CITATION

CITATION

- Information about a publication (book, journal article, video, etc.) that allows someone to identify and locate that publication. Citations for books usually contain the author's name, the book's title, place of publication and date of publication. Citations for journal articles usually include the author and title of the article, the title of the journal, the volume number, page numbers and date of publication.

COPYRIGHT

A legal protection that provides the creator of a work with the sole right to publish, reproduce, and sell that work

PLAGIARISMTurning in someone else’s work as your ownWhy people plagiarize?• A lack of knowledge regarding plagiarism• A lack of knowledge regarding information on the

Internet• A lack of confidence in one’s ability to write a paper• A lack of knowledge regarding citing sources• Procrastination: putting off or delaying or deferring

an action to a later time

Plagiarism is not merely copying someone else’s work-for-word.

Four basic forms of plagiarism:1. Exact: Copying a source word-for-word with no

credit given to the creator2. Borrowing: Turning in a paper that someone else

has written3. Unclear: Lack of indicating where the borrowing

begins and ends.4. Medley: Copying of a resource using a few words

here and there and not providing credit to the creator

How to avoid plagiarism? Be aware of what plagiarism entails (it’s a crime) Allow your time to write the paper – do not

procrastinate Make certain that all research assignments are

absolutely clear. Sharpen your time management and planning skills Learn effective research and writing skills Use a variety of resources for your research Take notes when conducting research, writing down

the full source of information Conduct research using critical-thinking and problem-

solving skills-moving away from the “cut and paste” mode of research

Write drafts and make copies of research materials Cite your sources- if you are unsure, cite them

anyway! Include an annotated bibliography with your research

paper

Use current references if your topic requires recent information

Include bibliography cards, note cards, photocopies of sources, and outlines with your final paper

Be confident in what you write- research it, study it, and reflect on it.

Do not succumb to pressures from peers or others Take pride in your work Get help if you are confused or uncertain Remember that you would not want someone else

to “borrow” your work without giving you proper credit

TECHNIQUES TO DO YOUR WORK IN AVOIDING PLAGIARISM

Paraphrase

Restate the information in your own words

Does not require that you use quotation marks, but it does require proper citation

Summarize

Similar to paraphrase, but it is shorter and even closer to your own words.

Proper citation is require Quote

May copy word-for-word, but this requires quotation marks and proper ciation

Styles of citation

Three commonly used styles

a) Modern Language Association (MLA)b) American Psychological Association (APA)c) Chicago Citation Style

For this subject we will focus on the first two styles

AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA)

CITATION

RULES FOR AUTHORS (APA) a) Start with family name for authors which have family names, follow

with coma and initials for other part of the names.Eg: Tan, B. T.

Means, G. P.Puthucheary, M.

b) For names without family names, cite as they are known.Eg: Osman Hamzah

Nik Ismail Nik Ishak

c) If two authors, use ampersand (&) before the last author. Use coma after each family name and in between each author after initials.

Eg: Sawyer, C., & Parkin, G. F.

d) More than six authors, use et al. for the seventh or more author names.

Eg: Lofland, L. , Moore, M.H., Estrich. S, McGillis, D., Spelman, W., Parker, K. ,et al.

RULES FOR TITLE

a) Capitalize only the first alphabet of the first word or names in title and subtitle.

b) Capitalize first alphabet in each word in the Title of journal and name of seminars except for preposition.

c) Underline or italic the Title of books and the Title of Journal or the source

BOOKS WITH ONE AUTHOR

Format:Author. (Year). Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Grainger, A. (1993). Controlling tropical deforestation. London: Earthscan.

Asmah Haji Omar. (1991). Kemahiran berbahasa. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Pustaka Antara.

MORE THAN SIX AUTHORS

Format:First author until sixth author, et al. (Year). Title. Place of

publication: Publisher.

Lofland, L. , Moore, M.H., Estrich. S, McGillis, D., Spelman, W., Parker, K. ,et al. (1999). The new

criminology: For a social theory of deviance. New York: Harper & Row.

CORPORATE BODIES AS AUTHORS

Format:Corporate author. (Year). Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher.

If Government bodies, start with the country or the state.

Malaysia. Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Alam Sekitar. (1990). Industrial technology development: A

national plan of action. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Alam Sekitar.

Unesco. (1993). Worldwide action in education. Paris: Unesco.

MORE THAN FIRST EDITION

Format:Author. (Year). Title of book. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Carlton, D. W.., & Perloff, J. M. (1994). Modern industrial organization. (2nd ed.). New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.

Walker, A. (1993). Pengurusan projek binaan. (Edisi Ke- 2.) Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia

EDITED BOOKS

Format:Editor. (Ed./Eds.). (Year). Title. Place of publication:

Publisher.

Freeman, H. M. (Ed.). (1990). Hazardous waste minimization. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Annuar Abdul Razak, & Abu Bakar Abdul Majid. (Eds.). (1997). Islam, science and technology. Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia.

CHAPTER FROM BOOKS

Format:Writer of the chapter. (Year). Title of the chapter. In Name of the editor. (Ed./Eds.), Title of the book. (pages of the chapter). Place of publication: Publisher.

Damodararao, T., & Sastry, C. A. (1996). Water extraction from sea water acquifer. In C. A. Sastry (Ed.), Water treatment plants (pp. 437-444). New Delhi: Narosa Publishing House.

Chieffi, G., & Pierantoni, R. (1987). Regulation of ovarian steroidogenesis. In D. O. Norris & R. E. Jones (Eds.), Hormones and reproduction in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles (pp. 117-144). New York: Plenum Press.

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Format:Writer of the article. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume (issue/no.), page.

Chu, K. H., & Mohd Ali Hashim. (1995). Simulated counter-current adsorption processes: A

comparison of modeling strategies. Chemical Engineering Journal, 56, 59-65.

Brown, R. G. W. (1985). Laser fibre optics in biotechnology. Trends in Biotechnology, 3 (8), 200-203.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Format:Writer of the article. (Year, month day). Title of the article. Title of the newspaper, page.

Wan Hasnan Hasan. (1998, September 24). JPS baiki aliran sungai elak banjir. Utusan

Malaysia, 11.

PUBLISHED CONFERENCE PAPER

Format:Writer of the paper. (Year). Title of the paper. In Editor of the proceeding (Ed./Eds.), Title of the proceeding (page). Place of publication: Publisher.

Jaynes, E. T. (1985). Microscopic prediction. In H. Hanken (Ed.) Complex systems, operational approaches in neurobiology, physics, and computers: Proceedings of the

International Symposium on Synergetics at Schloss Elmau, Bavaria, May 6-11, 1985, (pp. 254-269). Berlin: Springer – Verlag.

UNPUBLISHED CONFERENCE PAPER

Format:Writer of the paper. (Year, month). Title of the paper.

Paper presented at / kertaskerja dibentangkan dalam name of the conference, place.

Mohd Amin Mohd Som, Ahmad Jusoh, & Abang Abdullah Abang Ali. (1992, September). Perancangan sumber air untuk kesejahteraan sejagat. Kertaskerja dibentangkan dalam Seminar Perancangan Sumber Air, Skudai, Johor.

THESIS / DISSERTATION

Format:Author. (Year). Title. Unpublished master’s thesis / doctoral dissertation, name of the university, place.

Safiah Abdullah. (1996). The community structure of fish and prawns in small mangrove creeks in Sungai Sementa Kecil, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur.

JOURNAL ARTICLE THROUGH INTERNET

Format:Author. (Year). Title of the article. Name of the Journal,

Volume (issue / no), page. Retrieved month date, year from URL address.

Bauer, F. (1997). Selenium and soils in Western United States. The Electronic Green Journal, 7, 3-10. Retrieved October 25, 1999 from

http://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/egj07/bauer.htm

JOURNAL ARTICLE USING DATABASE ON CDROMFormat:

Author. (Year, Month). Title of article. Name of the Journal, Volume (issue/no), page. CDROM. Name of database. Disc No.

Bonner, J.T. (1999, March). The evolution of evolution. Natural History, 108(3), 20-23. CDROM. GPO. Disc No. 99-13-01

MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION (MLA)

CITATION STYLE

RULES FOR AUTHORS (MLA) a) Start with family name for authors which have family names, follow

with coma and other part of the names.Eg: Tan, Bong Tiang.

Means, Gregory P.Puthucheary, M.

b) For names without family names, cite as they are known.Eg: Osman Hamzah

Nik Ismail Nik Ishak

c) If two authors, use and before the last author.Second author cite as they are known

Eg: Sawyer, C., and George F. Parkin

d) More than three authors, use et al. after the first author.Eg: Lofland, L. ,et al.

RULES FOR TITLE

a) Capitalize the first alphabet of all the word or names in title and subtitle.

b) Capitalize first alphabet in each word in the Title of journal and proceedings of meetings except for preposition.

c) Italic the Title of books and the Title of Journal or the source.

BOOKS WITH ONE AUTHOR

Format:Author. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Medium of Publication.

Grainger, Alan. Controlling Tropical Deforestation. London: Earthscan,1993. Print.

Asmah Haji Omar. Kemahiran Berbahasa. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbitan Pustaka Antara, 1991. Print

BOOKS WITH TWO OR THREE AUTHORS

Format:List all the authors. Use and before the last author. Title of the

book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year. Medium of Publication.

Sawyer, C., P. McCarty., and G.F. Parkin. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering. 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994. Print.

Ishak Shari, and K. S Jomo. Apakah Dasar Ekonomi Baru Mencapai Perpaduan Kebangsaan.Petaling Jaya: Institut Analisa Sosial, 1984. Print.

MORE THAN THREE AUTHORS

Format:First author, et al. Title. Place of publication : Publisher, Year. Medium of Publication.

Lofland, L. ,et al The New Criminology: For a Social Theory of Deviance. New York: Harper & Row, 1999. Print.

CORPORATE BODIES AS AUTHORS

Format:Corporate author. Title of Book. Place of Publication : Publisher, Year. Medium of Publication.

If Government bodies, start with the country or the state.

Malaysia. Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Alam Sekitar. Industrial Technology Development: A National Plan of Action. Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Alam Sekitar, 1990. Print.

Unesco. Worlwide Action in Education. Paris: Unesco, 1993. Print.

MORE THAN FIRST EDITION

Format:Author. Title of book. Edition. Place of Publication : Publisher, Year. Medium of Publication.

Carlton, D. W., and J. M. Perloff. Modern Industrial Organization. 2nd ed. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, 1994. Print.

Walker, A. Pengurusan Projek Binaan. Edisi Ke-2. Pulau Pinang: Penerbit Universiti Sains Malaysia, 1993. Print.

EDITED BOOKS

Format:Editor, ed. Title. Place of publication : Publisher, Year.

Medium of Publication.

Freeman, H. M. , ed. Hazardous Waste Minimization. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990. Print.

Annuar Abdul Razak, and Abu Bakar Abdul Majid, eds. Islam, Science and Technology. Kuala Lumpur: Institute of Islamic Understanding Malaysia, 1997. Print.

CHAPTER FROM BOOKS

Format:Writer of the chapter. “Title of the chapter.” Title of the book

Ed.Name of the editor/s. Place of publication: Publisher. Year. Pages of the chapter. Medium of publication.

Damodararao, T., and C. A. Sastry. “ Water Extraction from Sea Water Acquifer.” Water Treatment Plants . Ed.

C. A. Sastry . New Delhi: Narosa Publishing House, 1996. 437-444. Print.

Chieffi, G., & R. Pierantoni. “Regulation of Ovarian Steroidogenesis.” Hormones and Reproduction in Fishes, Amphibians, and Reptiles. Ed. D. O. Norris and R. E. Jones New York: Plenum Press, 1987. 117-144. Print.

JOURNAL ARTICLE

Format:Writer of the article. “Title of the article.” Title of the Journal, Volume . issue/no., (Year): page. Medium of Publication.

Chu, K. H., and Mohd Ali Hashim. “Simulated Counter-Current Adsorption Processes: A

Comparison of Modeling Strategies.” Chemical Engineering Journal, 56, (1995) : 59-65. Print.

Brown, R. G. W. “ Laser Fibre Optics in Biotechnology.” Trends in Biotechnology, 3 .8, (1985): 200-203. Print.

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE

Format:Writer of the article. “Title of the article.”Title of the newspaper Day Month Year: page. Medium of Publication.

Wan Hasnan Hasan..” JPS Baiki Aliran Sungai Elak Banjir.” Utusan Malaysia 24 Sept 1998: 11. Print.

PUBLISHED CONFERENCE PAPER

Format:Writer of the paper.” Title of the paper.” Title of the

proceeding. Ed. Editor of the proceeding. Place of publication: Publisher, Year. page. Medium of Publication.

Jaynes, E. T. “Microscopic Prediction.” Complex Systems, Operational Approaches in Neurobiology, Physics, and Computers : Proceedings of the International Symposium on Synergetics at Schloss Elmau, Bavaria, May 6-11, 1985,. Ed. H.

Hanken. Berlin: Springer – Verlag, 1985. 254-269. Print.

UNPUBLISHED CONFERENCE PAPER

Format:Writer of the paper. “Title of the paper. “ Name of the conference, place, Day Month, Year. Medium of Publication.

Mohd Amin Mohd Som, Ahmad Jusoh, and Abang Abdullah Abang Ali. “Perancangan Sumber Air Untuk Kesejahteraan Sejagat.” Seminar Perancangan Sumber Air, Skudai, Johor, 19 Sept 1992. Print.

THESIS / DISSERTATION

Format:Author. “Title.” Diss. Name of the university, Year. Medium of Publication.

Safiah Abdullah. “The Community Structure of Fish and Prawns in Small Mangrove Creeks in Sungai Sementa Kecil, Selangor, Peninsular Malaysia. “ Diss. University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur,1996. Print.

JOURNAL ARTICLE THROUGH INTERNET

Format:Author. “Title of the article. “ Name of the Journal,

Volume. issue / no, (Year): page. Medium of Publication. Access date- Day Month Year < URL address>.

Bauer, F. “Selenium and Soils in Western United States.” The Electronic Green Journal, 7, (1997): 3-10. Web. 25 Oct 1999

<http://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/egj07/bauer.htm>.

JOURNAL ARTICLE USING DATABASE ON CDROM

Format:Author. “Title of article.” Name of the Journal, Volume . issue/no,

Month Year: page. CDROM. Name of database. Disc No :

Bonner, J. T. “The Evolution of Evolution.” Natural History, 108.3, March 1999: 20-23. CDROM. GPO. Disc No. 99-13-01

JOURNAL ARTICLE USING DATABASE (LIBRARY SUBSCRIPTION SERVICE

Format:Author. “Title of article.” Name of the Journal, Volume .

issue/no, Month Year: page. Name of online database. Medium of Publication. Date access.

Bonner, J. T. “The Evolution of Evolution.” Natural History, 108.3, Mar 1999: 20-23. Proquest Periodical

Abstracts. Web. 7 Dec 2004.

PAGE FROM THE INTERNET

Format:Author. Title of the page. Date on the Net / last update.

Medium of Publication. Access date- Day Month Year < URL address>.

Dally, Billy. Writing Argumentative Essays. 1997. Web. 26 June 1998. <http://www.eslplanet.com/teachertools/frntpage.htm>.

Bibliographic Management Tools

Bibliographic software programs provide the researcher with a personalized inventory, in database form, of citations and other information on books, articles, documents, web pages , and other sources.

It is useful to create a database of citations that can be called up at any time and inserted into a research paper in a variety of different formats

These software programs allow the researcher to “cite while you write” by automatically inserting citations into a paper in whatever citation style is preferred.

These programs are also designed to work with library online catalogs and journal databases so that while the tools are being used, you can import records directly into your citation software and have them at your disposal when writing your paper

Examples of bibliographic software

a)Refworksb)EndNotec)ProCited)Reference Manager

All four provide basic capabilities needed for keeping track of your references and provide you with the ability to:•Save a record of each resource into a personal database •Organize, search, and retrieve records by categories, such as “author” or “subject”•Integrate with word processing to insert footnotes and endnotes•Format citations according to all major style manuals