IMPACT OF TSUNAMI ON ANIMALS IN INDIA:

TSUNAMI-Disaster Management

Programs for Livestock

DR. C. KATHIRVELAN And MAYANK TANDON

Animal Nutrition Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, INDIA.

email: c_kathir@yahoo.com,

mayanktandon1@gmail.com

•TSUNAMI – “Harbour wave”

• Tsunami – are large waves that are generated when the

sea floor is deformed by seismic activity

•Tsunami wave caused by

Coastal earthquakes

Under sea volcanic eruptions

Under sea landslides

•Tsunami is not a single wave, It is series of waves.

•Travel at a speed of more than 800Km/hr.

INTRODUCTION

Frontline,Jan,2005

December 26 th ,2004 Tsunami

• Epicenter - 280 km from northern sumathra

• 2100 km from Indian south coast line

• Due to interface of the two tectonic plates

(The Indian plate and Burma plate)

• Magnitude 8.9

• 30 feet height

Frontline,Jan,2005

Countries affected

Indonesia

Thailand

Srilankha

India

Myanmar

Malaysia

Bangladesh

Somalia

In India

Andaman and nicobar

TamilNadu

Pondicherry

Kerala

Andhra Pradesh

World Tsunami occurrence

Nov 1,1755 - Europe

Aug 27, 1883 - Indonesian islands (Java- Sumatra)

June 15,1896 - East coast of Japan

April 1,1946 - Hawaii

Nov 5,1952 - Russia

May 23,1960 - Hawaii

Aug 23, 1976 - Philippines

July 17, 1998 - Bismarck sea

India Today,Jan,2005

In INDIA

•Dec 31, 1881 - Car Nicobar island

•June 26,1941 - Andaman and Nicobar

•From 1973-2001 7 under sea earthquakes happened.But

No Tsunami

•Dec 26,2004- Andaman and nicobar, Indian South coast states

India Today,Jan,2005

Number of missing or dead animals

Species Indonesia Thailand SriLanka

Cattle 28450 372 12300

Buffalo 21561 142

Sheep 46133 454 9000

Goat 52010

Poultry 449656 4163 2,30,000

Duck - 308 -

Swine - 1086 2641

Source:FAO

Impact of Tsunami as a whole- In India

Particulars TamilNadu Pondicherry Kerala Andhra

Pradesh

Length of coast affected 1000 Km 25 km 250 km 985

Incursion of water into land

2 km to 3.5 km

300m to 3 km 1-2 km 500m to 2km

Average height of waves 7 m to 10 m 10 m 3m to 5 m

5m

Population affected 6.91 lakhs 43,000 24.7 lakhs

2.11lakhs

Dwelling units affected 1,12748 10,061 11,832 1,557

Animal lost 5,477 506 520 195

Cropped area hit 2,589 ha 792 ha 810 ha 790 ha

Source: Ministry of Home Affairs

Andaman and Nicobar

Cattle -556

Sheep and goat - 4300

Dogs - 654

Poultry -1.3 lakhs

Pig -368

Number of missing or dead animals

In TamilNadu

Cattle - 1,021

Sheep and goat - 3234

Pigs - 720

Dogs - 600

Poultry -1.6lakhs

Number of missing or dead animals

Source:TamilNadu animal Husbandry Dept.

Impact of tsunami on animal production

ANIMALS

PLANTS (Feed resources)

SOILS

• Destruction of animals

• Considerable destruction of animal building

• Loss of stored animal feed resources

• Disease out break;

Lack of feed

Movement of animals

Consumption of contaminated water

Stress conditions

Potenciate disease outbreak

ON ANIMALS

Cont..Especially Zoonatic diseases like;

Salmonellosis

Leptospirosis

Anthrax, rabies

Crypto sporidiosis

Giardiosis

Animal health problem & under nutrition

Stress conditions

Decreased animal production

• Stored animal feed was soaked with sea water

• Pastures and other fibrous feed not affected severely when the sea water passed over them and then quickly receded.

•Long term damage : pastures and fodder crops have been flooded for long periods with stagnant salt water.

•Coconuts destruction in coastal areas

•Feed mill (fish meal processing unit) damage also

reported

ON PLANTS (FEED RESOURCES)

Especially in TamilNadu,

Crops affected are,

• Majorly paddy,

• Groundnut, Sesame, Black gram

Cont..

In, Andaman and Nicobar

• Paddy and coconut plantation totally wiped out

• Areca nut, palm plantation affected.

ON SOILS (Agricultural fields)

•Direct crop destruction by up rooting

•Soil fertility losses when upper layer is washed away

•Deposition of salt sediment

•Soil infiltration

•Soil erosion modifies the topography

Intensity of damage depends upon

• The energy of the flood

• The type of soil coverage and vegetation

• Soil drainage capacity

In Gist;

Impact of tsunami on animal production in terms of,

Animal destruction

Feed resources loss

Soil fertility loss ( soil salinity)

TSUNAMI-Disaster management /Restocking programmes

•Waste management

•Animal health/Veterinary services

Vaccination

Poultry : Avian Influenza, New castle disease

Pigs : Swine fever,FMD, JE

Sheep and Goat : PPR and Pasteurolosis

Cattle : PPR,HS,FMD and Anthrax

•Supplementation of feed,water and shelter

•Veterinary public health.

FOR ANIMALS

For plants

•Supplementation suitable seeds,

•Evolving suitable crops

‘VTL’-salt tolerant Varity of paddy

For pastures- Chenopodiaceae family

For soils

1st priority: To ensure quick drainage of salt water

2nd priority : Restore physical integrity of the fields

•Salt deposition

Upto 30-50 mm salt deposition reported.

-Removal of salt deposit, coarser elements

- leaching:

Through regular watering by rain fall or irrigation

In gist;

Animal health programme

Provision of suitable seeds

to farmer

Desalination of soil

Feeding strategies

1. Transportation of fodder

Main strategy in disaster (Tsunami)

management

Densification of fibrous feeds.

2. Complete feed block feeding

3. Exploiting new feed resources

Exploiting locally available unconventional fodder resources

Addition of molasses to improve the palatability

Mixing with routine feed

4. Urea supplementation

• Economic NPN compound

• Mode of feeding urea:

Treatment of straws with urea

Addition to concentrate feed

Urea molasses mineral block

Urea liquid supplementation

5. Conservation of fodder

Green fodder conservation

Depending on facility.

Either as silage or hay

TSUNAMI WARNING SYSTEM

In 1965- International Tsunami Information Centre (ITIC).

•Under water earth quakes are monitored by sensors on the floor of the sea

•The sensors pass on information to floating buoys on the surface whenever they detect any change in sea pressure

•Information is then relayed to satellite which pass it on to the earth stations.

•Inform well in advance 3 to 14 hours.

Impact of feeding salty feed and saline water on animal production

•Animal salt tolerance depend on ability of kidney to increase glomerular filtration rate and decrease salt reabsorption rate.

•Exert inhibitory effect on rumen microflora

•Decreased milk production

Increased osmotic pressure

Alter thyroid hormone function

Decrease protein synthesis.

In poultry: Detoriation of egg shell quality

Symptoms of salt poisoning :

Excessive thirst

Muscular weakness

Edema.

Cont..

•Environmentally sustainable management of the coastal zone.

•Strengthening if ecological foundations

Rehabilitation of mangrove forests

Erection of bio shields

Strategies for coastal eco security

(M.S. SwamiNathan)

Bioshields consists of;

Planting appropriate mangrove species

Salt tolerant plants

Saliorine atriplex

Casuarina Sp.

Thespesia Sp.

And some species of Bamboo

(M.S. SwamiNathan)

•Local level plans to be drawn up for evacuating animals at short notice at the time of Tsunami alert

•Fodder conservation

•Animal health management.

CONCLUSION