implementing the irrigated ldlands rlregulatory program …...site 1: 600 to 700 years (1 pppp ppm...
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Implementing the Irrigated L d R l P Lands Regulatory Program
(ILRP)(ILRP)
Scientific & Technical ApproachesCost EstimatesJohn Schaap, P.E.
Provost & Pritchard Consulting Groupg p
February 12, 2014
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Overview
Scientific and Technical Considerations andScientific and Technical Considerations and Approaches• Temporal and spatial disconnect between• Temporal and spatial disconnect between surface activities and groundwater quality;Ni H d I d (NHI) h• Nitrate Hazard Index (NHI) as an approach to designate vulnerability areas and to assess i i f i ipriority for monitoring;
Compliance cost estimate.
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Depth to Water, Legacy Impacts, and Time‐Lag
For deep groundwater: For deep groundwater:• Nitrate residing in the unsaturated zone is an ongoing source to groundwater years after g g g ynitrogen is applied at ground surface;
• Addressing current farming practices will have little affect on legacy nitrate;
• Time lags exist between agricultural activities at d f d h i d tground surface and changes in groundwater
quality.
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UC Davis Nitrate Loading Assessment
Nitrate Sources 1945 2007Nitrate Sources 1945-2007 (Harter et al., 2012 plus earlier activities)
Manure Separate from Crops5.4% 2003-2007 Sources
M anure
Atmospheric Deposit ion
Agricultural Wastewater
WWTP
Septic19.3%
Septic
Urban
Animal Corrals
Wells
Crops (Syn. Fert ., Irrig. Src.)59.4%Past Crops (1945-2002)
Past M anure (1945-2002)
Past Other (1945-2002)
59.4%
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UC Davis Nitrate Loading Assessment
Nitrate Sources 1945 2007Nitrate Sources 1945-2007 (Harter et al., 2012 plus earlier activities)
Manure Separate from Crops5.4% 2003-2007 Sources
Legacy Loading is84% of Total
M anure
Atmospheric Deposit ion
Agricultural Wastewater
WWTP
Septic19.3%
Septic
Urban
Animal Corrals
Wells
Crops (Syn. Fert ., Irrig. Src.)59.4%Past Crops (1945-2002)
Past M anure (1945-2002)
Past Other (1945-2002)
59.4%
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Unsaturated Zone: A Reservoir for Nitrate
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Water Level and Nitrate Concentration
Rise in groundwater table
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Depth to Water, Legacy Impacts, and Time‐Lag
• Successful trend analysis requires favorable signal toSuccessful trend analysis requires favorable signal to noise ratio;
• Predicting the long term fate of nitrate and pesticides g g pin ground water in this region is difficult owing to intensive ground water pumping, mixed sources of recharge water, and complex flow paths.
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Transit Time
Site 1: 600 to 700 years (1 ppm vs. 9 ppm NO3)y ( pp pp 3)– Citrus– Drip/micro– Medium‐grained soil– Return flow: 2.3 inches/yr
/ /– N lost: 15 lbs/ac/yr– Stratigraphy: Loam to clay at depth500 ft to groundwater– 500 ft to groundwater
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Transit Time
Site 2: 45 to 55 years (1 ppm vs. 9 ppm NO3)y ( pp pp 3)– Almonds– Drip/micro (90%) and Border strip (10%)– Coarse‐grained soil– Return flow: 5.0 inches/yr
/ /– N lost: 15 lbs/ac/yr– Stratigraphy: Interlayered sand and clay330 ft to groundwater– 330 ft to groundwater
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Transit Time
Site 3: 10 to 15 years (1 ppm vs. 9 ppm NO3)y ( pp pp 3)– Cotton/wheat– Furrow/border– Coarse‐grained soil– Return flow: 16.4 inches/yr
/ /– N lost: 55 lbs/ac/yr– Stratigraphy: Interlayered sand and clay150 ft to groundwater– 150 ft to groundwater
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Nitrate Vulnerability
• Not practical to only focus on hydrogeology andNot practical to only focus on hydrogeology and water quality in the Groundwater Quality Assessment Report (GAR);
• Surface factors need to be accounted for;• Need to look at present leaching vulnerability, not p g ylegacy impacts;
• Focus monitoring and regulatory effort accordingly (and don’t dedicate resources where they are not needed).
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Nitrate Hazard Index (NHI)
• Developed in 1994 by the StateDeveloped in 1994 by the State Water Board Nutrient Technical Advisory Committee (TAC).
• Growers or coalitions can identify field nitrate leaching vulnerability based on:– Soil characteristics;– Crops; and,– Irrigation techniques.
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Nitrate Hazard Index (NHI)
• Results in an index or ranking allowing to determineResults in an index or ranking allowing to determine risk severity and identify the major factors contributing to the risk;
• Does not provide an absolute value of N leaching; rather an index that provides a ranking within an overall spectrum.
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Nitrate Hazard Index (NHI)
• Each soil series, crop type, and irrigation technique is assigned a value (1 = low vulnerability, 5 = high vulnerability):– Crop and irrigation technique values range from 1 – 4;Soil values range from 1 5;– Soil values range from 1 – 5;
• The rankings are multiplied together resulting in the NHI
i lcomposite value;• The NHI composite value is a
relative value that indicates potential field N leaching risk.
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Nitrate Hazard Index (NHI)
Benefits of NHI:Benefits of NHI:• Can be customized to specific regions;• Has relatively low data requirements, is quick, y q , q ,and low‐cost when compared to other techniques to determine nitrate leaching;R l li bl f l d i li l• Results are applicable, useful, and require little interpretation; and,
• Representative of current conditions and• Representative of current conditions, and these are the only conditions that can be changed.
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Nitrate Hazard Index (NHI)
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Nitrate Hazard Index (NHI)
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Nitrate Hazard Index (NHI)
• Focus on areas or aspects that will reduceFocus on areas or aspects that will reduce leaching potential;
• Can also prioritize efforts based on the NHI• Can also prioritize efforts based on the NHI composite value;H l d i l• Help determine management plan implementation scheduling.
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Nitrate Hazard Index (NHI)
• Additional variables can likely be included in a modified NHI ycalculation to strengthen its predictive capability.
• These variables can include, but are not limited to:– Nitrogen use efficiency;– Effective precipitation;Depth to groundwater;– Depth to groundwater;
– Variations in stratigraphy and soil type; and,– Specific best management practices (BMPs)Specific best management practices (BMPs).
• The NHI approach is a powerful, flexible, and defensible tool that can be used for assessing large areas over time and documenting relative nitrate leaching hazards.
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General Order Compliance CostGeneral Order Compliance Cost
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General Order Compliance Cost
• RWQCB estimated costs were developedRWQCB estimated costs were developed using the July 2010 Technical Memorandum Concerning the Economic Analysis of the ILRP – before Draft Order;
• The Order is vague in describing implementation practices and requirements;
• No firm $/ac costs – depends greatly on size of coalition, size of farm, and specific conditions.
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RWQCB vs. P&P Annualized Costs
Current RWQCB P&PConditional Waiver($/ac/yr)
RWQCB9/18/13($/ac/yr)
P&P9/18/13($/ac/yr)
Administration $0.91 $1.29 $1.32Farm Planning $0.00 $1.71 $3.30Monitoring/Monitoring/ Reporting/ Tracking $0.79 $3.33 $5.42
Management Practices $15.95 $20.21 $23.14Practices
Total $17.65 $26.55 $33.19
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Cost Estimate Differences
RWQCB P&PRWQCB P&P
Estimated Average Incremental Cost $8.90 / acre / yr $15.54 / acre / yr
Big differences:• Management Practices Evaluation Program (MPEP)Management Practices Evaluation Program (MPEP)• Nitrogen Management Plan (NMP)
A t O d i l t ti t ti t diffi lt tAccurate Order implementation cost estimates are difficult to obtain due to complex yet vague requirements.
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QUESTIONS?