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AICRP on Small Millets

Project Coordinating UnitICAR-AICRP on Small MilletsGKVK, Bengaluru - 560 065

2017

Improved Production Technology for

Foxtail millet

PrabhakarPrabhu C. Ganiger

Boraiah BSujata BhatNandini C

KiranTippeswamy V

Manjunath H. A.

All rights reserved - No part of this publication may be

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,

in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,

photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior

written permission of the publisher.

Published by

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©

Improved Production Technology for Foxtail millet

Project Coordinating Unit

ICAR-AICRP on Small Millets

GKVK., Bengaluru - 560 065

2017

Prabhakar, Prabhu C. Ganiger, Boraiah B., Sujata Bhat, Nandini C.,

Kiran, Tippeswamy V., Manjunath H. A.

Technical Bulletin - 3/2017-18

Foxtail millet is known as Italian millet, Kangu, Kangani,

Koni and Kaon in different parts of India. It is one of the oldest

crops cultivated for food, grain, hay and pasture. It is an

important grain crop in temperate, subtropical, tropical Asia

and in parts of Southern Europe. Foxtail millet is well

recognized as a short duration and drought tolerant crop. In

India it is cultivated over an area of 0.87 lakh ha with total

production of about 0.66 lakh tones and with productivity of

762 kg/ha during 2015-16.

Foxtail millet is a rich source of protein, iron and Beta-

carotene, which is a precursor of Vitamin A. It has low glycemic

index, used for preparation of low glycemic index biscuits and

burfi, a sweet product and it is an ideal food for people

suffering from diabetes.

Low productivity in farmers’ field in foxtail millet can be

increased by adopting improved production technologies.

The information contained in this technical bulletin would help

to create the much needed awareness among farmers and

extension personnel on the latest released varieties, crop

growing conditions, and plant protection technologies. I am

confident that the information given in this bulletin will assist

the farmers and extension workers in their efforts to increase

foxtail millet production. I appreciate the efforts put in by the

scientists in bringing out this bulletin in an impressive manner.

Foreword

Date: 8-12-2017Place: Bengaluru

Project Co-ordinatorAICRP on Small Millets

(PRABHAKAR)

Contents

Plant protection Insect pests

Diseases

9

11

Sl.No.

ChaptersPage No.

Introduction

Crop growing conditions

Climate and soil

Season

1

1

2

Spacing and seed rate

Manures and fertilizers

Water management

Weed control

Cropping system

Popular varieties

Production technologies

2

2

3

7

7

7

Climate and soil

Foxtail can be grown in tropics as well as temperate regions both under low and moderate rainfall. The crop can be grown even at an altitude of 2000 m and 50-75 cm annual rainfall. Foxtail grows well on well-drained loamy soils. They will not tolerate water-logged soils or extreme drought.

Introduction

Foxtail is also known as Italian millet, and German millet. It is generally grown as a rainfed crop in India. It has an erect leafy stem

that grow 60-75 cm tall and bend quite a bit at maturity due to heavy weight of earhead. Foxtail grain contains 10% to 12% Protein, 4.7% fat, 60.6% carbohydrates, 2.29% to 2.7% Lysine and 0.59 (mg) Thiamin. In India it is cultivated over an area of 0.87 lakh ha with total production of about 0.66 lakh tones and with productivity of 762 kg/ha during 2015-16.

Common name

Vernacular Names

Family

Kakun

Gramineae

Foxtail millet (English), Kangni (Hindi), Navane (Kannada), Thinai (Tamil), Kang (Gujarati) and Rala (Marathi).

:::

:

1

Season• August – September in Tamil Nadu. • July-August in Karnataka.• First fortnight of July in Andhra Pradesh.• Second and third week of July in Maharashtra.• In Tamil Nadu, Kharif irrigated crop is planted from

the beginning of June to end of July and summer irrigated crop in January

• Plains of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, middle of June.

Spacing• 25-30 cm between rows and 8-10 cm between plants

within a row

Seed rate-1• 8-10 kg ha for line sowing

-1• 15 kg ha for broadcasting

Table: 1 The list of latest and popular varieties recommended for different

states are given below

1 Andhra Pradesh SiA 3088, SiA 3156, SiA 3085, Lepakshi, SiA 326, Narasimharaya, Krishnadevaraya, PS-4

Sl.No.

State Varieties

2 Karnataka SiA 326, HMT 100-1 and PS 4,Narasimharaya, SiA 3088, SiA 3156, SiA 3085, DHFt-109-3, PS-4

3

4

Tamil Nadu

Rajasthan

TNAU 43, TNAU-186, TNAU 196, CO 1, CO 2, CO 4,CO 5, K2, K3, SiA 3088, SiA 3156, SiA 3085, PS-4

Prathap Kangani (SR 1) and SR 51, SR 11, SR 16, SiA 3085, SiA-3088, SiA-3156, PS-4

PRK 1 and PS 4, SiA 3088, 3085, Sreelaxmi, Narasimharaya, S-114, SiA 326, PS-4

5 Uttar Pradesh

6 Uttarakhand PS 4 and PRK 1, Sreelaxmi, SiA 326, SiA 3088, SiA 3156, SiA 3085, PS-4

RAU-1, SiA 3088, SiA 3156, SiA 3085, PS-47 Bihar

Varieties

2

A number of varieties with high yield potential have been released for different states.

Fertilizer required for different states is as follows

State

Andhra Pradesh

Jharkhand

Karnataka

Maharashtra

Tamilnadu

Other regions

-1Fertilizer recommended NPK kg ha

40:30:0

40:20:0

30:15:0

20:20:0

40:20:0

20:20:0

Apply entire quantity of phosphorus and half of nitrogen at sowing and

remaining half of nitrogen at 30 days after sowing.

Table 2 :

3

Manures and fertilizers

Apply 5 tones of farm yard manure per hectare 2-3 weeks prior to

sowing.

Foxtail millet inflorescence and its parts(A) Foxtail inflorescence; (B) Spikelet's cluster; (C) Subtended spikelet;

(D) Opened spikelet; (E) Outer glume; (F) Grain enclosed in lemma and palea

(G) Grain

Floral Structure

Flowering spikelet with bristles

Upper part of plant

Fruiting spikeletSheath mouth with ligule

Pollen

RA

U (

Raj

end

ra K

aun

i 1-

2)H

MT

100

-1S

iA 3

085

SiA

315

6S

ury

anan

di

(SiA

308

8)

Co

6 ×

IS

e 24

7R

S 11

8 ×

P

S 3

Sele

ctio

n f

rom

loca

l ge

rmp

lasm

of

Lau

kari

a R

axau

l, E

ast

Ch

amp

aran

Pur

e lin

e fr

om

SiA

264

4P

ure

line

fro

m28

71P

ure

line

fro

mSi

A 1

244

Co

7 (

TN

AU

196

)

85-9

0

Hig

h pr

otei

n (1

3.62

to 1

4.0%

) and

fo

dder

yie

ld

(3.7

to 4

.0 t/

ha)

90-9

5

20-2

5

Hig

h t

iller

ing,

suit

able

fo

r ea

rly

and

late

so

win

g.

80-8

3

23-2

5

Res

ista

nce

agai

nst l

eaf

blas

t, ru

st, s

mut

, bro

wn

spot

, dow

ney

mild

ew a

nd le

af b

light

. Hig

h iro

n co

nten

t of

15.4

5 (m

g/10

0g)

and

Zin

c (5

.02m

g/10

0g).

80-8

5

20-3

0

Res

ista

nt t

o bl

ast

and

dow

ney

mild

ew.

85-9

0

20-2

5

Hig

hly

resp

onsi

ve

to n

itrog

enou

s fe

rtili

zers

70-7

5

20-2

5

No

n-l

odg

ing,

ear

ly

dura

tio

n, s

uita

ble

fo

r do

uble

cro

pp

ing.

18-1

9

Tam

il N

adu

Kar

nat

aka

Irri

gate

d an

d ra

infe

d up

land

of

Bih

arA

ll fo

xtai

l mill

et

grow

ing

area

s of

the

cou

ntry

And

hra

Pra

desh

, B

ihar

, Guj

arat

, K

arna

taka

, M

adhy

a P

rade

sh,

Tam

il N

adu

and

Utt

arak

hand

All

foxt

ail m

illet

gr

owin

g ar

eas

of

the

coun

try

Ped

igre

e

Are

a of

ad

apta

tion

Mat

urit

y(d

ays)

Ave

rage

yi

eld

(q/h

a)

Spec

ial

char

acte

rs

Var

iety

Tab

le 3

: P

op

ula

r va

rieti

es

an

d t

heir

sp

eci

al fe

atu

res

4

5

SiA

261

6 (0

.2%

EM

S in

duce

d m

utan

t)

80-8

5

18-2

0

Wid

er a

dap

tab

ility

All

foxt

ail m

illet

gr

owin

g ar

eas

of t

he c

ount

ry

PS

-4

Co-

5 x

GPU

S-30

86-8

8

25-2

9

Var

iety

sui

tabl

e fo

r co

ntin

genc

y pl

antin

g.

Agr

o-cl

imat

ic

Zon

e-3

and

8 of

K

arna

taka

sta

te.

DH

Ft-

109-

3

Co

-5 x

Si

A 3

26

80-8

5

18-2

0

To

lera

nt

to d

roug

ht,

p

rofu

se t

iller

ing

And

hra

Pra

desh

, T

amil

Nad

u, K

arna

taka

TN

AU

186

Pur

e lin

e se

lect

ion

70-7

5

Non

lodg

ing,

ric

h in

pr

otei

n (1

3.21

-13.

30%

), ea

rly

dura

tion

18-2

2

All

foxt

ail m

illet

gro

win

g ar

eas

of th

e co

untr

y

SiA

326

(Pra

sad

)

Pur

e lin

e se

lect

ion

80-8

5

23-2

5

Resis

tant

to

dow

ny m

ildew

an

d ru

st,

tole

rant

to

moi

stur

e st

ress

All

foxt

ail

mill

et g

row

ing

area

s o

f th

e co

untr

y

SiA

264

4 (S

rila

ksh

mi)

Mut

ant

of

543/

SiA

261

6

80-8

5

18-2

0

Lon

g pa

nicl

es

and

prof

use

tille

ring

All

foxt

ail m

illet

gr

owin

g ar

eas

of t

he c

ount

ry

PS

4

(Pan

t S

etar

ia 4

)

Are

a of

ad

apta

tion

Mat

urit

y(d

ays)

Ave

rage

yi

eld

(q/h

a)

Spec

ial

char

acte

rs

Var

iety

Ped

igre

e

Tab

le 3

: P

op

ula

r va

rieti

es

an

d t

heir

sp

eci

al fe

atu

res

(co

nti

nu

ed

)

SiA 326 (Prasad) SiA 3085

Suryanandi (SiA 3088) SiA 3156

SiA 2644 (Srilakshmi) PS 4 (Pant Setaria 4)

6

Water managementFoxtail millet sown during Kharif season does not require any

irrigation. However, if dry spell prevails for longer period, then first irrigation at 25-30 DAS and second irrigation at 40-45 DAS must be given to boost the yields.

Weed controlImportant weeds: Among grassy weeds, Echinochloa colonum, Enhinochloa crusgulli (sawan), Dactyloctenium aegypticum (makra), Elusine indica (kodo), Setaria glauca (banra), Cynodon dactylon (doob), Phragmites karka (narkul), Cyperus rotundus (motha), Sorghum halepanse (banchari) are common. The broad-leaved weeds are Celosia argentia (chilimil), Commelina benghalensis (kankoua), Phylanthus niruri (hulhul), Solanum nigrum (makoi) and Amaranthus viridis (chaulai).

Weed ControlTwo to three weedings with hand hoe are sufficient to keep the weeds in control. Post-emergence application of 2, 4-D sodium salt (80%) @ 1.0 kg a.i./ha at 20-25 DAS. Isoproturon @ 1.0 kg a.i. /ha as pre-emergence spray is also effective in weeds control.

•

•

• Two inter cultivations and one hand weeding in line sowing • Two hand weeding in broadcasted crop

Cropping systems

• Andhra Pradesh: Foxtail millet+ ground nut (2:1 ratio)

• Foxtail millet + cotton (5:1 ratio) - Rayal seema regions.

• Foxtail millet + pigeon pea in 5:1 row ratio.

Inter cropping

7

Sequence croppingFoxtail millet-mustard, foxtail millet-green gram, foxtail

millet-pigeon pea and foxtail millet-sunflower are profitable than one crop of foxtail millet.

Harvesting TimeThe crop matures in 80-100 days. The crop is harvested when

the earheads are dry, either by cutting the whole plant by sickle or the ears separately. The crop is usually harvested during Kharif season from September to October and Rabi season from January to February.

Yield Grain-15-18 qtl/ha and Straw-20-40 qtl/ha.

Relay cropping Andhra Pradesh: If monsoon is early, sow foxtail millet

at 45 cm row spacing and introduce Rabi jowar as relay crop when foxtail millet is nearing maturity.

8

HMT 100-1 Narasimharaya

Co

mm

on

nam

e &

Sci

enti

fic

nam

e

Sho

ot

fly

(Ath

erig

ona

spp.

) T

he

dam

age

of

this

pes

t is

ob

serv

ed f

rom

sow

ing

to s

ix w

eeks

of

old

cro

p. A

s re

sult

of

it’s

fee

din

g th

e ce

ntr

al s

ho

ot

star

ts d

ryin

g an

d sh

ows

the

typ

ical

sy

mp

tom

s o

f de

ad

hea

rt

in

the

earl

y st

age

and

pro

fuse

till

erin

g in

th

e la

ter

stag

e, w

hic

h a

re a

lso

affe

cted

. D

amag

ed t

iller

s m

ay p

rodu

ce e

ar h

eads

, b

ut w

ith

no

gra

ins

(wh

ite

ears

). M

axim

um in

cide

nce

o

ccur

s du

rin

g la

te Ju

ly o

r ear

ly A

ugus

t.

•E

arly

so

win

g o

f cr

op

i.e.

sec

on

d fo

rtn

igh

t o

f Ju

ly o

r w

ith

th

e o

nse

t o

f m

on

soo

n.

•A

do

pt

hig

her

see

d r

ate

(1.5

tim

es t

he

reco

mm

ende

d se

ed r

ate)

to

mak

e up

fo

r se

edlin

g m

ort

alit

y•

Mo

nit

ore

d by

fis

hm

eal t

rap

•So

il ap

plic

atio

n o

f p

ho

rate

8-1

0 kg

/acr

e in

fur

row

is

effe

ctiv

e in

ch

ecki

ng

sho

ot

fly

infe

stat

ion

.•

Car

bo

furo

n 3

G (

1.5

kg a

.i/h

a) a

s so

il ap

plic

atio

n w

as

mo

st e

ffec

tive

in r

educ

ing

sho

ot

fly

inci

den

ce.

•Sp

rayi

ng

of

quin

olp

ho

s (2

ml/

lit)

effe

ctiv

ely

redu

ced

sho

ot

fly

infe

stat

ion

.Man

agem

ent

Nat

ure

of

Dam

age

Tab

le 5

: In

sect

Pest

s o

f fo

xtail

mill

et

9

Insect Pests and diseases of foxtail millet

Shoot fly adult Dead heart plant

Fish meal trap Green ear of setaria Rust

10

Typ

ical

sp

indl

e sh

aped

sp

ots

on

leaf

la

min

a. U

nde

r h

igh

ly c

on

gen

ial

con

diti

on

s su

ch s

po

ts e

nla

rge,

co

ales

ce a

nd

leaf

bla

des

esp

ecia

lly

fro

m t

he

tip

tow

ards

bas

e gi

ve a

b

last

ed a

pp

eara

nce

. Cau

ses

bla

st o

f fo

xtai

l mill

et w

ith

on

ly f

olia

ge

sym

pto

ms.

Sym

pto

ms

Spra

ys o

f Sa

af (

0.2%

) o

r ca

rben

dazi

m 0

.05%

or

tric

ycla

zole

0.

05%

wit

h f

irst

sp

ray

at 5

0 p

er c

ent

flow

erin

g fo

llow

ed b

y th

e se

con

d sp

ray

afte

r 10

day

s

Man

agem

ent

Fir

st r

epo

rted

fro

m J

apan

, wh

erea

s in

In

dia

1919

rep

ort

ed fr

om

Mad

ras

pro

vin

ce.

Occ

urr

ence

/D

istr

ibu

tio

n

Com

mon

nam

e &

Sci

enti

fic

nam

e

Bla

st,

Pyr

icula

ria

seta

riae

Num

ero

us m

inut

e b

row

n u

redo

sori

ap

pea

r o

n b

oth

sid

es o

f th

e le

af. R

ust

pus

tule

s ar

e o

blo

ng,

bro

wn

, oft

en

form

ed in

lin

ear

row

s. T

hey

are

als

o

pro

duce

d o

n t

he

leaf

sh

eath

s, c

ulm

s an

d st

ems.

If

the

infe

ctio

n is

sev

ere

pre

mat

ure

dryi

ng

of

leav

es a

nd

po

or

grai

n s

et a

re o

bse

rved

.

On

Set

aria

, rus

t is

pre

vale

nt

in t

he

stat

es o

f M

ahar

ash

tra,

U

ttar

P

rad

esh

, M

adh

ya

Pra

desh

, T

amil

Nad

u, K

arn

atak

a, A

ndh

ra

Pra

desh

an

d B

ihar

. D

urin

g ce

rtai

n y

ears

, it

b

eco

mes

ep

iphy

toti

c an

d ca

uses

ext

ensi

ve

redu

ctio

n in

gra

in y

ield

. In

194

4, it

ap

pea

red

in a

ver

y se

vere

fo

rm in

An

dhra

Pra

desh

an

d K

arn

atak

a st

ates

.

Rus

t,

Uro

myc

es

erag

rost

idis

Tab

le 6

: D

isease

s o

f fo

xtail

mill

et

11

Small millet growing areas in different states of the country