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Impaired driving can be prevented Impaired driving kills > 16,000 and injures

nearly 305,000 others every year.

Every 32 minutes, someone in the United States dies in an impaired driving crash

Every 2 minutes, someone is injured

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Sobriety Check Points to reduce alcohol related crashes

Public Expenditure Analysis, Spring 2006 Ruth Salcedo Yolanda MartínezJinxiang Liu

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Sobriety Check Points to reduce alcohol related crashes

What are the costs?

What are the benefits?

How sensitive are our estimates?

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Characteristics of the project

Number of checkpoints 156 per year (3 per week): Small scale 8 officers

Large scale 12 officers Checkpoints are conducted at non work hours Time spent per intervention : 5 minutes

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Costs

Personnel Equipment Time spent by drivers Time spent by passengers Mobility Loss Trials Publicity

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Personnel costs per checkpoint Hours per officer per checkpoint : 11.5

Police wages and fringe

(annual salary = 50,000) : $ 39.06

Overhead factor (1.5) : $ 58.59

Small scale : $ 5,391

Large scale : $ 8,086

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Equipment costs per checkpoint Equipment (5 year)

Vehicle or trailer

Equipment (1 year) Traffic vests Traffic cones Flares Breath testing devices Flashlights with chargers “Sobriety Checkpoint Ahead”

sign “Be Prepared To Stop” sign

Mini-cades Brooms and shovels Trash cans Portable generator Extension cords Multi-directional portable

lighting

Small scale: $ 67Large scale: $ 82

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Mobility loss per checkpoint

Days of administrative license revocation 90

Average cost per mile 1.19

Average of miles per driver 12,497

Small scale $8,801

Large scale $14,081

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Costs of Time Delay

Time value per driver : 90% of wage Time value per passenger : 67.5% of wage Vehicle occupancy rate : 1.5 people Hourly earnings : $ 16.32 Vehicles will be intervened per checkpoint

240 in Small Scale384 in Large Scale

% intervened drivers charged with DUI 1%

Small scale : $ 514

Large scale : $ 823

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Other costs

Cost per trials

Small scale : $ 864

Large scale : $ 1,382

Publicity statewide: $ 300,000

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Total Costs

Pennsylvania

Small Large Total

Number of counties 64 4 68

Personnel 53,820,000 5,045,625 58,865,625

Equipment 673,858 50,960 724,818

5 years 384,000 24,000 408,000

1 year 289,858 26,960 316,818

Time spent by drivers 2,932,900 293,290 3,226,190

Time spent by passengers 2,199,675 219,967 2,419,642

Mobility Loss 87,865,461 8,786,546 96,652,007

Trials 8,626,176 862,618 9,488,794

Publicity 282,353 17,647 300,000

TOTAL 156,400,422 15,276,653 171,677,076

Cost

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Crashes Density per County

Number of Counties

PopulationFatal

CrashesInjury

CrashesPDO

CrashesTotal

Crashes

Less than 100,000 2 1,792,504 296 11,063 8,220 19,579

100,001 - 1'000,000 28 7,732,216 1,040 49,601 35,521 86,162

More than 1'000,000 37 2,762,424 213 17,859 7,650 25,722

Total 12,287,144 1,549 78,523 51,391 131,463

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Crashes Density per County

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Other scenario

Per Checkpoint Pennsylvania

Small Large Small Large Total

Number of officers / checkpoints per year 8 12 4,836 312 5,148

Personnel 5,391 8,086 26,069,063 2,522,813 28,591,875

Equipment 137 166 662,691 51,732 714,423

5 years 78 78 377,636 24,364 402,000

1 year 59 88 285,054 27,369 312,423

Time spent by drivers 294 470 1,420,623 146,645 1,567,268

Time spent by passengers 220 353 1,065,468 109,984 1,175,451

Mobility Loss 8,801 14,081 42,559,833 4,393,273 46,953,106

Trials 864 1,382 4,178,304 431,309 4,609,613

Publicity 58 58 281,818 18,182 300,000

TOTAL 15,765 24,596 76,237,799 7,673,937 83,911,736

Cost

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2. Benefit Analysis

2.1 Introduction and Summary of Findings

2.2 Economic Cost of alcohol-related crashes in PA in 2004

2.2.1 Methodology used in economic cost calculation 2.2.2 Estimate alcohol-related crashes in PA in 2004

2.3 Benefit of checkpoint program

2.3.1 Our Detailed Methodology 2.3.2 Our calculation and findings

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2.2.1 Findings: alcohol-related crashes in PA in 2004

# of crashes Total economic cost

Cost savings in term of CBA

Fatalities 542 2.1 B 0.2 B

Nonfatal Injuries 26,983 2.9 B 0.3 B

PDO 134,913 0.37B 0.04 B

Total - 5.3 B 0.56 B

Per checkpoint 10296,20%

- $ 103,205 $ 10,965

Per checkpoint 5148,15.3%

- $ 157,904 $ 16,776

Go NPV

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2.2.1 Methodology used in economic cost calculation

The crashes can be classified into three groups: Fatalities Non-fatal injuries Property-Damage Only (PDO)

Economic cost has five major components Medical care cost Public program cost Property cost Future earnings Quality of life

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One example

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The economic cost of alcohol-related crashes in PA in 2004

　 Fatalities Nonfatal Injuries PDO

Reported 542 10,793 5,474

# of Incidence 542 26,983 134,913

Unit costs 3,800,000 107,000 2,715

Subtotal costs 2,059,600,000 2,887,127,500 366,287,438

Total costs 5,313,014,938

per checkpoint 103,205 　 　

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A survey If you are fond of swimming, do you agree the policy of

banning swimming because swimming could lead to death?

No! Absolutely No! I will be very unhappy if I cannot swim. I know I could be drown if I swim. But I value the benefit of swimming higher than potential

cost (death) If you ban swim to save my life, I’m not willing to take

that. I hate this policy.

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So is the alcohol-related crash policy

People make their traffic safety decisions by comparing their private benefits with their private costs.

They value the drive during drinking more than the risks of having a crash.

Private life-saving benefits for drunken drivers are at least offset by private costs

Expected Benefits:

Saved time

Saved cost for hotel, car rent

Mental experience

Expected Cost:

Various cost due to

fatal/nonfatal/PDO crashes

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The majority of alcohol-related crashes involve one car: the car with drunk drivers

2004: 14.3%2003: 13.7%; 2001: 11.5;1996: 11.7%;1993: 14.5 %;

The proportion of the sober driver, the passenger with sober driver and sober nonoccupant among the total fatalities is low

Most of crashes are intoxicated drivers having single-vehicle crashes and intoxicated pedestrians straying into traffic.

So * 15%

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Benefit of Checkpoint program in PA in 2004　 Fatalities Nonfatal Injuries PDO

Saved fatalities,injuries and PDO 69 4,047 20,237

# of attributable 59 2,833 14,166

subtotal Benefits 222,870,000 303,148,388 38,460,181

Total Benefits 564,478,568

Reduction rate 20%

Total checkpoints 10,296

Benefit percheckpoint 10,965

Comparison

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NPV

The costs in each future years are constant The estimated number of fatalities in alcohol-related crashes

remained essentially unchanged in recent years. Persons Injured per year is also stable The unit cost is calculated by bringing future value back.

We use 4% discount rate, from year 2007 to year 2020,(10,296 checkpoint, 20%)

Total savings Per checkpoint

NPV of w/ drunk in 2006 11,224,405,982 1,090,172

NPV of w/o drunk in 2006 1,192,531,302 108,758

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In a state wide checkpoint program, the benefits outweigh the costs

2006 2007 …………. 2020Costs Total Costs (714,423.13)$ (83,509,736.08)$ (83,509,736.08)$ Benefits Benefits Total benefit w/ drunk -$ 809,172,174.98$ 809,172,174.98$ Total benefit w/o drunk -$ 85,970,085.97$ 85,970,085.97$

Net Benefits Net Benefit w/ drunk (714,423.13)$ 725,662,438.90$ 725,662,438.90$ Net Benefit w/o drunk (714,423.13)$ 2,460,349.89$ 2,460,349.89$

NPV NET BENEFITS 4% DR NPV of NB w/ drunk 7,663,945,132.74$ 7.66B NB/Checkpoint 1,488,722.83$ NPV of NB w/o drunk 24,672,563.71$ 24M NB/Checkpoint 4,792.65$ 2.5% DR NPV of NB w/ drunk 8,482,272,063.62$ 8.48B NB/Checkpoint 1,647,683.00$ NPV of NB w/o drunk 27,379,960.15$ 27M NB/Checkpoint 5,318.56$

Parameters Checkpoints 5,148 Reduction Rate 15.23%

Benefit-Cost Ratio BC Ratio w/ drunk 9.69BC Ratio w/o drunk 1.03

Net Benefit of the Program

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Our analysis used a weighted average reduction rate

Population CheckP RR CountiesProportion of total crashes

Weighted average

> 1M 156 20% 2 19.57% 3.91%100,000 - 999,000 104 15% 28 65.54% 9.83%< 100,000 52 10% 37 14.89% 1.49%

Total 15.23%

Sensitity Analysis

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A 4% discount rate ensures consistency with our literature review

Cost and benefits of a community checkpoint program (Miller, Ted. 1995) Composing costs calculation used a discount rate of 4%

The Economic Impact of Motor Vehicle Crashes, 2000. U.S. DOT

“This rate was selected because most long-term cumulative rates of return on stocks cluster around that number. Investors appear to prefer the higher, riskier returns from stocks to the more conservative Treasury Bills by a significant margin”

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Investing in statewide checkpoint program Checkpoints have proved to be efficient in reducing Alcohol related

crashes

The program can be implemented in partnership with insurance companies.

British Columbia

(July to December 1995)

19% Decrease

Of single vehicle injury crashes involving male drivers ages 21 to 40

Reduction in crash costs for the insurer supporting the program was estimated to be 3.4 times greater than the costs of the program

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Q & A

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Appendix: Equipment sample

Portable breath testing devices $115.00 USD

Reflective safety traffic vestsHigh-Visibility Sweatshirt$50.00 USD

Rechargeable flashlights$18.00 USD

Razor-back shovel$20 USD