Impacts from urban & rural surface modifications on meteorology and air quality in Houston:

preliminary results

Haider Tahahaider@altostratus.com

Altostratus Inc.940 Toulouse Way, Martinez, CA 94553

(925) 228-1573

Robert BornsteinSan Jose State Universitypblmodel@hotmail.com

Rochelle BalmoriSan Jose State University

balmori@met.sjsu.edu

For GUM Workshop, JULY 2004

OUTLINEOUTLINE uMM5 CONFIGURATIONuMM5 CONFIGURATION SYNOPTIC SUMMARY: 700 MB & SYNOPTIC SUMMARY: 700 MB &

SFCSFC DOMAIN 1: MM5 SYNOPTIC WINDS DOMAIN 1: MM5 SYNOPTIC WINDS

VS NWSVS NWS MM5 WINDS (MESO CONVENTION)MM5 WINDS (MESO CONVENTION)

FULL BARB = 1 M/SFULL BARB = 1 M/S FLAG = 5 M/SFLAG = 5 M/S

DOMAINS 2-4: MM5 WINDsDOMAINS 2-4: MM5 WINDs DOMAIN 5: uMM5 TEMPs DOMAIN 5: uMM5 TEMPs CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

Model: EPA uMM5 (Dupont, Burian, et al.) Study: Aug-Sept Houston (Texas ’00) 03 episode Improve uMM5 input and physics Evaluate: uMM5 vs. MM5 performance Evaluate uMM5 sensitivity to LU/LC changes

Work in progress:

Urbanization TechniquesUrbanization Techniques Urbanize surface, SBL, & PBL momentum, Urbanize surface, SBL, & PBL momentum,

thermo, & TKE Eqs thermo, & TKE Eqs Allows prediction Allows prediction withinwithin UCL UCL From From vegetationvegetation canopy-model of Yamada canopy-model of Yamada

(1982)(1982) Veg parameters Veg parameters replacedreplaced with urban (GIS/RS) with urban (GIS/RS)

terms terms Brown and Williams 1998Brown and Williams 1998 Masson 2000Masson 2000 Sievers 2001Sievers 2001 Martilli et al. 2001 (in TVM)Martilli et al. 2001 (in TVM) Dupont et al. 2003 (in MM5)Dupont et al. 2003 (in MM5) LLNL 2004LLNL 2004

From Masson (2000)

From Masson (2000)

5-domain configuration, D0-5 is “urbanized”Resolution: 108, 36, 12, 4, 1 kmGrid dimensions (excluding surface):43×53×28, 55×55×28, 100×100×28, 136×151×28, 133×141×48.

MM5 input + as f (x, y) in D-05: land use (38 categories) roughness elements anthropogenic heat as f (t) vegetation and building heights paved surface fractions drag-force coefficients for buildings & vegy building height-to-width, wall-to-plan,

& impervious-area ratios building frontal, building plan, & and rooftop

area-densities vegetation top- and area-densities root zone and sub-soil layers characterization vegetation-canopy characterization, stomatal resistance ε, cρ, α, etc. of walls and roofs

Base-case vegetation cover (urban min)

Modeled increases in vegetation cover (urban max)

NWS SYNOPTICSNWS SYNOPTICS

1200 UTC (0700 DST) 24 1200 UTC (0700 DST) 24 AUG ‘00AUG ‘00

700 mb700 mb Pre-Pre-

episode episode AMAM

SE flow SE flow NE of NE of HoustonHouston

1200 UTC (0500 DST) 25 1200 UTC (0500 DST) 25 AUG ‘00AUG ‘00

700 mb700 mb Episode AMEpisode AM Opposing Opposing

NE flow NE NE flow NE of Houston of Houston

Will cause Will cause con with sfc con with sfc SB VSB V

1200 UTC (0700 DST) 25 1200 UTC (0700 DST) 25 AUGAUG

Sfc chartSfc chart Episode Episode

AMAM Not much Not much

detaildetail Similar to Similar to

day b/f & day b/f & afterafter

D-01 MM5 WINDSD-01 MM5 WINDS

1200 UTC (0700 DST) 24 1200 UTC (0700 DST) 24 AUGAUG

• 700 mb700 mb• Pre-Pre-episode episode • Weak off- Weak off- shore L shore L (not in (not in NWS) NWS) •Weak NE Weak NE flow NE of flow NE of citycity

1200 UTC (0700 DST) 25 1200 UTC (0700 DST) 25 AUGAUG

700 mb700 mb Episode AM Episode AM Stronger Stronger

off-shore L off-shore L Stronger NE Stronger NE

ff NE of cityff NE of city Will cause Will cause

con with SB con with SB ffff

1800 DST 23 AUG1800 DST 23 AUG Sfc chartSfc chart Pre-episode Pre-episode On-shore SBOn-shore SB Not much Not much

difference at difference at same time on same time on next 2 daysnext 2 days

Need to see Need to see inner inner domainsdomains

D-02 to -04 MM5 OutputD-02 to -04 MM5 Output

D-05 uMM5 OutputD-05 uMM5 Output

Daytime (end): 2100 DST Daytime (end): 2100 DST 21 AUG21 AUG

Upper L: MM5Upper L: MM5 Upper R: uMM5Upper R: uMM5 Lower L: Lower L:

MM5-uMM5MM5-uMM5 uMM5uMM5 1 K warmer 1 K warmer Blob is LU/LC errorBlob is LU/LC error

Nighttime (end): 0900 DST Nighttime (end): 0900 DST 22 AUG22 AUG

Upper L: MM5Upper L: MM5 Lower L: uMM5Lower L: uMM5 Upper R: Upper R:

MM5-uMM5MM5-uMM5 uMM5uMM5 2 K 2 K

coolercooler

Explanation of uMM5 UHI Explanation of uMM5 UHI & UCI& UCI

Wet soil TI > urban TI > dry soil TIWet soil TI > urban TI > dry soil TI Urban an area surrounded by Urban an area surrounded by wetwet soil thus soil thus

hashas Daytime UHI (as urban area Daytime UHI (as urban area warmswarms faster than faster than

soil)soil) Nighttime UCI (as urban area Nighttime UCI (as urban area coolscools faster than faster than

soil)soil) Reverse true with Reverse true with drydry rural soil rural soil Current results thus consistent with Current results thus consistent with wetwet rural rural

soil (as expected) around Houston, as uMM5 soil (as expected) around Houston, as uMM5 produced daytime warming & nighttime produced daytime warming & nighttime cooling over urban Houstoncooling over urban Houston

Ongoing effortsOngoing efforts Additional analysis of current simulation Additional analysis of current simulation

resultsresults Additional simulations on new 106 CPU Additional simulations on new 106 CPU

clustercluster Use planned 2005-6 Houston field-study data Use planned 2005-6 Houston field-study data

to determine atm and (GIS/RS) urban to determine atm and (GIS/RS) urban parameters parameters

Develop parameterizations to replace current Develop parameterizations to replace current M-O SBL formulations M-O SBL formulations

Link urban CFD & meso-models for Link urban CFD & meso-models for Emergency-Response applicationsEmergency-Response applications