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  • 8/13/2019 important definitions for Business Students.docx

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    SSoommeeiimmppoorrttaanntt ddeeffiinniitt iioonnssffoorr BBuuss iinneessss SSttuuddeennttss

    WWhhaatt ii ss tthhee ddeeffiinn ii tt iioonnooffbbuuss iinneessss?? Aneconomic system in whichgoods and services are exchanged for one another ormoney,on the basis of their perceivedworth.Every business requires someform of

    investment and a sufficient number ofcustomers to whom itsoutput can be sold atprofit

    on aconsistentbasis.

    WWhhaatt ii ss mmeeaanntt bbyy tthheetteerrmmooffMMaannaaggeemmeenntt?? Definitions (2)

    1.The organization andcoordination of theactivities of an enterprise in accordance with

    certainpolicies and in achievement of definedobjectives.

    Management is often included as afactor ofproduction along withmachines,materials,andmoney.According to the management guruPeter Drucker (1909-2005), the basic

    task of a management is twofold:marketing andinnovation.Practice of modern

    management owes its origin to the 16th century enquiry into low-efficiency andfailuresof certainenterprises,conducted by the English statesmanSir Thomas More (1478-

    1535). As adiscipline,management consists of the interlockingfunctions of formulatingcorporate policy andorganizing,planning,controlling,anddirecting anorganization's

    resources toachieve the policy's objectives.

    2.Thedirectors andmanagers who have thepower andresponsibility to makedecisions to

    manage an enterprise.The size of management canrange from oneperson in a small organization to hundreds

    or thousands of managers in multinationalcompanies.In large organizations theboard of

    directors formulates the policy which is then implemented by thechief executive officer.

    Somebusiness analysts and financiers accord the highest importance to thequality and

    experience of the managers in evaluating an organizationscurrent and futureworth.

    http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/economic-system.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/goods-and-services.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/money.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/worth.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/form.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/investment.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/customer.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/output.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/profit.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/consistent.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/coordination.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/activity.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/policy.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/objective.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/factor.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/production.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/machine.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/material.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/money.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Peter-Drucker.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/task.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/marketing.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/innovation.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/practice.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/failure.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/enterprise.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Sir-Thomas-More.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/discipline.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/function.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/corporate-policy.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organizing.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/planning.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/controlling.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/directing.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organization.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/resource.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/achieve.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/director.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/manager.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/power.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/responsibility.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/decision.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/manage.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/range.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/person.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/company.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/board-of-directors.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/board-of-directors.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/chief-executive-officer-CEO.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/business-analyst.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/quality.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/experience.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/current.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/worth.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/worth.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/current.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/experience.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/quality.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/business-analyst.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/chief-executive-officer-CEO.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/board-of-directors.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/board-of-directors.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/company.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/person.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/range.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/manage.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/decision.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/responsibility.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/power.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/manager.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/director.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/achieve.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/resource.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organization.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/directing.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/controlling.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/planning.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organizing.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/corporate-policy.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/function.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/discipline.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Sir-Thomas-More.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/enterprise.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/failure.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/practice.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/innovation.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/marketing.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/task.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Peter-Drucker.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/money.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/material.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/machine.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/production.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/factor.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/objective.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/policy.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/activity.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/coordination.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/consistent.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/profit.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/output.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/customer.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/investment.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/form.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/worth.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/money.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/goods-and-services.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/economic-system.html
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    WWhhaatt ii ss ffiinnaannccee?? Definitions (2)

    1. A branch ofeconomics concerned withresource allocation as well asresourcemanagement,acquisition andinvestment.Simply,financedeals with mattersrelated to

    money and themarkets.

    2. Toraisemoney through the issuance andsale ofdebt and/orequity.

    WWhhaatt ii ss AAccccoouunntt iinngg?? Thesystematicrecording,reporting, andanalysis offinancialtransactions of abusiness.

    Theperson incharge of accounting is known as anaccountant,and this individual is

    typically required to follow a set ofrules and regulations,such as theGenerally AcceptedAccounting Principles.Accounting allows acompany to analyze thefinancial

    performance of the business, and look atstatistics such asnet profit.

    WWhhaatt ii ss MMaarrkkeett iinngg?? Themanagementprocess through whichgoods and services move fromconcept to the

    customer. As apractice,it consists incoordination of fourelements called 4P's: (1)

    identification,selection,anddevelopment of aproduct,(2) determination of itsprice,(3)

    selection of adistribution channel to reach thecustomer'splace, and (4) development and

    implementation of apromotional strategy.

    As a philosophy,marketing is based on thinking about thebusiness interms ofcustomerneeds and theirsatisfaction.Marketing differs fromsellingbecause (in thewords ofHarvard Business School's emeritus professor of marketing Theodore C. Levitt) "Selling

    concerns itself with the tricks andtechniques of getting people toexchange theircash foryour product. It is not concerned with thevalues that the exchange is all about. And it

    does not, as marketing invariably does, view the entirebusiness process as consisting of a

    tightly integrated effort to discover,create,arouse, and satisfy customer needs."

    WWhhaatt ii ss HHuummaann RReessoouurrccee MMaannaaggeemmeenntt ((HHRRMM))??

    Theadministrativediscipline of hiring anddevelopingemployees so that they becomemore valuable to theorganization.

    HumanResource management includes (1) conductingjob analyses, (2)planningpersonnelneeds,andrecruitment,(3) selecting therightpeople for the job, (4) orienting

    andtraining,(5) determining andmanagingwages andsalaries,(6)providingbenefits

    andincentives,(7)appraisingperformance,(8) resolvingdisputes,(9) communicatingwith all employees at all levels. Formerly calledpersonnel management.

    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ition/performance.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/appraiser.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/incentive.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/benefit.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/provider.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/salary.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/wages.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/manager.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/training.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/right.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/recruitment.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/need.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/personnel.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/planning.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/job.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/resource-management.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organization.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/employee.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/developer.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/discipline.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/administrative.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/create.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/business-process.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/values.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/cash.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/exchange.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/technique.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/concern.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Harvard-Business-School.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/word.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/selling.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/satisfaction.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/customer-needs.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/customer-needs.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/term.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/business.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/marketer.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/promotional-strategy.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/customer.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/distribution-channel.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/labor-rate-price-variance.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/product.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/development.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/selection.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/element.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/coordination.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/practice.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/concept.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/goods-and-services.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/process.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/management.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/3259/net_profit.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/15944/statistic.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/16429/financial_performance.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/16429/financial_performance.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/992/company.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/2163/Generally_Accepted_Accounting_Principles.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/2163/Generally_Accepted_Accounting_Principles.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/13819/rules_and_regulations.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/43/accountant.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/5454/charge.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/14646/person.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/623/business.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/5046/transaction.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/5572/financial.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/208/analysis.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10824/recording.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/19222/systematic.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/1726/equity.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/1313/debt.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/4363/sale.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/3100/money.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/4025/raise.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/2962/market.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/3100/money.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10870/related.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/1299/deal.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/1960/financing.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/2599/investment.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/80/acquisition.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/2931/management.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/4217/resource.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/4218/resource_allocation.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/1648/economics.html
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    WWhhaatt ii ss MMaannaaggeemmeenntt IInnffoorrmmaatt iioonn ssyysstteemm((MMIISS))?? Anorganized approach to thestudy of theinformationneeds of anorganization'smanagement atevery level inmaking operational,tactical,andstrategic decisions.Itsobjective is todesign and

    implementprocedures,processes, androutines thatprovide suitablydetailedreports in an

    accurate,consistent,and timely manner.

    In a management information system, modern, computerizedsystems continuously gather

    relevantdata,both from inside and outside an organization. This data is then processed,integrated, and stored in a centralizeddatabase (ordata warehouse)where it is constantly

    updated and made available to all who have theauthority toaccess it, in aform that suits their

    purpose.

    WWhhaatt ii ss iinntteerrnnaatt iioonnaall BBuuss iinneessss?? 1. Theexchange ofgoods and services amongindividuals and businesses in multiplecountries.2. A specificentity,such as amultinational corporation orinternational business company that

    engages inbusiness among multiple countries.

    What is supply chain?Entirenetwork ofentities,directly or indirectly interlinked and interdependent inserving the

    sameconsumer or customer. Itcomprises ofvendors thatsupplyraw material,producers whoconvert thematerial intoproducts,warehouses thatstore,distribution centers that deliver to the

    retailers,and retailers who bring the product to the ultimateuser.Supply chains underlievalue-chainsbecause, without them, no producer has theability to givecustomers what theywant,

    when and where they want, at theprice they want. Producers compete with each other only

    through their supply chains, and nodegree ofimprovement at theproducer's end can make up forthedeficiencies in a supply chain which reduce the producer's ability to compete.

    WWhhaatt ii ss SSuuppppll yy ccaahhiinn MMaannaaggeemmeenntt?? Management ofmaterial andinformation flow in asupply chain toprovide the highestdegree ofcustomer satisfaction at the lowest possiblecost.

    Supplychain management requires thecommitment of supply chainpartners towork closely tocoordinateorder generation,order taking,andorder fulfillment.They therebycreate anextended

    enterprisespreading far beyond theproducer'slocation.

    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se.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/extended-enterprise.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/create.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/order-fulfillment.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/order-taker.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/order.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/work.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/partner.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/commitment.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/chain.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/cost.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/customer-satisfaction.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/degree.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/provide.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/supply-chain.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/information-flow.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/material.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/management.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/deficiency.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/producer.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/improvement.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/degree.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/labor-rate-price-variance.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/want.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/customer.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/ability.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/value-chain.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/value-chain.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/user.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/retailer.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/distribution-center.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/store.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/warehouse.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/product.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/material.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/raw-material.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/supply.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/vendor.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/comprise.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/consumer.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/server.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/entity.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/network.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/business.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/international-business-company-IBC.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/multinational-corporation-MNC.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/entity.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/country.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/individual.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/goods-and-services.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/exchange.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/form.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/access.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/authority.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/data-warehouse.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/database.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/data.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/relevant.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/system.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/consistent.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/accurate.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/report.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/detailed.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/provide.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/routine.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/procedure.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/design.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/objective.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/strategic-decision.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/tactical.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/maker.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/management.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organization.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/need.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/information.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/study.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organized.html
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    WWhhaatt ii ss PPrroodduucctt?? Definitions (3) 1. A good, idea,method,information,object,orservice that is theend result of aprocess

    andserves as aneed orwant satisfier. It is usually abundle oftangible andintangibleattributes (benefits,features,functions,uses)that aselleroffers to abuyer forpurchase.

    2.Law:A commercially distributed good that is (1)tangible personal property,(2)outputorresult of afabrication,manufacturing,orproduction process,and (3) passes through a

    distribution channelbefore being consumed or used.

    3.Marketing:A good or service that most closely meets therequirements of a particularmarket orsegment andyield enoughprofit to justify its continued existence.

    WWhhaatt ii ss pprroocceessss?? Sequence of interdependent and linkedprocedures which, at everystage,consume one or more

    resources (employee time,energy,machines,money)to convert inputs (data,material,parts,etc.) intooutputs.These outputs then serve as inputs for the next stage until a knowngoal orend

    result is reached.

    WWhhaatt ii ss ssyysstteemm??Definitions (2)

    1. A set ofdetailedmethods,procedures,androutines established or formulated to carry out a

    specificactivity,perform aduty,or solve aproblem.

    2.

    Anorganized,purposefulstructure regarded as a whole and consisting of interrelated andinterdependentelements (components,entities,factors,members,parts etc.). These elements

    continually influence one another (directly or indirectly) tomaintain their activity and the

    existence of the system, inorder toachieve thegoal of the system.

    All systems have (a) inputs,outputs,andfeedbackmechanisms,(b)maintain an internalsteady-

    state (calledhomeostasis)despite a changingexternal environment,(c) displayproperties that are

    peculiar to the whole (calledemergentproperties) but are not possessed by any of theindividualelements, and (d) have boundaries that are usually defined by the system observer. Systemsunderlie every phenomenon, and are everywhere one looks for them. They arelimited only by

    the observerscapacity to comprehend thecomplexity of the observed entity, item or

    phenomenon. Every system is a part of a larger system, is composed ofsubsystems,andsharescommon properties with other systems that help in transferring understanding andsolutions from

    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    one system to another. Systems obeyrules that cannot be understood by breaking them into

    parts, and stop functioning (or malfunction) when an element is removed or altered significantly.

    Together, theyprovide a coherent and unified way of viewing andinterpreting theuniverse as ameta-system of interlinked wholes, and oforganizing our thoughts about the world.

    Although differenttypes of systems (from acell to the human body, soapbubbles to galaxies, ant

    colonies tonations)look so very different on the surface, they have remarkable similarities. At

    the most basic level, the systems are divided into two categories: (1)Closed systems:theoreticalconstructs that have solid boundaries and where only the components within the system are

    assumed to exist in a self-sufficient state. All otherinfluences orvariables from outside the

    system are considered to be nonexistent or insignificant for the purpose of thesystem analysis.

    (2)Open systems:the real-world systems that have permeable boundaries through which theycontinuallyexchangeenergy,material,andinformation with their external environment the

    larger system in which they exist. Different systemsmethodologies (such as systemsdynamicsandsystems thinking)classify systems differently

    WWhhaatt ii ss AAddmmiinnii ss tt rraatt iioonn?? Definitions (2) 1.Law:Acollection ofassets that make up the estate of a deceasedpersonby a court-

    appointedadministrator topay off the deceased'sdebts,and to distribute the remaining

    assets to theestate'sbeneficiaries.

    2.Management:The interpretation and implementation of thepolicy set by anorganization'sboard of directors.

    WWhhaatt ii ss CCoommppuutteerr?? Generalpurposemachine,commonly consisting ofdigital circuitry, that accepts (inputs),

    stores,manipulates, and generates (outputs)data as numbers, text,graphics,voice,video

    files,or electricalsignals,in accordance withinstructions called aprogram.

    WWhhaatt ii ss IInntteerrnneett?? Ameans of connecting a computer to any other computer anywhere in the worldvia

    dedicatedrouters andservers.When twocomputers are connected over the Internet, theycan send andreceive all kinds ofinformation such as text,graphics,voice,video,and

    computer programs.

    No one owns Internet, although severalorganizations the world over collaborate in itsfunctioning anddevelopment.The high-speed, fiber-optic cables (calledbackbones)

    through which thebulk of the Internetdatatravels are owned bytelephonecompanies in

    their respectivecountries.The Internet grew out of the AdvancedResearchProjectsAgency'sWide Area Network (then called ARPANET) established by the US

    http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/rule.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/provide.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/interpreter.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/universe.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organizing.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/type.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/cell.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bubble.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/nation.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/closed-system.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/construct.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/influence.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/system-analysis.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/open-system.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/exchange.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/energy.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/material.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/information.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/methodology.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/dynamics.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/systems-thinking-ST.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/law.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/collection.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/asset.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/person.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/administrator.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/pay.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/debt.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/estate.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/beneficiary.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/management.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/policy.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organization.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/board-of-directors.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/general.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/machine.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/digital.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/stores.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/output.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/data.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/graphic.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/video.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/file.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/signal.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/instructions.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/program.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mean.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/via.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/dedicated.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/router.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/server.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/computer.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/receive.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/information.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/graphic.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/video.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/computer-program.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organization.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/development.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/backbone.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bulk.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/data.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/travel.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/telephone.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/company.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/country.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/research.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/project.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/agency.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/wide-area-network-WAN.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/wide-area-network-WAN.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/agency.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/project.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/research.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/country.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/company.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/telephone.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/travel.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/data.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bulk.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/backbone.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/development.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organization.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/computer-program.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/video.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/graphic.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/information.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/receive.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/computer.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/server.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/router.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/dedicated.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/via.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mean.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/program.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/instructions.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/signal.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/file.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/video.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/graphic.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/data.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/output.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/stores.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/digital.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/machine.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/general.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/board-of-directors.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organization.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/policy.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/management.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/beneficiary.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/estate.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/debt.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/pay.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/administrator.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/person.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/asset.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/collection.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/law.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/systems-thinking-ST.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/dynamics.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/methodology.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/information.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/material.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/energy.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/exchange.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/open-system.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/system-analysis.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/variable.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/influence.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/construct.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/closed-system.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/nation.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/bubble.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/cell.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/type.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organizing.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/universe.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/interpreter.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/provide.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/rule.html
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    Department Of Defense in 1960s forcollaboration in military research amongbusiness

    andgovernment laboratories. Later universities and other USinstitutions connected to it.

    This resulted in ARPANET growing beyond everyone'sexpectations andacquiring the

    name 'Internet.' The development ofhypertextbasedtechnology (calledWorld Wide

    web,WWW, or just theWeb)provided means of displaying text, graphics, and

    animations, and easysearch andnavigationtools that triggered Internet'sexplosiveworldwide growth.

    WWhhaatt ii ss tthhee ddeeffiinn ii tt iioonnooffoorrggaannii zzaatt iioonn?? A socialunit of people, systematicallystructured and managed to meet aneed or to

    pursue collectivegoals on acontinuingbasis. All organizations have amanagement

    structure that determinesrelationshipsbetweenfunctions andpositions,and subdividesand delegatesroles,responsibilities,andauthority to carry out definedtasks.

    Organizations areopen systems in that they affect and are affected by theenvironment

    beyond their boundaries.

    WWhhaatt ii ss FF iinnaanncc ii aa ll mmaannaaggeemmeenntt?? Theplanning,directing,monitoring,organizing,andcontrolling of themonetaryresources of an

    organization.

    WWhhaatt ii ss mmaannaaggeerr?? Anindividual who is incharge of a certaingroup oftasks,or a certain subset of a

    company.A manager often has astaff of people whoreport to him or her.

    As an example, a restaurant will often have a front-of-house manager who helps thepatrons, and supervises the hosts; or a specificofficeproject can have a manager, knownsimply as theproject manager.Certaindepartments within a company designate their

    managers to beline managers,while others are known asstaff managers,depending upon

    thefunction of the department

    WWhhaatt ii ss BBaannkkiinngg?? In generalterms,thebusiness activity of accepting and safeguardingmoney owned by

    other individuals andentities,and thenlending out this money inorder to earn aprofit.

    WWhhaatt ii ss tt rraadd iinngg??

    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htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/directing.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/planning.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/environment.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/open-system.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/task.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/authority.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/responsibility.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/roles.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/position.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/function.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/relationship.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/structure.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/management.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/continuing.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/goal.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/need.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/structured.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/unit.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/explosive.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/tool.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/navigation.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/search.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/web.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/World-Wide-Web-WWW.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/World-Wide-Web-WWW.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/technology.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/hypertext.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/acquirer.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/expectation.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/institution.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/government.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/business.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/collaboration.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/department.html
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    Definitions (2) 1. Buying and sellingsecurities orcommodities on ashort-termbasis, hoping to make

    quickprofits.

    2. More generally, any buying and selling ofsecurities,commodities,goods,orservices.

    WWhhaatt ii ss CCoommmmeerrccee?? Exchange ofgoods orservices formoney orin kind,usually on ascale large enough to

    requiretransportation from place to place or across city, state, or national boundaries.

    WWhhaatt ii ss AAddvveerr tt ii ss iinngg?? Theactivity orprofession ofproducinginformation forpromoting thesale ofcommercial

    products orservices.

    WWhhaatt ii ss PPrroommoott iioonn?? Marketing:The advancement of aproduct,idea, or point of view throughpublicity and/or

    advertising.See alsosales promotion.

    WWhhaatt ii ss BBuuss iinneessss EEtthhii ccss?? A written set ofguidelines issued by anorganization to itsworkers andmanagement to

    help themconduct theiractions in accordance with itsprimaryvalues andethicalstandards.

    Theexamination of the variety of problems that can arise from thebusiness environment,and howemployees,management,and thecorporation candeal with them ethically.

    Problems such asfiduciary responsibility,corporatesocial responsibility,corporate

    governance,shareholder relations,insider trading,bribery anddiscrimination are

    examined inbusinessethics.

    WWhhaatt ii ss TToottaa ll qquuaall ii ttyy mmaannaaggeemmeenntt ((TTQQMM))?? Aholistic approach tolong-termsuccess that viewscontinuous improvement in all aspects of anorganization as aprocess and not as ashort-term goal. Itaims to radically transform the

    organization throughprogressivechanges in theattitudes,practices,structures,andsystems.

    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rds.com/5483/corporate_governance.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/5483/corporate_governance.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/4616/social_responsibility.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/1129/corporate.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/1932/fiduciary.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/1299/deal.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/1140/corporation.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/2931/management.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/1696/employee.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/19252/business_environment.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/13254/examination.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/ethical-standards.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/ethical-standards.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/values.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/primary.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/action.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/conduct.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/management.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/worker.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/organization.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/guideline.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/sales-promotion.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/advertising.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/publicity.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/product.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/marketing.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/services.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/product.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/commercial.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/sale.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/promoter.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/information.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/producer.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/profession.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/activity.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/transportation.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/scale.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/in-kind.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/money.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/services.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/goods.htmlhttp://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/exchange.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/6664/service.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/2209/goods.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/5873/Commodities.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/5954/securities.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/3880/profit.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/10774/quick.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/4563/short_term.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/5873/Commodities.htmlhttp://www.investorwords.com/5954/securities.html
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    Totalquality management transcends theproduct quality approach, involves everyone in the

    organization, and encompasses its everyfunction:administration,communications,distribution,

    manufacturing,marketing,planning,training,etc. Coined by the US Naval Air SystemsCommand in early 1980s, this term has now taken on several meanings and includes (1)

    commitment and direct involvement of highest-levelexecutives in settingqualitygoals and

    policies,allocation of resources,andmonitoring ofresults;(2)realization thattransforming anorganizationmeansfundamental changes in basicbeliefs and practices and that this

    transformation is everyone'sjob;(3)building quality intoproducts and practicesright from the

    beginning; (4) understanding of the changingneeds of the internal andexternal customers,andstakeholders,and satisfying them in acosteffective manner; (5) institutingleadership in place of

    mere supervision so that everyindividualperforms in the best possible manner toimprove

    quality andproductivity,thereby continually reducingtotal cost;(6) eliminating barriers between

    people anddepartments so that theywork asteams toachievecommonobjectives;and (7)

    instituting flexibleprograms for training andeducation,andproviding meaningfulmeasures ofperformance that guide the self-improvement efforts of everyone involved.

    WWhhaatt ii ss AAsssseettss?? 1. Something valuable that anentity owns,benefits from, or has use of, in generating

    income.

    2. Accounting:Something that an entity has acquired or purchased, and that hasmoney

    value (itscost,book value,market value,orresidual value). An asset can be (1)something physical, such ascash,machinery,inventory,land andbuilding,(2) an

    enforceableclaim against others, such asaccounts receivable,(3)right,such ascopyright,

    patent,trademark,or (4) anassumption,such asgoodwill.

    Assets shown on theirowner'sbalance sheet are usuallyclassified according to the easewith which they can be converted into cash. See alsointangible assets andtangible assets.

    WWhhaatt ii ss tthhee ddeeffiinn ii tt iioonnooffaa CCoommppaannyy?? Avoluntaryassociation formed andorganized to carry on abusiness.Types of companies

    includesole proprietorship,partnership,limited liability,corporation,andpublic limitedcompany.

    WWhhaatt ii ss SSeerrvv ii ccee?? 1. A valuableaction,deed,or effort performed to satisfy aneed or to fulfill ademand. 2.Law:Formaldelivery of anotice,summons,orwrit. 3.Banking:Payment ofinterest orloan installment, ordividends,as scheduled.

    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