impact of introducing biometric atm cards for banking .... benazir.pdf · 2.2 plastic money market...

World Journal of Social Sciences

Vol. 8. No. 2. June 2018. Pp. 31– 42

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Impact of Introducing Biometric ATM cards for Banking Industry: Bangladesh Perspective

Benazir Rahman1 and Shirin Akhtar2

At present people are hugely dependent on banking industry even for daily life transactions. Security measurements are the vital issue in banking transaction. In this modern digital age every aspects of our life need to be updated, clear and easy to adopt. Introducing biometric ATM card may indicate new possibilities for the banking industry. Banks must meet the certain standards of techno friendly banking system in order to ensure safe and secure banking environment. This study is focused on the technological adoption of biometric ATM cards by every type of customers of different banks. Different variables like as security of e- transactions, attracting illiterate people and farmers’, increment in SME transaction, competition with agency banking services and so on. Data has been collected from some of the commercial banks of Bangladesh. For the analysis of data principal component analysis has been used. Different statistical tools like as mean value, standard deviation, ranking mean values etc. have been used. Cronbach’s Alpha has been used to show the reliability of data. The study reveals that introducing biometric ATM cards in commercial banks will create significant impact over security of e-transaction, simplicity and attracting farmers for banking transactions etc. and has less impact over attracting aged people of the country, attracting unbanked people etc. This paper is useful for professionals related to e-banking.

Keywords: Biometric, ATM card, e-transaction, commercial banks, Bangladesh.

1. Introduction Banking services are growing and being popular to consumers and businesses rapidly over the years. In this digital global arena their services such as electronic funds transfer both deposit or withdrawal through ATM is the most common demand for each consumer group. By scratching the ATM card into the machine and entering PIN number, one can easily perform the banking transaction. Comparing to the developing countries Bangladesh is also moving fast in this context. But still the system is little bit complex or avoidable for some group of customers. Citizens especially who are senior or the illiterate or the techno averse they are facing difficulties in the same banking transactions. In this regards introducing biometric authentication technique in ATM systems may be a solution. A simple and easy way like - fingerprint, eye recognition, face recognition to use the ATM card can increase the involvement of those customers. The statement of problems are how biometric ATM cards influence the growth of banking industry and whether it works better compared to the recent system. This paper _____________________________ 1Benazir Rahman, Sr. Lecturer in Finance, Department of Business Administration, Northern University

Bangladesh, Email: [email protected] 2Shirin Akhtar, Sr. Lecturer in Marketing, Department of Business Administration, Northern University

Bangladesh, Email: [email protected]

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is focused on the technological adoptability in the easiest way to specific target group of consumers who are interested and trying to be familiar with ATM transactions. The prime objectives of the study are to show the impact of introducing biometric ATM cardsin banking industry and to compare the recent ATM system and the proposed system. Thefirst section deals with introduction and the second section of the paper focuses on the other’s literature, third section contains methodology, results of the study appears in fourth section. The last section concludes the study.

2. Literature Review 2.1 Background of the Biometric ATM Cards The term “biometrics” is derived from the Greek words “bio” (life) and “metrics” (to measure). Automated biometric systems have only become available over the last few decades, due to significant advances in the field of computer processing. Several studies had done in this field and most of them are emphasized on the security authentication of biometrics ATM card. In context of our country very little works are completed, particularly in the technological adaption issue is ignored in some cases. Biometric ATM are used for wide range of applications like for Banking, Coupons &Self service ATM. Biometrics ATM offer ATM type interface along with at-least one Biometrics capture device like Fingerprint Scanner, Iris camera, Palm/Finger Vein scanner , Face recognition camera. They are often called Multi-Biometrics ATM, Wall mount Biometrics ATM, Biometrics Devices / Machine. Most of the ATM in the past has been using ID cards to identify users but with the wide acceptance of Biometrics, a new generation of Biometrics ATM is being deployed for wide range of applications worldwide. Why use Biometric ATM? • ATM have Large Computer CPU & Memory that provide sufficient processing

capabilities to support high-end Biometrics Verification or Identification system • Touch screen Multilingual interface offer easy interaction and reduce manpower

cost • Easy to maintain & repair Biometric ATMs solve these issues & offer • Single/Multi factor Biometric Authentication: Fingerprint, Iris, Face, Pal vein • Multifactor Authentication: Card + PIN + Biometrics • Online or offline Authentication using smart cards • Card less Authentication • Biometrics is combination of card or PIN

(Source: https://www.bioenabletech.com/biometrics-atm).

Hooda (2016) analyzed the ATM security system. transaction it is shown that as technology hasalso hackers asspoofers steal/ misuse credit card numbers, even though thehas been made secure. Nowadaysand authentication of following:

• Fingerprint

• Hand

• Retina

• Iris

• Face

• Voice etc.

Source: https://www.google.com/search?q=biometric+atm+cards&safe=strict&b&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd3MGh8b7TAhXKvo8KHTjcBpoQ_AUICSgC&biw=1366&bih=659

Before that security Experts says that Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) in future will have biometric authentication techniques to verify identities oftransaction. In South America, there are companies that have introduced fingerprint technology as a embedded part of ATM systems, where citizens have already started using fingerprint in place of PIN or Password for general identification cards.

Rahman & Akhtar

Hooda (2016) analyzed the ATM security system. In a study of biometrics in secure eit is shown that as technology has advanced there has been a negative side

also hackers asspoofers steal/ misuse credit card numbers, even though thesecure. Nowadays, there are devices to perform biometric identification

ication of following:

https://www.google.com/search?q=biometric+atm+cards&safe=strict&client=firefoxb&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd3MGh8b7TAhXKvo8KHTjcBpoQ_AUICSgC&biw=136

ecurity Experts says that Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) in future will have biometric authentication techniques to verify identities of customer during transaction. In South America, there are companies that have introduced fingerprint technology as a embedded part of ATM systems, where citizens have already started using fingerprint in place of PIN or Password for general identification

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In a study of biometrics in secure e-advanced there has been a negative side

also hackers asspoofers steal/ misuse credit card numbers, even though the network , there are devices to perform biometric identification

client=firefox-b&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd3MGh8b7TAhXKvo8KHTjcBpoQ_AUICSgC&biw=136

ecurity Experts says that Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) in future will customer during

transaction. In South America, there are companies that have introduced fingerprint technology as a embedded part of ATM systems, where citizens have already started using fingerprint in place of PIN or Password for general identification with their ID

2.2 Plastic Money Market Size in Bangladesh

Particulars

Total Population

Population in 3 major Cities

Total Number of TIN issued

Total Active TIN Holders

Tapped Market ( Total

Untapped Market

% of Tapped Market

% of Untapped Market

Number of Competitors

Here, the percentage of tapped market or total active card is 22% which is cover the potential market area of Bangladesh and the percentage of untapped market or total inactive card is 78% around the country. 2.2.1 National Payment Switch Bangladesh (NPSB) NPSB is an electronic platform, started its operation on 27 December 2012. 2.2.1.1 Core Objective: � To behind implementation of NPSB is to attain interoperability in retail banking transactions originating from different electronic delivery channels e.g. Automated Teller Machines (ATM), Point of Sales (POS).

[PERCEN

TAGE]

Rahman & Akhtar

Plastic Money Market Size in Bangladesh

Particulars Data

160 million

Population in 3 major Cities 37 million

Total Number of TIN issued 3.5 million

Total Active TIN Holders 2.6 million

Tapped Market ( Total Active Cards) 0.57 million

Untapped Market 2.03 million

% of Tapped Market 22%

% of Untapped Market 78%

Number of Competitors 38

Here, the percentage of tapped market or total active card is 22% which is cover the Bangladesh and the percentage of untapped market or total

inactive card is 78% around the country.

National Payment Switch Bangladesh (NPSB)

is an electronic platform, started its operation on 27 December 2012.

implementation of NPSB is to attain interoperability in retail banking transactions originating from different electronic delivery channels e.g. Automated Teller Machines (ATM), Point of Sales (POS).

22%

[PERCEN

TAGE]

0%0%% of Tapped

Market

% of

Untapped

Market

34

Data

160 million

37 million

3.5 million

2.6 million

0.57 million

2.03 million

22%

78%

38

Here, the percentage of tapped market or total active card is 22% which is cover the Bangladesh and the percentage of untapped market or total

is an electronic platform, started its operation on 27 December 2012.

implementation of NPSB is to attain interoperability in retail banking transactions originating from different electronic delivery channels e.g. Automated Teller

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� Moreover, the switch is also a stimulus to boost up cashless and electronic payments all over the country.

The following types of ATM and POS transactions are presently live through NPSB:

1. ATM channel is accommodating Balance Inquiry, Mini Statement, Cash Withdrawal transactions.

2. POS is accommodating Retail Purchase transaction. Bangladesh Bank is also looking forward to gradually accommodating the transaction scopes mentioned below under NPSB that depends on the readiness of commercial banks:

1. Over the counter (OTC through POS) Standing Order 2. ATM: Interbank Fund Transfer, Bill Payment, Interbank Cash Deposit 3. POS: Interbank Cash Withdrawal, Bill Payment.

In addition to the Bank’s own 160 ATMs, among the 51 banks, Prime Bank has joined National Payment Switch Bangladesh (NPSB) network during the year 2014, which enabled the Debit Cardholders of the Bank to enjoy cash withdrawal facility from other ATMs under NPSB Network. 2.2.1.2 Trends of Inter-Bank Transactions through ATM while using NPSB Online payment of Government dues through internet will greatly be enhanced using NPSB. NPSB has been launched as "soft go-live" since 27 December 2012 and now inter-bank ATM transactions among 46 banks are being routed through NPSB. Other banks are also likely to join to NPSB.

No of interbank ATM transactions

No. of interbank POS transaction

� 51 banks are in operation for interbank ATM transaction through NPSB.

� Among 51 banks there are 46 banks are in operation for interbank POS transaction through NPSB.

Trends of Inter

Source: Ban

The number and volume of the interbank ATM transaction through NPSB are growing rapidly. PSD is also drafting some operating rules regarding NPSB system. The figure shows the trends of NPSB interbank ATM transaction number and associated amount till 30 June 2015. Bangladesh Bank is expecting bring POS transaction through NPSB very shortly. 2.3 Outcomes from Previous Studies Vimaladevi et. al. (2017) analyzed the security approaches of ATM oand focused on improved using biometric and password based authentication technique i.e. Fingerprint recognition. Here the proposed system provides more security then existing system with finger print recognition because of finger print is Gregg Rowley as cited in Vimaladeviand biometric will be next step as fingerprint verification and face identification technique. Bank has already been moved to smart cards and now is the time implement biometric authentication approach in ATM systems Rowley says, “Most insecure is a magnetic stripe with a PIN, more secure is a smart card with a PIN, and even more secure is a smart card with biometrics. In India various ideas are given by researchers for biometric authentication includingand retina, voice, etc. Fingerprint approach for identification given by Oko2012 not proved efficient as when citizen will move to ATM system, fingers may become dirty from natural environment and will not be able to access his account with ATM system, since fingerprints will not match from the one that was traced during identification. Secondly, a iris and retina approach proposed by Bhosale and 2012 as an identification method, but citizens might not want a laser beamed into their eyes for retina scan at every time he wants to access account through ATM. Thus, iris and retina as identification authentication proved inefficient. Vibration detector sensors were also proposed as a security system for ATM machines by Ajaykumar M. And Kumar, 2013. Voice was also proposed for security in ATM systems as a biometric with smart card. The cons were there at the same time as two citizens can have same voice

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Inter-Bank Transactions through ATM

Source: Bangladesh Bank Annual Report 2015

The number and volume of the interbank ATM transaction through NPSB are growing rapidly. PSD is also drafting some operating rules regarding NPSB system. The figure

interbank ATM transaction number and associated amount till 30 June 2015. Bangladesh Bank is expecting bring POS transaction through NPSB

Previous Studies

et. al. (2017) analyzed the security approaches of ATM or mobile devices focused on improved using biometric and password based authentication technique

i.e. Fingerprint recognition. Here the proposed system provides more security then existing system with finger print recognition because of finger print is unique.

Vimaladevi et. al., 2017 said- “Banks will move to smart cards and biometric will be next step as fingerprint verification and face identification technique. Bank has already been moved to smart cards and now is the time implement biometric authentication approach in ATM systems”.

Rowley says, “Most insecure is a magnetic stripe with a PIN, more secure is a smart card with a PIN, and even more secure is a smart card with biometrics. In India various

researchers for biometric authentication including- and retina, voice, etc. Fingerprint approach for identification given by Oko2012 not proved efficient as when citizen will move to ATM system, fingers may become

ural environment and will not be able to access his account with ATM system, since fingerprints will not match from the one that was traced during identification. Secondly, a iris and retina approach proposed by Bhosale and

n method, but citizens might not want a laser beamed into their eyes for retina scan at every time he wants to access account through ATM. Thus, iris and retina as identification authentication proved inefficient. Vibration detector sensors

sed as a security system for ATM machines by Ajaykumar M. And . Voice was also proposed for security in ATM systems as a biometric with

smart card. The cons were there at the same time as two citizens can have same voice

36

The number and volume of the interbank ATM transaction through NPSB are growing rapidly. PSD is also drafting some operating rules regarding NPSB system. The figure

interbank ATM transaction number and associated amount till 30 June 2015. Bangladesh Bank is expecting bring POS transaction through NPSB

r mobile devices focused on improved using biometric and password based authentication technique

i.e. Fingerprint recognition. Here the proposed system provides more security then unique.

“Banks will move to smart cards and biometric will be next step as fingerprint verification and face identification technique. Bank has already been moved to smart cards and now is the time to

Rowley says, “Most insecure is a magnetic stripe with a PIN, more secure is a smart card with a PIN, and even more secure is a smart card with biometrics. In India various

fingerprint, iris and retina, voice, etc. Fingerprint approach for identification given by OkoandOruh, 2012 not proved efficient as when citizen will move to ATM system, fingers may become

ural environment and will not be able to access his account with ATM system, since fingerprints will not match from the one that was traced during identification. Secondly, a iris and retina approach proposed by Bhosale and Sawant,

n method, but citizens might not want a laser beamed into their eyes for retina scan at every time he wants to access account through ATM. Thus, iris and retina as identification authentication proved inefficient. Vibration detector sensors

sed as a security system for ATM machines by Ajaykumar M. And . Voice was also proposed for security in ATM systems as a biometric with

smart card. The cons were there at the same time as two citizens can have same voice

Rahman & Akhtar

37

and one can easily hack and can fraud with another’s account. Thus, this paper came with an idea of face recognition technique with 3 different angles as a biometric authentication that cannot be lost, stolen, harmful, dirty, copied, forgotten and is always available. Thus, biometric device is ultimate attempt in trying to prove who you are. This paper is focused on the special features of the biometric technological adaptation of each and everytype of customers. The study has shown the prospects of introducing such facility by the banks and its impact over the profit trend which can be rarely seen in other’s literature. The following hypothesis has been derived for the study after reviewing other’s literature; H0: There is no significant relationship between introducing biometric ATM cards and growth of banking industry. H1: There is a significant relationship between introducing biometric ATM cards and growth of banking industry.

3. Methodology of the Study For the study a structured questionnaire has given among the particular sample to collect data which is considered as a primary source of data. A non-comparative scale questionnaire has created by using a five-degree likert scale consisting of such values;

Scale 1 2 3 4 5

Label Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree

Random bankers have been selected as a sample. Since the study is concerned with the banking industry, all the bank employees of Bangladesh are potentially constituted the sampling frame as a population. For the survey questionnaire has given to the 130 bank personnel of different banks. Among these 119 were returned fully completed and usable for data analysis. It has represented the response rate of about 91.54%. The survey has done at Dhaka city only.

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Table 1: Banks from which Respondents are Taken Bank’s name No. of respondents Dhaka Bank Ltd. 16 Sonali Bank Ltd. 2 United Commercial Bank Ltd 12 ShahjalalIslami Bank Ltd. 20 Bank Asia Ltd. 12 Trust Bank Ltd. 5 Standard Bank Ltd. 6

Mercantile Bank Ltd. 15 Prime Bank Ltd. 13 Southeast Bank Ltd. 10 Al ArafahIslami Bank Ltd. 8 Total 119

The demographic information is given as follows:

Table 2: Demographic Information of the Respondent

Gender: Male Female 78 41 Age 25-34 years 35-44 years 45-54 years 55 years and above

67 36 12 4

Working experiences Less than 1 year 1-3 years 4-6 years 7-9 years 10 years & above

22 24 37 13 23

3.1Means of Analysis To justify the research following factors has been selected: � Security of e- transactions. � User-friendly � Illiterate and unbanked people. � Women and house-wivesinvolvement. � Fraudulent diminishing. � Banking transactions without the involvement of agents. � Farmers as consumers in agro-industry. � SME transactions. � Involvement of techno-averse senior citizens. � economically unhealthy people � Market of agency banking. For the study we use descriptive statistics, ranking factors and Principal component analysis or factor analysis techniques using varimax rotation. Cronbach’s alpha has been used to verify reliability. For all the analysis SPSS 16.0 has been used.

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A face to face interview has conducted to show the perception of a banker who is involved with recent ATM banking system.

4. Analysis and Results By analyzing the primary data using SPSS 16.0 following results have found;

Table 3: Descriptive Statistics

Mean

Std. Deviation

Analysis N

Ranks

Introducing biometric e-cards or ATM cards will enhance the security of e- transactions performed by banks

4.12 .627 119 1

It will make e-transactions more user-friendly. 4.00 .748 119 2

Use of biometric e-card will help to grab the unbanked people such as illiterate people

3.66 1.004 119 5

It will help to increase the number of female customers especially those who are housewives or not so highly qualified

3.72 .892 119 4

Fraudulent will diminish due to the use of biometric e-cards 3.82 .889 119 3

It will help to increase the banking transactions in rural areas without the involvement of agents

3.65 .869 119 6

Banking transactions by the farmers in agro-industry will increase through the use of biometric ATM cards

3.50 1.065 119 9

SME transactions will increase through biometric ATM cards 3.64 .981 119 7

It will ensure the involvement of senior citizens especially who are techno-averse

3.54 .998 119 8

It will attract the lower middle class people or economically unhealthy people from both urban and rural side to take banking advantages

3.48 .910 119 10

It will grab the market of agency banking like bash 3.19 .977 119 11

It can be said from the table 3, security of e-transaction has got the uppermost influence with the highest mean and grabbing market of agency banking is considered as less important factor with the lowest mean. The ranking based on importance of rest of the factors have also shown.

Table 4: KMO and Bartlett's Test

Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy.

.748

Bartlett's Test of Sphericity

Approx. Chi-Square 345.082

Df 55

Sig. .000

Sufficient correlation has shown among the variables as the statistic of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sample adequacy for individual variance is found 0.748 which shows data set is appropriate for further analysis. Bartlett's test for sphericity has also shown that the overall significance of the correlation matrices is acceptable as α is nearly zero.

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Reliability test is very essential to conduct a scientific research to show the consistency of measure. To justify this Cronbach's Alpha is calculated. It generally ranges from 0 to 1and higher value specifies good internal consistency.It is considered that if the value of Cronbach alpha is greater than 0.60, the data set is reliable and consistency exists between the responses given by the respondents. According to the table 5 it is seen that a good degree of reliability exist among the selected variables as the computed statistic is 0.773 where N or sample size is 119 and items are 11.

Table 6: Results of Communalities

Initial Extraction

Introducing biometric e-cards or ATM cards will enhance the security of e- transactions performed by banks

1.000 .772

It will make e-transactions more user-friendly. 1.000 .607

Use of biometric e-card will help to grab the unbanked people such as illiterate people 1.000 .537


1.000 .546

Fraudulent will diminish due to the use of biometric e-cards 1.000 .607


1.000 .549


1.000 .714

SME transactions will increase through biometric ATM cards 1.000 .512

It will ensure the involvement of senior citizens especially who are techno-averse 1.000 .538


1.000 .497

It will grab the market of agency banking like bash 1.000 .391

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Source: Field survey, 2017

The table 6 shows that after 3 factors are extracted and retained in rotated component matrix the community is 0.772 for 1st variable, 0.607 for 2nd variable and so on.It is considered that extracted values of communalities need to be more than 0.5 for the accuracy of the data analysis. Most of the extracted values are more than 0.5 except the last two variables which is good for the study.

Table 5:Reliability Statistics

Cronbach's Alpha N of Items

.773 11

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Table 7: Result of Rotated Component Matrixa

Component

1 2 3

Introducing biometric e-cards or ATM cards will enhance the security of e- transactions performed by banks .169 .123

It will make e-transactions more user-friendly. .720

Use of biometric e-card will help to grab the unbanked people such as illiterate people .483 .551 .012


.537 .455 .226

Fraudulent will diminish due to the use of biometric e-cards .768 .066


.451 .461 .365


.418 .658 .327

SME transactions will increase through biometric ATM cards .121 .694

It will ensure the involvement of senior citizens especially who are techno-averse .679 .240


.683 .069 .161

It will grab the market of agency banking like bash .292 .078 .548

Eigen Value 2.630 23.911 23.911

Variance explained (%) 2.253 20.478 44.389

Cumulative variance explained (%) 1.388 12.619 57.008

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.

a. Rotation converged in 5 iterations. Source: Field survey, 2017

Table 7 shows the first includes 10 sub-factors except user-friendly variable andit can be seen that among these reduction in fraudulent has got the highest importance and increment in SME transactions has got the lowest importance. The second factor also includes 10 sub-factors except reduction in fraudulent and it is found that user-friendly has got the highest importance and grabbing the attention of unbanked people has got the lowest importance. The third factor includes 7 sub-factors as well. During a face to face interview an Assistant Vice President of card and operations division of Dhaka Bank Ltd.(A. Khan2017, pers. comm., 15 January) told that there are around 7000 ATM booths are established in our country till 2017. According to him it’s a new concept which is highly secured and with the help of such system password fraudulent through skimming can be resolved. He mentioned that that its installation costs will be huge and also replacement will be expensive. He told that he don’t think that it will grab the unbanked illiterate people’s attention towards banking. Overall findings are that the null hypothesis is rejected as per the statistical analysis. The analysis shows significant impacts of selected variables over the growth of the industry.

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5. Recommendation and Conclusion The study can be concluded by saying that introducing biometric ATM booths or cards will definitely boost up the progress of banking industry though this system will incur huge costing in its initial stage. It will improve the e-transaction security system. It will also become user-friendly foe aged people and women who are not used to with the hi-tech facilities. Grabbing illiterate unbanked people may be possible but not in a significant scale. As it is a very new concept for Bangladesh, various limitations like lack of data, less previous research etc. have been faced. Further research can be possible on Biometric ATM booths vs. agent-based booths and identifying the impact of introducing biometric ATM booths in small towns and rural areas.

References Adewale, AA, Ibidunni, AS, Badejo, JA, Odu, T and Adoghe, AU 2014, ‘Biometric

Enabled E-Banking in Nigeria: Management and Customers’ Perspectives’, Information and Knowledge Management, Vol. 4, No. 11, Pp. 23-28

Ajaykumar, M and Kumar, NB, 2013,‘Anti-theft ATM machine using vibration detection sensor’, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, Vol. 3, No.12

Biometric ATM cards, viewed April 20 2017, <https://www.google.com/search?q=biometric+atm+cards&safe=strict&client=firefoxb&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd3MGh8b7TAhXKvo8KHTjcBpoQ_AUICSgC&biw=1366&bih=659>.

Biometric ATM, viewed April 02 2017, <https://www.bioenabletech.com/biometrics-atm>.

Bobde, MSS and Satange, DN 2013, ‘Biometrics in Secure e-Transaction’, International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS), Vol. 2, No. 2

Fatima, A 2015, ‘E-Banking Security Issues â Is There A Solution in Biometrics?’, The Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, Vol. 16, No. 2, Pp.1-9.

Harinda, E and Ntagwirumugara, E, 2015, ‘Security & Privacy Implications in the Placement of Biometric-Based ID Card for Rwanda Universities’, Journal of Information Security, Vol.6, No. 2, P.93

Hooda, K 2016, ‘ATM Security’, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Vol. 6, No. 4, Pp. 159-166

Oko, S and Oruh, J, 2012, ‘Enhanced ATM security system using biometrics’, International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 9, No. 5, Pp.355-363,

Vimaladevi, SK, .Sharmila, S and Vijaya, G 2017, ‘Secure Money Transactions Using Biometrics’, International Journal of Advanced Research Trends in Engineering and Technology (IJARTET), Vol. 4, No. 5, Pp. 139-144

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