IMPACT OF POLITICAL IMPACT OF POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS DEVELOPMENTS

BETWEEN 1945-1970BETWEEN 1945-1970 SSUSH23 The student will describe and assess the SSUSH23 The student will describe and assess the

impact of political developments between 1945 and impact of political developments between 1945 and 1970. 1970.

a. Describe the Warren Court and the expansion of a. Describe the Warren Court and the expansion of individual rights as seen in the Miranda decision. individual rights as seen in the Miranda decision.

b. Describe the political impact of the assassination of b. Describe the political impact of the assassination of President John F. Kennedy; include the impact on civil rights President John F. Kennedy; include the impact on civil rights legislation. legislation.

c. Explain Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society; include the c. Explain Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society; include the establishment of Medicare. establishment of Medicare.

d. Describe the social and political turmoil of 1968; include d. Describe the social and political turmoil of 1968; include the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy, and the events surrounding the Democratic Kennedy, and the events surrounding the Democratic National Convention.National Convention.

POLITICAL POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTSDEVELOPMENTS

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION 1.BETWEEN 1940S AND 1960S, 1.BETWEEN 1940S AND 1960S,

POLITICAL ACTIONS AND POLITICAL ACTIONS AND DECISIONS RESOLVED MANY DECISIONS RESOLVED MANY ISSUES.ISSUES.

2.INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS, CIVIL 2.INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS, CIVIL RIGHTS, AND SOCIAL WELFARE RIGHTS, AND SOCIAL WELFARE WERE ADDRESSED.WERE ADDRESSED.

SCOTUS: THE WARREN SCOTUS: THE WARREN COURTCOURT

1. 1950S, 1960S: SCOTUS CHIEF JUSTICE, 1. 1950S, 1960S: SCOTUS CHIEF JUSTICE, EARL WARREN, AKA, WARREN COURTEARL WARREN, AKA, WARREN COURT

2. LANDMARK DECISIONS2. LANDMARK DECISIONS 3. EXAMPLES3. EXAMPLES 1)BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION, 1954, 1)BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION, 1954,

SCOTUSSCOTUS 2)MIRANDA V. ARIZONA, 1963,2)MIRANDA V. ARIZONA, 1963, POLICE MUST POLICE MUST

INFORM SUSPECTS OF CONSTITUTIONAL INFORM SUSPECTS OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS AT THE TIME OF ARREST…RIGHTS AT THE TIME OF ARREST…

(THIS DECISION STRENGTHENED (THIS DECISION STRENGTHENED AMERICANS’ INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS.)AMERICANS’ INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS.)

3)RIGHT OF FREE SPEECH PROTECTS 3)RIGHT OF FREE SPEECH PROTECTS STUDENTS WHO WEAR ARMBANDS AS ANTI-STUDENTS WHO WEAR ARMBANDS AS ANTI-WAR PROTEST ON SCHOOL GROUNDSWAR PROTEST ON SCHOOL GROUNDS

BROWN V. BOARD OF BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATIONEDUCATION

LINDA BROWN LINDA BROWN THOMPSONTHOMPSON

  . . well. like I say, we lived in an integrated neighborhood . . well. like I say, we lived in an integrated neighborhood and I had all of these playmates of different nationalities. and I had all of these playmates of different nationalities. And so when I found out that day that I might be able to go And so when I found out that day that I might be able to go to their school, I was just thrilled, you know. And I to their school, I was just thrilled, you know. And I remember walking over to remember walking over to Sumner schoolSumner school with my dad that with my dad that day and going up the steps of the school and the school day and going up the steps of the school and the school looked so big to a smaller child. And I remember going looked so big to a smaller child. And I remember going inside and my dad spoke with someone and then he went inside and my dad spoke with someone and then he went into the inner office with the principal and they left me into the inner office with the principal and they left me out . . . to sit outside with the secretary. And while he was out . . . to sit outside with the secretary. And while he was in the inner office, I could hear voices and hear his voice in the inner office, I could hear voices and hear his voice raised, you know, as the conversation went on. And then raised, you know, as the conversation went on. And then he immediately came out of the office, took me by the hand he immediately came out of the office, took me by the hand and we walked home from the school. I just couldn't and we walked home from the school. I just couldn't understand what was happening because I was so sure understand what was happening because I was so sure that I was going to go to school with Mona and Guinevere, that I was going to go to school with Mona and Guinevere, Wanda, and all of my playmates. Wanda, and all of my playmates.

CHIEF JUSTICE EARL CHIEF JUSTICE EARL WARRENWARREN

Earl WarrenEarl Warren ( (March 19March 19, , 18911891 –  – July 9July 9, , 19741974) was the 14th ) was the 14th Chief Justice of the United StatChief Justice of the United Stateses and the only person ever and the only person ever elected three times as elected three times as Governor of CaliforniaGovernor of California. .

The The Warren CourtWarren Court became became recognized as a high point in recognized as a high point in the use of the the use of the judicial powerjudicial power in in the effort to effect social the effort to effect social progress in the U.S.; Warren progress in the U.S.; Warren himself became widely himself became widely regarded as one of the most regarded as one of the most influential influential Supreme CourtSupreme Court justices in the history of the justices in the history of the United States and perhaps the United States and perhaps the single most important jurist of single most important jurist of the 20th century.the 20th century.

Warren was the last Chief Warren was the last Chief Justice born in the Justice born in the 19th century19th century. .

THE WARREN COURTTHE WARREN COURT Ernesto Arturo MirandaErnesto Arturo Miranda ( (

March 9March 9, , 19411941 – – January 31January 31, , 19761976) was a laborer whose ) was a laborer whose conviction on kidnapping, conviction on kidnapping, rape, and armed robbery rape, and armed robbery charges based on his charges based on his confessionconfession under police under police interrogationinterrogation resulted in the resulted in the landmark landmark U.S. Supreme CourtU.S. Supreme Court case (case (Miranda v. ArizonaMiranda v. Arizona), ), which ruled that criminal which ruled that criminal suspects must be informed of suspects must be informed of their right against self-their right against self-incrimination and their right incrimination and their right to consult with an attorney to consult with an attorney prior to questioning by police. prior to questioning by police. This warning is known as a This warning is known as a Miranda warningMiranda warning. .

ERNESTO MIRANDAERNESTO MIRANDA

MIRANDAMIRANDA

You have the right to remain silent. If you give You have the right to remain silent. If you give up that right, anything you say can and will be up that right, anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney and to have an the right to an attorney and to have an attorney present during questioning. If you attorney present during questioning. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided cannot afford an attorney, one will be provided to you at no cost. During any questioning, you to you at no cost. During any questioning, you may decide at any time to exercise these may decide at any time to exercise these rights, not answer any questions or make any rights, not answer any questions or make any statements. Do you understand these rights as statements. Do you understand these rights as I have read them to you? I have read them to you?

ASSASSINATIONS OF THE ASSASSINATIONS OF THE 1960S1960S

THE YEAR 1968 WAS A DEFINING THE YEAR 1968 WAS A DEFINING MOMENT IN HISTORY OF THE MOMENT IN HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES.UNITED STATES.

1.PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY, 1.PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY, NOV.,1963NOV.,1963

2.MARTIN LUTHER KING, APR., 19682.MARTIN LUTHER KING, APR., 1968 3.ROBERT F. KENNEDY, JUNE, 19683.ROBERT F. KENNEDY, JUNE, 1968

ASSASSINATION OF JOHN ASSASSINATION OF JOHN F. KENNEDYF. KENNEDY

1. NOV., 1963, DALLAS, TX1. NOV., 1963, DALLAS, TX 2. JFK’S ASSASSINATION SHOWED 2. JFK’S ASSASSINATION SHOWED

RESILENCE OF U.S. RESILENCE OF U.S. GOVERNMENT.GOVERNMENT.

3. JFK’S ASSASSINATION GAVE 3. JFK’S ASSASSINATION GAVE THE NEW PRESIDENT, LYNDON THE NEW PRESIDENT, LYNDON JOHNSON (LBJ), THE JOHNSON (LBJ), THE OPPORTUNITY TO PUSH HIS OPPORTUNITY TO PUSH HIS PLATFORM, THE GREAT SOCIETY. PLATFORM, THE GREAT SOCIETY.

4. LBJ’S GREAT SOCIETY4. LBJ’S GREAT SOCIETY 1)ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ACT, 1964, 1)ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY ACT, 1964,

LBJ’S WAR ON POVERTYLBJ’S WAR ON POVERTY 2)CIVIL RIGHTS ACT, 1964, OUTLAWED 2)CIVIL RIGHTS ACT, 1964, OUTLAWED

SEGREGATION IN USA PUBLICSEGREGATION IN USA PUBLIC 3)MEDICARE3)MEDICARE 4)IMPROVEMENTS IN EDUCATION4)IMPROVEMENTS IN EDUCATION 5)PROTECTING ENVIRONMENT5)PROTECTING ENVIRONMENT 6)REFORMING IMMIGRATION6)REFORMING IMMIGRATION

GREAT SOCIETY, GREAT SOCIETY, MEDICAREMEDICARE

MedicareMedicare is a is a social insurancesocial insurance program program administered by the administered by the United States governmentUnited States government, , providing providing health insurancehealth insurance coverage to people coverage to people who are aged 65 and over, or who meet other who are aged 65 and over, or who meet other special criteria. It was originally signed into law special criteria. It was originally signed into law on on July 30July 30, , 19651965, by President , by President Lyndon B. JohnsonLyndon B. Johnson as amendments to as amendments to Social SecuritySocial Security legislation. At the bill-signing legislation. At the bill-signing ceremony President Johnson enrolled former ceremony President Johnson enrolled former President President Harry S. TrumanHarry S. Truman as the first as the first Medicare beneficiary and presented him with Medicare beneficiary and presented him with the first Medicare card. the first Medicare card.

ASSASSINATION OF ASSASSINATION OF MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. 1.APR, 1968, MEMPHIS, TN1.APR, 1968, MEMPHIS, TN 2. The assassination led to a nationwide 2. The assassination led to a nationwide

wave of wave of riotsriots in more than 100 cities. in more than 100 cities. President Lyndon B. Johnson declared President Lyndon B. Johnson declared April 7 a national day of mourning for the April 7 a national day of mourning for the civil rights leader.civil rights leader.

3.ROBERT F. KENNEDY, RUNNING FOR 3.ROBERT F. KENNEDY, RUNNING FOR PRESIDENT AT THE TIME, CALLED FOR PRESIDENT AT THE TIME, CALLED FOR CALM.CALM.

4. ONE WEEK AFTER MLK’S DEATH, 4. ONE WEEK AFTER MLK’S DEATH, CONGRESS PASSED THE CIVIL RIGHTS CONGRESS PASSED THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1968ACT OF 1968

ASSASSINATION OF ASSASSINATION OF MARTIN LUTHER KINGMARTIN LUTHER KING

And then I got to Memphis. And some began to say And then I got to Memphis. And some began to say the threats, or talk about the threats that were out. the threats, or talk about the threats that were out. What would happen to me from some of our sick What would happen to me from some of our sick white brothers? Well, I don't know what will happen white brothers? Well, I don't know what will happen now. We've got some difficult days ahead. But it now. We've got some difficult days ahead. But it doesn't matter with me now. Because I've been to doesn't matter with me now. Because I've been to the mountaintop. And I don't mind. Like anybody, I the mountaintop. And I don't mind. Like anybody, I would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. would like to live a long life. Longevity has its place. But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to But I'm not concerned about that now. I just want to do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the do God's will. And He's allowed me to go up to the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. But I promised land. I may not get there with you. But I want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will want you to know tonight, that we, as a people, will get to the promised land. And I'm happy, tonight. I'm get to the promised land. And I'm happy, tonight. I'm not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. not worried about anything. I'm not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord. Lord.

MARTIN LUTHER KING, MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.JR.

Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) 1968)

A A BaptistBaptist minister, King became minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus Boycott and and helped found the helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Southern Christian Leadership ConferenceConference in 1957, serving as its first in 1957, serving as its first president. president.

King's efforts led to the 1963 King's efforts led to the 1963 March on WashingtonMarch on Washington, where , where King delivered his “King delivered his “I Have a DreamI Have a Dream” speech. There, ” speech. There, he raised public consciousness he raised public consciousness of the civil rights movement and of the civil rights movement and established himself as one of the established himself as one of the greatest greatest oratorsorators in U.S. history. in U.S. history.

MARTIN LUTHER KING, MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.JR.

In 1964, King became the youngest In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the person to receive the Nobel Peace PrizeNobel Peace Prize for his work to end for his work to end racial segregationracial segregation and and racialracial discriminationdiscrimination through through civil disobediencecivil disobedience and other and other non-violentnon-violent means. By the time of his death in 1968, means. By the time of his death in 1968, he had refocused his efforts on ending he had refocused his efforts on ending poverty and opposing the poverty and opposing the Vietnam WarVietnam War, , both from a religious perspective. both from a religious perspective.

MARTIN LUTHER KING, MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.JR.

King was King was assassinatedassassinated on April 4, 1968, in on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, TennesseeMemphis, Tennessee. He was posthumously awarded the . He was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of FreedomPresidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and in 1977 and Congressional Gold MedalCongressional Gold Medal in 2004; in 2004; Martin Luther King, Jr. DayMartin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. was established as a U.S. national holidaynational holiday in 1986. in 1986.

King was shot at 6:01 p.m. April 4, 1968 while he was King was shot at 6:01 p.m. April 4, 1968 while he was standing on the motel's second floor balcony. The bullet standing on the motel's second floor balcony. The bullet entered through his right cheek smashing his jaw and then entered through his right cheek smashing his jaw and then traveled down his spinal cord before lodging in his shoulder. traveled down his spinal cord before lodging in his shoulder. According to According to Jesse JacksonJesse Jackson, who was present, King's last , who was present, King's last words on the balcony were to musician Ben Branch, who words on the balcony were to musician Ben Branch, who was scheduled to perform that night at an event King was was scheduled to perform that night at an event King was attending: "Ben, make sure you play attending: "Ben, make sure you play Take My Hand, Precious LordTake My Hand, Precious Lord in the meeting tonight. Play it in the meeting tonight. Play it real pretty." Abernathy heard the shot from inside the motel real pretty." Abernathy heard the shot from inside the motel room and ran to the balcony to find King on the floor. room and ran to the balcony to find King on the floor.

MARTIN LUTHER KING, MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.JR.

LORRAINE MOTEL, MEMPHIS, TNLORRAINE MOTEL, MEMPHIS, TN

ASSASSINATION OF ASSASSINATION OF ROBERT F. KENNEDYROBERT F. KENNEDY

Robert Francis "Bobby" Robert Francis "Bobby" KennedyKennedy ( (November 20November 20, , 19251925––June 6June 6, , 19681968), also called ), also called RFKRFK, was an , was an AmericanAmerican statesmanstatesman. He was . He was United States Attorney GenerUnited States Attorney Generalal from 1961 to 1964 and a from 1961 to 1964 and a United States SenatorUnited States Senator from from New YorkNew York from 1965 until his from 1965 until his assassinationassassination in 1968. He was in 1968. He was one of the younger brothers of one of the younger brothers of U.S. PresidentU.S. President John F. KennedyJohn F. Kennedy and also one and also one of his most trusted advisers, of his most trusted advisers, working closely with the working closely with the president during the president during the Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis. He also . He also made a significant made a significant contribution to the African-contribution to the African-American Civil Rights American Civil Rights Movement. Movement.

ASSASSINATION OF ASSASSINATION OF ROBERT F. KENNEDYROBERT F. KENNEDY

Kennedy declared his candidacy FOR Kennedy declared his candidacy FOR PRESIDENT on March 16, 1968 in the PRESIDENT on March 16, 1968 in the same room that his brother declared his same room that his brother declared his candidacy 8 years earlier, he stated, "I candidacy 8 years earlier, he stated, "I do not run for the Presidency merely to do not run for the Presidency merely to oppose any man, but to propose new oppose any man, but to propose new policies. I run because I am convinced policies. I run because I am convinced that this country is on a perilous course that this country is on a perilous course and because I have such strong feelings and because I have such strong feelings about what must be done, and I feel that about what must be done, and I feel that I'm obliged to do all I can." I'm obliged to do all I can."

ASSINATION OF ROBERT ASSINATION OF ROBERT F. KENNEDYF. KENNEDY

On June 4, 1968, Kennedy scored a major victory On June 4, 1968, Kennedy scored a major victory when he won the California primary. He addressed when he won the California primary. He addressed his supporters in the early morning hours of June his supporters in the early morning hours of June 5, 1968 in a ballroom at the Ambassador Hotel in 5, 1968 in a ballroom at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles. Leaving the ballroom, he went Los Angeles. Leaving the ballroom, he went through the hotel kitchen after being told it was a through the hotel kitchen after being told it was a shortcut,[24] despite being advised to avoid the shortcut,[24] despite being advised to avoid the kitchen by his bodyguard, FBI agent Bill Barry. In a kitchen by his bodyguard, FBI agent Bill Barry. In a crowded kitchen passageway, Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-crowded kitchen passageway, Sirhan Sirhan, a 24-year-old Palestinian, opened fire with a .22 caliber year-old Palestinian, opened fire with a .22 caliber revolver and shot Kennedy in the head at close revolver and shot Kennedy in the head at close range. Following the shooting, Kennedy was range. Following the shooting, Kennedy was rushed to The Good Samaritan Hospital where he rushed to The Good Samaritan Hospital where he died early the next morning died early the next morning

THE KENNEDY THE KENNEDY BROTHERSBROTHERS

TET OFFENSIVETET OFFENSIVE

VIETCONG LAUNCHED AN VIETCONG LAUNCHED AN OFFENSIVE IN SOUTH VIETNAM OFFENSIVE IN SOUTH VIETNAM ATTACKING 100 CITIES AND U.S. ATTACKING 100 CITIES AND U.S. MILITARY BASES.MILITARY BASES.

MANY AMERICANS TURNED MANY AMERICANS TURNED AGAINST WAR AND LBJ, WHO AGAINST WAR AND LBJ, WHO CLAIMED N. VIETNAM AND CLAIMED N. VIETNAM AND VIETCONG WERE NEAR DEFEAT.VIETCONG WERE NEAR DEFEAT.

THE DEMOCRATIC THE DEMOCRATIC NATIONAL CONVENTION, NATIONAL CONVENTION,

19681968 1. CHICAGO, IL1. CHICAGO, IL 2. REMEMBERED FOR SCENES 2. REMEMBERED FOR SCENES

WHERE POLICE ARMED CLUBS WHERE POLICE ARMED CLUBS AND TEAR GAS VIOLENTLY BEAT AND TEAR GAS VIOLENTLY BEAT ANTI-VIETNAM WAR PROTESTERS ANTI-VIETNAM WAR PROTESTERS ON LIVE TVON LIVE TV

3. SOME WONDERED IF U.S. FORM 3. SOME WONDERED IF U.S. FORM OF GOVT COULD TOLERATE OF GOVT COULD TOLERATE DISSENT. DISSENT.