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Images shutterstock.com Scientific Evaluation: Being Objective Chapter 2

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Describe the role of science in new food products. Identify the function of measuring equipment. Demonstrate proper measurement techniques. List steps of the scientific method. Use safety procedures in the lab. continued Objectives

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Science in the Food Industry Scientific study in any field requires unbiased observation accurate measurement organized documenting of results To be scientific, an experiment must be replicable, or repeatable zebrik/Shutterstock

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Measurements Successful measuring requires you to identify what standard is being used (International System of Units) determine what you want to measure decide what method of measurement & specify the unit

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Measuring Mass and Length

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Measuring Volume Volume is amount of space occupied by an object Metric unit for measuring fluid volume is liter (L) Equipment used to measure liquids beakera wide mouthed container w/ pouring lip Erlenmeyer flaskcone-shaped container w/flat bottom graduated cylindertall, thin container w/ pouring lip bureta graduated glass tube

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. How to Measure Volume Container on a flat surface Readings at eye level In narrow containers read from bottom of curve at liquids surface, the meniscus Goodheart-Willcox Publisher

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Measuring Time Measured in seconds Appoint someone as timer Failure makes experiment invalid

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Measuring Temperature

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Scientific Method A system of steps used to solve problems Ask questions Ask what, why, and how of a problem Define the problem Clarify question, set goals continued

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Scientific Method Conduct research List possible causes of problem Gather as much info as possible State hypothesis, or possible solution A hypothesis repeatedly tested over a variety of conditions becomes a theory Laws are theories widely accepted continued

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Scientific Method Design the experiment Make it answer questions such as how to test the hypothesis, what equipment will be used, how to collect and record the data, and what safety precautions need to be taken A well-designed experiment will have a variable and a control Each change in an experiment is a variation continued

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Scientific Method Conduct the experiment Follow procedures exactly and measure accurately Records of observations will be numerical or descriptive Record data appropriately and neatly continued

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The Scientific Method Evaluate results Reflect Look for patterns, common factors, changes, and questions Look for answers to the questions and whether they provide support for or against the hypothesis Report the results A conclusion analyzes and applies data Experiments may lead to more than one conclusion and reveal need for further research continued

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Evaluating Scientific Studies A process of discovery and debate Medical experts may be involved to evaluate 2010 update of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, recommends consuming more nutrient-dense foods Conflicting reports may exist Researchers often examine hundreds of studies before making recommendations A meta-analysis gives overall conclusions to multiple studies of the same issue continued

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Lab Safety General guidelines Follow lab rules and procedures Avoid horseplay Keep hair back Be cautious around heated glass Protect eyes and skin Mix chemicals as instructed Plan time for cleanup USDA continued

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Food scientists develop new food products and better methods of preserving and preparing food through experimentation Using proper measuring equipment and techniques are crucial during food science experiments Avoid accidents by following all lab safety procedures at all times Recap continued

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Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only. Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. The steps of the scientific method are to ask questions define the problem conduct research state the hypothesis design the experiment conduct the experiment evaluate the results report the results Recap