Eco-Region:A major Eco system defined by distinctive geography & receiving uniform solar radiation & moisture.

Endemic Species:Endemic species are plants and animals that exist only in one geographic location.

Species can be endemic to a small or large areas of the earth. Some are endemic to a particular continent some to the part of continent, and others to a single island.

Endemic species of Pakistan are:

Indus River Dolphin. Long Tail Hamster. Wolly Flying squirrel. Pakistan Sand Cat. Yellow Desert Bat. Murree Vole

Feral Animal:An Animal that lives in wild but descended from domesticated individuals. As with an introduced species, the introduction of feral animals or plants to non-native regions may disrupt eco-systems and has in some cases contributed to the extinction of indigenous species.

Such as Cats, Donkeys, Sheep & Cattle.

Zoonotic Diseases:The diseases that are transmitted from vertebrate animals to humans are known as Zoonotic Diseases.

Such as Ebola Virus, Viral Rabies & Influenza.

1,415 pathogens are known to infect humans, 61% are zoonotic.

Inexhaustible Renewable Resources:They resources that can be renewed & can get back are known as Renewable resources.

Water, Solar, Tidal, Wind, Geothermal & Hydroelectric are forms of Renewable resources.

Such as water is renewable resource because of the natural Water Cycle where it goes into the atmosphere through evaporation & comes back in the form of Rain through condensation.

Game Reserves:Game reserves are the large areas of land where wild animals live safely or are hunted in a controlled way for sport.

Many game reserves are in Africa.

Most are open to the public and tourists commonly take sight-seeing Safaris.

In a game reserve, Ecosystems are protected and conservation is usually key.

Sustainable Biological System:Sustainability is the capacity to endure.

In ecology sustainability is the ability of an ecosystem to remain diverse & productive indefinitely.

Environmental Restoration:A process in which a damaged structure is renewed. The ecosystems that are damaged or disrupted by the Human Activities or due to natural disasters, are being restored by the ecologists to conserve Nature.

Lal Suhanra National Park:This National park is located in 35Km east to Bahawalpur (Punjab) on the land having desert canals on both sides.

It was founded in 1972.

It is the oldest national park in Pakistan that was present before independence of Pakistan (1947). It is the only biosphere reserve in Pakistan.

400 animals are kept in this Park mostly Blackbucks.

The animal species include:

Wild Cats Rabbits. Houbara Bustards. Deer. Barn Owl. Russell’s viper. Saw Scaled Viper. Indian Cobra. Wolf Snake. Monitor Lizard.

Blackbucks.

Its main purpose was to protect the wildlife of Cholistan Desret.

Central Karakorum National Park:This national park is located in Gilgit Baltistan.

It is the biggest national park of Pakistan.

Its area is 10,557Km.

It ranges from 2000m to the K2(the world’s second highest peak) 8611m.

This national park was established in 1993.

IUCN put forward management on conservation in 1994 but it did not worked then again in 2015 management conservations steps are taken.

3 species of Lizards & no amphibians are present in this park.

The climbing point is Trango Tower (a group of some rocks in the park) for climbers.

Animals that are present include:

Red wolf. Lynx. Ibex. Marco Polo Sheep. Markhor. Grey Wolf. Snow Leopard. Himalayan Monals. Black Bear. Robin Accentor.

National Parks Of Pakistan:29 National Parks are present in Pakistan.

Ayub. (smallest) Ayubia. Hingol. Deosai. Khunjerab. Kirthar. Central Karakorum. (biggest) Lal Suhanra Park. (oldest) Chitral Gol.

Kala Chitta. K2. Toli Pir. Sheikh Buddin.

IUCN categories:Category Ia: Strict Nature reserve.

Category Ib: Wilderness area.

Category III: Natural Monument or feature.

Category IV: Habitat or species management area.

Category V: Protected Landscape or seascape.

Category VI: Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources.

Urial: (Ovis Orientalis Vignei)

It is also known as Shapo or arkars.

It is found in Asia, Iran, Kazakhstan & in Pakistan (Balochistan).

Its appearance is reddish brown long fur that fades during winter.

Males are characterized by large horns & black ruff stretching from neck to chest.

Afghani Urial (Musakhel district), Punjab Urial are its subspecies.

The Mating season starts in September. Males live separate other than the season. Rams select four to five ewes & lambs are produced after the gestation of four to five months.

Zoo Rules:Keep to the public pathways.

Respect safety fences.

Smoking is restricted & is only allowed in designated areas.

Don’t through coins in fish tanks water pools & ponds.

Don’t knock the glass windows.

Don’t through things to animals to get their attention it frightens them.

Don’t feed animals.

Keep Noise levels respectable.

Act Safely.

Take your time to enjoy everything.

Pets of any kind are not allowed.

Ex-Situ Conservation:It is the type of conservation in which wildlife is conserved outside their natural habitats under the human care or provision.

Like in Zoos or zoological gardens, seed banks, gene bank, DNA bank, Nurseries, Aquaria, Botanical gardens etc.

In all over the world 800 zoos are present conserving 3000 species.

In-Situ Conservation:In this type of conservation endangered species are conserved in their natural habitats.

Such as National Parks, Game Reserves, Wild life Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves, Sacred Forests & Lakes.