impacts of urbanization and industrialization on agriculture in zhujiang delta (zd) dr. ng sai leung...
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![Page 1: Impacts of Urbanization and Industrialization on Agriculture in Zhujiang Delta (ZD) Dr. Ng Sai Leung ( 伍世良 ) Department of Geography and Resource Management](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697c0221a28abf838cd339b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Impacts of Urbanization and Industrialization Impacts of Urbanization and Industrialization on Agriculture in Zhujiang Delta (ZD)on Agriculture in Zhujiang Delta (ZD)
Dr. Ng Sai Leung ( 伍世良 )Department of Geography and Resource Management
The Chinese University of Hong Kong September 2001
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Outline
Introduction Agriculture in ZD Urbanization and Industrialization
Impacts on ZD’s Agriculture
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Zhujiang Zhujiang (珠江 , in Chinese, means Pearl
River) is named because of the Pearl Rock (走珠石 , a red Cretaceous sandstone exposure located at Guangzhou).
Zhujiang is not a single river, but a river network.
3 major rivers and 8 outlets (三分河道,八分河口 )
ZD is a compound delta (複合三角洲 )
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Zhujiang and Agriculture Zhujiang Delta has a total area of 453,000 km2.
3/4 of land is flatland with fertile soil and sufficient supply of fresh water.
Traditionally, it is the most important and one of the ten most important grain production areas in in Guangdong province and China.
Zhujiang Delta has experienced remarkable economic growth since 1978.
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Significance of Agriculture in ZD
Whether or Zhujiang Delta can sustainably develop, agriculture plays a vital role.
Agriculture is of importance to 20 million people in the region not only in the sense of providing foods and grains but also in offering job opportunities.
Agriculture is important in terms of environment and ecology.
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Favourable factors to agriculture Climate Soil Arable land Natural ecology River network Location
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Climate Subtropical monsoon maritime climate (plently
precipitation and >10oC the accumulative annual temperature is greater than 7500oC).
Long cropping season and multiple cropping (3 seasons for rice and the 4th for bean, 三造稻四收荳 ).
Guangdong and Hainan are two only regions in China, which can produces tropical crops.
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Soil The deposits of the delta are generally 20-
40m in thickness. Sediments are rich in organic substances
(about 0.6 million tones per year). Long soil formation period enables to
accumulate nutrients.
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Arable land Zhujiang has a discharges approx. 7 times of Yellow
River. Sediment content is 0.13-0.34kg/m3, total loading is 85 mill ton.
The coast extends 100 m outward every year, translating into a total area of 15 thousand hectares.
More than 0.3 million hectares have been recreated from reclamation since 1949.
Because of large river discharge, salt content in soil can be removed quickly and easily.
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Natural Ecology
Terrestrial habitats because of topography
Estuary habitats because of sedimentation
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River networks River networks High accessibility of Zhujiang River
provides fast and convenient transportation for the region. There are many advantages:
Cut down the cost of transportation Reduce damages of grain and cropsMaintain the freshness of produces
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Location Close linkage with Hong Kong and Macau in
terms of culture, economics and technology A large outlet for agricultural produces.
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Characteristics of agriculture in ZD
Fragmented Intensive Integrated Special techniques: tidal irrigation,
ecological dyke ponds, etc.
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Landuse types Area
(X mill ha)
% of total area (1993)
Arable land 107 17.15
Orchard 32 5.10
Woodland 264 42.30
Grassland 26 4.22
Residential area 51 8.12
Transportation 11 1.77
Water body 73 11.69
Others 60 9.65
Total 624 100.00
Landuse in Guangdong
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Paddy field (水田 ) Mainly for cultivating paddy rice (about 80%) and sugar
cane (about 10%). Sustain three crops a year. Cultivation sequence is rice-rice-
vegetables (or rest) or rice-sugar cane rotation. Series of paddy field align along the coast-inland transact:
Xiantian (saline field, 鹹田 ), shatian (sand field, 沙田 ), weitian (reclaimed field, 圍田 ), langtian (field on the hill, 塱田 ), tungtian (field on the basin, 垌田 ) and hangtian (stony field, 坑田 ).
Only two crops (paddy rice) are allowed in low productive fields, e.g., saline field.
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Dry field (旱田 )
Distribute over plateaus and undulating with an elevation of 1-40m, slope is relatively steep (5-15o).
Parent materials are usually granite or reddish siltstone.
Difficulty in irrigation and soil erosion are main concerns.
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Orchard (菜地 )
Including land for vegetables and fruits. They are not large in area, usually <100 acres They are usually scattered at the fringes of cities and market towns.
“Four fruits of Lingnan 嶺南四果” are tangerine, banana, pineapple and lychee.
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Woodland
Original subtropical monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest has almost disappeared.
Secondary forest (characterized by pines and shrubs) is the dominant type now.
Small pieces of Fung Shui woodland can be found in remote villages.
Wind break can also found in coastal areas while mangrove found in mudflats.
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Grassland
Grassland is a relatively primitive ecological habitat.
It is an “artifact” of human disturbance. Natural grasslands are found at hilly areas
and low hills. Artificial grasslands developed in recent
years, mainly for cow and fish feeds are scattered over the dyke pond area.
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Dyke pond (基塘 ) The excavated soils are used to construct the
dykes. Dikes are usually 0.5-4m in height, ponds are
30m in width and normally 100m in length. According to area of dyke, proportion of dyke to
pond can be classified into: 3:7, 4:6 (commonest) and 7:3.
Dyke ponds which are classified based on the dominant crop grown. There are 4: mulberry, sugar cane, fruit, and miscellaneous.
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Tidal flat
Tidal flat is shallow beach at coastal area, it mainly located at Humen, Jiaomen, Hengmen, Modaomen.
According to the sediment size, it can be classified into sand beach, muddy beach, grass beach and mangrove area. Sand beach can be found at the river month while other three can be found adjacently.
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Impacts of Economic on Agriculture
Loss of arable land Pollution Structural transformation
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Year Population
(million)
Arable land
(mill acre)
Less than (mill acre)
Less than 1984 (%)
Arable land
per head
(acre)
1984
1987
1990
1991
1992
1993
17.528
18.488
19.560
19.926
20.221
20.854
14.02
13.51
12.90
12.70
11.88
10.71
--
0.52
1.12
1.33
2.15
3.32
--
3.7
8.0
9.5
15.32
23.64
0.80
0.73
0.66
0.64
0.59
0.51
Loss of arable land
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Environmental problems Over-emphasis on economic growth,
failure in central policy planning and ignorance of environment
3 wastes: water, air and solid pollution Point source vs non-point source pollution Ecological degradation: habitat loss,
pollution and human disturbance China’s accession to WTO
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Structural transformation Manpower Market economy
Decline in grain productionRise of economic crops.Three “highs” (三高農業 )
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Year Population
(million)
Food production
(t)
Less than
1984 (t)
Less than 1984 (%)
Food production per head
(kg)
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1993
17.528
18.134
18.829
19.560
20.221
20.854
6313387
5703224
5703224
6174022
5983278
4311932
--
603762
610163
139365
794138
2001450
--
9.6
9.7
2.2
12.6
31.7
360
315
303
316
273
207
Shrinkage of grain production
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Development of Zhujiang Delta
~ End ~~ End ~