impacts of jaffna lagoon scheme

A Study of the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human settlement Development Pattern of Jaffna Peninsula 072361 J

A Study on the Impacts of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme in Human Settlement Development Pattern of

Jaffna Peninsula.

Thulasivarman. K072361 J


BACKGROUND• The Jaffna Lagoon Scheme is a solution for the problem of the

quality of freshwater that has occurred due to salinization and salt water intrusion.

• With the increase of the availability of fresh water, there is a potential for the increasing water catchment areas to 195 sq miles and agricultural lands to 17.5 sq miles

• At present, 20,000 acres of land is being cultivated

• After the project, there will be additional 11,000 acres extent of land for cultivation in another 15 years.

• It is expected that this project will make bigger impacts on the human settlement development pattern.

(Jaffna Lagoon Scheme 1982; District Annual report 2009)

Introduction Literature Review

Jaffna Lagoon Scheme

Analysis & Discussion

Conclusion


Research question

• When the Jaffna Lagoon Scheme is implemented, will there be any new changes in the settlement pattern in Jaffna peninsula?

• If there will be changes, what will be the new settlement pattern?

• If the plan is not being prepared, what will be the pattern of the settlement??




Conclusion


•Study the effects of Jaffna Lagoon Scheme on human settlement development Pattern.

•Identify the future settlement patterns with and without the Jaffna Lagoon Scheme.

Objective




Conclusion


Concepts related to human settlement pattern

Study of the human settlement pattern and the determining factors

Study the Jaffna Lagoon Scheme

Derived settlement development pattern alternatives based on the analysis

Identified the changes of human settlement patternAnalyzing Techniques

Flow of Study

Expected impacts on the human settlement development




Conclusion





Conclusion

Literature Review





Conclusion

•Concept of Human Settlement

•Elements of Human Settlement

•Human Settlement Development

•Factors Influencing on Human Settlement

•Type of Settlements

•Settlement Patterns


The human settlements are constructed by all sedentary societies over several millenniums in each continent of the world in order to provide secure living conditions and guarantee sustenance

(UNHABITAT, 1976)

Bairoch, 1988

“Human settlements means the totality of the human community - whether city, town or village - with all the social, material, organizational, spiritual and cultural elements that sustain it. The fabric of human settlements consists of physical elements and services to which these elements provide the material support.”

Understanding the concept of Human Settlements




Conclusion


“…Human settlements consists several elements: nature, the earth and the natural site on which they are built; man who creates and inhabits them; Society which is formed mainly in them and whose Networks functions allow them to survive and grow; and Shells (Structures), which are built to transform the first and to house the other three elements. Man, Society and Networks are the contents of the elements and Nature and Shell form the container. It is the Interrelationship of these five elements which forms human settlements. …”

(C.A.Doxiadis ,1970)

Elements of Human Settlements

Man

Nature

Society

Shells

Networks



ConclusionLiterature Review

Introduction


The human settlement development leads to a definite improvement of quality of life. The quality of life consist several components

Lawrence, 2000

Quality of Life

Health

Community Development

Security Physical Environment

Natural Resources, Goods and servicesPersonal

Development

Administration of justice crime and safety

Personal economic security and standard of living

Housing

Mental Health Physical Health

NuisanceVisual perception and scenic Quality

Climate

Pollution

Natural Resource

Social Infrastructure and services

Goods

Political Participation

Social networks and group relations

Community structure

Individual development through recreation and leisure

Individual development through learning

Human settlement development




Introduction


Factors influencing Human settlement

There are various factors and conditions responsible for different types of rural settlements.

Physical features – Nature of terrain, Altitude, Climate and availability of water

Cultural and ethnic factors –Social structure, Caste and Religion

Security factors – defense against thefts and robberies.

(Hudson, 1969)




Introduction


Human Settlement

Urban Settlement

Processing of raw materials and manufacturing of finished goods

Rural Settlement

Life support or basic economic needs from land based primary economic activities

(Sarkar, 2010)




Introduction


Rural settlements

Clustered, agglomerated or nucleated Dispersed or isolated

Figure 2.3 a) Clustered Settlement b) Linear Settlement Reproduced from: Settlements Pattern and Functional Distribution in Emerging Communities. Figure 2.4 widely dispersed settlements on land subject to

complete inundation in south eastern bakarganj Reproduced from: The Pattern of Rural Settlement in East Pakistan. (Silberfein, 1989) (Ahmad, 1956)




Introduction


Case studies on Similar Project in the National and International Context



Conclusion

•Powers Lake - USA

Literature Review

Introduction

•Mahaweli – Sri Lanka •Three gorge Dam – China


Before the Mahaweli development project

• The settlement pattern was a Dispersed Pattern.

• Lot of arable lands were under forest cover.

After the Mahaweli development project

•The settlement pattern is transformed to clustered with

hierarchy of towns.

• Arable land extent was increased by the irrigation schemes.

Thus, the Mahaweli development programme has impacted the settlements positively. (WJG Mendis, 1973)

Mahaweli Development Project




Introduction


• The main goal is power generation. • Dams are built across the Yantze River in China.

•Programme is covered huge extent of agricultural land and residential land. •Peoples are relocated by government without proper resettlement plans and forced to migrate them.

•This project is negatively affected the human settlement development

(Seeber.C et al, December 2010)

Three Gorges Dam Project In China




Introduction


Powers Lake is located on the edge of the City of Powers Lake in USA.

This project is improved • Crop land (16 000 acres), • Grass seeding lands (870 acres) • Grazing lands (4100 acres).

(Powers Lake Watershed Project)

Marshy & Scrub lands Around the polluted Lake

Crops & Grazing lands Around the LakePowers Lake Project




Introduction


Analyzing Techniques

1. Analysis of Hierarchy of functions and settlement structure

2. Nearest Neighbor Analysis




Introduction


Analysis of Hierarchy of functions and settlement structure:

In this method, a points system is devised for allocation to certain defined categories of services offered by each settlement. The categories are actually chosen and the relative importance of the sub services within these categories.

• Local and central government Administration, Protective services and Judiciary services• Social services:• Communication and transportation• Commerce and major public works initiations• Industry and public utility services (Electrical and water supply).

(WJG Mendis, 1973)




Introduction


Nearest Neighbor Analysis

The method is used to assess if there is any degree of physical dispersion or clustering of settlements in the areas.

The nearest neighbor statistic is given by—

is the observed mean distance between each settlement and its nearest neighbor.

Where

is the expected mean distance for the settlements given a random pattern.

Total study area.

nA

Distance between settlement I and its nearest settlement

Correspond the total number of settlements

(Sarkar. 2010)




Introduction


CASE STUDY

Literature Review



ConclusionIntroduction


Literature Review



•Jaffna Lagoon System

•Study Area

•Settlement Identification

•Present Land Use

•Water Quality

•Soil Salinity

•Salinization Issues

•Proposals



Jaffna lagoon System

Literature Review




Internal lagoons

• Upparu Lagoon• Vadamaradchi Lagoon

External Lagoon

• Elephant Pass Lagoon


Study AreaBased on:•Potential reclaimable agricultural land•Areas where the ground water is affected•GN Division Boundary

Study Area Extent is 727 Sq km

Area Covered: • Thenmaradchi• Vadamaradchi • Part of Valikamam

Literature Review


ConclusionJaffna Lagoon Scheme

Introduction


Settlement Identification

GN Division Population Density

Population Density > 500 Persons per Sq km

Total Number of Settlements 159

Literature Review



Introduction


Present Land use in Study area

Description No of Plots Area (Ha)Built Up Area 88 245.7402 Coconut 173 5749.3964 Garden 2026 19659.8642 Grassland 35 1217.6884 Jeep or Cart Track 622 4444.3978 Lagoon 3 44803.5094 Main Road - Class A 1 546.4271 Main Road - Class B 2 985.2998 Marsh 46 2835.8670 Minor Road 77 1420.8758 Other Plantation 162 1528.8031 Paddy 634 13314.5067 Sand or Beach 50 5065.7490 Scrub 315 16287.9509 Tank with Bund - Working 136 1239.3031 Transport and Utilities 3 2.7696 Water Hole 494 585.9963

Land uses in Study area and its Extent in Hectares. Source Survey Department GIS Data set.

•Arable Land ≈ 20 600 acres

•Non Arable Land ≈ 19 300 acres

In Study Area

Literature Review



Introduction


Water Quality:

Irrigation Department Investigations shows close proximity area salinity level is moderate and liable to increase.

Literature Review



Introduction


Soil Salinity

Due to the soil salinity

• Presently 11000 acres of land is Non Arable

• 20000 acres of land productivity is less

Literature Review



Introduction


Problems & Its Root Causes

Literature Review



Introduction

Salinization

Bracklsh WellDaily Use of

Water

Problems in routine life

Drinking waterLow Productivity Agriculture lands

Reducing Agriculture lands

Low Income

Social problems

Unstable water level in Lagoon

Unstable salinity level in Lagoon

Unstable fishing oppertunities in

lagoon


Upparu Lagoon – Screw operating Barrage in Ariyalai.

Elephant pass lagoon –Provide a closure bund of 4700 feet with a spill cum causeway of 7000 feet along the eastern end of the lagoon.

Link canal 2.5 miles long , provide an inlet regulator – cum-bridge and provide a roadway along the link canal.

Vadamaradchi lagoon – Provide a barrage Thondamanaru.

Proposals

Literature Review



Introduction


Impacts On The Human Settlement Pattern After The Jaffna Lagoon Scheme Implementation

Literature Review





Literature Review




•Potential Agriculture Based Settlements



•Existing Human Settlement Pattern

•Expecting Human Settlement Pattern


The Potential Agriculture Based Settlements

•11 000 acres of agriculture Land

•20 000 acres land Productivity increasing by 50%

•Irrigation Based Cultivation

Like Mahaweli Settlements

Literature Review





•Water Level Stabilized

•Salinity level stabilized

•Land for Development

•Fresh water Availability

The Potential Fishing Based Settlements

Literature Review


ConclusionAnalysis & Discussion

Introduction


•Stabled Lagoon water Level

•Fresh Water Availability

•Accessibility

•land for New Development

The Potential Tourism Based Settlements

Like Powers Lake In USA

Literature Review



Introduction


Nearest Neighbor Analysis shows that the settlements are Clustered-based.

Literature Review



Introduction


Nearest Neighbor Analysis shows that the potential settlements will be Random-based.

Literature Review



Introduction


ConclusionPresently Settlements are clustered in 3 areas

•Close of Jaffna town Urban Activities

•Chavakacheri and surroundingAgriculture Activities

•Point Pedro and adjacentFishing Activities

Literature Review



Introduction


After the Project Implementation Since the potentials of job opportunities will be dispersed, the settlement pattern will be changed to Random.

Cluster-based Random-based

Before the Project After the Project

Literature Review





Works Cited

Ahmad, N. (1956, July). The Pattern of Rural Settlement in East Pakistan. Geographical Review , pp. 388-398.

Ahmed, Y. A. (2009). Settlements Pattern Functional Distribution in an Emerging Communities. The Social Science , pp. 256-263.

Anish Joshi et all. (2009). Report on Impact of Settlement Pattern, LandUse Practice and Options in High Risk Areas. UNDP.

Doxiadis, C. A. (1970). Ekistics, the Science of human settlement. Ekistics , 345-355.

Hudson, J. C. (1969, Jun). A Location Theory for Rural Settlement. Annals of the Association of American Geographers , pp. 365-381.

Kawashima T ; Korcell P. (1982). Human Settlement Systems: Spatial Pattern and Trends. International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.

Lawrence, R. J. (2000). Sustaining Human Settlement. Urban International Press.

Perera, L. S. (1991). Some issues in human settlement Development.

Report on Jaffna Lagoon Scheme. (1982).

Sarkar, A. (2010). Analysis of Human Settlement Patterns. The On-Line Indian Journal of Spatial Science .

Silberfein, M. (1989, November). Settlement from and Rural Development :Scattered versus Clustered Settlement. Economic and Social Geography , 80 (5), pp. 258-268.

UNHABITAT. (1987). Global Report of Human Settlement. United Nations Center for Human Settlement.

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