRG

7KH�PHWKRG�FDQ�DOVR�EH�DSSOLHG�IRU�ZRRG�EULGJHV�E\�PHDQV�RI�LQVHUWLRQ�RI�HOHPHQWV�DQGEROWLQJ�RU�QDLOLQJ�PRUH�PDWHULDO�WR�WKH�H[LVWLQJ�EHDPV�

&KDSWHU �

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

��� 6WHHO

7KH�PHWKRG�ZLWK� LQFUHDVHG�GLPHQVLRQV� LV� HIIHFWLYH� DOVR� IRU� VWHHO� EULGJHV�� ,QFUHDVLQJ� DFURVV�VHFWLRQ�ZLWK�VWHHO�LV�RIWHQ�TXLWH�VLPSOH�WR�XQGHUWDNH��,I�LW�LV�SRVVLEOH�WR�ZHOG��LW�LVYHU\� HDV\� WR� DFKLHYH� D� JRRG� FRPSRVLWH� DFWLRQ� EHWZHHQ� WKH� WZR� PDWHULDOV� DQG� WKHPHWKRG�LV� WKHQ�DOVR�YHU\�FRVW�HIIHFWLYH�� ,I� LW� LV�QRW�SRVVLEOH� WR�ZHOG��EROWLQJ� LV�D�JRRGDOWHUQDWLYH�

��� $GYDQWDJHV�DQG�'LVDGYDQWDJHV

$GYDQWDJHV

• 7KLV�PHWKRG�LV�FKHDS�IRU�ODUJH�KRUL]RQWDO�XSSHU�DUHDV���FRQFUHWH�EULGJHV�• :HOO�NQRZQ�DQG�WHVWHG�WHFKQLTXH�• 7KH� XVHG� PDWHULDO� DQG� PHWKRG� LV� TXLWH� VLPLODU� WR� FXUUHQW� H[HFXWLRQ� RI� QRUPDO

FRQFUHWH�ZRUNV�• )RU�VWHHO�EULGJHV�WKH�PHWKRG�LV�TXLWH�VLPSOH�WR�XQGHUWDNH�

'LVDGYDQWDJHV

• 5HTXLUH�FDUHIXO�H[HFXWLRQ�ZLWK�YLEUDWLRQ�RI�FRQFUHWH�DQG�DSSO\LQJ�RI�VKRWFUHWH�• 7KH�ZRUN�LV�WLPH�FRQVXPLQJ��$O�$LHVK\����������FRQFUHWH�EULGJHV��• &KDQJHV� RI� FURVV�VHFWLRQ� LQIOXHQFH� WKH� DHVWKHWLF� DSSHDUDQFH�� 7KH� VXUIDFH� ZLOO� EH

GLIIHUHQW��HVSHFLDOO\�ZKHQ�VKRWFUHWH�LV�XVHG�• 7KH�LQFUHDVH�LQ�GLPHQVLRQV�DQG�WKH�ZHLJKW�RI�WKH�UHWURILWWHG�SDUW�DUH�QRW�QHJOLJLEOH�

7KH\�LQIOXHQFH�WKH�QDWXUDO�IUHTXHQF\�RI�WKH�EULGJH��.REDWDNH�HW�DO��������• 5HVWULFWHG�WUDIILF�ORDG�DW�WKH�WLPH�IRU�FRQFUHWH�KDUGHQLQJ�• +HDY\�DQG�ODUJH�DPRXQW�RI�PDWHULDO�LV�XVHG�

��� ([HFXWHG�3URMHFWV

6RXWK�0XVNRND�5LYHU�%ULGJH��D�WZR�VSDQ�GHFN�W\SH�VWHHO�EULGJH��ZDV�VWUHQJWKHQHG�E\LQVHUWLRQ�RI�D�QHZ�WUXVV�EHDP�EHVLGHV�WKH�WZR�ROG�RQHV��)DUDJR���������7KLV�PHWKRG�ZDVVHOHFWHG� RQ� SUHOLPLQDU\� FRVW�HVWLPDWLRQ� LQ� FRPSDULVRQ� ZLWK� SUHVWUHVVLQJ� DQGUHSODFHPHQW�RI�WKH�EULGJH��,Q�KLQGVLJKW��SHUKDSV�WKH�EULGJH�VKRXOG�KDYH�EHHQ�UHSODFHGFRQVLGHULQJ�WKH�ORQJ�WLPH�IRU�WKH�SURMHFW�ZKHQ�WKH�WUDIILF�KDG�WR�GHWRXU�

7KH�7DP�6KXL�5LYHU�%ULGJH�LQ�7DLZDQ�ZDV�EXLOW�LQ������DQG�ZDV�VWUHQJWKHQHG�LQ�����GXH� WR� KHDYLHU� WUDIILF� ORDGV�� /X� DQG� :X� �������� 7KH� EULGJH� ZDV� VWUHQJWKHQHG� E\LQVHUWLRQ� RI� WZR� SRVWWHQVLRQHG� GLDSKUDJPV� LQ� WKH� EULGJH� FURVV� GLUHFWLRQ� DQG� ZLWK� DFDVWLQJ�RI���FP�VWHHO� ILEUH� UHLQIRUFHPHQW�FRQFUHWH�RQ� WKH� WRS�VODE��7KH�QHZ�FRQFUHWHOD\HU�FRYHUHG�VRPH�QHZ�VWHHO�EDUV�DQG�ZDV�DQFKRUHG�ZLWK�GRZHOV�

$Q� ROG� DUFK� EULGJH� LQ� %XUWRQ�� 8.� UHTXLUHG� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ� WR� PHHW� WKH� QHZ� (XURYHKLFOH�ZHLJKW�OLPLW�RI����WRQQHV��)HOORZV���������$�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�JULG�RI�KLJK�WHQVLOHVWHHO� EDUV�ZHUH�PRXQWHG� XQGHUQHDWK� WKH� DUFKHV� DQG� WKHQ� FRYHUHG�ZLWK� �� ²� �� FP� RIVKRWFUHWH��7KH�PRUWDU�XVHG�ZDV�D�VLQJOH�FRPSRQHQW�SRO\PHU�PRGLILHG�GHVLJQHG�IRU�GU\VSUD\LQJ��7KH�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�JULG�ZDV�DQFKRUHG�ZLWK�GRZHOV�

7KH� FROXPQV� RI�gODQG�%ULGJH� KDYH� EHHQ� VWUHQJWKHQHG�ZLWK� D� VXUURXQG� FDVWLQJ�ZLWKWKLFNQHVV�RI�DSSUR[LPDWHO\����FP�WKDW�DORQH�ZLOO�FDUU\�WKH�ORDGV��1LOVVRQ���������$�ORWRI� HIIRUW�ZKHUH� LQYHVWHG� WR�PDNH� WKH�QHZ�FRQVWUXFWLRQ� IUHH� IURP� FUDFNV��7KLV�PHDQV

&KDSWHU �

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

VOLSSLQJ�LQWHUIDFHV�DQG�FRROLQJ�RI�WKH�\RXQJ�FRQFUHWH��)LJXUH�����VKRZ�D�PRGHO�RI�KRZWKH�ZRUN�ZDV�XQGHUWDNHQ�

)LJXUH���� 6WUHQJWKHQLQJ�RI�WKH�FROXPQV�RI�gODQGV�%ULGJH�ZDV�GRQH�XQGHUGU\�FRQGLWLRQV�LQVLGH�D�FDLVVRQ��1LOVVRQ��������

2WKHU�VWUXFWXUHV�WKDW�KDYH�VXFFHVVIXOO\�EHHQ�VWUHQJWKHQHG�ZLWK�ILEUH�UHLQIRUFHG�VKRWFUHWHDUH� IRU� H[DPSOH� D� OLJKWKRXVH� DQG� D� FKLPQH\� �6ZHGHQ��� D� VWRUPZDWHU� GUDLQ� �$XVWUDOLD�DQG�VRPH�PDULQH�VWUXFWXUHV��&DQDGD���%DODJXUX�DQG�6KDK��������

&KDSWHU �

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

� (;7(51$//<�%21'('�5(,1)25&(0(17

��� *HQHUDO

)RU� FRQFUHWH� VWUXFWXUHV�� LW� LV� RIWHQ� WKH� DPRXQW� RI� UHLQIRUFHPHQW� WKDW� GHWHUPLQHV� WKHEHDULQJ� FDSDFLW\�� 7KLV� LV� EHFDXVH� RI� WKDW� IDFW� WKDW� FRQFUHWH� KDV� D� YHU\� ORZ� WHQVLOHVWUHQJWK�

%\� ERQGLQJ� D� PDWHULDO� ZLWK� KLJK� WHQVLOH� VWUHQJWK� DQG� UHODWLYH� KLJK� VWLIIQHVV� WR� WKHWHQVLRQ�VLGH�RI�DQ�HOHPHQW�WKH�QHZ�PDWHULDO�ZLOO�FDUU\�D�SDUW�RI�WKH�WHQVLOH�IRUFHV�LQ�WKHFURVV�VHFWLRQ�� 7KH� ERQGHG� PDWHULDO� FDQ� EH� D� SODWH� RI� VWHHO� RU� D� SURGXFW� RI� ILEUHUHLQIRUFHG� SRO\PHU�� )53�� 7KH� PRVW� HIIHFWLYH� LV� FDUERQ� ILEUH� UHLQIRUFHG� SRO\PHU�&)53�� LQ� IRUP� RI� VKHHWV� RU� ODPLQDWHV�� 7KH� H[WHUQDOO\� ERQGHG� PDWHULDO� EHFRPHVUHLQIRUFHPHQW�LQ�WKH�VDPH�ZD\�DV�WKH�VWHHO�EDUV�LQ�UHLQIRUFHG�FRQFUHWH��7KH�PHWKRG�LVDOVR�YHU\�HIIHFWLYH�LQ�LQFUHDVLQJ�VKHDU�FDSDFLW\�RI�VWUXFWXUDO�PHPEHUV��,Q�WKRVH�FDVHV�WKHERQGHG�VKHHWV�EHFRPH�VWLUUXSV��)RU�WKH�ERQGLQJ�DQ�DGKHVLYH��QRUPDOO\�HSR[\��LV�XVHG�%HFDXVH�RI�WKH�IOH[LELOLW\�DQG�HIIHFWLYHQHVV�RI�WKH�PHWKRG�LW�KDV�JURZQ�IDVW�DQG�LV�QRZXVHG�ZRUOGZLGH��7KH�PHWKRG�LV�DOVR�YHU\�VXLWDEOH�DQG�HIIHFWLYH�IRU�ZUDSSLQJ�RI�FROXPQVWKDW�QHHG�WR�EH�VWUHQJWKHQHG�

7KLV�PHWKRG�KDV�EHHQ�HYDOXDWHG�IRU�FRQFUHWH�VWUXFWXUHV�EXW�LV�SUDFWLVHG�IRU�VWUXFWXUHV�RIRWKHU� PDWHULDOV� DV� ZHOO�� )RU� LQVWDQFH� WKH� PHWKRG� DOVR� ZRUNV� IRU� ZRRGHQ� EHDPV� RUHOHPHQWV�

7KH�PHWKRG� LV� IXUWKHU� GHVFULEHG� LQ�7lOMVWHQ� �������� 7lOMVWHQ� ������� KDV� VWXGLHG� ERWKEHQGLQJ� VKHDU� DQG� WRUVLRQ� FDSDFLW\� IRU� EHDPV� VWUHQJWKHQHG� E\� VWHHO� DQG� DGYDQFHGFRPSRVLWHV�

��� $GYDQFHG�&RPSRVLWHV

1RZDGD\V��H[WHUQDOO\�ERQGLQJ�RI�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�LV�PRVWO\�GRQH�ZLWK�VKHHWV�RU�ODPLQDWHVRI�ILEUH�UHLQIRUFHG�SRO\PHUV��7KH�ILEUHV�FDQ�EH�FDUERQ��DUDPLG�RU�JODVV�EXW�LW�LV�FDUERQILEUHV� WKDW�KDYH� WKH�PRVW� VXLWDEOH�TXDOLWLHV��7KLV�PDWHULDO�KDV� WKH�DGYDQWDJHV�RI� D�KLJKVWUHQJWK� WR�ZHLJKW� UDWLR��QRW� FRUURGLQJ�� HDV\� WR�KDQGOH� DQG� FDQ�EH� FXW�ZLWK�RUGLQDU\NQLIHV� RU� SDLU� RI� VFLVVRUV�� )LJXUH� ���� VKRZV� PRXQWLQJ� RI� FDUERQ� ILEUH� VKHHWV� WR� WKHERWWRP�VLGH�RI�D�FRQFUHWH�UDLOURDG�EULGJH�

)LJXUH���� %ULGJH� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ� ZLWK� FDUERQ� ILEUH� VKHHWV�� 7lOMVWHQ� DQG&DUROLQ�������

&KDSWHU �

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

7KH� PHWKRG� LV� JHQHUDOO\� GHVFULEHG� LQ� .DUEDKDUL� �������� 1DQQL� ������� VKRZV� KRZFDUERQ�ILEUH�FDQ�EH�XVHG�IRU�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ��7lOMVWHQ��������JLYHV�GHVLJQ�VXJJHVWLRQV�ZLWKVRPH�FDOFXODWLRQ�H[DPSOHV�

7ULDQWDILOORX���������/HXQJ���������%URVHQV�DQG�*HPHUW��������DQG�%X\XNR]WXUN�HW�DO�������KDYH�VWXGLHG�DSSOLFDWLRQV�ZLWK�IUDFWXUH�PHFKDQLFV�

��� 6WHHO�3ODWHV

,Q�PLG����WLHV��VWHHO�SODWHV�EHJDQ�WR�EH�XVHG�DV�H[WHUQDO�UHLQIRUFHPHQW��6WHHO�SODWHV�ZRUNZHOO� DQG� DUH� VWLOO� XVHG� DV� D� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�PHWKRG��:RUNLQJ�ZLWK� VWHHO� SODWHV� LQYROYHVVRPH�KHDY\�ZRUN�PRPHQWV�DQG�IXUWKHU�LW�LV�QHFHVVDU\�ZLWK�H[WHUQDO�SUHVVXUH�XQGHU�WKHFXULQJ�RI�WKH�DGKHVLYH��%\�WKH�IDFW�WKDW�VWHHO�KDV�WKH�GLVDGYDQWDJH�RI�FRUURGLQJ�LW�LV�QRZPRUH�FRPPRQ�WR�XVH�ILEUH�UHLQIRUFHG�SRO\PHUV�

6KHKDWD� HW� DO� ������� DQG� 7lOMVWHQ� ������� VWXG\� WKLV� PHWKRG� RI� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ� IRULQFUHDVHG�VKHDU�FDSDFLW\�RI�FRQFUHWH�EHDPV�

��� $GYDQWDJHV�DQG�'LVDGYDQWDJHV

$GYDQWDJHV

• 7KH�PHWKRG�FDQ�LQ�VRPH�FDVHV�EH�XVHG�ZLWKRXW�DQ\�UHVWULFWLRQV�RI�WKH�WUDIILF�RQ�WKHEULGJH��7lOMVWHQ�DQG�&DUROLQ��������

• &DUERQ�ILEUHV�VKRZ�H[FHOOHQW�IDWLJXH�DQG�GXUDELOLW\�SURSHUWLHV�• $�ORZ�ZHLJKW�RI�WKH�ILEUHV�PDNHV�LW�HDV\�WR�KDQGOH�ZLWKRXW�OLIWLQJ�HTXLSPHQW�DW�WKH

VLWH• (IIHFWLYH�VWUXFWXUDO�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�• 1R�FKDQJHV�RI�FURVV�VHFWLRQ�RU�IUHH�KHLJKW�• 4XLFN�WR�DSSO\�

'LVDGYDQWDJHV

• 5HODWLYH�QHZ�PHWKRG��VR�ORQJ�WLPH�H[SHULHQFH�LV�VWLOO�PLVVLQJ�• &DQ� QRW� EH� GRQH� DW� ORZ� WHPSHUDWXUHV� RU� LQ� UDLQ\� FRQGLWLRQV� ZLWKRXW� FOLPDWH

SURWHFWLRQ�IURP�WHQWV�FRPELQHG�ZLWK�KRW�DLU�EORZHU�

��� ([DPSOHV

)URP� UHFHQW� \HDUV�� PDQ\� H[DPSOHV� RI� WKLV� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ� WHFKQLTXH� FDQ� EH� IRXQGHVSHFLDOO\�ZKHQ� LW� FRPHV� WR�DGYDQFHG�FRPSRVLWHV��7KH�6ZHGLVK�5RDG�$GPLQLVWUDWLRQKDV�XQGHUWDNHQ�D�SLORW�SURMHFW�XQGHU�������$�VPDOO�IUDPH�EULGJH�IURP�WKH����WLHV�RYHU0DUHQV� RXWOHW� RXWVLGH� .DOPDU� KDV� EHHQ� VWUHQJWKHQHG�� $SSUR[LPDWHO\� ���� PHWHU� RIFDUERQ�ILEUH�VKHHWV�ZLWK�WKH�ZLGWK�����P�ZHUH�XVHG�

,Q� /XOHn� D� WKUHH�VSDQ� UDLOURDG� EULGJH�� )LJXUH� ����� KDV� EHHQ� VWUHQJWKHQHG� GXULQJ� WKHVXPPHU�RI�������7lOMVWHQ�DQG�&DUROLQ���������7KH�EULGJH�ZDV�VWUHQJWKHQHG�EHFDXVH�RILQFUHDVHG� ORDGV� RQ� WKH� UDLOZD\� V\VWHP�� 7KH� EULGJH� ZDV� EXLOW� LQ� WKH� ���WLHV� DQG� KDGPDLQO\�D�WR�ORZ�PRPHQW�EHDULQJ�FDSDFLW\�LQ�WKH�FURVV�GLUHFWLRQ��,Q�WRWDO������P�FDUERQILEUH�VKHHWV������P�ZLGH��ZHUH�XVHG��7KH�ZRUN�ZDV�XQGHUWDNHQ�ZLWKRXW�DQ\�UHVWULFWLRQVIRU�WKH�WUDLQ�WUDIILF�RQ�WKH�EULGJH��$�FRPSUHKHQVLYH�WHVW�SURJUDP�ZDV�XQGHUWDNHQ�ZKHUHVWUDLQV�DQG�GHIRUPDWLRQV�ZHUH� VWXGLHG��7KH�PHDVXUHPHQWV� VKRZHG� WKDW� WKH� VWLIIQHVV�RIWKH�EULGJH�KDG�LQFUHDVHG�ZLWK������DIWHU�WKDW�WKH�ZRUN�ZDV�FRPSOHWHG�

&KDSWHU �

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

��

)LJXUH���� %ULGJH�LQ�/XOHn�VWUHQJWKHQHG�ZLWK�H[WHUQDOO\�ERQGHG�FDUERQ�ILEUHVKHHWV

7KH� ILUVW� DSSOLFDWLRQ� RI� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ� ZLWK� FDUERQ� ILEUH� VKHHWV� RQ� LQIUDVWUXFWXUH� LQ6FDQGLQDYLD� FRQFHUQHG� UHSDLU� RI� ��� FRQFUHWH� FROXPQV� RQ� D� EULGJH� RXWVLGH� 6XQGVYDOO�$ERXGUDU�DQG�-RKDQVVRQ���������7KH�EULGJH�ZDV�EXLOW� LQ������DQG�WKH�FROXPQV�KDG�DVKRUWDJH�RI� VWLUUXSV��7KH�UHSDLU�ZRUN� VWDUWHG�ZLWK� UHEXLOGLQJ�RI� WKH�FRQFUHWH�FRYHU�RIWKH� FROXPQ��ZKLFK�KDG� VSDOOHG� RI� GXH� WR� FRUURVLRQ� RI� WKH� UHLQIRUFHPHQW�� )LJXUH� ���VKRZV�WKH�GHWHULRUDWHG�FROXPQ�DQG�WKH�ILQDO�UHVXOW�

)LJXUH���� &ROXPQV� VWUHQJWKHQHG�ZLWK�&)53� WR� WKH� OHIW� DQG� RQH� FROXPQZLWK� XQFRYHUHG� FRUURGHG� VWHHO� UHLQIRUFHPHQW� WR� WKH� ULJKW�$ERXGUDU�DQG�-RKDQVVRQ��������

%RQGLQJ�RI� FDUERQ� ILEUH� KDV� VWUHQJWKHQHG� D� EULGJH� LQ�'HYRQVKLUH�� /DQH� HW� DO� �������7KH� EULGJH� QHHGHG� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ� EHFDXVH� RI� VRPH� GDPDJHG� SUHVWUHVVLQJ� WHQGRQV� DQGWKH�QHZ�KLJKHU�(XURSHDQ�GHVLJQ� ORDGV��7KH�EULGJH�ZHUH�VWUHQJWKHQHG�LQ�RQH�GD\�DQGUHPDLQHG�IXOO\�RSHQ�GXULQJ�WKH�ZRUN�

7KH�PHWKRG� LV� ZLGHO\� XVHG� IRU� UHWURILWWLQJ� RI� FRQFUHWH� FROXPQV� LQ� 86$� DQG� -DSDQ�+RULL�HW�DO���������.DUEDKDUL��������DQG�.DWVXPDWD�HW�DO���������7KH�FROXPQV�DUH�RIWHQVWUHQJWKHQHG� LQ� RUGHU� WR� VWDQG� KLJKHU� HDUWKTXDNH� ORDGV�� 0DQ\� EULGJHV� KDYH� EHHQVWUHQJWKHQHG�ZLWK�FDUERQ�ILEUHV�LQ�-DSDQ��%XVHO��������

&KDSWHU �

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

��

,Q�*HUPDQ\�QHDU�'UHVGHQ�� WKUHH����\HDU�ROG� U�F� IUDPH�EULGJHV�ZHUH� VWUHQJWKHQHG�E\XVH�RI�&)53�SODWHV��1HXEDXHU�DQG�5RVWiV\������E���%HIRUH�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�WKH�EULGJHVZHUH�GHWHULRUDWHG�DQG�KDG�ORDG�UHVWULFWLRQV��&5)3�ZDV�FKRVHQ�IURP�WKH�RZQHU�EHFDXVHRI�FRUURVLRQ�UHVLVWDQFH�DQG�ORQJ�WHUP�GXUDELOLW\�

7KH� ,EDFK�%ULGJH� LQ�6ZLW]HUODQG�ZDV�EXLOW� LQ�������'XULQJ�GULOOLQJ� IRU� LQVWDOODWLRQ�RIQHZ� WUDIILF� OLJKWV� LQ������D�QXPEHU�RI�SUHVWUHVVHG� WHQGRQV�ZHUH�GDPDJHG��%HIRUH� WKHEULGJH�ZDV�VWUHQJWKHQHG�WKH�DOORZHG�PD[LPXP�ORDG�ZDV�GHFUHDVHG������NJ�RI�&)53�ODPLQDWHV�ZDV�XVHG��,Q�RUGHU�WR�REWDLQ�WKH�VDPH�UHVXOWV�ZLWK�VWHHO������NJ�ZRXOG�KDYHEHHQ�QHFHVVDU\��0HLHU��������DQG�0HLHU�HW�DO���������7KH�ZRUN�ZDV�XQGHUWDNHQ�DW�QLJKWVLQFH�LW�ZDV�SUHIHUUHG�WR�PLQLPLVH�GLVWXUEDQFH�RQ�WKH�WUDIILF�

7KH�KLVWRULFDO�ZRRGHQ�EULGJH�IURP������LQ�6LQV��6ZLW]HUODQG�ZDV�VWUHQJWKHQHG�LQ�����ZLWK�&)53�ODPLQDWHV��0HLHU���������7KH�EULGJH�FRQVLVWV�RI�WZR�VSDQV��HDFK�RI������POHQJWK��7KH�EULGJH�ZDV�VWUHQJWKHQHG�EHFDXVH�RI�H[FHVVLYH�GHIOHFWLRQV�LQ�WKH�FURVVEHDPVRI� RDN�� &)53� ODPLQDWHV� KDYLQJ� D� ORQJLWXGLQDO� PRGXOXV� RI� HODVWLFLW\� RI� ���� *3DVXFFHVVIXOO\�OLPLWHG�WKH�GHIOHFWLRQV�ZLWKRXW�FKDQJLQJ�WKH�ORRN�RI�WKH�EULGJH�

$Q� LPSDFW� IURP� D� WUXFN� GDPDJHG� WKH� RXWHU� JLUGHU� RI� D� EULGJH� RQ� WKH� 6RXWKERXQG,QWHUVWDWH� ��� KLJKZD\� LQ�:HVW� 3DOP�%HDFK�� )ORULGD��7KH� WUXFN� FDXVHG� D� ORQJLWXGLQDOWZLVW� LQ� WKH� FRQFUHWH� EHDP�� 7KH� RZQHUV� FRQVLGHUHG� WKDW� H[FHSW� IRU� UHSODFHPHQW� WKHRQO\� DOWHUQDWLYH�ZDV� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�ZLWK� FDUERQ� ILEUH� GXH� WR� WKH� WZLVWHG� VKDSH� RI� WKHEHDP��5HSODFHPHQW�ZDV�QRW� DQ�DFFHSWDEOH� DOWHUQDWLYH� VLQFH� LW�KDG� UHTXLUHG� FORVLQJ�RIRQH�ODQH�RI� WKH�EULGJH�DW� OHDVW�D�PRQWK��%XVHO� ��������7KHUHIRU�FDUERQ�ILEUH�ZDV�XVHGDQG�WKH�ZRUN�ZDV�XQGHUWDNHQ�LQ�WKUHH�ILYH�KRXU�ORQJ�QLJKW�VKLIWV�

7KH�GHFN�RI�+L\RVKLNXUD�%ULGJH� LQ� -DSDQ�ZDV� VWUHQJWKHQHG������EHFDXVH�RI�GHPDQGVIRU�KLJKHU�GHVLJQ�ORDGV��0HDVXUHPHQWV�WKDW�ZHUH�XQGHUWDNHQ�VKRZHG�WKDW�WKH�VWUHVVHV�LQWKH�ROG�VWHHO�UHLQIRUFHPHQW�GHFUHDVHG�ZLWK���²�����DIWHU�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ��$ERXGUDU�DQG-RKDQVVRQ��������

(YHQ� LI� WKH�PHWKRG�RI�SODWH�ERQGLQJ�ZLWK� VWHHO�KDYH�KDG� UHWURJUHVVLRQ� WKH�PHWKRG� LVVWLOO�XVHG��,Q�WKH�VXPPHU�RI������D�EULGJH�LQ�%RGHQ�ZDV�VWUHQJWKHQHG�LQ�VKHDU�FDSDFLW\E\�XVH�RI�H[WHUQDOO\�ERQGHG�VWHHO�VWLU�XSV�LQ�IRUP�RI�SODWHV��)LJXUH�����

)LJXUH���� %ULGJH� LQ� %RGHQ� VWUHQJWKHQHG� LQ� VKHDU� ZLWK� H[WHUQDOO\� ERQGHGVWHHO�SODWHV�

&KDSWHU �

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

��

2WKHU� VWUXFWXUHV� WKDW� UHFHQWO\�KDYH�EHHQ� VWUHQJWKHQHG�E\�ERQGLQJ�RI� FDUERQ� ILEUHV� LQ6ZHGHQ�DUH�D�&KLPQH\�LQ�+DOPVWDG�������WZR�FUDQH�EHDPV�LQ�+RMXP������DQG�VHYHUDOV\VWHPV�RI�MRLVWV�LQ�6WRFNKROP�

$����P�ORQJ�����\HDU�ROG�FRQFUHWH�EULGJH�QHDU�6DOW�/DNH�&LW\�KDV�EHHQ�WHVWHG�E\�ODWHUDOGLVSODFHPHQW��)RU�WKH�WHVW�D�K\GUDXOLF�UDP�ZDV�FRQVWUXFWHG�EHVLGH�WKH�EULGJH��VHH� )LJXUH�����8VLQJ�D�ORDGLQJ�SODWH�DQG�FDEOHV�ZUDSSHG�DURXQG�WKH�EULGJH�GHFN��WKH�UDP�SXVKHGDQG� SXOOHG� WKH� EULGJH� ODWHUDOO\�� VLPXODWLQJ� WKH� GLVSODFHPHQW� RI� D� PDJQLWXGH� ���HDUWKTXDNH��7KH� UDP� ILUVW� WHVWHG� WKH� VWUHQJWK� DQG� GXFWLOLW\� RI� WKH� EULGJH� WR� WKH� \LHOGSRLQW��7KHQ�FDUERQ�ILEUH�VKHHWV�ZUDSSHG�WKH�EULGJH�FROXPQV�DQG�GHFN�VXSSRUWV�EHIRUHVKDNLQJ� WKH� EULGJH� WR� WKH� \LHOG� SRLQW� DJDLQ�� 7KH� FDUERQ� ILEUH� UHVWRUHG� WKH� GDPDJHGEULGJH�WR�QHDUO\�LWV�RULJLQDO�VWUHQJWK�DQG�GXFWLOLW\�DQG�DFWXDOO\�LQFUHDVHG�LWV�ORDG�FDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\�E\������*HRSLHU��������

)LJXUH���� )XOO�VFDOH�WHVWLQJ�RI�HDUWKTXDNH�ORDGV�RQ�D�EULGJH�VWUHQJWKHQHG�E\FDUERQ�ILEUH�VKHHWV��*HRSLHU��������

,Q�-DSDQ��ERQGLQJ�XQLGLUHFWLRQDO�FDUERQ�ILEUH�VKHHWV�WR�WKH�VXUIDFH�KDV�UHWURILWWHG�PDQ\FKLPQH\V��.REDWDNH�HW�DO��������

&KDSWHU �

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

��

� 3267�7(16,21('�5(,1)25&(0(17

��� *HQHUDO

7KLV�PHWKRG�ZRUNV� LQ� WKH� VDPH�ZD\�DV�SUHVWUHVVHG�RU�SRVW� WHQVLRQHG�FRQFUHWH� H[FHSWWKDW� WKH� WHQVLRQLQJ� LV�GRQH�DIWHUZDUGV�ZKHQ� LW� LV� WLPH� WR� VWUHQJWKHQ� WKH� VWUXFWXUH��%\LQWURGXFLQJ�D�FRPSUHVVLYH�IRUFH�WR�WKH�FRQFUHWH�IURP�D�VWHHO�RU�FRPSRVLWH�WHQGRQ��WKHFURVV�VHFWLRQ� WHQVLOH� IRUFHV� DUH� GHFUHDVHG� DQG� WKH� KLJK� FRPSUHVVLYH� VWUHQJWK� RI� WKHFRQFUHWH�LV�XVHG��7KH�PHWKRG�LV�OLPLWHG�E\�WKH�FRPSUHVVLYH�VWUHQJWK�RI�WKH�FRQFUHWH�DQGFDQ�WKHUHIRUH�RQO\�EH�XVHG�ZKHQ�WKH�FRPSUHVVLYH�VWUHQJWK�RI�WKH�FRQFUHWH�LV�VXIILFLHQW�7KH�PHWKRG�DOVR�ZRUNV�IRU�VWHHO�DQG�ZRRG�EULGJHV��7KH�WHQVLOH�IRUFHV�WKDW�FDQ�DULVH��RQWKH�QRUPDOO\�FRPSUHVVHG�VLGH��ZKHQ�WKH�VWUXFWXUH�KDV�LWV�PLQLPXP�ORDG�DOVR� OLPLW� WKHPHWKRG�

6WUHQJWKHQLQJ�RI�SUHVWUHVVHG�FRQFUHWH�EHDPV�E\�H[WHUQDO�SRVW�WHQVLRQLQJ�LV�SUHVHQWHG�LQ,RQHO���������)RUPHU��WHQGRQV�FRQVLVWHG�RI�VWHHO�RU�VWHHO�ZLUHV�EXW�DGYDQFHG�FRPSRVLWHVDV�FDUERQ� ILEUHV�FDQ�DOVR�EH�XVHG� IRU� WKLV�SXUSRVH��1DNDL�HW� DO� ������� DQG�0HLHU� HW� DO�������� /HHPLQJ� ������� KDV� WHVWHG� FDUERQ� ILEUH� SODWHV� LQ� IXOO�VFDOH� H[SHULPHQWV� DQG$QGR�HW�DO��������KDYH�GRQH�FUHHS�UXSWXUH�WHVWV�RQ�WHQGRQV�RI�FDUERQ�DQG�DUDPLG�ILEUH�6KHKDWD� HW� DO� ������� KDV� IRXQG� WKDW� H[WHUQDO� SUHVWUHVVLQJ� FDQ� EH� DQ� HIIHFWLYH� ZD\� WRVWUHQJWKHQLQJ�WKH�VKHDU�FDSDFLW\�LQ�EHDPV�

��� $GYDQWDJHV�DQG�'LVDGYDQWDJHV

$GYDQWDJHV

• :HOO�NQRZQ�DQG�WHVWHG�PHWKRG�• &DOFXODWLRQ�PRGHOV�H[LVW�• (IIHFWLYH�LQ�VRPH�FDVHV�• &DQ�RIWHQ�EH�XVHG�ZLWK�RQO\�VPDOO�UHVWULFWLRQV�RI�WKH�WUDIILF�• &RQWULEXWHV�WR�WKH�VKHDU�FDSDFLW\�

'LVDGYDQWDJHV

• 6SHFLDO�GHYLVHV�IRU�SUHVWUHVVLQJ�DUH�UHTXLUHG�• &RUURVLRQ�VHQVLWLYH�ZKHQ�H[WHUQDOO\�PRXQWHG��LQ�FDVH�RI�VWHHO�WHQGRQV�• 1HHG�YHU\�VWLII�DQG�SRZHUIXO�DQFKRUDJH�• &DXVH�ODUJH�H[WUD�PRPHQWV�WKDW�PDNH�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�RI�RWKHU�SDUWV�QHFHVVDU\�• 1RW�HFRQRPLFDO�IRU�VKRUWHU�VSDQV�• 1HHG�VSDFH�IRU�WHQGRQV��GLDSKUDJPV��DQG�DQFKRUDJH�GHYLVHV�

��� ([DPSOHV

,Q� 1RWWLQJKDP� D� FRQFUHWH� ER[� JLUGHU� EULGJH� KDV� EHHQ� VWUHQJWKHQHG� ZLWK� H[WHUQDOSUHVWUHVV� GXULQJ� ��� ZHHNV� LQ� ������ 'ULYHU� DQG� +D\QHV� �������� 7KH� EULGJH� QHHGHGVWUHQJWKHQLQJ�IRU�EHDULQJ�RI�WKH�VXSSRUW�PRPHQWV��5RXJKO\��P��RI�FRQFUHWH�ZHUH�XVHGIRU� HDFK� DQFKRUDJH�EORFN��7UDIILF� UDQ�RQ� WKH� EULGJH� GHFN� FRQWLQXDOO\� WKURXJKRXW� WKHSURMHFW�

&KDSWHU �

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

��

$� EULGJH� 6RXWKZHVW� RI� /RQGRQ�� WKH� $��$��� IO\RYHU��ZDV� EXLOW� ZLWK� SRVW�WHQVLRQLQJEHWZHHQ������DQG�������7KH�EULGJH� VKRZHG� LQ������JURZLQJ�FUDFNV� DQG� WKHUHIRUH�DQHHG� IRU� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�� 7KH� EULGJH� ZDV� H[WHUQDOO\� UH�SRVW�WHQVLRQHG� DQG� VKRZHGSUREOHPV�DJDLQ�LQ�������5REVRQ�HW�DO���������7KLV�WLPH�LW�ZDV�IRXQG�WKDW�WZR�VWUDQGVKDG�FRPSOHWHO\�IDLOHG�DQG�WKHUH�ZHUH�D�ORW�RI�ZLUH�IDLOXUHV�LQ�PDQ\�RWKHU�VWUDQGV��7KHIDLOXUHV�ZHUH�GXH�WR�FRUURVLRQ�DQG�WUDIILF�UHVWULFWLRQV�ZHUH�WDNHQ��,Q�WKH������WKH�EULGJHZHUH�VWUHQJWKHQHG�E\�UHSODFHPHQW�RI�WKH�WHQGRQV�GXULQJ�XVH�RI�WHPSRUDU\�SUHVWUHVVLQJGHYLFHV�

7KH�VWHHO�DQG�FRQFUHWH�)ULDUWRQ�%ULGJH�LQ�6FRWODQG��6ODWHU���������QHHGHG�VWUHQJWKHQLQJRYHU� WKH� VXSSRUWV� GXH� WR� KLJKHU� GHVLJQ� ORDGV�� 7KH� EULGJH� ZDV� VWUHQJWKHQHG� ZLWKLQVHUWLRQ�RI�SUHVWUHVVLQJ�FDEOHV�DQG�VWLIIHQHUV�RI�VWHHO�DW�WKH�FRPSUHVVLRQ�IODQJH�

%XUOLQJWRQ� 6N\ZD\� EULGJH�� D� VWHHO� WUXVV� EULGJH� ORFDWHG� LQ� &DQDGD�� QHHGHG� WR� EHVWUHQJWKHQHG�GXH�WR�DQ�LQFUHDVHG�QXPEHU�RI�ODQHV�DQG�KHDYLHU�GHVLJQ�ORDGV��7KH�EULGJHZDV� VWUHQJWKHQHG� LQ� ����� E\� H[WHUQDO� SRVW� WHQVLRQLQJ� XVLQJ� '\ZLGDJ� EDUV�� )DUDJR�������� 7KH� PHWKRG� ZDV� FKRVHQ� DIWHU� LQYHVWLJDWLRQ� RI� SUHVWUHVVLQJ�� LQGLYLGXDOUHSODFHPHQWV��DGGLWLRQ�RI�QHZ�HOHPHQWV�DQG�UHSODFHPHQW�RI�ZKROH�EHDPV��6RPH�YHUWLFDODQG� GLDJRQDO� PHPEHUV� ZHUH� DOVR� VWUHQJWKHQHG� GXH� WR� ORFDO� SUHVWUHVV� IRUFHV� IURP� WKHVWUHQJWKHQLQJ�V\VWHP�

$�EULGJH�RYHU�0RVHO�LQ�*HUPDQ\�ZDV�EXLOW�LQ�������$W�WKH�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�WKH�����V��WKHEULGJH�VKRZHG�D�KHDYLO\�FRUURVLRQ�RI�DQ�DQFKRUDJH�OLQN�DQG�GHIOHFWLRQ�RI�WKH�KLQJH�DWFHQWUH� RI� WKH� PDLQ� VSDQ�� VHH� )LJXUH� ����� 7KH� EULGJH� ZDV� UHSDLUHG� LQ� ����� E\VXSSOHPHQWDU\� SUHVWUHVV�� FORVLQJ�RI� WKH�KLQJH� DQG� UHPRYDO� RI� WKH� GHIHFWHG� DQFKRUDJH�0DOOHW��������

)LJXUH���� 6WUHQJWKHQLQJ�RI�0RVHO�%ULGJH� DW�7K|UQLFK�ZLWK� VXSSOHPHQWDU\SUHVWUHVV��0DOOHW�������

&KDSWHU �

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

��

$� WKUHH�VSDQ�� VWHHO�EHDP�� FRQFUHWH�GHFN�� EULGJH� LQ� ,RZD�� 86$�� ZDV� VWUHQJWKHQHG� LQ�����LQ�DOO�VSDQV�ZLWK�SRVW�WHQVLRQLQJ��.ODLEHU�HW�DO��������

$� FXUYHG�EULGJH�EXLOW� ����� LQ� 6ZLW]HUODQG� FRQVLVWLQJ� RI� WZR� SUHVWUHVVHG� JLUGHUV�ZHUHSRVWWHQVLRQHG� ����� EHFDXVH� RI� ORVW� SUHVWUHVVLQJ� IRUFHV� ZKLFK� OHG� WR� WRR� ELJGHIRUPDWLRQV��)X]LHU��������

$�YLDGXFW�RYHU�WKH�5LYHU�&DP�LQ�(QJODQG�ZDV�EXLOW�������,W�ZDV�VWUHQJWKHQHG�LQ�����E\�SUHVWUHVVLQJ�RI�0DFDOOR\�EDUV�DQG�D����PP�JDOYDQLVHG�PHVK�FRYHUHG�ZLWK�D�OD\HU�RIVKRWFUHWH��0DOOHW��������

+\WKH�%ULGJH�ZDV� FRQVWUXFWHG� ������7KH� GHFNV� FRPSULVH� �� LQYHUWHG� WHH� VHFWLRQ� FDVWLURQ� EHDPV�� 7KUHH� RI� WKH� EHDPV� ZHUH� IRXQG� EDGO\� FUDFNHG�� ����� LW� ZDV� GHFLGHG� WRVWUHQJWKHQ�WKH�EULGJH��7KH�FUDFNV�ZHUH�ILUVW�VWLWFKHG�WRJHWKHU�E\�WKH�¶0HWDORFN·�V\VWHPDQG� DGGLWLRQDO� SODWLQJ�ZDV� WKHQ� DSSOLHG� WR� GR� ORFDO� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�� 3UHVWUHVVHG� FDUERQILEUH�ODPLQDWHV�ZHUH�XVHG�WR�VWUHQJWKHQ�WKH�EHDP�JOREDOO\��'DUE\�HW�DO��������

0DOOHW� ������� IXUWKHU� SUHVHQWV� VHYHUDO� H[DPSOHV� RI� EULGJHV� VWUHQJWKHQHG� E\� SRVWWHQVLRQLQJ�

$� WZR�VSDQ� SRVW�WHQVLRQHG� FRQFUHWH�$��� RYHUEULGJH�ZLWK� WKH�$�� DW�*XLOGIRUG�� 7KLVJOXHG� VHJPHQWDO�EULGJH�QHHGHG� WHPSRUDU\�SRVW�WHQVLRQLQJ� WR�EH� DSSOLHG�EHIRUH� LW�ZDVVDIH� WR� FXW� WKH� H[LVWLQJ� FRUURGLQJ� WHQGRQV��7KH� WHPSRUDU\� SUHVWUHVV�ZDV� SURYLGHG� E\WZR�GLIIHULQJ� WHQGRQ� W\SHV� DERYH�DQG�EHORZ� WKH�GHFN��$QFKRUDJHV� IRU� WKH� WHPSRUDU\WHQGRQV�ZHUH�SXUSRVH�PDGH�IULFWLRQ�JULS�GHYLFHV��7KH�SHUPDQHQW�SUHVWUHVV�ZDV�LQVWDOOHGIROORZLQJ�FXWWLQJ�RI�WKH�H[LVWLQJ�WHQGRQV��7KH�QHZ�WHQGRQV�FRQVLVW�RI����VWUDQGV�LQVLGHD�ZD[�ILOOHG�SODVWLF�VKHDWK��%HQQHW��������

&KDSWHU �

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

��

� 75(1'6�$1'�)8785(

��� *HQHUDO

7KH�LQIUDVWUXFWXUH�LQ�PDQ\�LQGXVWULDOLVHG�FRXQWULHV�LV�DJHLQJ��,Q�WKH�86�IRU�LQVWDQFH��WKHLQWHUVWDWH�KLJKZD\�V\VWHP�LV�LQ�GLVUHSDLU��$OPRVW������RI�86�EULGJHV�DUH�LQ�VRPH�VWDWH�RIVHULRXV� GHWHULRUDWLRQ�� /L� �������� 3XW� LQ� HFRQRPLF� WHUPV�� WKH� PDJQLWXGH� RI� RXULQIUDVWUXFWXUH� QHHG� LV� HQRUPRXV�� :RUOGZLGH� DERXW� ��� �� RI� *'3� GHULYHV� IURPLQIUDVWUXFWXUH� FRQVWUXFWLRQ�� ,Q� 86� DORQH�� WKHUH� DUH� DSSUR[LPDWHO\� �� ��� WULOOLRQ� RILQIUDVWUXFWXUHV� LQ� SODFH��/L� ��������2EYLRXVO\� LW� LV� QRW� SRVVLEOH� WR� UHSODFH� RXU� EULGJHVIUHTXHQWO\��,QVWHDG�WKH�VROXWLRQ�PXVW�OLH�LQ�UHSDLU��UHWURILW�DQG�UHKDELOLWDWLRQ�WHFKQRORJ\�

,PSURYHPHQW� RI� FRQFUHWH� VWUXFWXUHV� DQG� HVSHFLDOO\� LPSURYHPHQW� RI� EULGJHV� LV� D� IDVWJURZLQJ� DUHD�� ,Q� WKH� IXWXUH� LW� LV� SUREDEO\� JRLQJ� WR� EH� HYHQ� PRUH� FRPPRQ� ZLWKVWUHQJWKHQLQJ� DV� QHZ�PHWKRGV� DQG� WHFKQLTXHV� DUH� GHYHORSLQJ� DQG� WKH� NQRZOHGJH� RIHQYLURQPHQWDO�DVSHFWV�DQG�OLIH�F\FOH�FRVW�DUH�LQFUHDVLQJ�

��� +LVWRU\

6WUXFWXUHV� KDYH� EHHQ� VWUHQJWKHQHG� DV� ORQJ� DV� VWUXFWXUHV� KDYH� EHHQ� EXLOW�� ,Q� WKHEHJLQQLQJ�VWUXFWXUHV�ZHUH�EXLOW�E\�WKH�SULQFLSOH�RI�WULDO�DQG�HUURU��:KHQ�WKH�VWUXFWXUHVFRXOG�QRW�FDUU\�WKH� ORDGV�WKH\�ZHUH�EXLOW� IRU�� WKH\�ZHUH�VWUHQJWKHQHG�E\�XVH�RI�PRUHPDWHULDOV� DQG� ODUJHU� FURVV�VHFWLRQV�� 7KLV� LV� DOVR� WKH� ILUVW� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ� WHFKQLTXH� LQFRQQHFWLRQ�ZLWK�XVH�RI�GLIIHUHQW�VXSSRUWLQJ�HOHPHQWV�

%\� WLPH� WKH� VWUXFWXUDO� XQGHUVWDQGLQJ� LQFUHDVHG�� 7KLV� PHDQV� WKDW� VWUXFWXUHV� FRXOG� EHEXLOW� ZLWK� OHVV� H[WUD� FDSDFLW\� ZKLFK� HDUOLHU� KDG� OHG� WR� ORQJHU� OHQJWK� RI� OLIH�� 7KHFRQVHTXHQFHV�ZHUH�WKDW�WKH�QHHG�IRU�UHSDLULQJ�DQG�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�LQFUHDVHG�

:KHQ�WKH� VWUXFWXUHV�EHFDPH�PRUH� UHILQHG�� WKH� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�PHWKRGV� DOVR� LPSURYHG�:KHQ� SUHVWUHVVHG� UHLQIRUFHPHQW� ZDV� LQWURGXFHG� DQG� DFFHSWHG� LQ� VWUXFWXUHV�� SRVWWHQVLRQLQJ�EHFDPH�D�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�PHWKRG�

,Q�WKH�ODWH�VL[WLHV�WKH�PHWKRG�RI�SODWH�ERQGLQJ�RI�VWHHO�SODWHV�EHJDQ�WR�EH�VWXGLHG�DQG�LQWKH� VHYHQWLHV� D� ORW� RI� EULGJHV� ZHUH� VWUHQJWKHQHG�PDLQO\� LQ� (QJODQG�� 7lOMVWHQ� �������:KHQ�FDUERQ�ILEUH�SURGXFWV�EHFDPH�FKHDSHU�LQ�WKH�HLJKWLHV�WKH�UHVHDUFK�RI�XVLQJ�WKHVHQHZ� PDWHULDOV� VWDUWHG�� 1RZDGD\V�� D� ORW� RI� UHVHDUFK� KDV� EHHQ� GRQH� DQG� WKH� XVH� RIH[WHUQDOO\� ERQGHG� ILEUH� UHLQIRUFHG� SRO\PHUV� LV� DQ� DFFHSWHG� DQG� ZRUOG� ZLGH� XVHGVWUHQJWKHQLQJ�PHWKRG�

��� )XWXUH

7KH�ORDGV�RQ�WKH�LQIUDVWUXFWXUH�KDYH�XS�WR�QRZ�LQFUHDVHG�DQG�LQ�UHFHQW�GHFDGHV�TXLWHUDSLGO\�� ,W� ZLOO� SUREDEO\� PRUH� RU� OHVV� FRQWLQXH� WR� LQFUHDVH� DOVR� LQ� WKH� IXWXUH�� 1HZPHWKRGV�IRU�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�ZLOO�VHH�WKH�OLJKW�RI�WKH�GD\�DQG�WKH�ROG�RQHV�ZLOO�EH�IXUWKHUGHYHORSHG�

,QWHUQDWLRQDO� FRQIHUHQFHV�� 0LKDVKL� DQG� 5RNXJR� ������� DQG� 'KLU� DQG� -RQHV� �������VKRZ�WKDW�H[WHUQDO�ERQGLQJ�ZLWK�DGYDQFHG�FRPSRVLWHV� LV� D� IDVW�JURZLQJ�PHWKRG��7KHPHWKRG�ZLOO�SUREDEO\�EH�HYHQ�PRUH�FRPPRQ�DV�WKH�SULFH�RI�FDUERQ�ILEUH�LV�GHFUHDVLQJ�7KH�PHWKRG�ZLWK�ERQGLQJ�RI�VWHHO�SODWHV�ZLOO�SUREDEO\�EH�OHVV�XVHG�LQ�FRPSHWLWLRQ�ZLWKFDUERQ�ILEUHV��6WUHQJWKHQLQJ�ZLWK�FDUERQ�ILEUHV�ZLOO�SUREDEO\�RXWGR�SRVW�WHQVLRQLQJ�DQG

&KDSWHU �

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

��

RWKHU� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�PHWKRGV� LQ� VRPH�FDVHV��$Q\KRZ�WKHVH�PHWKRGV�ZLOO� DOVR�KDYH� DQLQFUHDVH�GXH�WR�D�ODUJHU�PDUNHW�IRU�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�DQG�UHSDLU�V\VWHPV�

7KH�PHWKRG�RI�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�E\�XVH�RI�FDUERQ�ILEUHV�LV�GHVFULEHG�E\�/DQH�HW�DO��������DV�D�JURXQGEUHDNLQJ�VWUXFWXUDO�UHSDLU�WHFKQLTXH��7KH�WHFKQLTXH�RI�HSR[\�ERQGHG�SODWHVLV�QRZDGD\V� D�SRSXODU�PHWKRG� IRU� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ� DQG� VWLIIHQLQJ�RI� VWUXFWXUDO� HOHPHQWV�*HPHUW��������DQG�2NRURZVNL�HW�DO��������

7KH�PHWKRG�ZLWK�SRVW� WHQVLRQLQJ�ZLWK� WHQGRQV�RI�FDUERQ� ILEUH�KDYH�D�JUHDW�SRWHQWLDOEXW�QHHG�WR�EH�IXUWKHU�GHYHORSHG�EHIRUH�LW�ZLOO�KDYH�DQ�H[WHQGHG�DSSOLFDWLRQ�

��� 5HVHDUFK

5HSDLULQJ�DQG�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�DUH�PRUH�FRPSOLFDWHG�WKDQ�EXLOGLQJ�QHZ�VWUXFWXUHV��0DQ\SDUDPHWHUV� DUH� DOUHDG\� IL[HG� DQG� WKH� PDWHULDOV� DUH� RIWHQ� LQ� D� GHWHULRUDWHG� FRQGLWLRQ�(YHQ� LI� WKH� ZRUN� LV� GRQH� IRU� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�� WKH� IDLOXUH� PRGH� FDQ� EH� WKH� JRYHUQLQJIDFWRU�VLQFH�D�IDLOXUH�LV�QRW�DOORZHG�WR�EH�EULWWOH�

6LQFH�WKH�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�EXVLQHVV�LV�D�IDVW�JURZLQJ�DUHD�D�ORW�RI�UHVHDUFK�QHHG�WR�EH�GRQH�)RU�LQVWDQFH�FRGHV�DQG�KDQGERRNV�PXVW�EH�ZULWWHQ�IRU�WKLV�NLQG�RI�ZRUNV��7KHUH�LV�DOVRVRPH�VWUXFWXUDO�PXGGLQHVV�LQ�DOO�WHFKQLTXHV�WKDW�QHHG�WR�EH�LQYHVWLJDWHG�WR�EULQJ�FODULW\�,W�LV�DOVR�RI�LQWHUHVW�WR�LQYHVWLJDWH�KRZ�VWUHQJWKHQHG�HOHPHQWV�ZRUNV�DV�D�SDUW�LQ�D�V\VWHPZLWK�RWKHU�QRQ�VWUHQJWKHQHG�VWUXFWXUDO�HOHPHQWV��)RU�H[DPSOH�LI�D�PHPEHU�LQ�D�V\VWHPLV�VWUHQJWKHQHG�WKH�PRGH�RI�DFWLRQ�IRU�WKH�ZKROH�VWUXFWXUH�ZLOO�EH�DIIHFWHG�E\�WKH�ORFDOFKDQJH� LQ� VWLIIQHVV�� 6RPH� VXJJHVWLRQV� IRU� UHVHDUFK� UHJDUGLQJ� XSJUDGLQJ� RI� FRQFUHWHEULGJHV�FDQ�EH�IRXQG�LQ�(OIJUHQ�HW�DO��������

����� ,QFUHDVHG�'LPHQVLRQV

6RPH� SUREOHPV� DUH� QRW� VROYHG� LQ� VSLWH� RI� WKH� IDFW� WKDW� WKH� PHWKRG� LV� ZLGHO\� XVHG�(VSHFLDOO\� WKH� ERQG� EHWZHHQ� QHZ� DQG� ROG� PDWHULDOV� FDQ� EH� IXUWKHU� LQYHVWLJDWHG�'HWHULRUDWLRQ�PHFKDQLVPV�DUH�QRW�FRPSOHWHO\�H[SODLQHG�DQG�FUHHS�VKULQNDJH�RI�WKH�QHZOD\HU� PXVW� EH� FRPSOHWHO\� XQGHUVWRRG�� )RU� FRQFUHWH� VWUXFWXUHV� WKHUH� LV� D� QHHG� WRLQYHVWLJDWH�WKH�XVH�RI�FDUERQ�RU�JODVV�ILEUH��&)53�*)53��EDUV�LQVWHDG�RI�VWHHO�EDUV�

����� ([WHUQDOO\�%RQGHG�5HLQIRUFHPHQW

(YHQ�LI�WKH�WHFKQLTXH�LV�IUHTXHQWO\�XVHG�DOO�DURXQG�WKH�ZRUOG�WKHUH�DUH�VWLOO�VRPH�DUHDVWKDW�KDYH�D�QHHG�IRU�UHVHDUFK��6RPH�RI�WKHP�DUH�

• 6XUIDFH�WUHDWPHQW�EHIRUH�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ��,W�KDV�EHHQ�IRXQG�WKDW�LW�LV�WLPH�FRQVXPLQJWR�PDNH�WKH�VXUIDFH�SODLQ�EHIRUH�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ��,Q�PDQ\�FDVHV�WKLV�LV�RYHU�DPELWLRXVEXW�QHFHVVDU\�VLQFH�WKHUH�DUH�QR�NQRZOHGJH�DERXW�KRZ�SODLQ�WKH�VXUIDFH�QHHG�WR�EH�7KH�PHWKRG� ZRXOG� EH� PRUH� FRVW�HIIHFWLYH� ZLWK� NQRZOHGJH� RI� D� FULWLFDO� OHYHO� RISODLQQHVV�

• '\QDPLF�ORDGV�GXULQJ�FXULQJ�RI�WKH�SRO\PHU��'XULQJ�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�LW�LV�XQZDQWHG�WRLQWHUUXSW� WKH� WUDIILF�� ,W� KDV� EHHQ� VKRZHG� 7lOMVWHQ� DQG� &DUROLQ� �������� WKDW� LW� LVSRVVLEOH�ZLWK�VRPH�WUDIILF�GXULQJ�WKH�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�ZRUN�EXW�LW�ZRXOG�EH�YHU\�XVHIXOLI� WKH� UHODWLRQ� EHWZHHQ� G\QDPLFDO� PRYHPHQWV� DQG� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ� HIIHFW� FRXOG� EHFOHDUO\�VWDWHG�

• 0LOOLQJ�UHFHVVHV�WR�LQVHW�WKH�FRPSRVLWH��,Q�VRPH�DSSOLFDWLRQV�WKHUH�FDQ�EH�D�ULVN�RIGDPDJH�RI�WKH�FRPSRVLWH��7KLV�FDQ�EH�DYRLGHG�ZLWK�WUDFNV�LQ�WKH�FRQFUHWH�WKDW�ZLOO

&KDSWHU �

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

��

SURWHFW�WKH�FRPSRVLWH�URGV�IURP�YHKLFOH�LPSDFW�IRU�LQVWDQFH��7KLV�DUHD�LV�YHU\�OLWWOHH[DPLQHG�EXW�KDV�D�JUHDW�SRWHQWLDO��7KH�WHFKQLTXH�IRU�PLOOLQJ�LV�ZHOO�GHYHORSHG�VH)LJXUH������EXW�WKH�PRGH�RI�DFWLRQ�DQG�DQFKRUDJH�OHQJWKV�RI�WKLV�DSSOLFDWLRQ�QHHGVWR�EH�LQYHVWLJDWHG�

)LJXUH���� 0LOOHG� UHFHVVHV� IRU� FRPSRVLWH� URGV�� 'LVWDQFH� EHWZHHQ� WUDFNVDSSUR[LPDWHO\���FP�

• 3UHVWUHVVLQJ�RI� WKH� FRPSRVLWH�� 6\VWHPV�ZLWK� SUHVWUHVVHG� VKHHWV� RU� ODPLQDWHV� FDQ� EHGHYHORSHG�WR�DFKLHYH�D�KLJKHU�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�HIIHFW�

• &DOFXODWLRQ�PRGHOV��7KH�FDOFXODWLRQ�PRGHOV�IRU�WKLV�WHFKQLTXH�LV�ZHOO�GHYHORSHG�IRUEHQGLQJ��EXW�LQ�VKHDU�WKHUH�DUH�VWLOO�VRPH�ZRUN�WR�GR�WR�UHILQH�WKH�WKHRULHV�

• ,QIOXHQFH� RQ� WKH� VWUHQJWKHQLQJ� HIIHFW� IURP� FOLPDWH� FRQGLWLRQV�� 7KH� VWUHQJWKHQLQJZRUN�LV�LQ�PRVW�FDVHV�GRQH�DW�D�VLWH�ZKHUH�WKH�WHPSHUDWXUH�DQG�KXPLGLW\�LV�GLIIHUHQWIURP�QRUPDO�ODERUDWRU\�HQYLURQPHQW��7RGD\�WKH�UHVWULFWLRQV�UHJDUGLQJ�ZHDWKHU�FDQEH�WR�KDUG�FDXVH�RI�LJQRUDQFH�RI�WKH�FULWLFDO�OHYHO�IRU�WKRVH�FRQGLWLRQV�

• %HKDYLRXU�LQ�FROG�FOLPDWH��,W�LV�LPSRUWDQW�WR�VWXG\�LI�WKH�VWUHQJWKHQLQJ�HIIHFW�LV�WKHVDPH� DW� ²��� �&� DV� DW� ���� �&�� 7KH� PRGH� RI� IDLOXUH� PD\� DOVR� GLIIHU� ZLWK� WKHWHPSHUDWXUH�

����� 3RVW�7HQVLRQLQJ:LWK� SRVW�WHQVLRQLQJ� JUHDW� IRUFHV� DUH� ORFDOO\� DSSOLHG� WR� WKH� VWUXFWXUH��7KH� DQFKRUDJHV\VWHP�IRU�WKHVH�IRUFHV�FDQ�EH�IXUWKHU�GHYHORSHG�WR�LPSURYH�WKH�PHWKRG��&RUURVLRQ�DQGLQFUHDVHG�FRUURVLRQ�UDWH�GXH�WR�KLJK�VWUDLQV�LV�D�SUREOHP��7KH�VHUYLFH�OLIH�IRU�WKLV�W\SH�RIVWUXFWXUHV�FDQ�EH�EHWWHU�SUHGLFWHG�ZLWK�PRUH�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI� WKH�PHFKDQLVPV�RI� WKHFRUURVLRQ�SURFHVV�

5HIHUHQFHV

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

��

� 5()(5(1&(6

$ERXGUDU� $� -RKDQVVRQ� $ ������� ´%HWRQJEDONDU I|UVWlUNWD PHG NROILEHUNRPSRVLW ² (Q XQGHUV|NQLQJ DY E|M�RFK WYlUNUDIWVNDSDFLWHWµ �&RQUHWH EHDPV VWUHQJWKHQHG ZLWK FDUERQ ILEUH FRPSRVLWH� ,Q 6ZHGLVK��/XOHn� /XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\� 0DVWHU WKHVLV �������� &,9� ��� SS�

$O�$LHVK\� ) ������� ´5HSDUDWLRQ DY EHWRQJNRQVWUXNWLRQHUµ� �5HSDLU RI FRQFUHWH VWUXFWXUHV� ,Q 6ZHGLVK��6WRFNKROP� 5R\DO ,QVWLWXWH RI 7HFKQRORJ\� 0DVWHU WKHVLV ,661 ���������� ��SS�

$QGHUVVRQ� - HW DO ������� ´6WnOE\JJQDGµ �%XLOGLQJ ZLWK VWHHO� ,Q 6ZHGLVK�� 9lVWHUYLN� $% & 2 (NEODG &R� ,6%1 �������������� ��� SS�

$OOHQ� 5 7 /� (GZDUGV� 6 &� 6KDZ� - ' 1 ������� µ7KH 5HSDLU RI &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHVµ� 6HFRQGHGLWLRQ� *ODVJRZ� &KDSPDQ +DOO� ,6%1 � ���� ���� �� ���SS

$QGR� 1 HW DO ������� µ([SHULPHQWDO VWXGLHV RQ WKH /21*�WHUP 7HQVLOH 3URSHUWLHV RI )53 7HQGRQVµ�3URFHHGLQJV RI )5$0&26�� FRQIHUHQFH RQ )UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV RI &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHV� )UHLEXUJ�$(',),&$72 *HUPDQ\� 9RO� � SS ����� ����� ,6%1 ��������������

%DODJXUX� 1� 6KDK� 6 3 ������� µ)LEHU UHLQIRUFHG FHPHQW FRPSRVLWHVµ� 1HZ <RUN� 0F*UDZ�+LOO ,QF�� ,6%1�������������� ���SS

%DQILOO� 3 ) * ������� ´5H�DONDOLVDWLRQ RI UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH SUHVHQW SUREOHPV DQG IXWXUH SRVVLELOLWLHVµ�3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQFUHWH 5HSDLU� 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWLRQ�6FRWODQG� /RQGRQ� &KDSPDQ +DOO� SS ������� ,6%1 � ��� ����� �

%HQPRNUDQH� % DQG 5DKPDQ� + ������� ´'XUDELOLW\ RI ILEUH UHLQIRUFHG SRO\PHU �)53� FRPSRVLWHV IRUFRQVWUXFWLRQµ� 0RQWUHDO� $YDQWDJH ,QF� 3URFHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH &'&&·��� ���SS�

%HQQHW� . - ������� ´%ULGJH VWUHQJWKHQLQJ E\ SRVW�WHQVLRQLQJµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH 6WUXFWXUDO IDXOWV DQGUHSDLU ���� /RQGRQ� ����� � SS� ,6%1 ��������������

%HWRQJKDQGERNHQ ������� ´$UEHWVXWI|UDQGHµ� �+DQGERRN IRU &RQFUHWH � :RUNLQJ LQVWUXFWLRQV� ,Q6ZHGLVK�� 6HFRQG HGLWLRQ� 6ROQD� $% 6YHQVN %\JJWMlQVW� ��� SS�

%HWRQJKDQGERNHQ ������� ´0DWHULDOµ� �+DQGERRN IRU &RQFUHWH � 0DWHULDO� ,Q 6ZHGLVK�� 6HFRQGHGLWLRQ� 6ROQD� $% 6YHQVN %\JJWMlQVW� ���� SS�

%UR ���� ������� µ$OOPlQ WHNQLVN EHVNULYQLQJ I|U EURDU ��%HWRQJNRQVWUXNWLRQHUµ� �*HQHUDO WHFKQLFDOGHVFULSWLRQ IRU EULGJHV� ��&RQFUHWH VWUXFWXUHV� ,Q 6ZHGLVK� %RUOlQJH� 9lJYHUNHWV WU\FNHUL� 3XEO�������� ��SS�

%UR ���� ������� µ$OOPlQ WHNQLVN EHVNULYQLQJ I|U EURDU ��6WnO�� WUl�� RFK DOXPLQLXPNRQVWUXNWLRQHUµ� �*HQHUDOWHFKQLFDO GHVFULSWLRQ IRU EULGJHV� ��6WHHO� :RRG� DQG $OXPLQLXP VWUXFWXUHV� ,Q 6ZHGLVK� %RUOlQJH�9lJYHUNHWV WU\FNHUL� 3XEO� ������� ��SS�

%UR ���� ������� µ$OOPlQ WHNQLVN EHVNULYQLQJ I|U EURDU ��%URXQGHUKnOOµ� �*HQHUDO WHFKQLFDO GHVFULSWLRQ IRUEULGJHV� ��%ULGJH 0DLQWHQDQFH� ,Q 6ZHGLVK� %RUOlQJH� 9lJYHUNHWV WU\FNHUL� 3XEO� ������� ��SS�

%URVHQV� .� *HPHUW� ' 9DQ ������� µ3ODWH (QG 6KHDU 'HVLJQ IRU ([WHUQDO &)53 /DPLQDWHVµ� 3URFHHGLQJVRI )5$0&26�� FRQIHUHQFH RQ )UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV RI &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHV� )UHLEXUJ�$(',),&$72� *HUPDQ\� 9RO� � SS ����� ����� ,6%1 ��������������

%XVHO� - ������� ´)53 &RPSRVLWHV LQ &RQVWUXFWLRQ $SSOLFDWLRQV ² D SURILOH LQ SURJUHVVµ 1HZ <RUN� 63,&RPSRVLWHV ,QVWLWXWH �� SS�

%X\XNR]WXUN� 2 HW DO ������� µ'HODPLQDWLRQ &ULWHULRQ IRU &RQFUHWH %HDPV 5HWURILWWHG :LWK )53 /DPLQDWHVµ�3URFHHGLQJV RI )5$0&26�� FRQIHUHQFH RQ )UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV RI &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHV� )UHLEXUJ�$(',),&$72� *HUPDQ\� 9RO� � SS ����� ����� ,6%1 ��������������

&KHDLWDQL� $ HW DO ������� ´&DWKRGLF SURWHFWLRQ RI FRQFUHWH EULGJHVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQFUHWH 5HSDLU� 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWLRQ� 6FRWODQG� /RQGRQ� &KDSPDQ +DOO� SS �������� ,6%1 � ��� ����� ��

'DUE\� - HW DO ������� ´3UH�6WUHVVHG $GYDQFHG &RPSRVLWH 3ODWHV IRU WKH 5HSDLU DQG 6WUHQJWKHQLQJ RI 6WUXFWXUHVµ�3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH 6WUXFWXUDO IDXOWV DQG UHSDLU ���� /RQGRQ� ����� � SS� ,6%1 ��������������

5HIHUHQFHV

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

��

'DYLV� + ������� ´(1 ����� 7KH 1HZ (XURSHDQ 6WDQGDUG )RU &RQFUHWH 5HSDLUµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH6HFRQG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ RI 6WUXFWXUHV� 0HOERXUQH� ����� SS ��������,6%1 � ��� ����� ��

'HFWHU� 0 +� )HQJ� 4 /� .HHOH\� & ������� ´)OXLG PLFURFRQFUHWH IRU FRPSDWLEOH FRQFUHWH UHSDLUV WR ODUJHDUHDVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQFUHWH 5HSDLU� 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG3URWHFWLRQ� 6FRWODQG� /RQGRQ� &KDSPDQ +DOO� SS �������� ,6%1 � ��� ����� ��

'KLU� 5 .� -RQHV� 0 5 ������� ´&RQFUHWH ,Q 7KH 6HUYLFH 2I 0DQNLQGµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQFUHWH 5HSDLU� 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWLRQ� 6FRWODQG� /RQGRQ� &KDSPDQ +DOO� ,6%1 � ��� ����� �� SS ����

'ULVWRV� 6 ( ������� ´6WUHQJWKHQLQJ RI 5& EHDPV E\ QHZ FHPHQW EDVHG OD\HUVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQFUHWH 5HSDLU� 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWLRQ� 6FRWODQG� /RQGRQ�&KDSPDQ +DOO� SS �������� ,6%1 � ��� ����� ��

'ULYHU� 5� +D\QHV� 0 ������� ´([WHUQDO SUHVWUHVVLQJ IRU 1RWWLQJKDP EULGJHµ� &RQFUHWH 9RO �� 1R � SS �����

(OIJUHQ� / HW� DO� ������� ´8SSJUDGHULQJ DY MlUQYlJVEURDU L EHWRQJ �)RUVNQLQJVEHKRYµ� ,Q 6ZHGLVK� /XOHn�/XOHn WHNQLVND XQLYHUVLWHW 6NULIW ������ �� SS�

(WHEDU� . ������� ´,QWHJULW\ RI UHSDLUHG FRQFUHWH XQGHU UHSHDWHG ORDGLQJ FRQGLWLRQVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQFUHWH 5HSDLU� 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWLRQ� 6FRWODQG� /RQGRQ�&KDSPDQ +DOO� SS �������� ,6%1 � ��� ����� ��

)DUDJR� % ������� ´5HKDELOLWDWLRQ RI VWHHO WUXVV EULGJH LQ 2QWDULRµ� 1DWR $GYDQFHG 5HVHDUFK :RUNVKRS RQ%ULGJH (YDOXDWLRQ� 5HSDLU DQG 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ� (GLWRU 1RZDN� $� %DOWLPRUH� .OXZHU $FDGHPLF3XEOLVKHUV SS �������� ,6%1 ��������������

)HOORZV� & ������� ´8QGHUQHDWK WKH DUFKHVµ� &RQFUHWH� 9RO �� 1R �� SS ������

)OHXULRW� ( GH HW DO� ������� ´5HPHGLDO PHDVXUHV UHTXLUHG WR UHSDLU FRQFUHWH EULGJHV LQ 7DLZDQ EDVHG RQDVVHVVPHQW RI VWUXFWXUDO GHIHFWVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQFUHWH 5HSDLU�5HKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWLRQ� 6FRWODQG� /RQGRQ� &KDSPDQ +DOO� SS �������� ,6%1 � �������� ��

)RUGH� 0 & ������� ´([WHQGLQJ WKH /LIH RI %ULGJHV� &LYLO � %XLOGLQJ 6WUXFWXUHVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI 6WUXFWXUDO)DXOWV � 5HSDLU ���� (GLQJEXUJK� (QJLQHHULQJ 7HFKQLFV 3UHVV� ,6%1 ��������������

)X]LHU� -�3 ������� ´5HLQIRUFHPHQW RI 1� PRWRUZD\ EULGJHV RYHU WKH /XWULYH YDOOH\ QHDU /DXVDQQH �6ZLW]HUODQGµ� 1DWR $GYDQFHG 5HVHDUFK :RUNVKRS RQ %ULGJH (YDOXDWLRQ� 5HSDLU DQG5HKDELOLWDWLRQ� (GLWRU 1RZDN� $� %DOWLPRUH� .OXZHU $FDGHPLF 3XEOLVKHUV SS ������� ,6%1 �������������

*HPHUW� ' YDQ ������� ´'HVLJQ DSSOLFDWLRQV DQG GXUDELOLW\ RI SODWH ERQGLQJ WHFKQLTXHµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQFUHWH 5HSDLU� 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWLRQ� 6FRWODQG� /RQGRQ�&KDSPDQ +DOO� SS �������� ,6%1 � ��� ����� ��

*HRSLHU ������� ´ 6HLVPRORJLVWV 'HVWUR\� 5HEXLOG 8WDK %ULGJHµ� KWWS���ZZZ�JHRSLHU�FRP�87&(1(:6�KWPO

*UDQMX� -�/ ������� µ$ERXW WKH 'HERQGLQJ RI 7KLQ &HPHQW�EDVHG 2YHUOD\Vµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI )5$0&26��FRQIHUHQFH RQ )UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV RI &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHV� )UHLEXUJ� $(',),&$72� *HUPDQ\�9RO� � SS ����� ����� ,6%1 ��������������

+RULL� +� .DEHOH� 3� 7DNHXFKL� 6 ������� µ2Q WKH 3UHGLFWLRQ 0HWKRG IRU WKH 6WUXFWXUDO 3HUIRUPDQFH RI5HSDLUHG�5HWURILWWHG 6WUXFWXUHVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI )5$0&26�� FRQIHUHQFH RQ )UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV RI&RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHV� )UHLEXUJ� $(',),&$72� *HUPDQ\� 9RO� � SS ����� ����� ,6%1 ��������������

+XOO� '� &O\QH� 7� : ������� µ$Q ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR &RPSRVLWH 0DWHULDOVµ� &DPEULGJH� &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV� ,6%1 �������������� ��� SS�

,RQHO� * ������� ´7ZR VWUHQJWKHQLQJ PHWKRGV IRU SUHVWUHVVHG GDPDJHG EHDPVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQFUHWH 5HSDLU� 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWLRQ� 6FRWODQG� /RQGRQ�&KDSPDQ +DOO� SS �������� ,6%1 � ��� ����� ��

5HIHUHQFHV

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

��

.DUEDKDUL� 9 0 ������� ´5HKDELOLWDWLRQ RI &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHV 8VLQJ )LEUH�5HLQIRUFHG &RPSRVLWHVµ�3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH 6HFRQG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ RI 6WUXFWXUHV� 0HOERXUQH������ SS �������� ,6%1 � ��� ����� ��

.DUEDKDUL� 9 0 ������� ´$GYDQFHG &RPSRVLWHV IRU &LYLO (QJLQHHULQJ $SSOLFDWLRQV LQ WKH 8QLWHG 6WDWHVµ�3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH &RQIHUHQFH RQ )LEHU &RPSRVLWHV LQ ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH� ����� (GLWHG E\6DDGDWPDQHVK� +� DQG (KVDQL� 0 5� SS ������

.DWVXPDWD� +� .LPXUD� .� .REDWDNH� < ������� µ6HLVPLF 5HWURILWWLQJ 7HFKQLTXH XVLQJ &DUERQ )LEUHV IRU5HLQIRUFHG &RQFUHWH %XLOGLQJVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI )5$0&26�� FRQIHUHQFH RQ )UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV RI&RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHV� )UHLEXUJ� $(',),&$72� *HUPDQ\� 9RO� � SS ����� ����� ,6%1 ��������������

.ODLEHU� ) :� 'XQNHU� . )� 3ODQFN� 6 0 ������� ´6WUHQJWKHQLQJ RI D WKUHH�VSDQ FRQWLQXRXV EULGJH E\ SRVW�WHQVLRQLQJµ� 1DWR $GYDQFHG 5HVHDUFK :RUNVKRS RQ %ULGJH (YDOXDWLRQ� 5HSDLU DQG 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ�(GLWRU 1RZDN� $ %DOWLPRUH� .OXZHU $FDGHPLF 3XEOLVKHUV SS �������� ,6%1 �������������

.REDWDNH� < .LPXUD� .� .DWVXPDWD� + ������� ´$ UHWURILWWLQJ PHWKRG IRU UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH VWUXFWXUHV XVLQJFDUERQ ILEHUµ� (GLWRU 1DQQL� $� $PVWHUGDP� (OVHYLHU SS ������� ,6%1 � ��� ����� �

.RQR� 6� 7VXUXGD� 6� .DNX� 7 ������� ´(YDOXDWLRQ RI %RQG %HKDYLRU DW WKH LQWHUIDFH %HWZHHQ WZR 'LIIHUHQW&RQFUHWHVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI )5$0&26�� FRQIHUHQFH RQ )UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV RI &RQFUHWH6WUXFWXUHV� )UHLEXUJ� $(',),&$72� *HUPDQ\� 9RO� � SS ����� ����� ,6%1 ��������������

.XQLHGD� 0 ������� µ6KULQNLQJ DQG &UDFNQLQJ %HKDYLRU RI 5HSDLU 0DWHULDOV IRU &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHVµ�3URFHHGLQJV RI )5$0&26�� FRQIHUHQFH RQ )UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV RI &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHV� )UHLEXUJ�$(',),&$72� *HUPDQ\� 9RO� � SS ����� ����� ,6%1 ��������������

/DQH� -� )DVKROH�/XNH� 6� 6NZDUVNL� $ ������� ´6WUHQJWKHQLQJ ZLWK FDUERQ ILEUHµ� &RQFUHWH� 9RO�� 1R��SS ��� ���

/HHPLQJ� 0 % ������� ´7KH VWUHQJWKHQLQJ RI GHWHULRUDWHG 5& DQG 3& EHDPV ZLWK ERQGHG DGYDQFHG FRPSRVLWHSODWHVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH LQWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ %ULGJH 0RGLILFDWLRQ� 3DUW �� /RQGRQ�7KRPDV 7HOIRUG SS �������� ,6%1 � ���� ���� ��

/HXQJ� & . < ������� µ'HODPLQDWLRQ )DLOXUH LQ &RQFUHWH %HDPV 5HWURILWWHG :LWK D %RQGHG 3ODWHµ�3URFHHGLQJV RI )5$0&26�� FRQIHUHQFH RQ )UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV RI &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHV� )UHLEXUJ�$(',),&$72� *HUPDQ\� 9RO� � SS ����� ����� ,6%1 ��������������

/L� 9 & ������� µ5HSDLU DQG 5HWURILW ZLWK (QJLQHHUHG &HPHQWLWLRXV &RPSRVLWHVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI)5$0&26�� FRQIHUHQFH RQ )UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV RI &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHV� )UHLEXUJ�$(',),&$72� *HUPDQ\� 9RO� � SS ����� ����� ,6%1 ��������������

/LP� < 0� /L� 9 & ������� µ&KDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI ,QWHUIDFH )UDFWXUH %HKDYLRU LQ 5HSDLUHG &RQFUHWH,QIUDVWUXFWXUHVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI )5$0&26�� FRQIHUHQFH RQ )UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV RI &RQFUHWH6WUXFWXUHV� )UHLEXUJ� $(',),&$72� *HUPDQ\� 9RO� � SS ����� ����� ,6%1 ��������������

/X� &� :X� / ������� ´$Q LQURGXFWLRQ WR 7DP�6KXL ULYHU EULGJH GHFN UHSDLU DQG VWUHQJWKHQLQJ SURMHFWµ�3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQFUHWH 5HSDLU� 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWLRQ�6FRWODQG� /RQGRQ� &KDSPDQ +DOO� SS �������� ,6%1 � ��� ����� ��

0DOOHW� * 3 ������� µ5HSDLU RI FRQFUHWH EULGJHVµ� /RQGRQ� 7KRPDV 7HOIRUG� ,6%1 � ���� ���� �� ��� SS�

0DWVXVKLPD� + HW DO ������� µ)UDFWXUH DQG )DWLJXH 6WUHQJWK RI 6ODEV 5HSDLUHG ZLWK '�5$3 0HWKRGµ�3URFHHGLQJV RI )5$0&26�� FRQIHUHQFH RQ )UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV RI &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHV� )UHLEXUJ�$(',),&$72� *HUPDQ\� 9RO� � SS ����� ����� ,6%1 ��������������

0DWWLOD� - 6� 3HQWWL� 0 - ������� ´7KH SHUIRUPDQFH RI GLIIHUHQW UHDONDOLVDWLRQ PHWKRGVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQFUHWH 5HSDLU� 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWLRQ� 6FRWODQG� /RQGRQ�&KDSPDQ +DOO� SS �������� ,6%1 � ��� ����� ��

0HLHU� 8 ������� ´5HKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG 5HWURILWWLQJ RI ([LVWLQJ 6WUXFWXUHV WKURXJK ([WHUQDO %RQGLQJ RI 7KLQ)LEUH 6KHHWVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH &HQWHQDU\ <HDU %ULGJH &RQIHUHQFH� &DUGLII $PVWHUGDP� (OVHYLHUSS �������� ,6%1 �������������

0HLHU� 8 HW DO ������� ´&)53 ERQGHG VKHHWVµ� (GLWRU 1DQQL� $�� $PVWHUGDP� (OVHYLHU� SS ��������,6%1 ��������������

5HIHUHQFHV

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

��

0LKDVKL� +� 5RNXJR� . ������� µ)UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV RI &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHV 9ROXPH ,,,µ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI)5$0&26�� FRQIHUHQFH RQ )UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV RI &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHV� )UHLEXUJ�$(',),&$72� *HUPDQ\� 9RO� �� SS ���������� ,6%1 ��������������

1DNDL� + HW DO ������� ´6WXGLHV RQ FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI EHDPV XVLQJ $UDPLG 7HQGRQVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH&HQWHQDU\ <HDU %ULGJH &RQIHUHQFH &DUGLII� $PVWHUGDP� (OVHYLHU� SS �������� ,6%1 ��������������

1DQQL� $ ������� µ)LEHU�5HLQIRUFHG�3ODVWLF �)53� UHLQIRUFHPHQW IRU FRQFUHWH VWUXFWXUHVµ� $PVWHUGDP� (OVHYLHU�,6%1 � ��� ����� �� ��� SS

1HXEDXHU� 8� 5RVWiV\� ) 6 ������� ´'HVLJQ $VSHFWV RI &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHV 6WUHQJWKHQHG ZLWK ([WHUQDOO\%RQGHG &)53�SODWHVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH �WK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 6WUXFWXUDO )DXOWV DQG5HSDLU� (GLQEXUJK� ����� 9RO��� SS ��������

1HXEDXHU� 8� 5RVWiV\� ) 6 �����E�� ´6WUHQJWKHQLQJ RI EULGJHV ZLWK ([WHUQDOO\ %RQGHG &)53�SODWHVµ�%UDXQVFKZLHJ� 7HFKQLFDO 8QLYHVLW\ %UDXQVFKZHLJ� ,QVWLWXWH IRU %XLOGLQJ 0DWHULDOV� �SS�

1LOVVRQ� , ������� ´6SULFNIUL NULQJJMXWQLQJ YLG UHSDUDWLRQ DY gODQGVEURQV SHODUHµ� ,Q 6ZHGLVK� 6WRFNKROP�6YHQVND %\JJEUDQVFKHQV 8WYHFNOLQJVIRQG �6%8)�� ����� �� SS�

1RJKDEDL� . ������� µ(IIHFW RI 7HQVLRQ 6RIWHQLQJ RQ WKH 3HUIRUPDQFH RI &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHV� ([SHULPHQWDO�$QDO\WLFDO DQG &RPSXWDWLRQDO 6WXGLHVµ� /XOHn� /XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\� 'LYLVLRQ RI 6WUXFWXUDO(QJLQHHULQJ� 'RFWRUDO WKHVLV �������� ��� SS�

1RUGLF &RQFUHWH 5HVHDUFK ������� 3URFHHGLQJV 1RUGLF &RQFUHWH 5HVHDUFK 0HHWLQJ 5H\NMDYLN� ,VODQG����� 2VOR� 1RUVN %HWRQJIRUHQLQJ� ��� SS�

2KWVX� 0 ������� µ/()0 3UHGLFWLRQ DQG 5HSDLU 6WUDWHJ\ IRU &UDFN ([WHQVLRQ 'XH WR &RUURVLRQ RI5HLQIRUFHPHQWµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI )5$0&26�� FRQIHUHQFH RQ )UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV RI &RQFUHWH6WUXFWXUHV� )UHLEXUJ� $(',),&$72� *HUPDQ\� 9RO� � SS ����� ����� ,6%1 ��������������

2NRURZVNL� % HW DO ������� ´1XPHULFDO VLPXODWLRQ RI FRQFUHWH UHSDLU PHWKRGRORJ\ EDVHG RQ ILEUH UHLQIRUFHG FRYHUVKHHWVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQFUHWH 5HSDLU� 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG3URWHFWLRQ� 6FRWODQG� /RQGRQ� &KDSPDQ +DOO� SS �������� ,6%1 � ��� ����� ��

5DLQD� 9 . ������� µ&RQFUHWH EULGJHVµ� 1HZ 'HOIL� 7DWD 0F*UDZ�+LOO� ,6%1 �������������� ��� SS�

5REVRQ� $ HW DO ������� ´7KH VWUHQJWKHQLQJ RI DQ H[WHUQDOO\ SRVW�WHQVLRQHG VWUXFWXUHµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKHLQWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ %ULGJH 0RGLILFDWLRQ� 3DUW � /RQGRQ� 7KRPDV 7HOIRUG� SS ������,6%1 � ���� ���� ��

5nGPDQ - ������� µ'HYHORSPHQW RI &RQFUHWH &RPSUHVVLYH 6WUHQJWKµ� /XOHn� /XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI7HFKQRORJ\� 'LYLVLRQ RI 6WUXFWXUDO (QJLQHHULQJ� 0DVWHU·V WKHVLV �������� &,9�

6DVVH� + 5 ������� ´7KH 1HZ 6HULHV RI (XURSHDQ 6WDQGDUGV RQ 3URWHFWLRQ DQG 5HSDLU RI &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHVµ�3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH 6HFRQG ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ RI 6WUXFWXUHV� 0HOERXUQH������ SS �������� ,6%1 � ��� ����� ��

6KHKDWD� , HW DO ������� ´6WUXFWXUDO UHSDLU RI 5& EHDPV LQ VKHDUµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQFUHWH 5HSDLU� 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWLRQ� 6FRWODQG� /RQGRQ� &KDSPDQ +DOO SS �������� ,6%1 � ��� ����� ��

6ODWHU� ' ������� ´0�� )ULDUWRQ %ULGJH ,PSURYHPHQWµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ%ULGJH 0RGLILFDWLRQ� 3DUW �� /RQGRQ� 7KRPDV 7HOIRUG SS �������� ,6%1 � ���� ���� ��

7ULDQWDILOORX� 7 & ������� µ)UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV $SSURDFKHV WR &RQFUHWH 6WUHQJWKHQLQJ XVLQJ )53 0DWHULDOVµ�3URFHHGLQJV RI )5$0&26�� FRQIHUHQFH RQ )UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV RI &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHV� )UHLEXUJ�$(',),&$72� *HUPDQ\� 9RO� � SS ����� ����� ,6%1 ��������������

7lOMVWHQ� %� &DUROLQ� $ ������ µ%ULGJH 6WUHQJWKHQLQJ ZLWK &)53 ² 5DLOURDG %ULGJH LQ /XOHnµ� /XOHn� /XOHn8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\� 'LYLVLRQ RI 6WUXFWXUDO (QJLQHHULQJ� 7HFKQLFDO 5HSRUW �������� ��SS�

7lOMVWHQ� % ������� µ3ODWH %RQGLQJµ� /XOHn� /XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\� 'LYLVLRQ RI 6WUXFWXUDO(QJLQHHULQJ� 'RFWRUDO WKHVLV �������� '� ��� SS�

7lOMVWHQ� % ������� ´6WUHQJWKHQLQJ RI H[LVWLQJ FRQFUHWH VWUXFWXUHV E\ HSR[\ ERQGHG VWHHO SODWHV RI VWHHO RU ILEUHUHLQIRUFHG SODVWLFVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQFUHWH 5HSDLU� 5HKDELOLWDWLRQDQG 3URWHFWLRQ� 6FRWODQG� /RQGRQ� &KDSPDQ +DOO� SS �������� ,6%1 � ��� ����� ��

5HIHUHQFHV

/XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\

��

7lOMVWHQ� % ������� µ )|UVWlUNQLQJ DY EHWRQJNRQVWUXNWLRQHU PHG VWnOSOnW RFK DYDQFHUDGH NRPSRVLWPDWHULDO XWVDWWDI|U YULGQLQJµ �6WUHQJWKHQLQJ RI FRQFUHWH VWUXFWXUHV VWHHO SODWHV DQG DGYDQFHG FRPSRVLWH PDWHULDOVVXEMHFWHG WR WRUVLRQ� ,Q 6ZHGLVK�� /XOHn� /XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\� 5HVHDUFK UHSRUW ���������� SS

7lOMVWHQ� % ������� µ )|UVWlUNQLQJ DY EHILQWOLJD EHWRQJNRQVWUXNWLRQHU PHG NROILEHUYlY HOOHU NROILEHUODPLQDW µ�6WUHQJWKHQLQJ RI H[LVWLQJ FRQFUHWH VWUXFWXUHV ZLWK FDUERQ ILEUH VKHHWV RU ODPLQDWHV� ,Q 6ZHGLVK��/XOHn� /XOHn 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 7HFKQRORJ\� 7HFKQLFDO UHSRUW �������� ��� SS

:LWWPDQ� ) + ������� µ$SSOLFDWLRQ RI )UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV WR 2SWLPL]H 5HSDLU 6\VWHPV DQG 3URWHFWLYH &RDWLQJVIRU 5HLQIRUFHG &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI )5$0&26�� FRQIHUHQFH RQ )UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFVRI &RQFUHWH 6WUXFWXUHV� )UHLEXUJ� $(',),&$72� *HUPDQ\� 9RO� � SS ����� ����� ,6%1 ��������������

:LEHUJ� $ ������� ´6WUHQJWKHQLQJ RI 6WUXFWXUDO &RQUHWH ZLWK $GYDQFHG &HPHQWLWLRXV )LEUH &RPSRVLWHVµ�6WRFNKROP� 5R\DO ,QVWLWXWH RI 7HFKQRORJ\� 7HFKQLFDO 5HSRUW XQGHU SULQWLQJ�

9lJYHUNHW ������� ´+DQGERN I|U EURLQVSHNWLRQµ �%ULGJH LQVSHFWLRQ PDQXDO� ,Q 6ZHGLVK� $OVR DYDLODEOH LQ(QJOLVK� �������.�� %RUOlQJH� 6YHQVN %\JJWMlQVW� 99 �������� ��� SS�

;DQWKDNRV� 3 ������� µ%ULGJH VXEVWUXFWXUH DQG IRXQGDWLRQ GHVLJQµ� 1HZ -HUVH\� 3UHQWLFH +DOO� ,6%1 �������������� ��� SS�

=HPDMWLV� -� :H\HUV� 5 ( ������� ´&RQFUHWH EULGJH VHUYLFH OLIH H[WHQVLRQ XVLQJ VHDOHUV DQG FRDWLQJV LQ FKORULGH�ODGHQ HQYLURQPHQWVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQFUHWH 5HSDLU�5HKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG 3URWHFWLRQ� 6FRWODQG� /RQGRQ� &KDSPDQ +DOO� SS �������� ,6%1 � �������� ��

g]WXUDQ� 7� &HFHQ� & ������� ´0HFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV DQG GXUDELOLW\ RI PRGLILHG SRUWODQG FHPHQW UHSDLUPRUWDUVµ� 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ &RQFUHWH 5HSDLU� 5HKDELOLWDWLRQ DQG3URWHFWLRQ� 6FRWODQG� /RQGRQ� &KDSPDQ +DOO� SS �������� ,6%1 � ��� ����� ��