imagine the toughest animal
TRANSCRIPT
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Imagine the ToughestAnimal
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And imagine what would that animaldo,
in the most Inhospitable
Environment
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Reproduction by egg
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This Animal can survive
fromTemperature from -27 !" to over#!"
$ressure from %acuum to &atm
'pace radiation over ()y
*ehydration originally from +(to (
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$anspermia .ypothesis
/eteorite stri0e 1 'eed3 of 4ife
$otential of life from anotherplanet56tremophiles li0e tardigrade
can adapt to e6traterrestrialenvironment
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'urvival 'trategy
"ryptobiosisAnhydrobiosis
CryobiosisAnoxybiosis
Osmobiosis
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*ehydrated to# of water
Reduced to# ofmetabolicactivity
8rom #, up to#( years oflifetime
Anhydrobiotic state 9Tun:
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; category of tolerance in
universe
# %acuum < 'pace Radiation
2 4ow Temperaturearound ;=
; .igh Temperaturewhen meteor stri0es the air
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'pace e>ects on tardigrades
Tardigrades survive
exposure to space inlow Earth orbit
-by = Ingemar ?onsson, 5l0e Rabbow, Ralph @'chill, /ats .arms-Ringdahl and $etra Rettberg
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'pace vacuum B%
radiation
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Tardigrade Resistance to SpaceEfects : First Results o
Experiments on the LIFET!RSE"ission on F#T#$"%&September '(()*
-by 4orena RebecchiTiCiana Altiero, Roberto)uidetti,/ichele "esari, Roberto Dertolani, /anuelaEegroni, and Angela / RiCCo;
'pace B% e>ects on
tardigrades
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"ontrol groups
8# Eaturally dehydrated using dry leaf litter, represents typical natural
habitat
82 56perimentally dehydrated undercontrolled conditions
8; .ydrated, with food source
/oist leaf litter 8F .ydrated, Eo food source
T"F "ontrol group on 5arth, e6posed in thelaboratory to the same temperature proGle
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'urvival rate from 'pace
%acuum
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'urvival from "old
Temperature+old tolerance inTardigrada rom,ronning "aud Land-
!ntarctica
by 4auritC 'omme TerJe/eier
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"ontrol groups
2 'amples used#Air dried dehydrated sample
2.ydrated sampleTemperature variation
# -2 !"2 -+ !"; -#+ !"
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'urvival from "old Temperature# - .ydrated Tardigrades
Temperature/time(
days)
Survival rate
-22C/185 ;;2-22C/235 ;#K(77-22C/283 2&2K(+&-22C/58 2;+KFF(
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22C/18
!
-+L"M7 ;K#7-+L"M#F ;7+KF(
-+L"M2+ #&&K&+2-+L"M& #+K&;F-+L"M( (K7(+
-+L"M#( &KF(-
22C/2"
-#+L"M# K(&-#+L"M2
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'urvival from "old Temperature2 - *ehydrated Tardigrades
Temperature/time(
days)
Survival rate
-22C/#35 F#(K(F;
-22C/3!$! #FK(#;
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22C/#!
5
-#+L"M 2+7K;7
-#+L"M2 ;F(K(2+
-#+L"M7 F2;K(+
-#+L"M#F 25%&$%#'
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'urvival from "old
TemperatureAdapts to physiological stress byentering cryptobiosis
high levels of non-reducingsugar trehalose, which protectsmembrane
Na6 covers the surface andhelps to reduce transpirationwater loss by evaporation
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'urvival from .igh
Temperature.igh/Temperature Tolerancein !nh0drobiotic Tardigrades
Is Limited b0 1lass Transition Dy ' .engherr, / R Norland,A Reuner, 8 DrPmmer, and R @ 'chill
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"ontrol )roups
*ehydrated F+ hours of ;; humidity
&!", 7(!", +!", !", (!", # hour
each 8or Milnesium tardigradum, do additional
e6periments at #!", ## !", #2 !", #;!", #F!", #(!", ##!"
Rest for ;mins and rehydrated 2 hours of no movement considered dead
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Thermophile
#+# - ##Q, Pyrodictium occultum
#7 - ##;Q, Pyrolobus fumarii
2; - #2#Q, 'train #2#
2+ - #22Q, Methanopyrus kandleri
'pecies collected from 2 Q habitatssurvived from over & Q - Thermophile
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.eat 'urvival /echanism
)lass TransitionTransition of a rubbery state into a brittle state by
cooling or compression
.eat analysis by DSC 9*i>erential 'canning'alorimetry:
/easures heat Sow di>erential from control
Transition of phase accompanies heat Sow 4owering point of di>erential heat Sow levelcorresponds to glass transition Temperature
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)lass TransitionTemperature of
tardigrades determinesma6imum temperaturethat it can survive