implementing digital earth: a research agenda michael f. goodchild university of california santa...
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Implementing Digital Earth:A Research Agenda
Implementing Digital Earth:A Research Agenda
Michael F. Goodchild
University of California
Santa Barbara
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Perspectives on Digital EarthPerspectives on Digital Earth
1. An immersive environment– “I believe we need a 'Digital Earth'. A multi-
resolution, three-dimensional representation of the planet, into which we can embed vast quantities of geo-referenced data.” U.S. Vice President Gore, 1/98
Spin, zoom, pan– "fly-by" technology
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Immersive environmentsImmersive environments
Head-mounted devices Immersadesk The "cave" Standard computer displays
– 2D window on manipulable 3D objects– Nick Faust, Georgia Tech– SRI Digital Earth, Terravision– powerful processors, 3D graphics
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Research challengesResearch challenges
Smooth zoom– 10km to 1m resolution– consistent data structures
smooth transitions to more detailed data color matches
– projections orthographic for the globe projected for local detail Georgia State: nested azimuthal projections
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Research challenges (2)Research challenges (2)
Visualization– renderable data– non-renderable data
iconic representation indicating presence symbolic representation
– user-centered views reduce resolution in periphery avatar
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Research challenges (3)Research challenges (3)
Local data, powerful processor– what is deliverable via the Internet?– bandwidth requirements– local data volume
1012 cells at 1m resolution
Software environments– VRML, GeoVRML– Open GL– triangular data structures
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Research challenges (4)Research challenges (4)
Discrete global grids– for indexing and data representation
QTM (Geoffrey Dutton, Spatial Effects)– 8 triangles at level 0– recursive subdivision into 4 triangles– address is 1 base 8 digit and n base 4
digits– level 20 is roughly 1m resolution
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Discrete global grid based on the Icosahedron (20 triangles, 1:4 recursive subdivision)
Ross Heikes and David Randall, Colorado State University
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International Conference on Discrete Global GridsInternational Conference on Discrete Global Grids
Santa Barbara, California March 26-28, 2000 Abstracts due January 10, 2000 www.ncgia.ucsb.edu
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Perspectives on Digital EarthPerspectives on Digital Earth
2. A metaphor for organizing information The geolibrary
– a library that is searchable by geographic location
– "what have you got about there?"– physically impossible but feasible in a
digital world
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NRC reportNRC report
"Distributed Geolibraries: Spatial Information Resources"
www.nap.edu
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Organizing information by locationOrganizing information by location
Information with a geographic footprint Organizational metaphors
– the desktop, office, workbench– the surface of the Earth
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Research challengesResearch challenges
Defining footprints– fuzzy, vernacular
Mapping between georeferencing methods– the gazetteer
Search over a distributed archive– search engines– object-level metadata (OLM)– collection-level metadata (CLM)
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CLM of the Alexandria Digital Library
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Research challenges (2)Research challenges (2)
Approaches to CLM– by data type
ortho.mit.edu
– by area of the globe SRI's Digital Earth, IBM's WorldBoard
– the one stop shop www.fgdc.gov
– a new generation of search engines identifying footprints
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Perspectives on Digital EarthPerspectives on Digital Earth
3. The Mother of All Databases (MOADB)
A distributed collection of knowledge about the Earth– transparent to the user– accessible through geolibrary mechanisms– supported by consistent protocols
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Perspectives on Digital EarthPerspectives on Digital Earth
4. A collection of knowledge about the Earth's dynamics– the processes that create and modify the
landscape Dynamics or statics?
– most GIS data are cross-sectional time-slices providing facts
– understanding of the Earth must focus on processes
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Bernhardus VareniusBernhardus Varenius
1622-1650 General geography
– the principles, processes Special geography
– the unique properties of places– the boundary conditions
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A dynamic Digital EarthA dynamic Digital Earth
Simulations of past and future conditions
A library of simulation models– applied to local conditions represented by
data A tool with enormous educational value PCRaster demonstrations
– University of Utrecht, Peter Burrough
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Three probabilities for Three probabilities for dispersiondispersionThree probabilities for Three probabilities for dispersiondispersion
1 Probability of individual reaching a given distance from the parent
2 Probability that habitat permits individual to establish
3 Probability that individual produces new offspring
UCELUCEL
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Simple dispersion functionsSimple dispersion functionsSimple dispersion functionsSimple dispersion functions
Probability of establishment
UCELUCEL
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Example of diffusion Example of diffusion modellingmodellingExample of diffusion Example of diffusion modellingmodelling
Dispersion of individuals over a space in which the resistance to movement is variable, individuals need to work together to colonize new areas
diffusion
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Modelling uplift in Sabah, Malaysia.Modelling uplift in Sabah, Malaysia.
UCELUCEL
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Over a period of several million years Over a period of several million years movement along the faults has movement along the faults has created long sediment-filled valleyscreated long sediment-filled valleys
Over a period of several million years Over a period of several million years movement along the faults has movement along the faults has created long sediment-filled valleyscreated long sediment-filled valleys
UCELUCEL
Faults
RelativeRelative vertical vertical displacementdisplacement
SedimentSediment
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The demo illustrates:The demo illustrates:The demo illustrates:The demo illustrates: A simplified model of normal faults and
landform before uplift Reaction of landform to gradual vertical
displacement along the parallel normal faults Erosion and deposition as a result of vertical
movements (red is erosion - blue is deposition)
Emergent behaviour of rivers leading to development of braided streams
tectonics
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Research challengesResearch challenges
Data structures and modeling– no finite difference models on the curved
surface of the planet– finite element models based on triangles?– object-based models
Describing models– metadata– libraries of models
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Research challenges (2)Research challenges (2)
Software environments– PCRaster
Calibration, verification, accuracy Integration across domains
– coupling models– distinct ontologies
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Summary: four perspectivesSummary: four perspectives
An immersive environment A metaphor for information organization A distributed database transparent to
the user A representation of the planet's
dynamics
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Augmented realityAugmented reality
Information tied to location– accessible by a person at that location– locationally enabled devices
palmtop with GPS cellphone
Delivering DE services in the field– wireless devices– g-commerce
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Digital Earth: a mirror worldDigital Earth: a mirror world
Models of the Earth– maps– descriptive text– process models
Collectively, a storehouse of knowledge about the planet– distributed– digital– captures our understanding of the world
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