IMPORTANCE OF STUDY OF GENETICS FOR THE WELFARE

OF HUMAN LIFESARFARAZ HUSSAIN

Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology

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GENETICS Genetics (from Ancient Greek genetikos, "genitive" and that from genesis, "origin")

“ A discipline of biology, is the science of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms ”

Study of genes & studies what genes are and how they work

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HISTORY

Science of genetics began in the mid-19th century

With applied and theoretical work of Gregor Mendel

Augustinian friar Gregor Johann Mendel•Work on pea plants•Published in 1866•Known as Mendelian Inheritance

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Conti…

Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns & Erich von Tschermak

•In 1900 marked the "rediscovery of Mendel"Basic principles of Mendelian genetics applied

•By 1915•Fruit fly “Drosophila melanogaster”

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Conti…Thomas Hunt Morgan & his fellow "drosophilists”

•Developed the Mendelian model•Widely accepted by 1925 In the 1940s & early 1950s •Experiments pointed DNA as portion of chromosomes

•Discovery of the double helical structure of DNA in 1953

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Conti…

Regulation of gene expression became a central issue in the 1960s

By the 1970s gene expression could be controlled and manipulated through genetic engineering

In the last decades of the 20th century, many biologists focused on large-scale genetics projects, sequencing entire genomes

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BRANCHES Three major branches of genetics

•Classical genetics•Molecular genetics•Population genetics

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IMPORTANCE Genetics deals with:

•Molecular structure & function of genes•Gene behavior in context of a cell or organism

•Patterns of inheritance & gene distribution•Variation and change in populations

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Conti…

Applied to the study of all living systems

• Viruses• Bacteria• Plants• Domestic animals• Humans

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Relationship to society

•Prevention of genetic disease•Genetically modifying organisms e.g. bt-cotton and bt-corn •Genetic counseling•Developing molecular medicine

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APPLICATION IN DIFFERENT FIELDS

•Medicines•Industries•Agriculture•Livestock•For humans•For Environment

Genetic engineering•Manipulation of organisms using biotechnology•Depends upon1. Genes2. Crop species3. Recourses4. Regulatory approval

WHAT IS AGRICULTURE

The science of producing crops soil cultivation is

called farming or husbandry

Genetic engineering completes in 5 steps

1. DNA isolation2. Cloning3. Transformation4. Cell and tissue culture 5. Plant breeding

Plant breeding

Other methods

1. Apomixis Is the production of asexual seeds

2. Parthinocarpy

production of fruits without fertilization

Other improvements•Cross resistance•Resistant to diseases•Insects n herbicides•Carnation•Blue roses and •Blue chrysanthemums

Pest Management:

Interogation

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•In Livestock it helps in producing different breeds, leaner beef and polled Vs horned cattle.

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2nd in livestock

•The productivity of domestic cattle and poultry has tripled in the last 100 years.

Genetic selection

• Genetic selection has increased the rate of weight gain and productivity.

Genetic selection for appetite in poultry• Rapid increase in muscle mass is correlated with increase appetite drive.

Transgenic organisms•Transgenic bacteria•To promote health of plants•Bio filters•To extract metal

Transgenic bacteria

Transgenic animals

•Chemical safety testing•Production of specific enzymes

Transgenic cow

Proteins produced in the milk of transgenic cows like this one kills the bacteria that causes mastitis.