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Implications of Nanomaterials Manufacture & Use
Earl R. BeaverUSEPA Nanotechnology STAR Review
August 19, 2004
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Outline
• Introduction• Project background & approach• Progress review• Next steps• Personnel
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Introduction
• “Implications of Nanomaterials Manufacture and Use: Development of a Methodology for Screening Sustainability”
• BRIDGES to Sustainability and Rice University
• Period: July 1st 2003 – June 30th 2005
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Underlying Question
How can we incorporate sustainability considerations
early in the development of an emerging technology?
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Underlying Question
How can we incorporate sustainability considerations
early in the development of an emerging technology?
Focus on near-term nanotechnology
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EcoEco--Efficiency vs. SustainabilityEfficiency vs. SustainabilitySustainabilitySustainability
New MarketsNew MarketsNew TechnologyNew Technology
New BusinessNew BusinessModelsModels
Freedom toFreedom toOperateOperate
EcoEco--EfficiencyEfficiency
EffectivenessEffectiveness
Social & Cultural FactorsSocial & Cultural Factors
Pollution Pollution PreventionPrevention
Social WelfareSocial Welfare
Service ValueService Value
EnvironmentalEnvironmentalImpactImpact BusinessBusiness
EfficiencyEfficiency
ToxicsToxicsReductionReduction
ProfitabilityProfitability
License toLicense toOperateOperate
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Eco-Efficiency at BASFSaling, Wall, et al., 2002
Environmental Environmental Impact Impact (normalized)(normalized)
Total costsTotal costs (normalized)(normalized)
1.01.0
1.01.0
Single-scoreaggregate, includes• Energy• Raw materials• Land area• Emissions & waste• Toxicity potentials• Process risk
High Eco-Efficiency
Low Eco-Efficiency
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Decision-Support Tools
• Sustainability metrics• Lifecycle assessment • Total benefit & cost assessment• Thermodynamic analysis (exergy, etc.)
• Sustainability screen (list- and question-driven)
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Screening FrameworkResourcesValues
Place
Lenses
Time
Environmental
Economic
Societal
Dim
ensi
ons
of S
usta
inab
ility
Life Cycle Stages
Supply Production Use Fate
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Example Data AvailableGeographical Reference Effects/Pathways Costs Estimates, 2001$/ton
Low High Best
U.S. overall Mortality & morbidity – 2nd nitrate PM10 1,326 21,533
Mortality & morbidity - NO2 195 949
Mortality & morbidity - ozone (50%) 7 72
Visibility - NOx 247 1,443
Total 1,775 23,997 6,526
U.S. urban Mortality & morbidity – 2nd nitrate PM10 1,807 29,101
Mortality & morbidity - NO2 247 1,248
Mortality & morbidity - ozone (50%) 13 91
Visibility - NOx 247 1,443
Total 2,315 31,883 8,590
Los Angeles Mortality & morbidity – 2nd nitrate PM10 7,867 98,601
Mortality & morbidity - NO2 676 3,433
Mortality & morbidity - ozone (50%) 332 2,822
Visibility - NOx **) 247 1,443
Total 9,122 106,299 31,139
"McCubbin & Delucchi, 1999; Delucchi et al, 2001"
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Linking Metrics to TBCAMaleic Anhydride Production
$0
$200
$400
$600
$800
$1,000
Fixed Bed Fluid Bed
SOx EmissionNOx EmissionGHG EmissionWaterEnergy & MaterialOperations & Facility
Per t
on M
alei
cA
nhyd
ride
Source: BRIDGES to Sustaianbility; SOx & NOx valuations based on So. California; GHG from IPCC
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Dim
ensi
ons
of S
usta
inab
ility
Wha
t is i
mpo
rtan
t?Environmental Resources Material Intensity
Energy IntensityWater UsageLand Use
PollutantsWaste
Products / Processes / ServicesManufacturing OperationsBuildings / SitesEffects: Ecosystems / Human Health
Economic Internal Eco-EfficiencyCosts Revenue OpportunitiesAccess to capital / Access to insuranceShareholder value
External Cost of externalitiesBenefits to local communityBenefits to society
Societal Workplace Workplace conditionsEmployee health / safety / well-beingSecurityHuman capital development (ed/train)Aligning values
Community Social impactsStakeholder engagementQuality of Life in communityHuman rights
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Project Issues
• Integrate both quantitative and qualitative aspects of sustainability assessment for emerging technology.
• The most important sustainability cost and benefit drivers for near-term nanomaterials.
• How to communicate with stakeholders.
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Near-Term Nano
• Very broad, hard to generalize• Continuous improvements (c.f. disruptive
technologies)• Many unknowns/uncertainties
– Nano-particle vs. bulk properties– Exposure in use– Fate at end-of-life (PBT concerns)
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Project Approach• Identify sustainability aspects/impacts along the lifecycle of
nanomaterials– Literature review– Focus on drivers of costs and opportunities
• Construct inventory of resource use, waste, and emissions in manufacturing– Focus on three case studies– Identify “preferred recipe” for each nanomaterial– Literature + expert “interviews”
• Expand analysis to upstream and downstream– Quantitative and qualitative
• Generalize approach
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Nanomaterials – GeneralManufacturing
• Eco-efficiency– Resource use intensity & impacts– Pollutant intensity & impacts
• Land use• Economic value generation• Workplace health and safety
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Nanomaterials – GeneralUse
• Product performance/service value• Eco-efficiency in use• Consumer health & safety
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Nanomaterials – GeneralEnd-of-Life
• Recyclability• Release to the environment
– PBT concerns• Low solubility favors persistence• Biological intake and possible bioaccumulation• Toxicity of nanoparticles (as opposed to their bulk
counterparts) largely unknown
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Nanotechnology & Sustainability:Promises
• Better and more cost-effective technologies– Separation– Process sensors and control– Emission/effluent/waste treatment and
remediation• Greater material & energy efficiency• Renewable energy (solar)• …
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Health & Safety Concerns
• Ultra-fine particles (< 100 nm)– More reactive– More potent in inducing respiratory inflammation– May cross blood-brain barrier
• Properties of nanoparticles (as opposed to bulk) largely unknown
• Workspace intake (inhalation, oral, …)• Consumer intake/chemical trespass (inhalation, skin
absorption, …)
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Nanotechnology & Sustainability:Threats
• “Nano-pollutants” and new exposure routes• Changes faster than human ability to ponder
and make necessary corrections• Affordability leading to increased
worldwide consumption• Widening gap between rich and poor, North
and South• Pseudo-Science
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Mor
e D
iffic
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o M
easu
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ore
Diff
icul
t to
Mea
sure
Futu
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ture
Cur
rent
Cur
rent
Cost Type Description ExamplesCost Types
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Sustainability Model
Invest when Business revenues > Business costsandTotal benefits > Total costs
Societal Benefits
+BusinessRevenues
Societal Costs
+Business
Costs
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General NanotechnologyGeneral Nanotechnology
Supplier Production Use End-of-life
Benefits Higher priceLess mass
Higher heat transfer
More uniformity
Less landLess waste
Time to market
New products
Recyclability?
Costs Higher costs Workplace safety issues
Consumer safety issues
Disposal issues
Public Concern about Nanotechnology
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Selected Cases
• Inorganic sunscreens – bulk- vs. nano-sized titania
• Ceramic membrane – sol-gel vs. alumoxanenanoparticles
• Fullerenes (buckyballs)
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NanoNano--tech tech vsvs Conventional Conventional Inorganic SunscreensInorganic Sunscreens
Extraction Production Use End-of-life
Benefits ? ? • Aesthetic• Broader
protection spectrum
?
Costs ? • Workplace inhalation?
• Skin absorption?
• Aquatic releases
Public Concern about Nanotechnology
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AlumoxaneAlumoxane vs. Solvs. Sol--gel Membranesgel Membranes
Extraction Production Use End-of-life
Benefits ? • Less energy• No
hazardous substances
? ?
Costs ? • Worker exposure to nanoparticle?
? ?
Public Concern about Nanotechnology
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Story: C&ENews December 22, 2003
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Sustainability Model
Invest when Business revenues > Business costsandTotal benefits > Total costs
Societal Benefits
+BusinessRevenues
Societal Costs
+Business
Costs
SocietalConcerns
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Evolution of Costs: “Harmless” OdorsEvolution of Costs: “Harmless” Odors
Reduced Enjoyment of PropertyPsychological Impacts
Physical Health Impacts
Join Citizen GroupsTake Legal Action
Contact Regulatory AgencyRelocate
Property DevaluesTourism Declines
Development HinderedEmployment Declines
Capital for equipmentInternal legal costsPunitive Damages
Public Relations StaffFines & penalties Lost good will
Job productivity
SocietalSocietalCostsCosts
InternalInternalIntangibleIntangible
Fines &Fines &Penalties
IndirectIndirectDirectDirect Penalties
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Next Steps
• Continue manufacturing inventory• Collect safety and LCA data on materials
used in manufacturing• Expand analysis of cost/benefit drivers to
extraction and end-of-life• Solicit comments
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Implications of Nanomaterials Manufacture and Use: Project Plan
Identify key nano-materials
• Bucky balls (C60)• Single-wall carbon nanotubes• Quantum dots• Alumoxanes & Ferroxanes• Nano-Titanium Dioxide
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Implications of Nanomaterials Manufacture and Use: Project Plan
Researchproduction methods &required materials
• Preferred “recipe(s)” for each nanomaterial• Process used with each recipe
Identify key nano-materials
• Bucky balls (C60)• Single-wall carbon nanotubes• Quantum dots• Alumoxanes & Ferroxanes• Nano-Titanium Dioxide
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Implications of Nanomaterials Manufacture and Use: Project Plan
Researchproduction methods &required materials
• Preferred “recipe(s)” for each nanomaterial• Process used with each recipe
Identify key nano-materials
• Bucky balls (C60)• Single-wall carbon nanotubes• Quantum dots• Alumoxanes & Ferroxanes• Nano-Titanium Dioxide
Deliverables for Existing Project
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Implications of Nanomaterials Manufacture and Use: Future
Identify key nano-materials
Researchproduction methods &required materials
Project productionvolumes
based on expected
applications
Collect material
characteristics of inputs, additives,
and outputs
Modelrelative
manufacturing risk of nano-
materials
• Projected market uses• Projected production volumes
−Variety of opinions−Variety of time horizons
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Implications of Nanomaterials Manufacture and Use: Future
Identify key nano-materials
Researchproduction methods &required materials
Project productionvolumes
based on expected
applications
Collect material
characteristics of inputs, additives,
and outputs
Modelrelative
manufacturing risk of nano-
materials
Processes: • Temperature• Pressure• Enthalpy• Duration
Materials:• Octanol / Water partitioning coefficient• Molecular weight• Specific gravity• pH tolerance ranges• Toxicity
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Implications of Nanomaterials Manufacture and Use: Future
Identify key nano-materials
Researchproduction methods &required materials
Project productionvolumes
based on expected
applications
Collect material
characteristics of inputs, additives,
and outputs
Modelrelative
manufacturing risk of nano-
materials
Based on: • Material properties• Process characteristics• Projected volumes
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Project Personnel
• PI: Earl Beaver• BRIDGES to Sustainability
– Beth Beloff (co-PI)– Dicksen Tanzil (co-PI)– Balu Sitharaman (intern, Rice Dept. of Chemistry)
• Rice University– Mark Wiesner (co-PI)– Christine Robichaud – Maria Cortalezzi
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Acknowledgement
USEPA Nanotechnology STARFunding